292:(1977), Lindblom notes the "privileged position of business in polyarchy". He also introduces the concept of "circularity", or "controlled volitions," in which "even in the democracies, masses are persuaded to ask from elites only what elites wish to give them." Thus, any real choices and competition are limited. Worse still, any development of alternative choices or even any serious discussion and consideration of them is effectively discouraged. An example is the
251:
controls government and society but rather a series of specialized elites competing and bargaining with one another for control. It is this peaceful competition and compromise between elites in politics and the marketplace that drives
299:
in the United States, which is almost completely dominated by two powerful parties, which often reduce complex issues and decisions to two simple choices. Related to that is the concurrent concentration of the
962:
544:
Blockland, Hans; Rune
Premfors, and Ross Zucker (2018), "In Memoriam: Charles Edward Lindblom, APSA President (1980–1981)" PS: Political Science & Politics (Vol. 51, No.2, April 2018).
228:. Those views are set out in two articles separated by 20 years: "The Science Of 'Muddling Through'" (1959) and “Still Muddling, Not yet through” (1979), both of which were published in
955:
680:
948:
351:
and communist critics chided him for not going far enough. Originally, Dahl too disagreed with many of
Lindblom's observations and conclusions, but in a later work
368:, who also create the conditions that determine the success of society. Unlike other actors, who must proactively advocate for and against policies, the
927:
935:
353:
185:
364:
article. According to
Lindblom, it is difficult for politicians to implement change when those changes adversely affect those who control
339:, a rarity for a scholarly work. His criticism of democratic capitalism and polyarchy and his seeming praise for the political economy of
1970:
1960:
922:
645:
347:, Lindblom was (perhaps predictably) labeled a "closet communist" and a "creeping socialist" by conservative critics in the west.
1950:
1259:
972:
181:
247:) view of political elites and governance in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. According to that view, no single monolithic
1965:
663:
1782:
1555:
333:
1945:
1835:
1955:
1904:
1341:
205:
17:
1008:
791:
468:
Politics, economics, and welfare: planning and politico-economic systems resolved into basic social processes
940:
244:
229:
98:
513:
Lindblom, Charles E. (1990), "Inquiry and change: the troubled attempt to understand and shape society",
471:
644:
Migone, Andrea; Howlett, Michael (2016-07-07). Lodge, Martin; Page, Edward C.; Balla, Steven J. (eds.).
1888:
1378:
1112:
418:
900:
1233:
995:
208:-theory" approach to decision-making processes. In it, policy change is, under most circumstances,
1120:
332:
to denounce it. This helped the book achieve greater notoriety, which in turn helped it get onto
217:
308:, which effectively controls who gets to participate in the national dialogue and who suffers a
1758:
1420:
1176:
1136:
456:
391:
and innovation, but it is not very efficient at assigning non-economic values and distributing
1571:
1523:
1197:
987:
887:
538:
514:
253:
161:
80:
655:
263:. When certain groups of elites gain crucial advantages, become too successful and begin to
1940:
1935:
1798:
1611:
1349:
1189:
1128:
1048:
1040:
102:
8:
1848:
1790:
1251:
1096:
365:
1399:
1220:
1056:
1016:
860:
852:
773:
716:
708:
626:
618:
328:
165:
1032:
879:
864:
844:
777:
765:
720:
700:
659:
630:
610:
422:
225:
169:
119:
917:
1880:
1742:
1699:
1667:
1643:
1635:
1579:
1504:
1333:
1314:
1272:
1163:
1155:
1104:
1088:
923:
Making Moral Sense of the Market: A Presbyterian minister's perspective on
Lindblom
836:
755:
747:
692:
651:
602:
523:
410:
396:
357:, he also became critical of polyarchy in general and its U.S. form in particular.
296:
136:
1864:
1827:
1651:
1603:
1587:
1407:
1370:
1293:
817:
Mobil
Corporation, 'Business and Pluralism,' New York Times, 9 February 1978, A21
751:
562:
340:
293:
259:
However, Lindblom soon began to see the shortcomings of polyarchy with regard to
177:
141:
129:
1912:
1814:
1806:
1774:
1715:
1707:
1683:
1481:
1449:
1441:
1285:
1024:
735:
496:
463:
392:
372:
can, by virtue of their importance for society, shape public policy decisions.
318:
provoked a wide range of critical reactions that extended beyond the realms of
236:
197:
90:
606:
415:
The allocation of economic resources: essays in honor of
Bernard Francis Haley
1929:
1896:
1856:
1766:
1750:
1734:
1691:
1659:
1619:
1595:
1457:
1386:
1306:
848:
769:
704:
614:
527:
426:
384:
213:
70:
970:
409:
Lindblom, Charles E. (1959), "The handling of norms in policy analysis", in
1872:
1675:
1547:
1473:
1465:
1433:
1357:
1080:
1064:
567:
221:
209:
1539:
1531:
379:(2001), Lindblom echoed and expanded upon many of his concerns raised in
268:
188:, as well as director of Yale's Institute for Social and Policy Studies.
156:(March 21, 1917 – January 30, 2018) was an American academic who studied
196:
Lindblom was one of the early developers and advocates of the theory of
1627:
1072:
856:
796:
712:
369:
344:
323:
309:
301:
201:
760:
622:
590:
305:
272:
264:
260:
240:
173:
157:
880:"The Principle of Affected Interests: An Interpretation and Defense"
840:
696:
267:
with one another instead of compete, polyarchy can easily turn into
535:
The market system: what it is, how it works, and what to make of it
377:
The Market System: What It Is, How It Works, and What to Make of It
348:
319:
433:
Lindblom, Charles E. (1959), The science of 'muddling through'.
388:
235:
Together with his friend, colleague, and fellow Yale
Professor
446:
A strategy of decision: policy evaluation as a social process
387:
is the best mechanism yet devised for creating and fostering
248:
479:
Politics and markets: the world's political-economic systems
827:
Lindblom, Charles E. (1982-05-01). "The Market as Prison".
501:
Usable knowledge: social science and social problem solving
734:
Allison, Christine
Rothmayr; Saint-Martin, Denis (2011).
792:"Charles Edward Lindblom Obituary, Santa Fe New Mexican"
216:. He came to that view through his extensive studies of
647:
Charles E. Lindblom, "The
Science of Muddling Through"
278:
Lindblom died on
January 30, 2018, at the age of 100.
200:
in policy and decision-making. That view (also called
733:
519:Lindblom, Charles E.; Woodhouse, Edward J. (1993),
736:"Half a century of "muddling": Are we there yet?"
1927:
444:Lindblom, Charles E.; Braybrooke, David (1963),
204:) takes a "baby-steps," "muddling through," or "
510:, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
470:, with a new preface by the authors. Chicago:
281:
956:
928:A concise but complete summary of Lindblom's
643:
354:How Democratic Is the American Constitution?
186:Association for Comparative Economic Studies
555:
963:
949:
360:Lindblom elaborated on his work in a 1982
759:
383:. The most important of them is that the
826:
650:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
588:
503:, New Haven : Yale University Press
408:
27:American political scientist (1917–2018)
508:The policy-making process (2nd edition)
14:
1928:
973:American Political Science Association
678:
591:"Charles Lindblom and Aaron Wildavsky"
402:
182:American Political Science Association
944:
656:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.33
877:
811:
595:British Journal of Political Science
563:"California, Birth Index, 1905–1995"
784:
521:The policy-making process, 3rd. ed.
24:
1971:20th-century American male writers
1961:21st-century American male writers
25:
1982:
1184:Benjamin F. Shambaugh (1929–1930)
911:
685:American Political Science Review
239:, Lindblom was a champion of the
1241:Charles Grove Haines (1938–1939)
488:"Public Administration Review",
191:
180:. He served as president of the
1428:C. Herman Pritchett (1963–1964)
1003:Frederick N. Judson (1906–1907)
936:Text of: Still muddling through
486:Still muddling, not yet through
1415:Charles S. Hyneman (1961–1962)
1228:Thomas Reed Powell (1936–1937)
871:
820:
727:
672:
637:
582:
13:
1:
1951:American political scientists
1822:G. Bingham Powell (2011–2012)
1267:Robert E. Cushman (1942–1943)
1210:Walter J. Shepard (1933–1934)
681:"A Model of Muddling Through"
548:
533:Lindblom, Charles E. (2001),
506:Lindblom, Charles E. (1984),
484:Lindblom, Charles E. (1979),
477:Lindblom, Charles E. (1977),
453:The intelligence of democracy
451:Lindblom, Charles E. (1965),
1966:University of Chicago alumni
1365:Charles McKinley (1954–1955)
1301:Henry R. Spencer (1947–1948)
1246:Robert C. Brooks (1939–1940)
1215:Francis W. Coker (1934–1935)
752:10.1016/j.polsoc.2010.12.001
435:Public Administration Review
230:Public Administration Review
7:
1499:Avery Leiserson (1973–1974)
1171:Jesse S. Reeves (1927–1928)
878:Fung, Archon (2008-01-01).
472:University of Chicago Press
326:took out a full page ad in
283:Politics and Markets (1977)
10:
1987:
1889:Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier
1843:Rodney E. Hero (2014–2015)
1494:Robert E. Ward (1972–1973)
1394:R. Taylor Cole (1958–1959)
1379:Elmer Eric Schattschneider
1946:American men centenarians
1726:
1515:
1325:
1147:
1113:William Archibald Dunning
979:
930:The Policy Making Process
679:Bendor, Jonathan (1995).
607:10.1017/S000712340000257X
419:Stanford University Press
302:mass communications media
256:and allows it to thrive.
147:
135:
125:
115:
108:
86:
76:
66:
54:
39:
32:
1956:Yale Sterling Professors
1234:Clarence Addison Dykstra
481:, New York: Basic Books.
417:, Stanford, California:
288:In his best known work,
1489:Heinz Eulau (1971–1972)
1205:Isidor Loeb (1932–1933)
1121:Harry Augustus Garfield
829:The Journal of Politics
589:Premfors, Rune (1981).
154:Charles Edward Lindblom
1759:Susanne Hoeber Rudolph
1421:Carl Joachim Friedrich
1137:Charles Edward Merriam
918:Yale Faculty Biography
895:Cite journal requires
495:Lindblom, Charles E.;
462:Lindblom, Charles E.;
413:; et al. (eds.),
1572:Seymour Martin Lipset
1524:James MacGregor Burns
1280:John Gaus (1944–1945)
1198:William F. Willoughby
988:Frank Johnson Goodnow
539:Yale University Press
515:Yale University Press
261:democratic governance
254:free-market democracy
162:University of Chicago
81:University of Chicago
1799:Peter J. Katzenstein
1612:Samuel P. Huntington
1350:E. Pendleton Herring
1190:Edward Samuel Corwin
1129:James Wilford Garner
1049:Westel W. Willoughby
1041:Albert Bushnell Hart
381:Politics And Markets
316:Politics And Markets
290:Politics And Markets
226:industrialized world
103:comparative politics
1849:Jennifer Hochschild
1791:Dianne Pinderhughes
1564:Charles E. Lindblom
1097:Paul Samuel Reinsch
492:, pp. 517–526.
403:Select bibliography
362:Journal of Politics
34:Charles E. Lindblom
1400:Carl Brent Swisher
1221:Arthur N. Holcombe
1057:John Bassett Moore
1017:A. Lawrence Lowell
971:Presidents of the
740:Policy and Society
335:The New York Times
329:The New York Times
166:Sterling Professor
1923:
1922:
1033:Simeon E. Baldwin
665:978-0-19-964613-5
441:, pp. 79–88.
411:Abramovitz, Moses
370:owners of capital
324:Mobil Corporation
170:political science
151:
150:
120:Political science
110:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
1978:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1881:Paula D. McClain
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1743:Robert D. Putnam
1738:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1700:M. Kent Jennings
1695:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1668:Charles O. Jones
1663:
1655:
1647:
1644:Theodore J. Lowi
1639:
1636:Judith N. Shklar
1631:
1623:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1580:William H. Riker
1575:
1567:
1559:
1551:
1543:
1535:
1527:
1508:
1505:J. Austin Ranney
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1334:Peter H. Odegard
1318:
1315:James K. Pollock
1310:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1273:Leonard D. White
1268:
1263:
1260:William Anderson
1255:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1167:
1164:William B. Munro
1159:
1156:Charles A. Beard
1140:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1105:Leo Stanton Rowe
1100:
1092:
1089:Henry Jones Ford
1084:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
999:
991:
965:
958:
951:
942:
941:
905:
904:
898:
893:
891:
883:
875:
869:
868:
824:
818:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
788:
782:
781:
763:
731:
725:
724:
676:
670:
669:
641:
635:
634:
586:
580:
579:
577:
575:
559:
524:Englewood Cliffs
430:
397:economic justice
337:Best Seller list
137:Doctoral advisor
95:muddling through
61:
58:January 30, 2018
49:
47:
30:
29:
21:
18:Charles Lindblom
1986:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1865:Kathleen Thelen
1863:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1828:Jane Mansbridge
1826:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1652:James Q. Wilson
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1604:Aaron Wildavsky
1602:
1594:
1588:Philip Converse
1586:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1408:Emmette Redford
1406:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1371:Harold Lasswell
1369:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1294:Arthur MacMahon
1292:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1252:Frederic A. Ogg
1250:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1177:John A. Fairlie
1175:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
1002:
994:
986:
975:
969:
914:
909:
908:
896:
894:
885:
884:
876:
872:
841:10.2307/2130588
825:
821:
816:
812:
802:
800:
790:
789:
785:
732:
728:
697:10.2307/2082511
677:
673:
666:
642:
638:
587:
583:
573:
571:
561:
560:
556:
551:
497:Cohen, David K.
464:Dahl, Robert A.
405:
294:political party
286:
224:throughout the
194:
178:Yale University
142:Frank H. Knight
130:Yale University
77:Alma mater
62:(aged 100)
59:
45:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1984:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1915:(2023–present)
1913:Mark E. Warren
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1815:Carole Pateman
1811:
1807:Henry E. Brady
1803:
1795:
1787:
1783:Robert Axelrod
1779:
1775:Ira Katznelson
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:Robert Keohane
1712:
1708:Matthew Holden
1704:
1696:
1688:
1684:Arend Lijphart
1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:Robert E. Lane
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1450:Robert A. Dahl
1446:
1442:Gabriel Almond
1438:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1286:Walter F. Dodd
1282:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1085:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1025:Woodrow Wilson
1021:
1013:
1005:
1000:
992:
983:
981:
977:
976:
968:
967:
960:
953:
945:
939:
938:
933:
925:
920:
913:
912:External links
910:
907:
906:
897:|journal=
870:
835:(2): 324–336.
819:
810:
783:
726:
691:(4): 819–840.
671:
664:
636:
601:(2): 201–225.
581:
553:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
531:
526:, New Jersey:
517:
511:
504:
493:
482:
475:
460:
449:
442:
431:
404:
401:
285:
280:
237:Robert A. Dahl
212:, rather than
198:incrementalism
193:
190:
149:
148:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
106:
105:
91:incrementalism
88:
87:Known for
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
56:
52:
51:
50:March 21, 1917
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1983:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:John Ishiyama
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:David A. Lake
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:Margaret Levi
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:Theda Skocpol
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:Robert Jervis
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:Elinor Ostrom
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:Lucius Barker
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:Kenneth Waltz
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:Richard Fenno
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:Warren Miller
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:Merle Fainsod
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1387:V. O. Key Jr.
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Luther Gulick
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Quincy Wright
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:
982:
978:
974:
966:
961:
959:
954:
952:
947:
946:
943:
937:
934:
932:
931:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
902:
889:
881:
874:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
814:
799:
798:
793:
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
730:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
667:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
640:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
585:
570:
569:
564:
558:
554:
543:
540:
536:
532:
529:
528:Prentice Hall
525:
522:
518:
516:
512:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
448:. Free Press.
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
406:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:market system
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
336:
331:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
311:
307:
303:
298:
295:
291:
284:
279:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
220:policies and
219:
215:
214:revolutionary
211:
207:
203:
199:
192:Academic work
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
143:
140:
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
57:
53:
42:
38:
31:
19:
1873:Rogers Smith
1836:John Aldrich
1727:2000–present
1676:Sidney Verba
1563:
1548:Leon Epstein
1474:Karl Deutsch
1466:David Easton
1434:David Truman
1358:Ralph Bunche
1081:Munroe Smith
1065:Ernst Freund
929:
888:cite journal
873:
832:
828:
822:
813:
801:. Retrieved
795:
786:
743:
739:
729:
688:
684:
674:
646:
639:
598:
594:
584:
572:. Retrieved
568:FamilySearch
566:
557:
534:
520:
507:
500:
489:
485:
478:
467:
452:
445:
438:
434:
414:
380:
376:
374:
361:
359:
352:
334:
327:
315:
314:
312:of silence.
289:
287:
282:
277:
258:
234:
222:trade unions
210:evolutionary
195:
168:emeritus of
153:
152:
126:Institutions
109:
94:
60:(2018-01-30)
1941:2018 deaths
1936:1917 births
1907:(2022–2023)
1905:Lisa Martin
1899:(2021–2022)
1891:(2020–2021)
1883:(2019–2020)
1875:(2018–2019)
1867:(2017–2018)
1859:(2016–2017)
1851:(2015–2016)
1838:(2013–2014)
1830:(2012–2013)
1817:(2010–2011)
1809:(2009–2010)
1801:(2008–2009)
1793:(2007–2008)
1785:(2006–2007)
1777:(2005–2006)
1769:(2004–2005)
1761:(2003–2004)
1753:(2002–2003)
1745:(2001–2002)
1737:(2000–2001)
1718:(1999–2000)
1710:(1998–1999)
1702:(1997–1998)
1694:(1996–1997)
1686:(1995–1996)
1678:(1994–1995)
1670:(1993–1994)
1662:(1992–1993)
1654:(1991–1992)
1646:(1990–1991)
1638:(1989–1990)
1630:(1988–1989)
1622:(1987–1988)
1614:(1986–1987)
1606:(1985–1986)
1598:(1984–1985)
1590:(1983–1984)
1582:(1982–1983)
1574:(1981–1982)
1566:(1980–1981)
1558:(1979–1980)
1550:(1978–1979)
1542:(1977–1978)
1540:John Wahlke
1534:(1976–1977)
1532:Samuel Beer
1526:(1975–1976)
1507:(1974–1975)
1484:(1970–1971)
1476:(1969–1970)
1468:(1968–1969)
1460:(1967–1968)
1452:(1966–1967)
1444:(1965–1966)
1436:(1964–1965)
1423:(1962–1963)
1410:(1960–1961)
1402:(1959–1960)
1389:(1957–1958)
1381:(1956–1957)
1373:(1955–1956)
1360:(1953–1954)
1352:(1952–1953)
1344:(1951–1952)
1336:(1950–1951)
1317:(1949–1950)
1309:(1948–1949)
1296:(1946–1947)
1288:(1945–1946)
1275:(1943–1944)
1262:(1941–1942)
1254:(1940–1941)
1236:(1937–1938)
1223:(1935–1936)
1200:(1931–1932)
1192:(1930–1931)
1179:(1928–1929)
1166:(1926–1927)
1158:(1925–1926)
1139:(1924–1925)
1131:(1923–1924)
1123:(1922–1923)
1115:(1921–1922)
1107:(1920–1921)
1099:(1919–1920)
1091:(1918–1919)
1083:(1916–1918)
1075:(1915–1916)
1067:(1914–1915)
1059:(1913–1914)
1051:(1912–1913)
1043:(1911–1912)
1035:(1910–1911)
1027:(1909–1910)
1019:(1908–1909)
1011:(1907–1908)
1009:James Bryce
998:(1905–1906)
996:Albert Shaw
990:(1903–1905)
803:13 February
269:corporatism
245:pluralistic
67:Citizenship
1930:Categories
1628:Lucian Pye
1073:Jesse Macy
797:Legacy.com
761:1866/18545
746:(1): 1–8.
549:References
457:Free Press
345:Yugoslavia
310:censorship
206:Echternach
202:gradualism
46:1917-03-21
1516:1975–2000
1326:1950–1975
1148:1925–1950
980:1903–1925
865:153609636
849:0022-3816
778:143551170
770:1449-4035
721:145339241
705:1537-5943
631:145720891
615:0007-1234
427:490147128
306:oligopoly
273:oligarchy
241:polyarchy
174:economics
158:economics
99:pluralism
574:2 August
499:(1979),
466:(1976),
320:academia
304:into an
184:and the
164:and was
71:American
857:2130588
713:2082511
366:capital
349:Marxist
265:collude
218:welfare
160:at the
863:
855:
847:
776:
768:
719:
711:
703:
662:
629:
623:193583
621:
613:
425:
393:social
389:wealth
322:. The
297:system
116:Fields
861:S2CID
853:JSTOR
774:S2CID
717:S2CID
709:JSTOR
627:S2CID
619:JSTOR
249:elite
901:help
845:ISSN
805:2017
766:ISSN
701:ISSN
660:ISBN
611:ISSN
576:2013
423:OCLC
341:Tito
243:(or
172:and
55:Died
40:Born
837:doi
756:hdl
748:doi
693:doi
652:doi
603:doi
395:or
375:In
343:'s
271:or
176:at
97:),
1932::
892::
890:}}
886:{{
859:.
851:.
843:.
833:44
831:.
794:.
772:.
764:.
754:.
744:30
742:.
738:.
715:.
707:.
699:.
689:89
687:.
683:.
658:.
625:.
617:.
609:.
599:11
597:.
593:.
565:.
537:,
490:39
455:,
439:19
437:,
421:,
399:.
275:.
232:.
101:,
964:e
957:t
950:v
903:)
899:(
882:.
867:.
839::
807:.
780:.
758::
750::
723:.
695::
668:.
654::
633:.
605::
578:.
541:.
530:.
474:.
459:.
429:.
93:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.