Chartism - Knowledge

2413: 49: 2473: 1557: 2257: 2655:. One protester, Josiah Heapy, 19 years old, was shot dead. The government's most ambitious prosecution, personally led by the Attorney General, of O'Connor and 57 others, including almost all Chartism's national executive failed: none was convicted of the serious charges, and those found guilty of minor offences were never sentenced. Cooper alone of the national Chartist leadership was convicted at a different trial, having spoken at strike meetings in the Potteries. He wrote a long poem in prison called " ‘The Purgatory of Suicides’. 2527:, where there was a confrontation. It seems that Frost and other local leaders were expecting to seize the town and trigger a national uprising. The result of the Newport Rising was a disaster for Chartism. The hotel was occupied by armed soldiers. A brief, violent, and bloody battle ensued. Shots were fired by both sides, although most contemporaries agree that the soldiers holding the building had vastly superior firepower. The Chartists were forced to retreat in disarray: more than twenty were killed, at least another fifty wounded. 2559: 2584:'House' has resolved they should not be heard! Three and a half millions of the slave-class have holden out the olive branch of peace to the enfranchised and privileged classes and sought for a firm and compact union, on the principle of EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW; and the enfranchised and privileged have refused to enter into a treaty! The same class is to be a slave class still. The mark and brand of inferiority are not to be removed. The assumption of inferiority is still to be maintained. The people are not to be free. 3116: 2119: 2726:, when O'Connor was elected for Nottingham. O'Connor became the only Chartist to be elected an MP; it was a remarkable victory for the movement. More commonly, Chartist candidates participated in the open meetings, called hustings, that were the first stage of an election. They frequently won the show of hands at the hustings, but then withdrew from the poll to expose the deeply undemocratic nature of the electoral system. This is what Harney did in a widely reported challenge against Lord 2396:. This set out the movement's six main aims. The achievement of these aims would give working men a say in lawmaking: they would be able to vote, their vote would be protected by a secret ballot, and they would be able to stand for election to the House of Commons as a result of the removal of property qualifications and the introduction of payment for MPs. None of these demands were new, but the People's Charter became one of the most famous political manifestos of 19th-century Britain. 3121: 2747: 2107: 1489: 2478: 2477: 2474: 3537: 2479: 2964:

confidence and support of the great crowds who made up the Chartist meetings in their heyday. Over 6 ft (183 cm) tall—he was almost the tallest man in the House of Commons—and with a voice which could easily carry an open-air meetings of tens of thousands, with a handsome appearance, a quick wit and a rich vein of scurrility when it came to abusing his opponents, Connor possessed all the qualities of the first rate popular orator.

3111: 2476: 3004: 2405: 1477: 3019: 2909:. One proclaims, "Men of wealth and men of power/ Like locusts all thy gifts devour". Two celebrate the martyrs of the movement. "Great God! Is this the Patriot's Doom?" was composed for the funeral of Samuel Holberry, the Sheffield Chartist leader, who died in prison in 1843, while another honours John Frost, Zephaniah Williams, and William Jones, the Chartist leaders transported to 2877:: "We are commanded ... to love our neighbours as ourselves ... this command is universal in its application, whether as a friend, Christian or citizen. A man may be devout as a Christian ... but if as a citizen he claims rights for himself he refuses to confer upon others, he fails to fulfil the precept of Christ". The conflicts between these two views led many like 2480: 2205:. The strategy employed was to use the scale of support which these petitions and the accompanying mass meetings demonstrated to put pressure on politicians to concede male suffrage. Chartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims, though some became involved in insurrectionary activities, notably in South Wales and in 2683:. Workers would buy shares in the company, and the company would use those funds to purchase estates that would be subdivided into 2, 3, and 4 acres (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 hectare) lots. Between 1844 and 1848, five estates were purchased, subdivided, and built on, and then settled by lucky shareholders, who were chosen by lot. 3600:. Within two years of the military suppression of the Eureka revolt, the first elections of the Victoria parliament were held, with near-universal male suffrage and by secret ballot. (and with the successful use of secret voting in Australia, it spread to the UK and Canada in the 1870s, and later gradually to the U.S.) 2352:(1841). The papers gave justifications for the demands of the People's Charter, accounts of local meetings, commentaries on education and temperance and a great deal of poetry. They also advertised upcoming meetings, typically organised by local grassroots branches, held either in public houses or their halls. 4332:

50,000. Historians say 150,000. The Chartists declared that their petition was signed by 6 million people, but House of Commons clerks announced that it was 1.9 million. In truth, the clerks could not have done their work in the time allocated to them, but their figure was widely reported, along with

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He was one of the few leading figures who entered the movement in its earliest days—coming in straight from an active part in the dramatic and principled fight against the stamp duties on newspapers which is one of the highlights of 19th century radical action—and remained active throughout the years

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Library in the North of England. This is believed to be the only Chartist Hymnal in existence. Heavily influenced by dissenting Christians, the hymns are about social justice, "striking down evildoers", and blessing Chartist enterprises, rather than the conventional themes of crucifixion, heaven, and

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that forbade more than 10 persons from presenting a petition in person. That was followed on April 7 by new legislation making certain seditious acts "proposing to make war against the Queen, or seeking to intimidate or overawe both Houses of Parliament" or openly speaking or writing "to that effect"

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There were outbreaks of serious violence, including property destruction and the ambushing of police convoys, in the Potteries and the West Riding. Though the government deployed soldiers to suppress violence, it was the practical problems in sustaining an indefinite stoppage that ultimately defeated

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interpretation, showing the strikes as highly organized with sophisticated political intentions. The unrest began in the Potteries of Staffordshire in early August, spreading north to Cheshire and Lancashire, where at Manchester a meeting of the Chartist national executive endorsed the strikes on the

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George Julian Harney, Chartism's enfant terrible ... was firmly on the radical side of the movement, advocating the use of physical force and enjoying riling his conservative comrades by flaunting the red cap of liberty at public meetings. In and out of jail, endlessly feuding with fellow Chartists,

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To further this idea, some Christian Chartist churches were formed where Christianity and radical politics were combined and considered inseparable. More than 20 Chartist churches existed in Scotland by 1841. Pamphlets made the point and vast audiences came to hear lectures on the same themes by the

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There were associations all over the county, but there was a great lack of cohesion. One wanted the ballot, another manhood suffrage and so on ... The radicals were without unity of aim and method, and there was but little hope of accomplishing anything. When, however, the People's Charter was

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In December 1842 the Chartists held a joint national delegate conference with the National Complete Suffrage Union in Birmingham. Tensions with the NCSU soon surfaced and came to a head over their proposals both for a union with the Anti-Corn Law League, which was also broadly middle class, and for

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The movement organised a National Convention in London in early 1839 to facilitate the presentation of the first petition. Delegates used the term MC, Member of Convention, to identify themselves; the convention undoubtedly saw itself as an alternative parliament. In June 1839, the petition, signed

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to see Britain's churches as pointless. "I have no faith in church organisations," he explained. "I believe it my duty to be a man; to live and move in the world at large; to battle with evil wherever I see it, and to aim at the annihilation of all corrupt institutions and the establishment of all

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led an abortive rising in Sheffield on 12 January, and on 26 January Robert Peddie attempted similar action in Bradford. In both Sheffield and Bradford spies had kept magistrates aware of the conspirators' plans, and these attempted risings were easily quashed. Frost and two other Newport leaders,

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Unsurprisingly, there are no surviving letters outlining plans for insurrection, but Chartists had undoubtedly started organising physical force. By early autumn men were being drilled and armed in south Wales and the West Riding. Secret cells were set up, covert meetings were held in the Chartist

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declared that Chartism was a "knife and fork, a bread and cheese question". These words indicate the importance of economic factors in the launch of Chartism. If, as the movement came together, there were different priorities amongst local leaders, the Charter and the Star soon created a national,

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Facing severe persecution in 1839, Chartists took to attending services at churches they held in contempt to display their numerical strength and express their dissatisfaction. Often they forewarned the preacher and demanded that he preach from texts they believed supported their cause, such as 2

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Three and a half million have quietly, orderly, soberly, peaceably but firmly asked of their rulers to do justice; and their rulers have turned a deaf ear to that protest. Three and a half millions of people have asked permission to detail their wrongs, and enforce their claims for RIGHT, and the

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Testimonies exist from contemporaries, such as the Yorkshire Chartist Ben Wilson, that Newport was to have been the signal for a national uprising. Despite this significant setback the movement remained remarkably buoyant and remained so until late 1842. While the majority of Chartists, under the

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Participation in the Chartist Movement filled some working men with self-confidence: they learned to speak publicly, to send their poems and other writings off for publication—to be able, in short, to confidently articulate the feelings of working people. Many former Chartists went on to become

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During this period, some Christian churches in Britain held "that it was 'wrong for a Christian to meddle in political matters ... All of the denominations were particularly careful to disavow any political affiliation and he who was the least concerned with the 'affairs of this world' was

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O'Connor, seeing that any form of resistance to authorities would be impossible, cancelled the planned procession to Parliament to present the petition. The meeting was peaceful and finished without incident, after which the petition with its many signatures was sent to Parliament in three cabs

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Political elites feared the Chartists in the 1830s and 1840s as a dangerous threat to national stability. In the Chartist stronghold of Manchester, the movement undermined the political power of the old Tory-Anglican elite that had controlled civic affairs. But the reformers of Manchester were

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Eventually, after Chartism died out, Britain adopted the first five reforms. Chartists saw themselves fighting against political corruption and for democracy in an industrial society, but attracted support beyond the radical political groups for economic reasons, such as opposing wage cuts and

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shows that the movement was not uniformly spread across the metropolis but clustered in the West End, where a group of Chartist tailors had shops, as well as in Shoreditch in the east, and relied heavily on pubs that also supported local friendly societies. Readers also found denunciations of

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For the Chartists ... O'Connor was the acknowledged leader of the movement. Abler men among the leadership there certainly were and men with a clearer sense of direction in which a working-class movement should go, but none of them had the appeal which O'Connor had nor his ability to win the

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for unequal distribution of the state funds it received, resulting in some bishops and higher dignitaries having grossly larger incomes than other clergymen. This state of affairs led some Chartists to question the very idea of a state-sponsored church, leading them to call for absolute

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considered the most saintly and worthy of emulation." This was at odds with many Christian Chartists for whom Christianity was "above all practical, something that must be carried into every walk of life. Furthermore, there was no possibility of divorcing it from political science."

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Thessalonians 3:10, 2 Timothy 2:6, Matthew 19:23 and James 5:1–6. In response, the set-upon ministers often preached the need to focus on things spiritual and not material, and of meekness and obedience to authority, citing such passages as Romans 13:1–7 and 1 Peter 2:13–17.

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was published between 1837 and 1852, and in 1839 was the best-selling provincial newspaper in Britain, with a circulation of 50,000. Like other Chartist papers, it was often read aloud in coffeehouses, workplaces and the open air. Other Chartist periodicals included the

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as, in many cases, protesters removed the plugs from steam boilers powering industry to prevent their use. Amongst historians writing in the 20th century, the term General Strike was increasingly used. Some modern historians prefer the description "strike wave".

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Many of the early historians of Chartism attributed the failure of Chartism at least in part to O'Connor. He was accused of egotism and of being quarrelsome. In recent years, however, there has been a trend to reassess him in a more favourable light.

2326:, dealt with questions of class solidarity, manhood suffrage, property, and temperance, and condemned the Reform Act of 1832. The paper explored the rhetoric of violence versus nonviolence, or what its writers called moral versus physical force. 2315:

Both nationally and locally a Chartist press thrived in the form of periodicals, which were important to the movement for their news, editorials, poetry and especially in 1848, reports on international developments. They reached a huge audience.

2948:(1819–1869), was born into the landed gentry, became a barrister, and left a large documentary record. "He is the best-remembered of the Chartist leaders, among the pioneers of the modern Labour movement, and a friend of both Marx and Engels." 2774:

felonies in Great Britain and Ireland, punishable by death or transportation. The authorities knew that the Chartists were planning a peaceful demonstration, but still wanted a large-scale display of force to counter the challenge, so 100,000

3058:, and in 1918 full manhood suffrage was achieved. Other points of the People's Charter were granted: secret voting was introduced in 1872 and the payment of MPs in 1911. Annual elections remain the only Chartist demand not to be implemented. 2686:

In 1848 a Select Committee was appointed by Parliament to investigate the financial viability of the scheme, and it was ordered that it be shut down. Cottages built by the Chartist Land Company are still standing and inhabited today in

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In the African colonies after 1920, there were occasional appearances of a "colonial Chartism" that called for improved welfare, upgraded education, freedom of speech, and greater political representation for native people.

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Chartism was also an important influence in some British colonies. Some leaders were punished by transportation to Australia, where they spread their beliefs. In 1854, Chartist demands were put forward by the miners at the

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the strikers. The drift back to work began on 19 August. Only Lancashire and Cheshire were still strike-bound by September, the Manchester power loom weavers being the last to return to work on 26 September.

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Edward Stanley, 1839, "A Sermon Preached in Norwich Cathedral, on Sunday, August 18th, 1839, by the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Norwich, before an assemblage of a body of mechanics termed Chartists"

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was agitating in the country for franchise reform. But working-class radicals had not gone away. The Reform League campaigned for manhood suffrage in the 1860s and included former Chartists in its ranks.

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Parliament's repressive measures strengthened an already-present impulse to violent resistance. In June there was widespread drilling and arming in the West Riding and the devising of plots in London. In

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that erupted from 1838 to 1857 and was strongest in 1839, 1842 and 1848. It took its name from the People's Charter of 1838 and was a national protest movement, with particular strongholds of support in

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The massive wave of opposition to this measure in the north of England in the late 1830s made Chartism a mass movement. It seemed that only securing the vote for working men would change things.

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Equal constituencies, securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, instead of allowing less populous constituencies to have as much or more weight than larger ones.

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continued to press for an extension of the franchise in such organisations as the National Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association and the Reform Union. By the late 1850s, the celebrated

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drawn up ... clearly defining the urgent demands of the working class, we felt we had a real bond of union; and so transformed our Radical Association into local Chartist centres ...

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Chartism did not directly generate any reforms. However after 1848, as the movement faded, its demands appeared less threatening and were gradually enacted by other reformers. Middle-class

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Despite this second set of arrests, Chartist activity continued. Beginning in 1843, O'Connor suggested that the land contained the solution to workers' problems. This idea evolved into the

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argues that, "Chartism was a movement whose members, supporters, and most of its leaders, were working men. A few were shopkeepers, innkeepers or marginal members of lesser professions."

4749: 2758:, Chartist activity increased. In March there were protests or bread riots in Manchester, Glasgow, and Dublin, and a new demonstration was announced for 10 April 1848, to be held on 2450:

by 1.3 million working people, was presented to the House of Commons, but MPs voted, by a large majority, not to hear the petitioners. At the Convention, there was talk of a general

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Malcolm Chase argues that Chartism was not, "a movement that failed but a movement characterized by multiplicity of small victories." Moreover, eventually "Chartism collapsed, but

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Kovalev, Yu. V. ed. (1956). "Antologiya Chartistskoy Literatury" , Izd. Lit. na Inostr. Yazykakh, Moscow, 413 pp. (Russian introduction, with original Chartist texts in English).

806: 2798:, a London labour activist and one of the organisers of the Kennington Common rally, was convicted of "conspiring to levy war" against the Queen and transported to Australia. 2412: 2766:. After the meeting, a planned procession would carry a third petition to Parliament. Marches and demonstrations were also planned for April 10 in Manchester and elsewhere. 2994:

and ultimately expelled from the party, the Robespierre-admiring Harney remained convinced that insurrection was the surest route to achieve the demands of the charter.

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Chartism as an organized movement declined rapidly after 1848. Throughout the 1850s, pockets of strong support for Chartism could still be found in places such as the

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Payment of Members, enabling tradesmen, working men, or other persons of modest means to leave or interrupt their livelihood to attend to the interests of the nation.

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rewriting the People's Charter as a legislative Bill of Rights. In both, O'Connor perceived a threat to his leadership, and unable to find agreement the NCSU leader

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Emma Griffin, "The making of the Chartists: popular politics and working-class autobiography in early Victorian Britain," English Historical Review, 538, June 2014

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alone, 116 men and women went to prison. A smaller number, but still amounting to many dozens—such as William Ellis, who was convicted on perjured evidence—were

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Annual parliamentary elections, thus presenting the most effectual check to bribery and intimidation, since no purse could buy a constituency under a system of

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Zu einigen ausgewählten Fragen und Problemen der Zusammenarbeit von Marx und Engels mit dem Führer der revolutionären Chartisten, Ernest Jones, im Jahre 1854

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and weapons were manufactured as the Chartists armed themselves. Behind closed doors and in pub back rooms, plans were drawn up for a mass protest.

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Chartism was launched in 1838 by a series of large-scale meetings in Birmingham, Glasgow and the north of England. A huge mass meeting was held on

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According to Dorothy Thompson, "1842 was the year in which more energy was hurled against the authorities than in any other of the 19th century".

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It has been argued that Chartist influence in Australia led to other reforms in the late 19th century and well into the 20th century, including

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that manufacturers among its members deliberately closed mills to stir-up unrest. At the time, these disputes were collectively known as the

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In early May 1842, a second petition, of over three million signatures, was submitted, and was yet again rejected by Parliament. The

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personally. Marx and Engels at the same time commented on the Chartist movement and Jones' work in their letters and articles.

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is a particularly good figure to take as central to the study of Chartism. For five years (1845–50) he was the editor of the

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Griffin, Emma. "The Making of the Chartists: Popular Politics and Working-class Autobiography in Early Victorian Britain."

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Griffin, Emma. "The Making of the Chartists: Popular Politics and Working-Class Autobiography in Early Victorian Britain."

3330: 3230: 2723: 2719: 2504:—more of a maverick than a mainstream Chartist—described Frost as putting "a sword in my hand and a rope around my neck". 2074: 1581: 1413: 1398: 1388: 1383: 1225: 958: 898: 756: 681: 359: 3664: 3476: 3350: 3270: 2563: 2389: 2292: 1776: 1393: 1265: 1195: 1070: 751: 2790:, Yorkshire, a group of "physical force" Chartists led by Isaac Ickeringill were involved in a huge fracas at the local 5580: 4941: 4326:

The estimate of the number of attendees at the meeting varies by source; O'Connor said 300,000, the government 15,000,

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Support for the movement was at its highest when petitions signed by millions of working people were presented to the

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Kuduk, Stephanie (1 June 2001). "Sedition, Chartism, and Epic Poetry in Thomas Cooper's The Purgatory of Suicides".

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likes of J. R. Stephens, who was highly influential in the movement. Political preachers thus came into prominence.

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An Underground History of Early Victorian Fiction: Chartism, Radical Print Culture, and the Social Problem Novel

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A vote for every man aged twenty-one years and above, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for a crime.

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Several outbreaks of violence ensued, leading to arrests and trials. One of the leaders of the movement,

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Roberts, Stephen, 'The People's Charter: Democratic Agitation in Early Victorian Britain' (2003) Essays

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Taylor, Miles. "Rethinking the chartists: Searching for synthesis in the historiography of chartism",

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Chase, Malcolm. "'Labour's Candidates': Chartist Challenges at the Parliamentary Polls, 1839–1860."

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to be pardoned, significant minorities in Sheffield and Bradford planned their risings in response.

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Gibson, Josh. "The Chartists and the constitution: revisiting British popular constitutionalism."

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On the night of 3–4 November 1839 Frost led several thousand marchers through South Wales to the

2183: 1856: 1836: 1678: 1598: 1446: 1283: 1273: 1155: 1145: 933: 883: 848: 666: 624: 619: 582: 577: 5098: 5008: 3876:"From Chartist Newspaper to Digital Map of Grass-roots Meetings, 1841–44: Documenting Workflows" 2810:, but the final National Convention, held in 1858, was attended by only a handful of delegates. 519: 444: 4876:"Before we decide to write off the Occupy movement, let's consider the legacy of the Chartists" 3466: 3280: 3220: 3171: 2436: 2307:

can be traced to the foundation in the autumn of 1836 of Carmarthen Working Men's Association.

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Roberts, Stephen and Thompson, Dorothy. 'Images of Chartism' (1998) Contemporary illustrations

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became a leading figure in the National Charter Association during its decline, together with

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Claeys, Gregory. "The Triumph of Class-Conscious Reformism in British Radicalism, 1790–1860"

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Saunders, Robert. "Chartism from Above: British Elites and the Interpretation of Chartism",

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Radical Politicians and Poets in Early Victorian Britain: The Voices of Six Chartist Leaders

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Robert Saunders, "Chartism from above: British elites and the interpretation of Chartism",

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In anticipation of the announced march, Parliament revived a statute dating to the time of

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The People's Charter called for six reforms to make the political system more democratic:

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An Anthology of Chartist Poetry. The poetry of the British Working Class, the 1830s–1850s

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The Chartist Movement in Britain, ed. Gregory Claeys (6 vols, Pickering and Chatto, 2001)

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Michael J. Turner, "Local Politics and the Nature of Chartism: The Case of Manchester",

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Between late 1844 and November 1845, subscriptions were raised for the publication of a

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Research of the distribution of Chartist meetings in London that were advertised in the

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Gibson, Josh. "Natural right and the intellectual context of early Chartist thought."

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and largely united, campaign of national protest. John Bates, an activist, recalled:

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16th. The strikes had begun spreading in Scotland and West Yorkshire from the 13th.

404: 5530: 5048: 4334: 4141: 3897: 3887: 3541: 3392: 3345: 3325: 3235: 3225: 3100: 2835: 2715: 2593: 2175: 2022: 1906: 1896: 1891: 1851: 1816: 1673: 1663: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1132: 988: 821: 514: 454: 439: 414: 409: 201: 171: 141: 5471: 4052: 3892: 3875: 5490: 5478: 5454: 5408: 3930: 3792: 3789: 3782: 3581: 3511: 3437: 3055: 3008: 2854: 2794:

and later were prosecuted for rescuing two of their compatriots from the police.

2731: 2696: 2558: 2542: 2365: 2269: 2017: 2007: 1921: 1846: 459: 369: 334: 252: 151: 123: 4118:

F.C. Mather, "The General Strike of 1842", in John Stevenson R. Quinault (eds),

2639:

The state hit back. Several Chartist leaders were arrested, including O'Connor,

5038: 5030: 3186: 3023: 2914: 2870: 2842: 2795: 2692: 2520: 2516: 2467: 2385: 2296: 2281: 1821: 1791: 1781: 1715: 1481: 1102: 1040: 725: 539: 529: 499: 419: 394: 344: 306: 284: 208: 191: 176: 4341:

MP), and Chartism's credibility was undermined. See Slosson, Preston William,

3054:

In 1867 part of the urban working men was admitted to the franchise under the

2329:

It was succeeded as the voice of radicalism by an even more famous paper: the

5504: 5215:

The Chartist Prisoners: The Radical Lives of Thomas Cooper and Arthur O'Neill

3669: 3407: 3290: 3265: 3245: 3067:

themselves factionalised. Chartism has also been seen as a forerunner to the

3043: 2846: 2807: 2660: 2611:

headlined them "The Chartist Insurrection", but suspicion also hung over the

2451: 2220: 2187: 2179: 2166: 2002: 1969: 1911: 1796: 1786: 1753: 1720: 1699: 1355: 1255: 1250: 1242: 1035: 858: 279: 257: 242: 5174:"Perish the Privileged Orders": A Socialist history of the Chartist movement 5062:(2016), a creative non-fiction account of the life of a Chartist journalist. 5052: 4934:

From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting

4234: 639: 4338: 4328: 3654: 3295: 2902: 2857:

in the early 1960s, commemorating the Chartists' meeting on 10 April 1848.

2667:

introduced the NCSU approved bill to "a small and bored" House of Commons.

2012: 1901: 1811: 841: 705: 602: 504: 469: 389: 5043: 4145: 3320: 3250: 3120: 3110: 3047: 2746: 2688: 2501: 2424: 2361: 1861: 1841: 1806: 1710: 1705: 1658: 1050: 938: 893: 853: 646: 534: 399: 247: 4479:

There are eight letters from Jones to Engels between 1852 and 1867 kept.

5353: 5330: 5304: 5137: 3285: 3115: 3012: 2597: 2509: 2432: 2369: 1916: 1886: 1871: 1648: 786: 634: 629: 449: 374: 267: 262: 39: 5484:

Left-wing article about the Chartist armed uprising in Newport in 1839

4788:

After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics 1848–1874

3902: 2303:, providing a platform for Chartists in the southeast. The origins of 1351:

Universal League for the Material Elevation of the Industrious Classes

1340: 5434: 4333:

some of the pseudonyms appended to the petition such as "Punch" and "

3704: 3597: 2894: 2831: 2647:. During the late summer of 1842, hundreds were incarcerated. In the 2284:

and driving the poor into workhouses, where families were separated.

2230:(MPs), to allow the constituencies to return the man of their choice. 2206: 2106: 2027: 1488: 225: 4998:

Radical Language, Meaning and Identity in the Age of the Chartists.

4470:

There are 52 letters from Jones to Marx between 1851 and 1868 kept.

4391:

A Black Studies Primer: Heroes and Heroines of the African Diaspora

3809:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press Board. pp. 100, 104, 107. 2910: 2601: 2416:

The national convention, meeting on Monday 4 February 1839, at the

2045: 1591: 294: 230: 2714:

Candidates embracing Chartism also stood on numerous occasions in

2392:, set up in 1836, formed a committee. In 1838, they published the 5459: 3521: 2906: 2787: 2628: 2195: 1964: 836: 316: 4958:

Imperialism, race, and resistance: Africa and Britain, 1919–1945

3709:(Bristol Historical Association pamphlets, no. 10, 1964), 18 pp. 5440:

British Library page including an image of the original charter

5153:

Voices of the People: Democracy and Chartist Political Identity

3003: 2890: 2882:

good, and generous, and useful institutions in their places."

2763: 2404: 1310: 807:

International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties

776: 4504:, in Beiträge Zur Marx-Engels-Forschung 22. 1987, pp. 208–217. 5496:

How the police foiled a planned armed Chartist uprising, 1848

5073:, 2007), A standard scholarly history of the entire movement 2735: 2372:

about the civilizing and pacifying influences of free trade.

5250:

The Chartists: popular politics in the Industrial Revolution

3771:

The Chartists: Popular Politics in the Industrial Revolution

3018: 5429: 4434:

Lion of Freedom: Feargus O'Connor and the Chartist Movement

3585: 4737:

Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels

3074: 3845:

Cris Yelland, "Speech and Writing in the Northern Star",

4516:"Murals and Public Art on the Brandon | BrandonTRA" 4981:

Social Unrest and Popular Protest in England 1780–1840.

4173:. London: Constable and Company. pp. 194–196, 198. 2454:

or "sacred month". In the West Riding of Yorkshire and

588:

Association of Radicals for the United States of Europe

3861:

Protest and the Politics of Space and Place, 1789–1848

2535:, concentrated on petitioning for Frost, Williams and 5229:

The poetry of Chartism: aesthetics, politics, history

2754:

In February 1848, following the arrival of news of a

2750:

An 1848 poster advertising the Great Chartist Meeting

5318:

A mad, bad, and dangerous people?: England 1783–1846

5183:

Chartism and the Chartists in Manchester and Salford

4643: 4581:

Methodism and politics in British society, 1750–1850

3832:

Bob Breton, "Violence and the Radical Imagination",

3821:

Papers for the People: A Study of the Chartist Press

3783:

Minute Book of the London Working Men’s Association.

3749:

A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846

5272:(Verso Books, 2015), Essays by leading specialists. 4989:Ashton, Owen, Fyson, Robert, and Roberts, Stephen, 4906:

The Golden Age: A History of the Colony of Victoria

4535:

Henry Moore: Sculptural Process and Public Identity

4023:

The Chartists: The First National Workers' Movement

3607:, relatively short three-year parliamentary terms, 2223:

to protect the elector in the exercise of his vote.

5378:Forty Years' Recollections: Literary and Political 5243:Ernest Jones, Chartism and the Romance of Politics 4091: 3874:Navickas, Katrina; Crymble, Adam (20 March 2017). 3061: 2782:accompanied by a small group of Chartist leaders. 5460:Ursula Stange: Annotated Bibliography on Chartism 4646:"National Chartist Hymn Book: From Weaver to Web" 4356:1848: The British State and the Chartist Movement 3916:Shijie Guan, "Chartism and the First Opium War", 2276:governments of the 1830s. Notably, the hated new 5502: 4799: 4750:"Sources for the Study of Chartism in Sheffield" 4644:Calderdale Libraries, Northgate (15 July 2009). 3080:journalists, poets, ministers, and councillors. 2368:(1839–42) was condemned—and of the arguments of 2280:was passed in 1834, depriving working people of 5445:Punch Series on "Great Chartist Demonstrations" 5386:Chartism and society: an anthology of documents 5325:Kovalev, Yuri V. "The Literature of Chartism." 5320:Oxford University Press, 2008) pp 612–629, 681. 4568:Chartism and the churches: a study in democracy 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3873: 2959:was the "most well-loved man" of the movement: 2484:Dramatisation of the trial of the Chartists at 5167:The Last Rising; The Newport Insurrection 1839 5037: 4307: 4305: 4085: 4083: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 2920:The Chartists were especially critical of the 2901:Some of the hymns protest the exploitation of 1138:Radical Movement of Social Democratic Alliance 757:Free Democratic Party/Radical Democratic Party 699:Democratic Union-Agricultural and Labour Party 52:A photograph of the Great Chartist Meeting on 3560: 3369:40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot 2143: 1513: 5381:, Samson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington 4873: 4674:Manchester and Salford Advertiser, 17/8/1839 4549: 4010: 2778:were recruited to bolster the police force. 5060:Shark Alley: The Memoirs of a Penny-a-Liner 4302: 4080: 3954: 3754: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3645:Constitutional reform in the United Kingdom 2375: 5114:History of the Chartist Movement 1837–1854 4491:, Berlin (DDR) 1960/61, vol. 8, 9, 10, 27. 3567: 3553: 2711:, and is open to visitors by appointment. 2332:Northern Star and Leeds General Advertiser 2150: 2136: 1520: 1506: 27:British working-class movement (1838–1857) 3920:(October 1987), Issue 24, pp. 17–31. 3901: 3891: 1006:Progressive Democratic Party of the North 662:Czech Constitutionalist Progressive Party 5576:Left-wing politics in the United Kingdom 4775:The Chartists: perspectives and legacies 3955:Rosanvallon, Pierre (15 November 2013). 3858: 3804: 3713: 3355:Victorian police in the Eureka Rebellion 3093:This article is part of a series on the 3017: 3002: 2745: 2718:. There were concerted campaigns in the 2557: 2471: 2411: 2403: 2255: 944:Partido Ecologista Radical Intransigente 47: 5190:Feargus O'Connor: Irishman and Chartist 4802:The Origins of the Twenty-First Century 4528: 4522: 4284: 4089: 3075:Development of working class confidence 14: 5503: 5472:Illustrated London News, 15 April 1848 5086:Epstein, James and Thompson, Dorothy, 4592: 3364:William Wright (Australian politician) 1331:Stratford Dialectical and Radical Club 4931: 4513: 4131: 3931:"The six points | chartist ancestors" 3660:Representation of the People Act 1884 3026:in Newport commemorating the uprising 2801: 2384:(MPs) and six working men, including 2169:movement for political reform in the 5556:Social history of the United Kingdom 5397:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 5369:(Hodder and Stoughton, 1992), 124pp. 5000:Journal of Victorian Culture. (2005) 4393:, Hansib Publications, 2008, p. 137. 4343:The Decline of the Chartist Movement 4273:The Decline of the Chartist Movement 4260:The Decline of the Chartist Movement 4166: 3331:Robert Nickle (British Army officer) 3231:British army in the Eureka Rebellion 2075:Libertarianism in the United Kingdom 899:Movement for Constitutional Freedoms 682:Democratic Socialist Party of Greece 5601:Working class in the United Kingdom 5586:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 5279:(Cambridge University Press, 2018). 5231:(Cambridge University Press, 2009). 4619:"Hymns and the Chartists revisited" 4531:"Henry Moore and the Welfare State" 3849:, Spring 2000, 65#1 pp. 22–40. 3836:, Spring 2011, 44#1 pp. 24–41. 3665:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 3477:Eureka Rebellion in popular culture 3351:Vexillology of the Eureka Rebellion 3271:John Foster (Australian politician) 3037: 2264:on 16 May 1832, attended by 200,000 1266:Republican Democratic Concentration 752:Federal Democratic Republican Party 24: 5566:19th century in the United Kingdom 5359: 4966: 4442:Feargus O'Connor: A Political Life 3443:1855 Victorian high treason trials 3119: 2677:Chartist Co-operative Land Company 2488:, including background information 2063:Conservatism in the United Kingdom 1950:Alliance Party of Northern Ireland 1238:Radical Socialist Republican Party 31:For other uses of "Chartist", see 25: 5612: 5418: 5293: 4051:. 20 January 2012. Archived from 3819:, Joan Allen and Owen R. Ashton, 3798: 3311:List of Eureka Stockade defenders 3011:in Sheffield's Peace Gardens, by 2707:, is owned and maintained by the 2623:In contrast, Mick Jenkins in his 2461: 914:National Progressive Center Union 5571:Liberalism in the United Kingdom 5384:Mather, Frederick C. ed. (1980) 5188:Read, Donald and Glasgow, Eric, 5015:The Age of Improvement 1783–1867 4417:History of the Chartist movement 4120:Popular Protest and Public Order 4098:. London: Lawrence and Wishart. 3985: 3880:The Journal of Victorian Culture 3535: 3492:The Eureka Stockade (1855 novel) 3114: 3109: 2741: 2699:and on the outskirts of London. 2390:London Working Men's Association 2293:London Working Men's Association 2117: 2105: 1555: 1487: 1475: 864:Liberals, Democrats and Radicals 812:Italian Democratic Liberal Party 711:Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party 5521:Communism in the United Kingdom 5341:81:213 (August 2008): 463–484 ( 4950: 4925: 4911: 4898: 4886: 4874:Giles Fraser (5 October 2012). 4867: 4854: 4851:, (2008) 81#213 pp 463–484 4841: 4825: 4808: 4793: 4780: 4767: 4742: 4729: 4716: 4703: 4690: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4637: 4611: 4586: 4573: 4514:Lloyd, Tom (26 February 2024). 4507: 4494: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4447: 4426: 4409: 4396: 4383: 4361: 4348: 4320: 4278: 4265: 4252: 4227: 4210:"Welcome to Chartist Ancestors" 4202: 4185:"Welcome to Chartist Ancestors" 4177: 4160: 4125: 4112: 4067: 4041: 4036:John Frost: a study in Chartism 4028: 3979: 3948: 3923: 3910: 3867: 3852: 3807:John Frost: A Study in Chartism 3256:Eureka Stockade (fortification) 3062:Enabling political progressions 2860: 2085:Socialism in the United Kingdom 772:Free-thinking Democratic League 593:Authentic Radical Liberal Party 5561:Protests in the United Kingdom 5391:Scheckner, Peter, ed. (1989). 5236:Women in the Chartist Movement 5136:129#538, (2014), pp. 578–605, 4864:, (2008), 45#2 pp 323–345 3839: 3826: 3813: 3776: 3741: 3698: 3687:Politics of the United Kingdom 3130:by John Black Henderson (1854) 2927:separation of church and state 2588:The depression of 1842 led to 2226:No property qualification for 2080:Politics of the United Kingdom 904:National and Social Liberation 613:Union of the Democratic Centre 13: 1: 5455:Victorian Web – The Chartists 5303:(1983) 26#4 pp. 969–985 4595:The Scottish Nation 1700–2000 3893:10.1080/13555502.2017.1301179 3795:2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018. 3692: 3640:Condition of England question 3482:Eureka Stockade Memorial Park 3216:Anti-Gold Licence Association 2936: 2399: 2350:Midland Counties' Illuminator 1346:Union, Progress and Democracy 954:Party of Independence and '48 949:Party of Democratic Socialism 721:European Republicans Movement 5423: 4976:Merlin Press. London. (2005) 4623:richardjohnbr.blogspot.co.uk 4453:George Douglas Howard Cole: 4369:"Chartists arrested in 1848" 3834:Victorian Periodicals Review 3507:Eureka Stockade (miniseries) 3261:Forest Creek Monster Meeting 2670: 2579:commented on the rejection: 672:Democratic Left of Catalonia 221:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 7: 5541:History of social movements 5465: 5450:Spartacus index on Chartism 5375:Frost, Thomas, ed. (1880). 5252:(1984) by a leading expert 5071:Manchester University Press 4566:Harold Underwood Faulkner, 4537:. Tate Research Publication 3633: 3624:proportional representation 3502:Eureka Stockade (1949 film) 3497:Eureka Stockade (1907 film) 3083: 2989:According to Tristram Hunt: 1336:Transnational Radical Party 1098:Radical Federative Movement 994:Portuguese Republican Party 984:Political Party of Radicals 677:Democratic-Republican Party 652:Czech National Social Party 10: 5617: 5352:, (1996), 39#2 pp 479–495 5160:Chartism and the Chartists 5120:Journal of British Studies 5083:74#1 (April 2009): 64–89. 4984:Cambridge University Press 4972:Allen, J and Ashton, R.O. 4816:Frequently Asked Questions 4314:London Chartism, 1838–1848 4271:Slosson, Preston William, 4258:Slosson, Preston William, 4170:A History of Chartism, III 4094:The General Strike of 1842 3859:Navickas, Katrina (2015). 3306:John King (police officer) 2845:featured a large mural by 2625:The General Strike of 1842 2465: 2262:Birmingham Political Union 2241:universal manhood suffrage 1975:Scottish Liberal Democrats 1654:Civil and political rights 1031:Progressive People's Party 762:Free-minded People's Party 29: 5581:Revolutionary Syndicalism 5311:English Historical Review 5146:The Chartist Land Company 5134:English Historical Review 4800:Gabriel Tortella (2010). 4358:(1987), pp. 130–199. 4287:Nineteenth Century Europe 4285:Rapport, Michael (2005), 4049:"British republican flag" 3418:John Manning (journalist) 3241:Charles Pasley (engineer) 2998: 2546:Jones and Williams, were 2346:English Chartist Circular 2268:After the passing of the 2251: 2124:United Kingdom portal 1188:Radical Party of the Left 1067:Radical Democratic Party 716:European Radical Alliance 687:Georgios Papandreou Party 608:Centre Union – New Forces 33:Chartist (disambiguation) 5313:129.538 (2014): 578–605. 5127:History Workshop Journal 5047:(1st ed.), London, 4755:. Sheffield City Council 4597:. Penguin. p. 279. 4461:, Macmillan, London 1941 4440:(2007); Paul Pickering, 4432:See also James Epstein, 3963:Harvard University Press 3805:Williams, David (1939). 3707:The Chartists in Bristol 3621:single transferable vote 3517:William Bramwell Withers 3487:Eureka Stockade Monument 2985:of its mass influence. 2972:According to Thompson, 2913:in the aftermath of the 2703:, a Chartist cottage in 2665:William Sharman Crawford 2376:People's Charter of 1838 2322:in the 1830s, edited by 2310: 1535:This article is part of 1222:Radical Socialist Party 1213:Radical Republican Party 827:Italian Republican Party 732:German Free-minded Party 38:Not to be confused with 5591:Radicalism (historical) 5286:(1999), short textbook 5270:The Dignity of Chartism 5268:Thompson, Dorothy, ed. 5088:The Chartist Experience 5067:Chartism: A New History 5029:(1999), short textbook 4726:(2015) chapter 9 p. 111 4724:The Dignity of Chartism 4700:(2015) chapter 9 p. 109 4698:The Dignity of Chartism 4687:(2015) chapter 9 p. 115 4685:The Dignity of Chartism 4438:Chartism: A New History 4436:(1982); Malcolm Chase, 4389:Keith A. P. Sandiford, 3788:28 October 2021 at the 3736:Chartism: A New History 3359:William Edward Atherden 3007:A plaque commemorating 2951:According to Thompson, 2873:minister, wrote in the 2705:Dodford, Worcestershire 2553: 2319:The Poor Man's Guardian 2243:in every twelve months. 2184:Staffordshire Potteries 1980:Social Democratic Party 1679:Equality before the law 1447:Conservative liberalism 1326:Socialist Radical Party 1321:Social Democratic Party 1192:Radical People's Party 1172:Radical Party of Chile 1063:Radical Democracy Party 963:People's Radical Party 934:Opportunist Republicans 884:Manhood Suffrage League 849:Labour Democratic Party 625:Colombian Liberal Party 583:Alsatian Progress Party 578:Alfarista Radical Front 5367:Chartists and Chartism 5144:Hadfield, Alice Mary, 5097:(2000) short textbook 4974:Papers For the People. 4936:. Text Publishing Co. 4932:Brett, Judith (2019). 4529:Pereira, Dawn (2015). 4289:, Palgrave Macmillan, 4090:Jenkins, Mick (1980). 3751:(2006) pp 612–621 3467:Australian nationalism 3281:Henry Richard Nicholls 3276:Henry Christopher Wise 3221:Ballarat Reform League 3172:Australian gold rushes 3124: 3044:parliamentary Radicals 3027: 3015: 2996: 2987: 2966: 2955:the proprietor of the 2915:Newport rising of 1839 2751: 2663:withdrew. In May 1843 2586: 2567: 2489: 2447: 2437:Joseph Rayner Stephens 2420: 2409: 2265: 1107:Radical Liberal Party 909:National Radical Party 57: 5546:History of liberalism 5489:20 March 2012 at the 5477:14 April 2005 at the 5081:Labour History Review 4593:Devine, T.M. (2000). 4167:West, Julius (1920). 3958:The Society of Equals 3847:Labour History Review 3738:(Manchester UP, 2007) 3650:John Frost (Chartist) 3613:Instant-runoff voting 3123: 3021: 3006: 2991: 2978: 2961: 2851:London County Council 2814:Robert George Gammage 2749: 2681:National Land Company 2581: 2561: 2483: 2442: 2415: 2407: 2382:Members of Parliament 2259: 2228:Members of Parliament 2112:Liberalism portal 1548:in the United Kingdom 1494:Liberalism portal 919:National Reform Union 889:Mexican Liberal Party 879:Liberal Swedish Party 817:Italian Radical Party 737:German People's Party 119:History of liberalism 51: 5511:Communism in England 5435:The People's Charter 5234:Schwarzkopf, Jutta, 5158:Jones, David J. V., 5105:Chartism in Scotland 4457:, in G. D. H. Cole: 4146:10.1353/vp.2001.0012 3542:Australia portal 3403:Henry Samuel Chapman 3398:Butler Cole Aspinall 3301:John Basson Humffray 3207:The Eureka Rebellion 3128:Eureka Stockade Riot 2974:George Julian Harney 2828:George Julian Harney 2824:Ernest Charles Jones 2641:George Julian Harney 2613:Anti-Corn Law League 2486:Shire Hall, Monmouth 2418:British Coffee House 2068:Liberal conservatism 1749:Anti-Corn Law League 1684:Freedom of the press 1462:Liberalism in Europe 1452:History of socialism 1247:Radicals of the Left 832:Jacksonian Democrats 802:Independent Radicals 620:Civic Workers' Party 167:Classical radicalism 157:Classical liberalism 92:Atlantic Revolutions 87:Age of Enlightenment 5339:Historical Research 5260:The early Chartists 5258:Thompson, Dorothy. 5248:Thompson, Dorothy. 5122:56.1 (2017): 70–90. 5103:Fraser, W. Hamish, 5017:(1979), pp 302–312 4991:The Chartist Legacy 4849:Historical Research 4833:The Chartist Legacy 4777:(2015) pp 1–2, 106. 4419:(1854); J.T. Ward, 4404:Chartism after 1848 4379:on 30 October 2008. 3998:on 19 February 2008 3609:preferential voting 3472:Eureka Jack Mystery 3413:John Joseph (rebel) 3384:High treason trials 3336:Robert William Rede 3192:Victorian gold rush 3182:Revolutions of 1848 2841:In Kennington, the 2756:revolution in Paris 2679:, later called the 2348:(1841–43), and the 2260:The meeting of the 2192:South Wales Valleys 1744:Glorious Revolution 1689:Freedom of religion 1669:Economic liberalism 1457:Irish republicanism 1218:Radical Republicans 1046:Radical Civic Union 792:Historical Far Left 782:Giustizia e Libertà 657:Czech Realist Party 214:Left-libertarianism 182:Freedom of movement 162:Cultural radicalism 97:American Revolution 5516:Communism in Wales 5430:Chartist Ancestors 5350:Historical Journal 5301:Historical Journal 5213:Roberts, Stephen, 5200:Roberts, Stephen, 4722:Dorothy Thompson, 4709:Dorothy Thompson: 4696:Dorothy Thompson, 4683:Dorothy Thompson, 4625:. 20 February 2013 4459:Chartist portraits 4214:chartist ancestors 4189:chartist ancestors 4055:on 28 October 2020 3935:chartist ancestors 3769:Dorothy Thompson, 3341:Sir Charles Hotham 3125: 3028: 3016: 2849:, commissioned by 2802:Decline after 1848 2792:magistrates' court 2776:special constables 2752: 2568: 2564:British Republican 2490: 2421: 2410: 2342:Northern Liberator 2324:Henry Hetherington 2301:Henry Hetherington 2278:Poor Law Amendment 2266: 1892:Mill (John Stuart) 1482:History portal 1123:Radical Left Party 1010:Progressive Party 455:Mill (John Stuart) 236:Left-wing populism 109:Belgian Revolution 58: 5329:(1958): 117–138. 5327:Victorian Studies 5181:Pickering, Paul, 5165:Jones, David J., 5058:Carver, Stephen, 4500:Ingolf Neunübel: 4489:Marx-Engels-Werke 4296:978-0-333-65246-6 3972:978-0-674-72644-4 3675:Chartism in Wales 3617:compulsory voting 3577: 3576: 3433:William à Beckett 3428:Sir Redmond Barry 3423:Raffaello Carboni 2922:Church of England 2760:Kennington Common 2716:general elections 2590:a wave of strikes 2481: 2305:Chartism in Wales 2160: 2159: 2090:Liberal socialism 1955:Liberal Democrats 1739:English Civil War 1694:Freedom of speech 1530: 1529: 1261:Republican Action 1058:Radical Democracy 874:Liberal Reformers 797:Independence Club 767:Free-minded Union 312:Utopian socialism 290:Social liberalism 197:Liberal socialism 147:Civic nationalism 102:French Revolution 54:Kennington Common 18:Chartist Movement 16:(Redirected from 5608: 5282:Walton, John K. 5275:Vargo, Gregory. 5129:Vol. 84. (2017). 5065:Chase, Malcolm. 5055: 5005:Chartist Studies 4961: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4915: 4909: 4904:Geoffrey Serle, 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4871: 4865: 4862:Northern History 4858: 4852: 4845: 4839: 4829: 4823: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4791: 4786:Margot C. Finn, 4784: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4754: 4746: 4740: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4694: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4590: 4584: 4577: 4571: 4564: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4511: 4505: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4451: 4445: 4430: 4424: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4375:. 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Gammage, 4408: 4395: 4382: 4360: 4354:John Saville, 4347: 4319: 4301: 4295: 4277: 4264: 4251: 4239:National Trust 4226: 4201: 4176: 4159: 4140:(2): 165–186. 4124: 4111: 4105:978-0853155300 4104: 4079: 4077:(1996), p. 30. 4073:Edward Royle, 4066: 4040: 4027: 4009: 3986:Bloy, Marjie. 3978: 3971: 3965:. p. 82. 3947: 3922: 3909: 3886:(2): 232–247. 3866: 3851: 3838: 3825: 3812: 3797: 3775: 3753: 3740: 3712: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3632: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3212: 3211: 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5006: 5003:Briggs, Asa. 5002: 4999: 4995: 4993:(1999) Essays 4992: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979:Archer, J.E. 4978: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4960:(1999) p. 261 4959: 4953: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4914: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4820:Parliament.UK 4817: 4811: 4804:. p. 88. 4803: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4776: 4770: 4751: 4745: 4738: 4732: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4711:The Chartists 4706: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4671: 4662: 4647: 4640: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4606: 4604:9780140230048 4600: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4576: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4405: 4402:Keith Flett, 4399: 4392: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4373:Chartists.net 4370: 4364: 4357: 4351: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4172: 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Retrieved 4744: 4736: 4731: 4723: 4718: 4710: 4705: 4697: 4692: 4684: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4649:. Retrieved 4639: 4627:. Retrieved 4622: 4613: 4594: 4588: 4583:(1984) p 213 4580: 4575: 4567: 4539:. Retrieved 4534: 4524: 4509: 4501: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4458: 4455:Ernest Jones 4454: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4403: 4398: 4390: 4385: 4377:the original 4372: 4363: 4355: 4350: 4342: 4329:The Observer 4327: 4322: 4312: 4286: 4280: 4272: 4267: 4259: 4254: 4242:. Retrieved 4238: 4229: 4217:. Retrieved 4213: 4204: 4192:. Retrieved 4188: 4179: 4169: 4162: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4119: 4114: 4093: 4074: 4069: 4057:. Retrieved 4053:the original 4043: 4038:(1969) p 193 4035: 4030: 4022: 4000:. Retrieved 3996:the original 3991: 3981: 3957: 3950: 3938:. 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(1996) 4713:, p. 96. 4651:27 April 4629:27 April 4421:Chartism 4335:Sibthorp 4244:27 April 4219:27 April 4194:27 April 4075:Chartism 3940:12 April 3786:Archived 3681:General: 3634:See also 3594:Victoria 3590:Ballarat 3177:Chartism 3140:Timeline 3084:Colonies 2911:Tasmania 2732:Tiverton 2701:Rosedene 2602:Cheshire 2594:Midlands 2190:and the 2163:Chartism 2046:Centrism 1970:Radicals 1882:Macaulay 1852:Hobhouse 1759:Chartism 1611:Economic 1604:Muscular 1592:Whiggist 1537:a series 1409:Paraguay 1374:Bulgaria 1116:Paraguay 1071:Bulgaria 747:Far Left 500:Rosselli 410:Hobhouse 295:Suffrage 231:Populism 114:Chartism 65:a series 63:Part of 5531:Marxism 5262:(1971) 5162:(1975). 5075:excerpt 4444:(2008). 4317:(1982). 4122:(1974). 3823:(2005). 3773:(1984). 3584:on the 3522:Len Fox 3163:Origins 3022:Former 2907:slavery 2788:Bingley 2629:Marxist 2521:Newport 2429:Salford 2196:Bristol 1965:Peelite 1944:Parties 1922:Spencer 1912:Ricardo 1897:Naoroji 1862:Jenkins 1832:Fawcett 1792:Bentham 1787:Asquith 1733:History 1626:Radical 1566:Schools 1441:Related 1414:Romania 1399:Hungary 1389:Ecuador 1384:Denmark 1231:Estonia 1196:Finland 1156:Hungary 1146:Bolivia 1091:Ukraine 1076:Estonia 1014:Belgium 837:Jacobin 530:Virchow 515:Stevens 460:Mommsen 440:Mazzini 425:Leclerc 420:Lacombe 370:Cobbett 350:Bolívar 345:Bentham 340:Atatürk 317:Welfare 273:Laicité 81:History 5403: 5331:online 5288:online 5264:online 5254:online 5245:(2003) 5238:(1991) 5217:(2008) 5204:(1993) 5194:online 5185:(1995) 5176:(1995) 5169:(1985) 5138:online 5107:(2010) 5099:online 5051: 5031:online 5019:online 5009:online 4940: 4894:in EHR 4790:(2004) 4601: 4570:(1916) 4423:(1973) 4406:(2006) 4337:" (an 4293: 4152: 4102: 4059:14 May 4025:(1997) 3969: 3458:Legacy 2999:Legacy 2891:hymnal 2764:London 2643:, and 2452:strike 2335:. The 2252:Origin 2186:, the 2182:, the 2178:, the 2165:was a 1867:Keynes 1822:Cobden 1807:Bright 1797:Berlin 1782:Arnold 1771:People 1631:Social 1394:France 1311:ROSSEM 1206:Turkey 1201:Norway 1151:France 777:Foxite 557:Groups 540:Wilson 535:Wilkes 520:Varlet 405:Hébert 395:Godwin 390:George 329:People 5388:319pp 4753:(PDF) 4150:S2CID 3150:Siege 2736:Devon 2427:near 2364:—the 2311:Press 1997:Media 1985:Whigs 1917:Smith 1902:Paine 1872:Locke 1847:Hayek 1842:Green 1812:Burke 1777:Acton 1616:Green 1419:Spain 1404:Italy 1379:Chile 1284:Italy 1161:Italy 1086:Spain 1081:India 470:Paine 400:Green 375:Dewey 355:Bryan 136:Ideas 5401:ISBN 4938:ISBN 4761:2023 4653:2018 4631:2018 4599:ISBN 4543:2017 4291:ISBN 4246:2018 4221:2018 4196:2018 4100:ISBN 4061:2021 4004:2008 3967:ISBN 3942:2017 3619:and 3586:gold 2905:and 2834:and 2722:and 2607:The 2554:1842 2337:Star 2299:and 2274:Whig 2219:The 1857:Hunt 1181:2018 1176:1863 977:1990 972:1919 967:1881 571:1942 566:1853 505:Roux 335:Alem 5343:DOI 4142:doi 3898:hdl 3888:doi 3615:), 2853:'s 2730:in 2500:of 1621:Neo 380:Fox 5507:: 5399:, 5395:, 5345:). 4878:. 4818:, 4621:. 4551:^ 4533:. 4371:. 4304:^ 4237:. 4212:. 4187:. 4148:. 4138:39 4136:. 4082:^ 4012:^ 3990:. 3961:. 3933:. 3896:. 3884:22 3882:. 3878:. 3756:^ 3715:^ 3626:. 3596:, 3592:, 3071:. 2976:: 2929:. 2917:. 2762:, 2734:, 2695:, 2691:, 2600:, 2596:, 2523:, 2519:, 2431:, 2209:. 1539:on 67:on 5411:) 5407:( 5069:( 4946:. 4921:. 4882:. 4763:. 4655:. 4633:. 4607:. 4545:. 4518:. 4248:. 4223:. 4198:. 4156:. 4144:: 4108:. 4063:. 4006:. 3975:. 3944:. 3906:. 3900:: 3890:: 3863:. 3611:( 3568:e 3561:t 3554:v 2151:e 2144:t 2137:v 1521:e 1514:t 1507:v 42:. 35:. 20:)

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