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used by the
Continental Congress and Benjamin Franklin for secret correspondence with agents in Europe. It was a substitution code based on a prose passage of 682 characters, so that a given character could be replaced by more than one number.
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In 1776, Dumas contacted officials in
Holland, Spain and France seeking trade in badly needed materials for the United States. This led to beneficial trade during the revolution. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
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Wharton, Francis (editor) "The revolutionary correspondence of the United States." Volume 1, 1889. Government
Printing Office, Washington D.C.diplomatic pages 603-604.Retrieved December 25, 2008
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Knott, Stephen F., "Secret and sanctioned, covert operations and the
American Presidency," Oxford University Press, 1996, page 21.
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became minister plenipotentiary to
Holland, Dumas acted as his secretary and translator. When Adams went to
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when the latter was in
Holland at the beginning of the American Revolution, and when Franklin chaired the
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62:, Dumas acted as chargé d'affaires ad interim from the United States. Dumas died soon after 1794.
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85:) with the goal of gaining a good credit rating for the United States in financial markets.
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192:"Commerce and Diplomacy: The First Year of American Foreign Policy 1775-1776"
151:. United States Central Intelligence Agency. July 7, 2008. Archived from
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for a time, and moved to the
Netherlands around 1750. He befriended
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Dumas planted stories favorable to the United States in the
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Dumas was influenced by the works of international lawyer
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Fellows of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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27:who served as an American diplomat during the
65:In 1775, Dumas devised the first diplomatic
198:. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31
312:French people of the American Revolution
237:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
232:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter D"
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118:Who Was Who in the American Revolution
262:American Journal of International Law
91:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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120:. New York: Facts on File, 1993.
256:Wilson, George Grafton (1938).
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17:Charles William Frédéric Dumas
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42:parents, apparently lived in
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52:Committee of correspondence
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216:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
149:"Intelligence techniques"
258:"The Influence of Dumas"
196:Archiving Early America
34:He was born in German
155:on November 12, 2008.
116:*Purcell, L. Edward.
190:Hartsoe, Kenneth D.
29:American Revolution
19:(1721–1796) was a
178:978-0-19-510098-3
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83:Netherlands
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296:Categories
104:References
56:John Adams
282:0002-9300
93:in 1789.
212:cite web
202:June 11,
241:28 July
36:Ansbach
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79:Leiden
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40:French
235:(PDF)
60:Paris
278:ISSN
243:2014
218:link
204:2020
174:ISBN
167:ISBN
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