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361:, where she attended the Higginson Grammar School, a private academy for young women. She was the only non-white student in a class of 200. The school offered classes in history, geography, drawing, and cartography, with special emphasis placed on critical thinking skills. After Higginson, Forten studied literature and education at the Salem Normal School, which trained teachers. Forten cited
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855:, that were popular among the slaves. Forten admitted that she could not describe the manner of singing but she did write that the songs "can't be sung without a full heart and a troubled spirit." Those conditions inspired countless blues songs and could be described as the essence of blues singing.
843:
She was a regular journal writer until she returned north after teaching in South
Carolina. After her return, her entries were less frequent, although she wrote about her daughter's death and her busy life with her husband. Her journals are a rare example of documents detailing the life of a free
782:
Charlotte Grimké assisted her husband in his ministry, helping create important networks in the community, including providing charity and education. Many church members were leaders in the
African-American community in the capital. She organized a women's missionary group and focused on "racial
598:
Forten was the first
African American to teach at the Penn School (now the Penn Center) on St. Helena's Island, South Carolina. The school was initially founded to teach enslaved African-American children and eventually African-American children freed during the U.S. Civil War. The Union forces
851:" as a sad or depressed state of mind. She was teaching in South Carolina at the time and wrote that she came home from a church service "with the blues" because she "felt very lonesome and pitied myself." She soon got over her sadness and later noted certain songs, including one called
341:
in 1840, Edy continued to care for her grandchild
Charlotte alongside Charlotte's young aunt, Annie Wood, who was only six years older. Upon Edy Wood's death in 1846, Charlotte was raised by various members of the Forten-Purvis family, while her aunt Annie moved to the
778:
were the sons of Henry Grimké and Nancy Weston (a woman of color). At the time of their marriage, Forten was 41 years old and Grimké was 28. On
January 1, 1880, the couple's daughter Theodora Cornelia Grimké was born, but the child died less than five months later.
624:
during the Sea
Islands Campaign. She was present when the 54th stormed Fort Wagner on the night of July 18, 1863. Shaw was killed in the battle, and Forten volunteered as a nurse to the surviving members of the 54th.
310:. Edy Wood and the wealthy planter James Cathcart Johnston carried on a longstanding relationship and had four daughters: Mary Virginia, Caroline (1827–1836), Louisa (1828–1836), and Annie E. (1831–1879).
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in
Washington, D.C. The goals of the service-oriented club were to promote unity, social progress, and the best interests of the African-American community. In 1896, Forten assisted in starting the
287:
While the
Fortens were free northern blacks, Charlotte's mother, Mary Virginia Wood, had been born into slavery in the south. She was the daughter of wealthy planter James Cathcart Johnston of
377:
as some of her favorite authors. Her first teaching position was at Eppes
Grammar School in Salem, becoming the first African American hired to teach white students in a Salem public school.
576:
In 1856, finances forced Forten to take a teaching position at Epes
Grammar School in Salem. She was well received as a teacher but returned to Philadelphia after two years due to
595:. The Union allowed Northerners to set up schools to begin teaching freedmen who remained on the islands, which had been devoted to large plantations for cotton and rice.
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After Mary Virginia Wood's 1836 marriage to Robert B. Forten, her mother Edy joined the Forten household and paid board to her son-in-law. When Mary died of
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Forten occasionally spoke to public groups on abolitionist issues. In addition, she arranged for lectures by prominent speakers and writers, including
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Johnston emancipated Edy and their children in 1832 and settled them in Philadelphia in 1833 where they rented a Pine Street home for two years from
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society. She responded that black Americans achieved success over extraordinary social odds, and they simply wanted fair and respectful treatment.
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636:, recruiting teachers. In 1872, Forten taught at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. One year later, she became a clerk in the Treasury Department.
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editorial, "Relations of Blacks and Whites: Is There a Color Line in New England?" It asserted that blacks were not discriminated against in
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have been published in numerous editions in the 20th century and are significant as a rare record of the life of a free black woman in the
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Grimké assisted with her husband's ministry at Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in Washington, DC, shown here as it was in about 1899.
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443:
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Charlotte's maternal grandmother, Edith "Edy" Wood (1795–1846) was the slave of Captain James Wood, owner of the Eagle Inn and Tavern in
794:
Details of Charlotte Forten Grimké's health and travels during the 1880s and 1890s are documented in the recently discovered letters of
667:
424:
1386:
Maillard, Mary (2013). ""Faithfully Drawn from Real Life" Autobiographical Elements in Frank J. Webb's The Garies and Their Friends".
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During the American Civil War, Forten was the first black teacher to join the mission to the South Carolina Sea Islands known as the
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divided the land, giving freedmen families plots to work independently. Forten worked with many freedmen and their children on
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1259:"Life on the Sea Islands: A young black woman describes her experience teaching freed slaves during the Civil War"
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1007:'Faithfully Drawn from Real Life:' Autobiographical Elements in Frank J. Webb's The Garies and Their Friends",
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580:. At this point, Forten began writing poetry, much of which was activist in theme. Her poetry was published in
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607:. She chronicled this time in her essays, entitled "Life on the Sea Islands", which were published in
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building and fund-raising. She proved to be influential as an activist and leader on civil rights.
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uplift" efforts. When Francis's brother, Archibald Grimke, was appointed as U.S. consul in the
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Forten became a member of the Salem Female Anti-Slavery Society, where she was involved in
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Whispers of Cruel Wrongs: The Correspondence of Louisa Jacobs and Her Circle, 1879–1911
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Whispers of Cruel Wrongs: The Correspondence of Louisa Jacobs and Her Circle, 1879–1911
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In 1854, Forten joined the household of Amy Matilda Cassey and her second husband,
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1024:, NCpedia, 1988. Revised by SLNC Government and Heritage Library, July 2023.
798:, Charlotte's third-cousin, and daughter of fugitive-slave-narrative author
1233:"Seaside Plantation, Beaufort County (S.C. Sec. Rd. 77, St. Helena Island)"
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518:. Forten was acquainted with many other anti-slavery proponents, including
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1496:, Selections from 1854 to 1859 (age 16 to 21), National Humanities Center
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366:
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767:
674: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
431: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1440:
Afro-American Women Writers 1746–1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide
1055:"Charlotte Forten, Women In Education: Teacher Of Emancipated Slaves"
504:
1373:
Forgotten Americans: Footnote Figures who Changed American History.
907:"PBS Online: Only A Teacher: Schoolhouse Pioneers, Charlotte Forten"
649:
406:
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Charlotte Forten Grimké's last literary effort was in response to
762:, pastor of the prominent Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in
173:. She taught school for years, including during the Civil War, to
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The Journal of Charlotte Forten: A Free Negro in the Slave Era
1323:
The Journal of Charlotte Forten: A Free Negro in the Slave Era
327:
Sketches of Black Upper Class Life in Antebellum Philadelphia
291:, Edenton, North Carolina, and the granddaughter of Governor
16:
American anti-slavery activist, poet and educator (1837–1914)
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In her diary on December 14, 1862, she made a reference to "
568:. Forten stayed active in activist circles until her death.
216:
Forten, known as "Lottie," was born on August 17, 1837, in
162:
787:(1894–98), Francis and Charlotte cared for his daughter
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Following the war in the late 1860s, she worked for the
332:
1197:"Charlotte Forten Grimké (U.S. National Park Service)"
169:. She grew up in a prominent abolitionist family in
1239:. South Carolina Department of Archives and History
232:Her father, Robert Forten, and his brother-in-law,
193:, for decades. He was a nephew of the abolitionist
1494:"Journal of Charlotte Forten, Free Woman of Color"
981:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, 279–80.
970:
968:
766:, a major African-American congregation. He was a
248:. Her paternal grandfather, the wealthy sailmaker
1501:
1442:, New Haven, Connecticut: Meridian Books, 1989.
154:Forten; August 17, 1837 – July 23, 1914) was an
1570:People from Saint Helena Island, South Carolina
1172:(v1 ed.). Gale Research Inc. p. 123.
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346:, where she was adopted by Amy Matilda Cassey.
1474:A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten
1414:
1388:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1237:National Register Properties in South Carolina
1009:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
979:A Gentleman of Color: The Life of James Forten
392:The Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church today
1144:
1142:
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1525:19th-century African-American women writers
1476:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
774:of South Carolina. Francis and his brother
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1375:Perseus Books Group, United States, 1998.
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999:
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200:Her diaries written before the end of the
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942:"Mary Virginia Wood (Forten) (1815-1840)"
734:Learn how and when to remove this message
491:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1035:"Cassey, Amy Matilda Williams 1808–1856"
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616:Forten struck up a deep friendship with
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277:Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society
244:, ered assistance to people who escaped
1421:. University of Wisconsin Press, 2017.
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1502:
1341:, London: Barrie & Rockliff, p. 8.
1121:"A Tribute to Charlotte Forten Grimke"
882:List of African-American abolitionists
844:black female in the antebellum North.
820:in Washington, D.C., is listed on the
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1550:Political activists from Pennsylvania
1535:19th-century African-American writers
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566:National Association of Colored Women
333:Woods–Forten marriage and family life
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1590:20th-century African-American people
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822:National Register of Historic Places
672:adding citations to reliable sources
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613:in the May and June issues of 1864.
429:adding citations to reliable sources
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1595:20th-century African-American women
1530:19th-century American women writers
1328:
1315:
1303:National Historic Landmarks Program
1295:
1251:
1225:
1087:"Charlotte Forten Grimke biography"
940:Maillard, Mary (17 November 2019).
603:. During this time, she resided at
275:, were all founding members of the
189:minister who led a major church in
13:
1415:Maillard, Mary, ed. (2017-05-09).
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1408:10.5215/pennmaghistbio.137.3.0261
1400:10.5215/pennmaghistbio.137.3.0261
1281:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1220:Bio: "Charlotte L. Forten Grimke"
1168:(1992). "Josephine Beall Bruce".
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754:In December 1878, Forten married
750:Charlotte L. Forten Grimké, 1870s
620:, the Commander of the all-black
1459:, New York: Oxford Press, 1988.
1457:The Journals of Charlotte Forten
1153:The Journals of Charlotte Forten
865:
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405:
271:– and her paternal grandmother,
242:Philadelphia Vigilance Committee
197:and was active in civil rights.
84:Salem Normal School For Teachers
1348:
1155:, New York: Oxford Press, 1988.
1065:from the original on 2020-06-03
954:from the original on 2020-10-24
917:from the original on 2001-03-05
659:needs additional citations for
416:needs additional citations for
146:Charlotte Louise Bridges Grimké
42:Charlotte Louise Bridges Forten
1540:19th-century American diarists
1520:African-American abolitionists
770:nephew of white abolitionists
529:and the orators and activists
1:
1560:Salem State University alumni
887:
818:Charlotte Forten Grimke House
811:Charlotte Forten Grimke House
560:, and Evelyn Shaw formed the
181:. Later in life, she married
1265:, Vol. 13, No. 79, May 1864.
1170:Notable Black American women
1093:. 2005-03-06. Archived from
138:(maternal great-grandfather)
7:
1555:Activists from Philadelphia
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827:
622:54th Massachusetts Regiment
396:
323:Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church
10:
1611:
1358:, New York: Norton, 1981.
1022:"Johnston, James Cathcart"
265:Sarah Louisa Forten Purvis
1325:, New York: Norton, 1981.
1059:History of American Women
772:Sarah and Angelina Grimké
683:"Charlotte Forten Grimké"
440:"Charlotte Forten Grimké"
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1565:American women essayists
1116:Williams, Fannie Barrier
630:U.S. Treasury Department
273:Charlotte Vandine Forten
212:Early life and education
1580:American women diarists
1369:Randall, Willard Sterne
1275:Maillard, Mary (2017).
283:Maternal family lineage
228:Paternal family lineage
23:Charlotte Forten Grimké
1354:Billington, Ray, ed.,
1339:The Story of the Blues
1321:Billington, Ray, ed.,
1011:137.3 (2013): 265–271.
813:
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562:Colored Women's League
520:William Lloyd Garrison
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259:Her paternal aunts –
131:(paternal grandfather)
1309:June 6, 2011, at the
877:List of abolitionists
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796:Louisa Matilda Jacobs
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593:Port Royal Experiment
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269:Harriet Forten Purvis
159:anti-slavery activist
121:Harriet Forten Purvis
103:Robert Bridges Forten
1166:Smith, Jessie Carney
872:Biography portal
789:Angelina Weld Grimké
668:improve this article
535:Maria Weston Chapman
425:improve this article
351:Charles Lenox Remond
183:Francis James Grimké
94:Francis James Grimké
1436:Shockley, Ann Allen
1257:Forten, Charlotte,
1222:, Poetry Foundation
640:Marriage and family
558:Mary Church Terrell
554:Mary Jane Patterson
539:William Wells Brown
512:Ralph Waldo Emerson
363:William Shakespeare
295:of North Carolina.
240:and members of the
1545:American essayists
1371:and Nahra, Nancy.
1020:Smith, Martha M.,
814:
800:Harriet Ann Jacobs
785:Dominican Republic
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605:Seaside Plantation
394:
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375:William Wordsworth
321:of Philadelphia's
252:Sr., was an early
105:Mary Virginia Wood
1453:Stevenson, Brenda
1428:978-0-299-31180-3
1364:978-0-393-00046-7
1288:978-0-299-31180-3
760:Francis J. Grimké
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601:St. Helena Island
550:Anna Julia Cooper
544:In 1892, Forten,
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261:Margaretta Forten
256:in Philadelphia.
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317:, widow of
315:Sarah Allen
1504:Categories
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