39:
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is impaired because the fibres may be cut. There are a number of related hybrid pulping methods that use a combination of chemical and thermal treatment to begin an abbreviated chemical pulping process, followed immediately by a mechanical treatment to separate the fibres. These hybrid methods include thermomechanical pulping, also known as TMP, and chemithermomechanical pulping, also known as CTMP. The chemical and thermal treatments reduce the amount of energy subsequently required by the mechanical treatment, and also reduce the amount of strength loss suffered by the fibres.
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just ground up with the plates, the pulp is called refiner mechanical pulp (RMP) and if the chips are steamed while being refined the pulp is called thermomechanical pulp (TMP). Steam treatment significantly reduces the total energy needed to make the pulp and decreases the damage (cutting) to fibres. Mechanical pulps are used for products that require less strength, such as
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or reforested areas. Non-wood fibre sources account for about 5–10 percent of global pulp production, for a variety of reasons, including seasonal availability, problems with chemical recovery, brightness of the pulp etc. In China, as of 2009, a higher proportion of non-wood pulp processing increased
343:
Global production of wood pulp in 2006 was 175 million tons (160 million tonnes). In the previous year, 63 million tons (57 million tonnes) of market pulp (not made into paper in the same facility) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21 percent of the total, followed
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Air dry pulp is the most common form to sell pulp. This is pulp dried to about 10 percent moisture content. It is normally delivered as sheeted bales of 250 kg. The reason to leave 10 percent moisture in the pulp is that this minimizes the fibre to fibre bonding and makes it easier to disperse
468:
the cellulose fibres (chemically depolymerizing the cellulose weakens the fibres). The various mechanical pulping methods, such as groundwood (GW) and refiner mechanical pulping (RMP), physically tear the cellulose fibres one from another. Much of the lignin remains adhering to the fibres. Strength
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can be used to grind small wood logs called "bolts" to make stone pulp (SGW). If the wood is steamed prior to grinding it is known as pressure ground wood pulp (PGW). Most modern mills use chips rather than logs and ridged metal discs called refiner plates instead of grindstones. If the chips are
339:
in the early 1930s, allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and to produce stronger fibres, made the kraft process the dominant pulping process, starting in the 1940s.
1695:
Spivey, Nigel (November 1987). "J. Swaddling (Ed.), Italian Iron Age
Artefacts in the British Museum: Papers of the Sixth British Museum Classical Colloquium. London: British Museum, 1986. Pp x + 483, numerous illus. (incl. pls, text figs). ISBN 0-7141-1274-7".
1122:. Some agricultural residue pulps take less time to cook than wood pulps. That means agricultural-based paper uses less energy, less water and fewer chemicals. Pulp made from wheat and flax straw has half the ecological footprint of pulp made from forests.
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Organosolv pulping uses organic solvents at temperatures above 140 °C to break down lignin and hemicellulose into soluble fragments. The pulping liquor is easily recovered by distillation. The reason for using a solvent is to make the
789:) than in a chemical pulping process since the goal is to make the fibers easier to refine, not to remove lignin as in a fully chemical process. Pulps made using these hybrid processes are known as chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP).
134:
rag and net scraps. By the 6th century, the mulberry tree was domesticated by farmers in China specifically for the purpose of producing pulp to be used in the papermaking process. In addition to mulberry, pulp was also made from
756:
and converted into small chips. These chips have a moisture content of around 25–30 percent. A mechanical force is applied to the wood chips in a crushing or grinding action which generates heat and water vapour and softens the
639:(chemical pulping). Mechanical pulping is about twice as efficient in using trees, since almost all of the wood is used to make fibre, therefore it takes about 12 trees to make 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of mechanical pulp or
930:
grades commonly contain 100 percent deinked pulp and in many other grades, such as lightweight coated for offset and printing and writing papers for office and home use, DIP makes up a substantial proportion of the furnish.
125:
process which produces a finer, more regular slurry of cellulose fibers which are pulled out of solution by a screen and dried to form sheets or rolls. The earliest paper produced in China consisted of bast fibers from the
1448:
compounds, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Many mills have adopted alternatives to chlorinated bleaching agents thereby reducing emissions of organochlorine pollution.
1100:, present in virtually all plant materials, contributes to the acidification and eventual breakdown of paper products, often characterized by the browning and embrittling of paper with a high lignin content such as
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pulp sold for $ 650/ton in the United States. The price had dropped due to falling demand when newspapers reduced their size, in part, as a result of the recession. By 2024 this price had recovered to $ 1315/ton.
684:
contains relatively few useful fibers and is removed and used as fuel to provide steam for use in the pulp mill. Most pulping processes require that the wood be chipped and screened to provide uniform sized chips.
1998:
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Market pulp is any variety of pulp that is produced in one location, dried and shipped to another location for further processing. Important quality parameters for pulp not directly related to the fibres are
258:
in the late 18th- and early 19th-century contributed to paper's status as an inexpensive commodity in modern times. While some of the earliest examples of paper made from wood pulp include works published by
634:
12 metres (40 ft) tall and 15–20 centimetres (6–8 in) in diameter, it would take an average of 24 trees to produce 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of printing and writing paper, using the
785:
and other chemicals prior to refining with equipment similar to a mechanical mill. The conditions of the chemical treatment are much less vigorous (lower temperature, shorter time, less extreme
159:
fibers from tattered clothing, fishing nets and fabric bags spread to Europe in the 13th century, with an ever-increasing use of rags being central to the manufacture and affordability of
591:
practices in harvesting trees to ensure that they have a sustainable source of raw materials . One of the major complaints about harvesting wood for pulp mills is that it reduces the
376:
are preferred because the cellulose fibers in the pulp of these species are longer, and therefore make stronger paper. Some of the most commonly used trees for paper making include
1307:
is normally shipped on rolls (reels). This pulp is dried to 5–6 percent moisture content. At the customer this is going to a comminution process to prepare for further processing.
323:. By 1900, sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process, the sulfate, or
439:
for further processing. Pulp can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical or fully chemical methods (kraft and sulfite processes). The finished product may be either
1473:, although the kraft process is a chemical one and does not involve any microbial degradation. These compounds have extremely low odor thresholds and disagreeable smells.
464:
Chemical pulping achieves this by degrading the lignin and hemicellulose into small, water-soluble molecules which can be washed away from the cellulose fibres without
1457:
The kraft pulping reaction in particular releases foul-smelling compounds. The sulfide reagent that degrades lignin structure also causes some demethylation, yielding
1104:. 100% cotton or a combination of cotton and linen pulp is widely used to produce documents intended for long-term use, such as certificates, currency, and passports.
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761:
thus separating the individual fibres. The pulp is then screened and cleaned, any clumps of fibre are reprocessed. This process gives a high yield of fibre from the
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is manufactured today largely as a speciality product for fine-printing and art purposes. Modern machine- and hand-made art papers made with cotton, linen, hemp,
2002:
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prevents the fibres from being incinerated. It is often not dried down to 10 percent moisture (air dry). The bales are not as densely packed as air dry pulp.
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620:
348:
sources required for pulping are "45% sawmill residue, 21% logs and chips, and 34% recycled paper" (Canada, 2014). Chemical pulp made up 93% of market pulp.
167:. By the 1800s, production demands on the newly industrialized papermaking and printing industries led to a shift in raw materials, most notably the use of
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is a possible replacement, but processing infrastructure, storage costs and the low usability percentage of the plant means it is not a ready substitute.
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product. The chemicals used to bleach pulp have been a source of environmental concern, and recently the pulp industry has been using alternatives to
626:
The number of trees consumed depends on whether mechanical processes or chemical processes are used. It has been estimated that based on a mixture of
461:). The aim of pulping is to break down the bulk structure of the fibre source, be it chips, stems or other plant parts, into the constituent fibres.
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Mechanical pulp is not a major cause for environmental concern since most of the organic material is retained in the pulp, and the chemicals used (
336:
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862:. Chemical pulp is used for materials that need to be stronger or combined with mechanical pulps to give a product different characteristics. The
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Wood and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main components (apart from water): cellulose fibers (desired for papermaking),
328:
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is produced by combining wood chips and chemicals in large vessels called digesters. There, heat and chemicals break down lignin, which binds
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Chemical pulp mills, especially kraft mills, are energy self-sufficient and very nearly closed cycle with respect to inorganic chemicals.
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2259:
1899:
Ragnar, Martin; Henriksson, Gunnar; Lindström, Mikael E.; Wimby, Martin; Blechschmidt, Jürgen; Heinemann, Sabine (2014-05-30), "Pulp",
1834:, Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. 5 Part 1, Cambridge University Press, pp. 56–61
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280:
1561:, and it has been used in some variation since its conception. It accomplishes all the steps needed to transform pulp into a final
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is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other plant fibre source into a thick fiberboard which can be shipped to a
267:
in 1800, large-scale wood paper production began in the 1840s with unique, simultaneous developments in mechanical pulping made by
2318:
Avella, Maurizio; Bozzi, Claudio; Dell'Erba, Ramiro; Focher, Bonaventura; Marzetti, Annamaria; Martuscelli, Ezio (November 1995).
3710:
2231:
1813:, Science and Civilisation in China: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, vol. 5 Part 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 4
752:") and a mechanical refining movement (thus "-mechanical"). It is a two-stage process where the logs are first stripped of their
428:) because of several major benefits these can provide, such as increased ease of breaking down lignin and increased growth rate.
2428:
1310:
Some pulps are flash dried. This is done by pressing the pulp to about 50 percent moisture content and then let it fall through
2320:"Steam-exploded wheat straw fibres as reinforcing material for polypropylene-based composites. Characterization and properties"
2077:
1916:
1886:
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623:), and other bodies certify paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.
1118:
to meet much of North
America's book, magazine, catalogue and copy paper needs. Agricultural-based paper does not come from
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that are able to break down the unwanted lignin, but not the cellulose fibres. In the biopulping process, the fungal enzyme
1344:
The major environmental impacts of producing wood pulp come from its impact on forest sources and from its waste products.
978:
Research is under way to develop biopulping (biological pulping), similar to chemical pulping but using certain species of
2284:
Husaini, Ahmad; Fisol, Faisalina Ahmad; Yun, Liew Chia; Hussain, Mohd
Hasnain; Muid, Sepiah; Roslan, Hairul Azman (2011).
1985:
2597:"Characterization and spatial distribution of organic-contaminated sediment derived from historical industrial effluents"
117:
material were woven together, beaten into rough sheets, dried, and polished by hand. Pulp used in modern and traditional
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production. The furnish of pulps used depends on the quality on the finished paper. Important quality parameters are
1469:. These same compounds are released during many forms of microbial decay, including the internal microbial action in
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2684:"Better science and worse diplomacy: negotiating the cleanup of the Swedish and Finnish pulp and paper industry"
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2286:"Lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by tropical white rot fungi during biopulping of Acacia mangium wood chips"
3488:
2595:
Hoffman, Emma; Alimohammadi, Masi; Lyons, James; Davis, Emily; Walker, Tony R.; Lake, Craig B. (2019-08-23).
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Today, some groups advocate using field crop fibre or agricultural residues instead of wood fibre as a more
38:
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is a pulping and extraction technique that has been applied to wood and other fibrous organic material.
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77:. Mixed with water and other chemicals or plant-based additives, pulp is the major raw material used in
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were produced by ancient civilizations using plant materials which were largely unprocessed. Strips of
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that are 15–17 m high. Gas fired hot air is the normal heat source. The temperature is well above the
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The impact of logging to provide the raw material for wood pulp is an area of intense debate. Modern
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Versuche und Muster ohne alle Lumpen oder doch mit enem geringen
Zusatze derselben Papier zu machen
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2376:"Effects of enclosure papers and paperboards containing lignins on photographic image stability"
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2082:. Michigan State University, Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension service.
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accounts for less than 10 percent of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.
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765:(around 95 percent) and as the lignin has not been removed, the fibres are hard and rigid.
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There are a number of different processes which can be used to separate the wood fiber:
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in reducing the pollution associated with chemical pulping. The pulp is bleached using
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However, wood is also a renewable resource, with about 90 percent of pulp coming from
1092:, and other fibers are often valued for their longer, stronger fibers and their lower
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selectively digests lignin to leave remaining cellulose fibres. This could have major
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and other tree products which today make up more than 95% of global pulp production.
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1284:, dirt levels, viscosity and ash content. In 2004 it accounted for about 55 million
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Wood chipping is the act and industry of chipping wood for pulp, but also for other
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9 percent, and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the rest.
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2540:. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 3. Finland: Fapet Oy. p. 29.
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Natural
Resources Canada/Our Natural Resources/Domestic and international markets
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in 1879; the first kraft mill started, in Sweden, in 1890. The invention of the
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and other unwanted elements and freed the paper fibres. The process is called
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450:(a three-dimensional polymer that binds the cellulose fibres together) and
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material prepared by chemically, semi-chemically or mechanically producing
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is the most common delivery form of pulp to non traditional pulp markets.
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are in some applications alternatives to paper made from wood pulp, like
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is a particularly sensitive issue since it is a very visible effect of
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307:, to pulp wood in 1867. Almost a decade later, the first commercial
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International
Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics
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2457:. Bureau of Engraving and Printing U.S. Department of the Treasury
2262:(Report). Iggesund Paperboard AB. 2008. p. 15. Archived from
2114:
Agricultural
Finance: From Crops to Land, Water and Infrastructure
1944:
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seek to provide a reliable, renewable source of raw materials for
950:
more soluble in the cooking liquor. Most common used solvents are
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2195:"Certification Tracking products from the forest to the shelf"
2076:
Manthy, Robert S.; James, Lee Morton; Huber, Henry H. (1973).
2027:. Vol. 1. Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co KGaA. p. XXIII.
1898:
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in either case oxidizes and destroys the dyes formed from the
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in China around AD 105, paper-like writing materials such as
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1999:"Pulp production growing in new areas (Global production)"
1646:
Papermaking, the history and technique of an ancient craft
4133:
2526:. News.southcn.com (2009-07-20). Retrieved on 2017-01-09.
1615:, developer of the process for continuous cooking of pulp
1030:
The pulp produced up to this point in the process can be
443:
or non-bleached, depending on the customer requirements.
389:
2851:
372:. While in theory any tree can be used for pulp-making,
2142:. Vol. 1. Winheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. p. 9.
1903:, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 1–92,
1751:, Iberoamericana Vervuert, pp. 71–92, 1998-12-31,
786:
2001:. Metso Corporation. September 5, 2006. Archived from
1850:"Tree-free Paper: A Path to Saving Trees and Forests?"
1557:
1507:
Speciality pulp grades have many other applications.
903:
which has been processed by chemicals, thus removing
744:
Thermomechanical pulp is pulp produced by processing
621:
2574:. Appleton, Wisconsin, US: WOMP, LLC. pp. 2–3.
368:
resources used to make wood pulp are referred to as
254:
The use of wood pulp and the invention of automatic
2570:Nanko, Hirko; Button, Allan; Hillman, Dave (2005).
1497:, viscosity, extractives, dirt count and strength.
1667:
1416:The process effluents are treated in a biological
874:was the first successful chemical pulping method.
866:is the dominant chemical pulping method, with the
279:. Chemical processes quickly followed, first with
1154:Comparison of typical feedstocks used in pulping
858:fibres together, without seriously degrading the
599:account for 16 percent of world pulp production,
4448:
2739:Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
2652:Effluents from Pulp Mills using Bleaching – PSL1
2075:
2054:. Market Pulp Association. 2007. Archived from
1901:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1747:"El Dialogo en la Historia Hispanoamericana",
973:
768:
3704:
2867:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2172:. Ecology Communications, Inc. Archived from
1969:Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
1783:"papermaking | Process, History, & Facts"
2826:, Government of Canada, 2014, archived from
1966:
1822:
1820:
1397:
1292:the pulp in water for further processing to
1061:
1006:of the wood and accentuated (reinforced) by
155:. Papermaking using pulp made from hemp and
93:Before the widely acknowledged invention of
27:Fibrous material used notably in papermaking
2311:
2079:Michigan Timber Production: Now and in 1985
1933:"An Early Modern DIY Guide to Making Paper"
607:is practiced in most areas, so trees are a
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2929:
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2554:
653:
473:Global pulp production by category (2000)
2771:
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2044:
1817:
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1080:Pulp made from non-wood plant sources or
2840:
2221:. Conservatree. Retrieved on 2017-01-09.
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1444:with chlorine produces large amounts of
796:
735:
731:
355:
344:by the United States at 16 percent. The
37:
29:
2601:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
2535:
2392:
2348:
1962:
1960:
1879:Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention
1431:) produce benign byproducts (water and
416:. There is also increasing interest in
81:and the industrial production of other
14:
4449:
2728:
2254:
2252:
2167:
2041:
1847:
1694:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1322:, but large amount of moisture in the
646:There are roughly two short tons in a
3692:
2855:
2373:
2156:
2137:
2110:
2022:
1930:
1826:
1805:
1630:
994:stage followed by neutralization and
934:
4419:
3673:
2772:Lefebrvre, Paul (February 4, 2009).
2681:
2493:
2052:"Overview of the Wood Pulp Industry"
1957:
1871:
1869:
1843:
1841:
1777:
1775:
1523:production. It is also used to make
4431:
2784:
2643:
2529:
2455:"How Money is Made – Paper and Ink"
2249:
1749:El diálogo en el español de América
1670:Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking
1652:
1546:
1500:Chemical pulps are used for making
1481:The main applications for pulp are
1347:
773:Wood chips can be pre-treated with
576:
24:
2841:Schäffer, Jacob Christian (1765).
2798:. Government of Canada. 2024-01-17
2792:"Current Lumber Pulp Panel Prices"
2479:. canopyplanet.org. Archived from
2023:Sixta, Herbert (2006). "Preface".
696:
25:
4478:
3718:
2429:"Banknotes design and production"
2324:Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
1866:
1838:
1772:
1666:Biermann, Christopher J. (1993).
418:genetically modified tree species
163:, a factor in the development of
4430:
4418:
4409:
4408:
3672:
3663:
3662:
2431:. Bank of Canada. Archived from
2349:McCrady, Ellen (November 1991).
1452:
877:
804:Company, a pulp mill that makes
792:
239:
227:
215:
203:
191:
3958:Oriented structural straw board
2812:
2774:Wood products market looks soft
2765:
2722:
2682:Auer, Matthew R. (2010-03-01).
2675:
2588:
2517:
2487:
2477:"Canopy's Straw Paper Campaign"
2469:
2447:
2421:
2367:
2342:
2277:
2224:
2212:
2187:
2131:
2104:
2086:
2069:
2016:
1991:
1979:
1924:
1892:
1881:. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007.
1848:Bowyer, Jim (August 19, 2014).
1476:
1340:Environmental issues with paper
914:DIP is used as raw material in
617:Sustainable Forestry Initiative
2751:10.1080/00022470.1962.10468107
2494:Judt, Manfred (Oct–Dec 2001).
2111:Geman, Helyette (2014-12-29).
1799:
1740:
1688:
1274:
595:of the harvested forest. Pulp
311:was built, in Sweden. It used
176:Five seminal steps in ancient
13:
1:
3489:Environmental impact of paper
1909:10.1002/14356007.a18_545.pub4
1674:. San Diego: Academic Press.
1624:
1386:because reforested areas are
2729:Hansen, G. A. (1962). "Odor
2496:"Nonwoody Plant Fibre Pulps"
2296:(2): 245–250. Archived from
2138:Sixta, Herbert, ed. (2006).
1568:
1019:
680:are useful for making pulp.
351:
327:, process, was developed by
7:
2336:10.1002/apmc.1995.052330113
2260:Paperboard the Iggesund Way
1581:
974:Alternative pulping methods
769:Chemi-thermomechanical pulp
10:
4483:
4349:Non-timber forest products
3973:Structural insulated panel
3436:Surface chemistry of paper
2939:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)
2538:PForest Products Chemistry
2536:Stenius, Per (2000). "1".
1757:10.31819/9783865278364-004
1550:
1435:(finally), respectively).
1401:
1351:
1337:
1065:
1023:
966:often in combination with
938:
881:
832:
818:
740:Mechanical pulping process
700:
688:
657:
613:Forest Stewardship Council
580:
477:
180:papermaking outlined in a
88:
4404:
4296:
4230:
4177:
4084:
4036:
3993:
3887:
3726:
3658:
3597:
3542:
3454:
3411:
3370:
3015:
2985:
2955:
2906:
2889:
2881:
2708:10.1007/s10784-009-9112-z
2621:10.1007/s10661-019-7763-y
2380:cool.culturalheritage.org
2374:Burge, Daniel M. (2002).
2355:cool.culturalheritage.org
2117:. John Wiley & Sons.
1398:Effluents from pulp mills
1164:
1161:
1158:
1136:use of water and energy.
1062:Alternatives to wood pulp
587:Most pulp mills use good
319:and was based on work by
34:Structural fibres of pulp
4314:Destructive distillation
2968:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
2572:The World of Market Pulp
2524:造纸企业能入“绿色之门”的前提 南粤大地 南方网
1698:Journal of Roman Studies
1418:effluent treatment plant
269:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
261:Jacob Christian Schäffer
121:is distinguished by the
4334:Green building and wood
3484:Elemental chlorine free
3441:Units of paper quantity
2655:. Health Canada. 1991.
1787:Encyclopedia Britannica
1619:World Forestry Congress
654:Preparation for pulping
287:to treat wood, then by
3978:Wood–plastic composite
3904:Glued laminated timber
3899:Cross-laminated timber
3464:Bleaching of wood pulp
2351:"The Nature of Lignin"
1988:. indiapapermarket.com
1931:Leong, Elaine (2016).
1412:Bleaching of wood pulp
1334:Environmental concerns
1026:Bleaching of wood pulp
988:environmental benefits
816:
741:
361:
47:
35:
4051:Corrugated fiberboard
3953:Oriented strand board
3383:Corrugated fiberboard
3140:Electrical insulation
2993:Thomas Francis Carter
2500:Inpaper International
2098:How Products are Made
1967:Sjöström, E. (1993).
1644:Hunter, Dard (1943).
1513:regenerated cellulose
1111:means of production.
870:second. Historically
800:
739:
732:Thermomechanical pulp
359:
222:Step 3, Making sheets
128:paper mulberry (kozo)
41:
33:
4436:WikiProject Forestry
2735:in a Kraft Pulp Mill
2435:on December 16, 2008
2168:Martin, Sam (2004).
1014:Steam exploded fibre
996:calcium hypochlorite
46:near Pensacola, 1947
4197:Ramial chipped wood
2700:2010IEAPL..10...65A
2613:2019EMnAs.191..590H
2005:on October 23, 2007
1937:The Recipes Project
1553:Fourdrinier machine
1155:
802:International Paper
544:Total virgin fibres
474:
360:Fibres in wood pulp
4114:Cellulosic ethanol
2824:Environment Canada
1832:Paper and Printing
1828:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin
1811:Paper and Printing
1807:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin
1511:is used in making
1467:dimethyl disulfide
1392:old growth forests
1370:. The practice of
1153:
935:Organosolv pulping
817:
812:products with the
748:using heat (thus "
742:
703:Mechanical pulping
609:renewable resource
601:old-growth forests
472:
454:(shorter branched
362:
271:in Germany and by
198:Step 1, Harvesting
48:
36:
4444:
4443:
4379:Wood preservation
4324:Engineered bamboo
4144:Pyroligneous acid
3686:
3685:
3011:
3010:
3003:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
2981:
2980:
2951:
2950:
2894:Paper engineering
1918:978-3-527-30673-2
1887:978-0-9783318-1-8
1766:978-3-86527-836-4
1429:sodium dithionite
1425:hydrogen peroxide
1364:forest management
1362:practices, using
1354:Forest management
1272:
1271:
1082:recycled textiles
1056:hydrogen peroxide
984:lignin peroxidase
589:forest management
574:
573:
555:Recovered fibres
321:Carl Daniel Ekman
309:sulfite pulp mill
297:calcium bisulfite
289:Benjamin Tilghman
234:Step 4, Packaging
130:plant along with
59:cellulosic fibers
16:(Redirected from
4474:
4434:
4433:
4422:
4421:
4412:
4411:
4369:Timber recycling
4364:Reclaimed lumber
4354:Natural building
4319:Dry distillation
4273:Split-rail fence
3713:
3706:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3676:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3650:Beverage cartons
3640:Watercolor paper
3499:Hollander beater
2983:
2982:
2953:
2952:
2927:
2926:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2820:"Pulp and Paper"
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2733:Fallout Control
2726:
2720:
2719:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2567:
2552:
2551:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2502:. Archived from
2491:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2406:. Archived from
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2234:. Archived from
2228:
2222:
2219:Trees Into Paper
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2197:. Archived from
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2140:Handbook of pulp
2135:
2129:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2025:Handbook of Pulp
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1986:History of Paper
1983:
1977:
1976:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1896:
1890:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1547:Paper production
1537:feminine hygiene
1471:Camembert cheese
1463:dimethyl sulfide
1348:Forest resources
1288:of market pulp.
1156:
1152:
1114:There is enough
1044:chlorine dioxide
992:chlorine dioxide
860:cellulose fibres
779:sodium hydroxide
775:sodium carbonate
597:tree plantations
577:Harvesting trees
475:
471:
374:coniferous trees
243:
231:
219:
207:
195:
21:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4400:
4384:Wood processing
4292:
4226:
4173:
4080:
4032:
3989:
3919:parallel strand
3890:
3883:
3731:
3722:
3717:
3687:
3682:
3654:
3593:
3538:
3534:Sulfite process
3519:Paper recycling
3474:Conical refiner
3456:
3450:
3407:
3393:Paper chemicals
3366:
3007:
2977:
2973:Charles Fenerty
2947:
2925:
2921:Missal of Silos
2916:Battle of Talas
2902:
2885:
2880:
2833:
2831:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2801:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2770:
2766:
2727:
2723:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2568:
2555:
2548:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2357:
2347:
2343:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2157:
2150:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2021:
2017:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1897:
1893:
1874:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1825:
1818:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1664:
1653:
1642:
1631:
1627:
1608:Tree-free paper
1593:Paper chemicals
1584:
1571:
1555:
1549:
1509:Dissolving pulp
1479:
1455:
1414:
1408:Sulfite process
1402:Main articles:
1400:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1336:
1277:
1260:
1198:– Hemicellulose
1078:
1068:Tree-free paper
1064:
1028:
1022:
1010:present in it.
1000:oxidizing agent
976:
943:
937:
895:is also called
890:
884:Paper recycling
882:Main articles:
880:
868:sulfite process
849:
835:Dissolving pulp
831:
825:Sulfite process
819:Main articles:
795:
771:
734:
713:silicon carbide
705:
699:
697:Mechanical pulp
691:
662:
656:
585:
579:
354:
333:recovery boiler
306:
302:
273:Charles Fenerty
252:
251:
250:
247:
244:
235:
232:
223:
220:
211:
210:Step 2, Cooking
208:
199:
196:
185:
184:
145:blue sandalwood
91:
55:lignocellulosic
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4480:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4416:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:Certified wood
4306:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4283:Timber framing
4280:
4275:
4270:
4268:Sawdust brandy
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4159:Sandalwood oil
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:Particle board
3960:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3550:Paper industry
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3494:Handmade paper
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3413:Specifications
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:Plastic-coated
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Matthias Koops
2959:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2783:
2764:
2745:(9): 409–436.
2721:
2674:
2661:
2642:
2587:
2580:
2553:
2546:
2528:
2516:
2486:
2483:on 2013-09-03.
2468:
2446:
2420:
2391:
2366:
2341:
2330:(1): 149–166.
2310:
2290:J Biochem Tech
2276:
2248:
2223:
2211:
2186:
2155:
2148:
2130:
2123:
2103:
2085:
2068:
2040:
2033:
2015:
1990:
1978:
1973:Academic Press
1956:
1923:
1917:
1891:
1865:
1837:
1816:
1798:
1771:
1765:
1739:
1710:10.2307/300639
1687:
1680:
1651:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1570:
1567:
1551:Main article:
1548:
1545:
1478:
1475:
1454:
1451:
1446:organochlorine
1433:sodium sulfate
1399:
1396:
1352:Main article:
1349:
1346:
1338:Main article:
1335:
1332:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:Carbohydrates
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1063:
1060:
1024:Main article:
1021:
1018:
975:
972:
939:Main article:
936:
933:
901:recycled paper
899:(DIP). DIP is
879:
876:
794:
791:
783:sodium sulfate
770:
767:
733:
730:
717:aluminum oxide
711:with embedded
701:Main article:
698:
695:
690:
687:
666:processed wood
658:Main article:
655:
652:
581:Main article:
578:
575:
572:
571:
566:
560:
559:
556:
552:
551:
546:
540:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
513:
508:
504:
503:
498:
494:
493:
490:
486:
485:
481:
466:depolymerizing
452:hemicelluloses
353:
350:
337:G.H. Tomlinson
304:
300:
295:on the use of
285:sulfurous acid
265:Matthias Koops
256:paper machines
249:
248:
245:
238:
236:
233:
226:
224:
221:
214:
212:
209:
202:
200:
197:
190:
187:
186:
175:
174:
173:
90:
87:
83:paper products
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4479:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Wood products
4455:
4454:
4452:
4437:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:List of woods
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:Billet (wood)
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Hemicellulose
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Railroad ties
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:Wood products
3714:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3679:
3671:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3575:United States
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Paper machine
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Kraft process
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2830:on 2016-04-21
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2779:
2778:The Chronicle
2775:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2664:
2662:0-662-18734-2
2658:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2581:0-615-13013-5
2577:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2547:952-5216-03-9
2543:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2506:on 2007-11-20
2505:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2456:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2410:on 2012-05-13
2409:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2300:on 2017-01-09
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2266:on 2021-04-30
2265:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2238:on 2008-12-25
2237:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2201:on 2007-08-26
2200:
2196:
2190:
2176:on 2007-06-19
2175:
2171:
2170:"Paper Chase"
2164:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2149:3-527-30997-7
2145:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2124:9781118827376
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2058:on 2007-10-16
2057:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2034:3-527-30999-3
2030:
2026:
2019:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1945:10.58079/tcxz
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:Burger, Peter
1872:
1870:
1851:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1681:0-12-097360-X
1677:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1613:Johan Richter
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Nanocellulose
1586:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1539:products and
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:derivatives.
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:that is used
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1502:nanocellulose
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:Odor problems
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:Kraft process
1395:
1393:
1390:. Logging of
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:Reforestation
1377:
1373:
1372:clear cutting
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:Roll pulp or
1297:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1267:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:to produce a
1033:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
932:
929:
928:facial tissue
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
905:printing inks
902:
898:
894:
893:Recycled pulp
889:
885:
878:Recycled pulp
875:
873:
869:
865:
864:kraft process
861:
857:
853:
852:Chemical pulp
848:
844:
840:
836:
830:
826:
822:
821:Kraft process
815:
814:Kraft process
811:
807:
803:
799:
793:Chemical pulp
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
766:
764:
760:
755:
751:
747:
738:
729:
727:
723:
718:
714:
710:
707:Manufactured
704:
694:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
668:products and
667:
661:
651:
649:
644:
642:
638:
637:kraft process
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:Reforestation
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
554:
553:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
525:
522:
519:
517:Semichemical
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
491:
488:
487:
482:
480:
479:Pulp category
476:
470:
467:
462:
460:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
358:
349:
347:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
246:Step 5, Using
242:
237:
230:
225:
218:
213:
206:
201:
194:
189:
188:
183:
179:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:is a fibrous
52:
45:
40:
32:
19:
18:Chemical pulp
4423:
4393:
4288:Wooden masts
4258:Dugout canoe
4243:Bavin (wood)
4192:Black liquor
4129:Liquid smoke
4065:
3879:Utility pole
3864:Timber truss
3784:Log building
3615:Papier-mâché
3610:Paper towels
3529:Soda pulping
3446:Wet strength
3402:
3247:Photographic
3120:Cotton (rag)
3093:Construction
2843:
2832:, retrieved
2828:the original
2823:
2813:Bibliography
2800:. Retrieved
2795:
2786:
2773:
2767:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2694:(1): 65–84.
2691:
2687:
2677:
2666:. Retrieved
2651:
2645:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2571:
2537:
2531:
2519:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:the original
2499:
2489:
2481:the original
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:the original
2423:
2412:. Retrieved
2408:the original
2403:
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:
2344:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:the original
2293:
2289:
2279:
2268:. Retrieved
2264:the original
2240:. Retrieved
2236:the original
2226:
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:the original
2189:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2139:
2133:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2078:
2071:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:the original
2024:
2018:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:the original
1993:
1981:
1968:
1948:. Retrieved
1936:
1926:
1900:
1894:
1878:
1856:. Retrieved
1831:
1810:
1801:
1790:. Retrieved
1786:
1748:
1742:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1669:
1645:
1572:
1556:
1506:
1499:
1491:wood furnish
1480:
1477:Applications
1459:methanethiol
1456:
1440:
1437:
1422:
1415:
1388:monocultures
1384:biodiversity
1357:
1343:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1278:
1222:Extractives
1144:filter paper
1138:
1130:
1124:
1113:
1106:
1079:
1076:Cotton paper
1029:
1012:
977:
944:
924:toilet paper
913:
897:deinked pulp
896:
892:
891:
872:soda pulping
851:
850:
829:Soda pulping
772:
743:
706:
692:
663:
648:cord of wood
645:
625:
593:biodiversity
586:
568:
563:
548:
543:
520:
510:
500:
484:Production
483:
478:
463:
456:carbohydrate
445:
430:
420:(such as GM
363:
342:
329:Carl F. Dahl
263:in 1765 and
253:
92:
50:
49:
4462:Papermaking
4389:Woodworking
4374:Wood drying
4359:Papermaking
4179:By-products
4085:Derivatives
4023:Pellet fuel
3764:Flitch beam
3645:Paper money
3605:Lined paper
3524:Papermaking
3457:and process
3455:Manufacture
3431:Paper sizes
3160:Greaseproof
3145:Genkō yōshi
2998:Dard Hunter
2930:Originators
2898:Papermaking
2439:February 7,
2404:delarue.com
2232:"dead link"
1704:: 267–268.
1559:papermaking
1531:is used in
1286:metric tons
1275:Market pulp
1244:Inorganics
1183:– Cellulose
1133:plantations
1109:sustainable
1036:white paper
964:acetic acid
960:formic acid
916:papermaking
847:SBSK (pulp)
808:for use in
726:paperboards
709:grindstones
672:. Only the
611:. The FSC (
527:Mechanical
317:counter ion
293:U.S. patent
277:Nova Scotia
119:papermaking
95:papermaking
79:papermaking
71:waste paper
67:fiber crops
4451:Categories
4231:Historical
4212:Wood flour
4061:Paperboard
3931:Fiberboard
3889:Engineered
3749:Bressummer
3582:Paper mill
3509:Organosolv
3388:Fiber crop
3378:China clay
3337:Waterproof
3237:Paperboard
3115:Correction
3108:Carbonless
2956:Developers
2834:2014-03-31
2802:2024-01-22
2668:2007-09-21
2607:(9): 590.
2510:2007-10-07
2414:2017-07-14
2385:2020-04-15
2360:2020-04-15
2304:2017-01-09
2270:2020-04-16
2242:2009-02-05
2205:2007-09-21
2180:2007-09-21
2062:2007-10-13
2009:2007-10-13
1950:2020-04-15
1792:2020-04-15
1625:References
1529:Fluff pulp
1521:cellophane
1495:brightness
1368:pulp mills
1324:fibre wall
1316:char point
1305:Fluff pulp
1282:brightness
1159:Component
1126:Hemp paper
1120:tree farms
1072:Fibre crop
1066:See also:
1042:, such as
941:organosolv
839:Fluff pulp
833:See also:
806:fluff pulp
746:wood chips
564:Total pulp
437:paper mill
422:eucalyptus
406:eucalyptus
346:wood fiber
283:'s use of
123:maceration
44:paper mill
42:Pulp at a
4467:Cellulose
4253:Clapboard
4222:Woodchips
4217:Wood wool
4097:Cellulose
4092:Birch-tar
4046:Cardboard
4028:Wood fuel
3936:hardboard
3839:Reclaimed
3804:Panelling
3794:Log house
3789:Log cabin
3635:Notebooks
3620:Cardboard
3403:Wood pulp
3371:Materials
3347:Wood-free
3322:Wallpaper
3317:Tree-free
3257:Red rosin
3242:Parchment
3227:Onionskin
3222:Newsprint
3083:Cartridge
3078:Cardstock
3073:Cardboard
3023:Acid-free
2716:1573-1553
2629:1573-2959
2400:"Markets"
1858:April 15,
1734:162420219
1718:0075-4358
1598:Pulp mill
1573:In 2009,
1569:Economics
1565:product.
1541:nonwovens
1525:cellulose
1442:Bleaching
1320:cellulose
1301:reel pulp
1265:<0.1%
1236:<0.5%
1233:Proteins
1140:Nonwovens
1102:newsprint
1096:content.
1020:Bleaching
920:newsprint
856:cellulose
810:absorbent
722:newsprint
674:heartwood
660:Woodchips
641:newsprint
632:hardwoods
628:softwoods
619:), PEFC (
489:Chemical
433:pulp mill
402:hardwoods
378:softwoods
352:Wood pulp
313:magnesium
161:rag paper
4414:Category
4395:Yakisugi
4329:Forestry
4297:See also
4238:Axe ties
4207:Tall oil
4187:Barkdust
4169:Wood gas
4149:Pine tar
4139:Methanol
4071:Pulpwood
4018:Firewood
4001:Charcoal
3994:Fuelwood
3941:Masonite
3869:Treenail
3769:Flooring
3668:Category
3625:Clothing
3543:Industry
3479:Deinking
3469:Calender
3426:Grammage
3312:Transfer
3277:Security
3150:Glassine
3053:Blotting
3028:Air-laid
2986:Scholars
2759:13904415
2637:31444645
2461:July 14,
1889:pp.25–30
1830:(1985),
1809:(1985),
1648:. Dover.
1603:Pulpwood
1582:See also
1250:0.5–10%
1165:Nonwood
1148:tea bags
1040:chlorine
1032:bleached
1008:sulfides
952:methanol
909:deinking
888:Deinking
615:), SFI (
535:Nonwood
507:Sulfite
459:polymers
441:bleached
404:such as
380:such as
370:pulpwood
299:, Ca(HSO
169:pulpwood
165:printing
141:hibiscus
4425:Commons
4304:Biomass
4278:Tanbark
4202:Sawdust
4013:Firelog
4006:biochar
3968:Plywood
3926:I-joist
3844:Shingle
3799:Molding
3678:Commons
3630:Tissues
3421:Density
3398:Papyrus
3357:Writing
3307:Tracing
3297:Thermal
3272:Scritta
3267:Rolling
3232:Origami
3195:Butcher
3130:Display
3098:Contact
3063:Bristol
3038:Asphalt
2943:Damjing
2937:Cai Lun
2908:History
2696:Bibcode
2609:Bibcode
2094:"Paper"
1533:diapers
1517:textile
1376:logging
1360:logging
1268:0.5–7%
1247:0.1–1%
1217:10–25%
1214:20–30%
1211:Lignin
1206:20–35%
1203:23–35%
1191:30–45%
1188:40–45%
1176:50–80%
1173:65–80%
1004:tannins
956:ethanol
918:. Many
750:thermo-
689:Pulping
678:sapwood
583:Logging
424:and GM
398:hemlock
315:as the
281:J. Roth
182:woodcut
178:Chinese
103:papyrus
99:Cai Lun
89:History
4263:Potash
4164:Tannin
4124:Lignin
4038:Fibers
3983:lumber
3909:veneer
3849:Siding
3829:Rafter
3824:Purlin
3739:Batten
3732:timber
3728:Lumber
3560:Europe
3555:Canada
3302:Tissue
3212:Manila
3185:Korean
3180:Ingres
3175:Inkjet
3088:Coated
3068:Carbon
3043:Banana
2757:
2714:
2659:
2635:
2627:
2578:
2544:
2146:
2121:
2031:
1915:
1885:
1763:
1732:
1726:300639
1724:
1716:
1678:
1465:, and
1410:, and
1239:5–10%
1228:5–15%
1098:Lignin
1094:lignin
1074:, and
1048:oxygen
998:. The
948:lignin
845:, and
827:, and
763:timber
759:lignin
558:147.0
497:Kraft
492:131.2
448:lignin
426:poplar
400:, and
382:spruce
366:timber
153:cotton
151:, and
143:bark,
137:bamboo
4344:Mulch
4154:Pitch
4076:Rayon
4056:Paper
3874:Truss
3814:Plate
3809:Plank
3774:Joist
3759:Cruck
3570:Japan
3565:India
3332:Wasli
3327:Washi
3287:Stone
3217:Mummy
3207:Lokta
3190:Kraft
3170:India
3155:Graph
3125:Crêpe
3048:Bible
3033:Amate
3016:Types
2883:Paper
1853:(PDF)
1730:S2CID
1722:JSTOR
1563:paper
1487:board
1483:paper
1328:lumen
1312:silos
1294:paper
1257:– SiO
1225:2–5%
1162:Wood
1116:straw
1086:abaca
1052:ozone
980:fungi
968:water
670:mulch
569:334.0
549:187.0
538:18.0
530:37.8
501:117.0
414:birch
410:aspen
394:larch
335:, by
325:kraft
157:linen
149:straw
107:amate
73:, or
61:from
4119:Dyes
4102:nano
4066:Pulp
3891:wood
3859:Stud
3854:Sill
3819:Post
3779:Lath
3744:Beam
3598:Uses
3587:List
3362:Xuan
3352:Wove
3282:Seed
3262:Rice
3202:Laid
3165:Hemp
3103:Copy
3058:Bond
2755:PMID
2712:ISSN
2657:ISBN
2633:PMID
2625:ISSN
2576:ISBN
2542:ISBN
2463:2017
2441:2009
2144:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1860:2020
1761:ISBN
1714:ISSN
1676:ISBN
1575:NBSK
1519:and
1485:and
1427:and
1326:and
1090:kozo
1054:and
962:and
926:and
886:and
843:NBSK
754:bark
724:and
682:Bark
676:and
630:and
412:and
396:and
386:pine
364:The
132:hemp
115:bast
111:bark
105:and
75:rags
63:wood
51:Pulp
4134:Lye
3946:MDF
3914:LVL
3754:CLS
3342:Wax
3292:Tar
2747:doi
2737:".
2731:and
2704:doi
2617:doi
2605:191
2332:doi
2328:233
1941:doi
1905:doi
1753:doi
1706:doi
1318:of
1146:or
715:or
521:7.2
511:7.0
390:fir
291:'s
275:in
113:or
97:by
4453::
3135:Dó
2896:/
2822:,
2794:.
2776:.
2753:.
2743:12
2741:.
2710:.
2702:.
2692:10
2690:.
2686:.
2631:.
2623:.
2615:.
2603:.
2599:.
2556:^
2498:.
2402:.
2378:.
2353:.
2326:.
2322:.
2292:.
2288:.
2251:^
2158:^
2096:.
2043:^
1971:.
1959:^
1939:.
1935:.
1911:,
1868:^
1840:^
1819:^
1785:.
1774:^
1759:,
1728:.
1720:.
1712:.
1702:77
1700:.
1654:^
1632:^
1543:.
1535:,
1504:.
1493:,
1461:,
1406:,
1378:.
1296:.
1150:.
1088:,
1070:,
1058:.
1050:,
1046:,
970:.
958:,
954:,
922:,
911:.
841:,
837:,
823:,
787:pH
781:,
777:,
728:.
650:.
643:.
431:A
408:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
147:,
139:,
85:.
69:,
65:,
3730:/
3712:e
3705:t
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2875:e
2868:t
2861:v
2847:.
2805:.
2780:.
2761:.
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2718:.
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2671:.
2639:.
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2465:.
2443:.
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2273:.
2245:.
2208:.
2183:.
2152:.
2127:.
2100:.
2065:.
2037:.
2012:.
1975:.
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1943::
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1862:.
1795:.
1755::
1736:.
1708::
1684:.
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301:3
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