Charles I of Anjou

3143: 3107: 1939: 1033: 1705: 1861: 49: 2223:—Manfred of Sicily's former chancellor—with staging an international plot against Charles. Legend says that he visited Constantinople, Sicily and Viterbo in disguise in 1279 and 1280 to convince Michael VIII, the Sicilian barons and Pope Nicholas III to support a revolt. On the other hand, Michael VIII would later claim that he "was God's instrument in bringing freedom to the Sicilians" in his memoirs. The Emperor's wealth enabled him to send money to the discontented Sicilian barons. Peter III of Aragon decided to lay claim to the Kingdom of Sicily in late 1280: he did not hide his disdain when he met with Charles's son, 3178: 2206:, the requisitioning of goods, increased the unpopularity of Charles's government in southern Italy and Sicily. His subjects were also liable to be forced to guard prisoners or lodge soldiers in their homes. The restoration of old fortresses, bridges and aqueducts and the building of new castles required the employment of craftsmen, although most of them were unwilling to participate in such lengthy projects. Thousands of people were forced to serve in the army in foreign lands, especially after 1279. Trading in salt was declared a royal monopoly. In December 1281, Charles again ordered the collection of the 1112:. After her sons by her second marriage were captured in July 1253, she needed foreign assistance to secure their release. Ignoring Louis IX's 1246 ruling that Hainaut should pass to John, she promised the county to Charles. He accepted the offer and invaded Hainaut, forcing most local noblemen to swear fealty to him. After his return to France, Louis IX insisted that his ruling was to be respected. In November 1255 he ordered Charles to restore Hainaut to Margaret, but her sons were obliged to swear fealty to Charles. Louis also ruled that she was to pay 160,000 marks to Charles over the following 13 years. 3131: 1817:. About three weeks later, Pope Gregory again prohibited Charles from launching military actions against the Byzantine Empire. The Pope also tried to mediate a truce between Charles and Michael, but the latter chose to attack several smaller states in the Balkans, including Charles's vassals. The Byzantine fleet took control of the maritime routes between Albania and southern Italy in the late 1270s. Gregory only allowed Charles to send reinforcements to Achaea. The organisation of a new crusade to the Holy Land remained the Pope's principal object. He persuaded Charles to start negotiations with 3080: 2177: 744: 1436: 1204: 3095: 3119: 1261: 2991: 926: 1598:

an invasion from Germany after Conradin's death. In May 1269 Charles sent Walter of La Roche to represent him in the province, but this failed to strengthen his authority. In October Charles's officials convoked an assembly at Cremona, and invited the Lombard towns to attend. The Lombard towns accepted the invitation, but some towns—Milan, Bologna, Alessandria and Tortona—only confirmed their alliance with Charles, without acknowledging his rule.

3213:

merchants settled in Anjou, Maine, Sicily and Naples. His highest-ranking officials were transferred from their homelands to represent him in other territories: his senechals in Provence were from Anjou; French and Provençal noblemen held the highest offices in the Regno; and he chose his vicars in Rome from among southern Italian and Provençal nobles. Although his empire collapsed before his death, his son retained southern Italy and Provence.

2402: 3170:. Nevertheless, the monarchy underwent a "Frenchification" or "Provençalistion" during his reign. He donated estates in the Regno to about 700 noblemen from France or Provence. He did not adopt the rich ceremonial robes, inspired by Byzantine and Islamic royal styles, of earlier Sicilian kings, but dressed like other western European monarchs, or as "a simple knight", as it was observed by the chronicler 1236:

actions against Charles during his absence. Foulquois also persuaded the French and Provençal prelates to offer financial support for the crusade. Pope Urban died before the final agreement was concluded. Charles made arrangements for his campaign against Sicily during the interregnum; he concluded agreements to secure his army's route across Lombardy and had the leaders of the Provençal rebels executed.

3166:, strongly influenced modern views about Charles, although they were biased. The former described Charles as a tyrant to justify the Sicilian Vespers, the latter argued for the cancellation of the crusade against Aragon in 1285. Charles had continued his imperial predecessors' policies in several fields, including coinage, taxation, and the employment of unpopular officials from 3229:. Masters of medicine received similar remunerations, and the university became a principal centre of medical science. Charles's personal interest in medicine grew during his life and he borrowed Arabic medical texts from the rulers of Tunis to have them translated. He employed at least one Jewish scholar, Moses of Palermo, who could translate texts from Arabic to Latin. 1848:. Convinced that only Rudolf I could achieve a compromise between the Guelphs and Ghibellines, the Pope urged the Lombard towns to send envoys to him. He also urged Charles to renounce Tuscany. In the autumn of 1275 the Ghibellines offered to make peace with Charles, but he did not accept their terms. Early the next year the Ghibellines defeated his troops at 2009:. Margaret of Provence sharply opposed the plan, but Philip III of France did not stand by his mother. After lengthy negotiations, in the summer of 1279 Rudolf recognised Charles as the lawful ruler of Provence without demanding his oath of fealty. An agreement about Charles Martel's rule in Arles and his marriage to Rudolf's daughter, 2194:, although it was the most unpopular tax in the Regno. Instead he granted exemptions to individuals and communities, especially to the French and Provençal colonists, which increased the burden on those who did not enjoy such privileges. The yearly, or occasionally more frequent, obligatory exchange of the 1428:, his heir, also stipulating that Charles would inherit Achaea if Philip died childless. Baldwin confirmed the first agreement and renounced his claims to suzerainty over his vassals in favour of Charles. Charles pledged that he would assist Baldwin in recapturing Constantinople from the Byzantine emperor, 2200:—the coins almost exclusively used in local transactions—was also an important, and unpopular, source of revenue for the royal treasury. Charles took out forced loans whenever he needed "immediately a large sum of money for certain arduous and pressing business", as he explained in one of his decrees. 2388:

June 1284. A large army—reportedly 10,000 mounted warriors and 40,000 foot-soldiers—accompanied him as far as Reggio Calabria. He laid siege to the town by sea and land in late July. His fleet approached the coast of Sicily, but his troops could not land in the island. After Lauria landed troops near

1597:

Charles's troops forced Siena and Pisa—the last towns to resist him in Tuscany—to sue for peace in August 1270. He granted privileges to the Tuscan merchants and bankers which strengthened their position in the Regno. His influence was declining in Lombardy, because the Lombard towns no longer feared

1239:

Foulquois was elected pope in February 1265; he soon confirmed Charles's senatorship and urged him to come to Rome. Charles agreed that he would hold the Kingdom of Sicily as the popes' vassal for an annual tribute of 8,000 ounces of gold. He also promised that he would never seek the imperial title.

854:

and other neighbouring rulers proposed themselves or their sons as husbands for the young Countess. Her mother put her under the protection of the Holy See. Louis IX and Margaret suggested that Beatrice should be given in marriage to Charles. To secure the support of France against Frederick II, Pope

3001:

All records show that Charles was a faithful husband and a caring father. His first wife, Beatrice of Provence, gave birth to at least six children. According to contemporaneous gossips, she persuaded Charles to claim the Kingdom of Sicily, because she wanted to wear a crown like her sisters. Before

2328:

January 1283. Charles met with the Pope in Viterbo on 9 March, but he ignored the Pope's ban on his duel with Peter of Aragon. After visiting Provence and Paris in April, he left for Bordeaux to meet with Peter. The duel turned into a farce; the two kings each arriving at different times on the same

2215:

Charles did not pay attention to the island of Sicily, although it had been the centre of resistance against him in 1268. He transferred the capital from Palermo to Naples. He did not visit the island after 1271, preventing Sicilians from directly informing him of their grievances. Sicilian noblemen

2075:

August 1280. Charles sent agents to Viterbo to promote the election of one of his supporters, taking advantage of the rift between the late Pope's relatives and other Italian cardinals. When a riot broke out in Viterbo, after the cardinals had not reached a decision for months, Charles's troops took

1475:

Conradin left Bavaria in September 1267. His supporters' revolt was spreading from Sicily to Calabria; the Saracens of Lucera also rose up. Pope Clement urged Charles to return to the Regno, but he continued his campaign in Tuscany until March 1268, when he met with the Pope. In April, the Pope made

1352:

Charles was lenient with Manfred's supporters, but they did not believe that this conciliatory policy could last. They knew that he had promised to return estates to the Guelph lords expelled from the Regno. Neither could Charles gain the commoners' loyalty, partly because he continued enforcing the

3212:

The historian Hiroshi Takayama concludes that Charles's dominion "was too large to control". Nevertheless, economic links among his realms strengthened during his reign. Provençal salt was transported to his other lands, grain from the Regno was sold in Achaea, Albania, Acre and Tuscany, and Tuscan

1119:

and his allies, but Louis IX persuaded her to return Forcalquier to Charles and relinquish her claims for a lump sum payment from Charles and a pension from Louis in November 1256. A coup by Charles's supporters in Marseilles resulted in the surrender of all political powers there to his officials.

3224:

were convinced that the Holy Roman Emperors had a monopoly on law-making. In contrast with them, Caramanico stated that an emperor could not claim sovereignty over a king and emphasised Charles full competence to issue decrees. To promote legal education Charles paid high salaries—20–50 ounces of

2151:

in the autumn of 1281. They were willing to unite their troops to prevent Charles's army from taking possession of the kingdom, but Philip III of France strongly opposed his mother's plan and Edward I of England would not promise any assistance to them. Charles acknowledged that his wife held the

1989:

May 1278 after lengthy negotiations. He had to pledge that he would renounce both the senatorship of Rome and the vicariate of Tuscany in four months. On the other hand, Nicholas III confirmed the excommunication of Charles's enemies in Piedmont and started negotiations with Rudolf to prevent him

1671:

and most of Charles's galleys were lost or damaged. Genoese ships returning from the crusade were also sunk or forced to land in Sicily. Charles seized the damaged ships and their cargo, ignoring all protests from the Ghibelline authorities of Genoa. Before leaving Sicily he granted temporary tax

1507:

and Apulia massacred their fellows who had agitated on Conradin's behalf, but the Sicilians and the Saracens of Lucera did not surrender. Charles marched to Rome where he was again elected senator in September. He appointed new officials to administer justice and collect state revenues. New coins

2295:

In the face of the Aragonese landing, Charles was compelled to withdraw from the island, but the Aragonese moved swiftly and destroyed part of his army and most of his baggage. Peter took control of the whole island and sent troops to Calabria, but they could not prevent Charles of Salerno from

1712:

An earthquake destroyed the walls of Durazzo in the late 1260s or early 1270s. Charles's troops took possession of the town with the assistance of the leaders of the nearby Albanian communities. Charles concluded an agreement with the Albanian chiefs, promising to protect them and their ancient

1235:

were sent to France to reach a compromise and start raising support for the crusade. Charles sent troops to Rome to protect the Pope against Manfred's allies. At Foulquois' request, Charles's sister-in-law Margaret (who had not abandoned her claims to her dowry) pledged that she would not take

2344:

a newly raised Provençal fleet at Malta in April. However, tensions arose between the Aragonese and the Sicilians and in May 1283 one of the leaders of the anti-Angevin rebellion, Walter of Caltagirone, was executed for his secret correspondence with Charles's agents. Pope Martin declared the

2216:

were seldom employed as royal officials, although he often appointed their southern Italian peers to represent him in his other realms. Furthermore, having seized large estates on the island in the late 1260s Charles almost exclusively employed French and Provençal clerics to administer them.

1680:

Charles accompanied Philip III as far as Viterbo in March 1271. Here they failed to convince the cardinals to elect a new pope. Charles's brother, Alphonse of Poitiers, fell ill. Charles sent his best doctors to cure him, but Alphonse died. He claimed the major part of Alphonse's inheritance,

1361:

despite the popes declaring it an illegal charge. He introduced a ban on the use of foreign currency in large transactions and made a profit of the compulsory exchange of foreign coinage for locally minted currency. He also traded in grain, spices and sugar, through a joint venture with Pisan

1024:

ceded their secular rights in the two towns to Charles in 1250. He received military assistance from his brother, Alphonse. Arles was the first town to surrender to them in April 1251. In May they forced Avignon to acknowledge their joint rule. A month later Barral of Baux also capitulated.

1365:

Pope Clement censured Charles for his methods of state administration, describing him as an arrogant and obstinate monarch. The consolidation of Charles's power in northern Italy also alarmed Clement. To appease the Pope, Charles resigned his senatorship in May 1267. His successors,

2279:

Peter III of Aragon's envoy, William of Castelnou, started negotiations with the rebels' leaders in Palermo. Realizing that they could not resist without foreign support, they acknowledged Peter and Constance as their king and queen. They appointed envoys to accompany Castelnou to

2156:

and her other inherited estates as a Burgundian fief, which appeased Robert of Burgundy. Charles's ships started to assemble at Marseilles to sail up the Rhone in the spring of 1282. Another fleet was gathering at Messina to start the crusade against the Byzantine Empire.

3068:. However, Margaret, who had been brought up in a Dominican nunnery, did not want to marry. According to legend, she disfigured herself to prevent the marriage. Charles and his second wife, Margaret of Nevers, had several children, but none survived to adulthood. 1801:

of the Holy Roman Empire. In June, the Pope acknowledged Rudolf as the lawful ruler of both Germany and Italy. Charles's sisters-in-law, Margaret and Eleanor, approached Rudolf, claiming that they had been unlawfully disinherited in favour of Charles's late wife.

1252:

June and four cardinals invested him with the Regno a week later. To finance further military actions he borrowed money from Italian bankers with the Pope's assistance, who had authorised him to pledge Church property. Five cardinals crowned him king of Sicily on

1650:, and Charles for the expenses of the military campaign and to release his Christian prisoners. He also promised to pay a yearly tribute to Charles and to expel Charles's opponents from Tunis. The gold from Tunis, along with silver from the newly opened mine at 1922:

September, excommunicated Charles's opponents in Piedmont and prohibited Rudolf from coming to Lombardy, but did not forbid the Lombardian Guelph leaders swearing fealty to Rudolf. The Pope also confirmed the treaty concluded by Charles and Maria of Antioch on

1211:

Louis IX decided to support Charles's military campaign in Italy in May 1263. Pope Urban IV promised to proclaim a crusade against Manfred, while Charles pledged that he would not accept any offices in the Italian towns. Manfred staged a coup in Rome, but the

2005:, in Rome, and by the Pope's nephew, Cardinal Latino Malabranca, in Tuscany. To ensure that Charles fully abandoned his ambitions in central Italy the Pope started negotiations with Rudolf about the restoration of the Kingdom of Arles for Charles's grandson, 1182:

Taking advantage of Charles's absence, Boniface of Castellane stirred up a new revolt in Provence. The burghers of Marseilles expelled Charles's officials, but Barral of Baux stopped the spread of the rebellion before Charles's return. Charles renounced

3319:

notes that Charles may have also been identical with the first son of Louis VIII and Blanche born in 1226, Stephen, or with the unnamed son who was born in late 1226. If Charles was identical with Stephen, he must have changed his name before the late

775:

Charles later said that his mother had a strong impact on her children's education; in reality, Blanche was fully engaged in state administration, and could likely spare little time for her youngest children. Charles lived at the court of a brother,

1792:

emphasises that "there is no evidence for supposing that the great doctor's death was not natural". Southern Italian churchmen at the council accused Charles of tyrannical acts. Their report reinforced the Pope's attempt to reach a compromise with

945:

In December 1244 Louis IX took a vow to lead a crusade. Ignoring their mother's strong opposition, his three brothers—Robert, Alphonse and Charles—also took the cross. Preparations for the crusade lasted for years, with the crusaders embarking at

3201:, a Genoese poet, compared Charles directly with Charlemagne. Both reports demonstrate that Charles was regarded almost as an emperor. Among modern historians, Runciman says that Charles tried to build an empire in the eastern Mediterraneum; 772:. The details of Charles's tuition are unknown, but he received a good education. He understood the principal Catholic doctrines and could identify errors in Latin texts. His passion for poetry, medical sciences, and law is well documented. 1447:

Charles returned to Tuscany and laid siege to the fortress of Poggibonsi, but it did not fall until the end of November. Manfred's staunchest supporters had meanwhile fled to Bavaria to attempt to persuade Conrad IV's 15-year-old son

1179:, was determined to put an end to the Emperor's rule in Italy. He sent his notary, Albert of Parma, to Paris to negotiate with Louis IX for Charles to be placed on the Sicilian throne. Charles met with the Pope's envoy in early 1262. 1732:

March 1272. The new pope was determined to put an end to the conflicts between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines. While in Rome Charles met with the Guelph leaders who had been exiled from Genoa. After they offered him the office of

1573:

Charles returned to Lucera to personally direct its siege in April 1269. The Saracens and the Ghibellines who had escaped to the town resisted until starvation forced them to surrender in August 1269. Charles sent Philip and

2242:, developed into an uprising and most of Charles's officials were killed or forced to flee the island. Charles ordered the transfer of soldiers and ships from Achaea to Sicily, but could not stop the spread of the revolt to 1737:, Charles promised military assistance to them. In November 1272 Charles commanded his officials to take prisoner all Genoese within his territories, except for the Guelphs, and to seize their property. His fleet occupied 666:

and his strong military presence in Italy disturbed the popes. They tried to channel his ambitions towards other territories and assisted him in acquiring claims to Achaea, Jerusalem and Arles through treaties. In 1281,

1295:. Manfred also hurried to the town and reached it before Charles. Worried that further delays might endanger his subjects' loyalty, Manfred attacked Charles's army, then in disarray from the crossing of the hills, on 26 1015:

Charles's officers continued the survey of the counts' rights and revenues in Provence, provoking a new rebellion during his absence. On his return he applied both diplomacy and military force to deal with them. The

871:, but Charles never swore fealty to the emperor. He ordered a survey of the counts' rights and revenues, outraging both his subjects and his mother-in-law, who regarded this action as an attack against her rights. 2360:

Charles started to raise new troops and a fleet in Provence, and instructed his son, Charles of Salerno, to maintain a defensive posture until his return. Roger of Lauria based a small squadron on the island of

1879:, had always been Charles's partisan and he rapidly confirmed Charles as senator of Rome and imperial vicar of Tuscany. He also mediated a peace treaty between Charles and Genoa, which was signed in Rome on 22 3142: 2311:. Peter insisted that the war should be continued, but agreed that a battle between the two kings, each accompanied by 100 knights, should decide the possession of Sicily. The duel was set to take place at 2319:

June 1283, but they did not fix the hour. Charles appointed Charles of Salerno to administer the Regno during his absence. To secure the loyalty of the local lords in Achaea, he made one of their peers,

1741:

in Corsica. Pope Gregory condemned his aggressive policy, but proposed that the Genoese should elect Guelph officials. Ignoring the Pope's proposal, the Genoese made alliance with Alfonso X of Castile,

1480:

of Tuscany "during the vacancy of the empire", a move of dubious legality. Charles marched to southern Italy and laid siege to Lucera, but he then had to hurry north to prevent Conradin's invasion of

2288:

September. Thereafter two realms, each ruled by a monarch styled king (or queen) of Sicily, coexisted for more than a century, with Charles and his successors ruling in southern Italy (known as the

1527:

was Conradin's only partisan to be released, but only after his wife threatened to execute the Guelph lords she held captive in her castle. The Ghibelline noblemen of the Regno fled to the court of

1073:, also known as the Regno, included the island of Sicily and southern Italy nearly as far as Rome. Pope Innocent IV claimed that the Regno had reverted to the Holy See. The Pope first offered it to 1085:

Charles with the kingdom. Charles sought instructions from Louis IX, who forbade him to accept the offer, because he regarded Conrad as the lawful ruler. After Charles informed the Holy See on 30

1906:

August. The cardinals met again, this time at Viterbo. Although Charles was staying in the nearby Vetralla, he could not directly influence the election, because his vehement opponent, Cardinal

2238:

March), 1282. When the soldier's comrades attacked the murderer, the mob turned against them and started to massacre all the French in the town. The riot, known since the 16th century as the

1970:

and the Venetians acknowledged Charles as the lawful ruler, the barons of the realm also paid homage to San Severino in January 1278, after he had threatened to confiscate their estates. The

1570:

November 1268. The papal vacancy lasted for three years, which strengthened Charles's authority in Italy, but it also deprived him of the ecclesiastic support that only a pope could provide.

2373:

June. News of the reverse caused a riot in Naples, but the papal legate, Gerard of Parma, crushed it with the assistance of local noblemen. Charles learnt of the disaster when he landed at

2265:

June, accusing his officials of having ignored his instructions on good administration, but he failed to promise fundamental changes. In July he sailed to Sicily and laid siege to Messina.

3345:, a Byzantine successor state, restored Greek rule on most territories lost to the Latin Emperors during the following decades. The Latins also lost Constantinople to the Nicaeans in 1261. 1985:

November. The Pope soon declared that no foreign prince could rule in Rome and reminded Charles that he had been elected senator for ten years. Charles swore fealty to the new pope on 24

1875:

January 1276. After the hostility he experienced during Gregory's pontificate, Charles was determined to secure the election of a pope willing to support his plans. Gregory's successor,

2284:

where the Aragonese fleet was assembling. After a short hesitation, Peter decided to intervene on the rebels' behalf and sailed to Sicily. He was declared king of Sicily at Palermo on 4

913:, as the commander of their combined armies. Charles's mother-in-law put the disobedient Provençals under her protection. Charles could not deal with the rebels as he was about to join 3079: 1056:) was introduced in the whole county. Income from the salt trade made up about 50% of state revenues by the late 1250s. Charles abolished local tolls and promoted shipbuilding and 2431:

January 1285, appointing Robert II of Artois regent for his grandson, Charles Martel, who was to rule his realms until Charles of Salerno was released. He died in the morning of 7

1257:

January 1266. The crusaders from France and Provence—reportedly 6,000 fully equipped mounted warriors, 600 mounted bowmen and 20,000 foot-soldiers—arrived in Rome ten days later.

7910: 1620:

stated that Charles persuaded Louis to attack Tunis, because he wanted to secure the payment of the tribute that the rulers of Tunis had paid to the former Sicilian monarchs.

54: 1612:

Louis IX never abandoned the idea of the liberation of Jerusalem, but he decided to begin his new crusade with a military campaign against Tunis. According to his confessor,

1048:

Charles's officials continued to ascertain his rights, visiting each town and holding public enquiries to obtain information about all claims. The count's salt monopoly (or

2257:

which sent delegates to Pope Martin, asking him to take them under the protection of the Holy See. Instead of accepting their offer, the Pope excommunicated the rebels on 7

2080:

February 1281 his staunchest supporter, Simon of Brie, was elected pope. Pope Martin IV dismissed his predecessor's relatives and made Charles the senator of Rome again.

9023: 1974:

had already confined the kingdom to a coastal strip covering 2,600 km (1,000 square miles) and Charles had ordered San Severino to avoid conflicts with Egypt.

1583: 2365:

to blockade Naples in May 1284. Charles of Salerno attempted to destroy the squadron, but most of his fleet was captured, and he himself was taken prisoner after

2116:

April 1281 because the Emperor had not imposed the Church union in his empire. The Pope soon authorised Charles to invade the empire. Charles's vicar in Albania,

3217: 1195:

brought about a settlement with Marseilles: its fortifications were dismantled and the townspeople surrendered their arms, but the town retained its autonomy.

2381:

June. He was furious at Charles of Salerno and his disobedience. He allegedly stated that "Who loses a fool loses nothing", referring to his son's capture.

8006: 3202: 1367: 1627:

July 1270; Charles departed from Naples six days later. He spent more than a month in Sicily, waiting for his fleet. By the time he landed at Tunis on 25

1125: 1472:—who had been elected senator of Rome—also offered support to Conradin. Henry had been Charles's friend, but Charles had failed to repay a loan to him. 1883:

June 1276. Charles restored the privileges of the Genoese merchants and renounced his conquests, and the Genoese acknowledged his rule in Ventimiglia.

3130: 3106: 2247: 1994:. The negotiations with Rudolf lay behind Nicholas' refusal to renew Charles's vicariate in Tuscany, to which Rudolf had appointed his own vicar. 9003: 8988: 2307:

Neither Peter nor Charles could afford to wage a lengthy war. Charles made an astonishing proposal in late December 1282, challenging Peter to a

1453: 1224:

requested that the Pope revoke the agreement with him, but the Pope, being otherwise defenceless against Manfred, could not break with Charles.

1120:

Charles continued to expand his power along the borders of Provence in the next four years. He received territories in the Lower Alps from the

540:, Charles was destined for a Church career until the early 1240s. He acquired Provence and Forcalquier through his marriage to their heiress, 584: 8672: 2436: 2132:

arrived in March 1281. Sully was ambushed and captured, his army put to flight and the interior of Albania was lost to the Byzantines. On 3

8089: 7312:

Bárány, Attila (2010). "The English relations of Charles II of Sicily and Maria of Hungary". In Kordé, Zoltán; Petrovics, István (eds.).

3094: 595:

in 1253. Two years later, Louis IX persuaded him to renounce the county, but compensated him by instructing Margaret to pay him 160,000

9008: 917:. To pacify his mother-in-law he acknowledged her right to rule Forcalquier and granted a third of his revenues from Provence to her. 9018: 9013: 8422: 3291:

Charles also showed interest in architecture. He designed a tower in Brindisi, but it soon collapsed. He ordered the erection of the

2413:

and made preparations for a campaign against Sicily in the new year. He dispatched orders to his officials for the collection of the

658:

to pay a yearly tribute to him. Charles's victories secured his undisputed leadership among the Papacy's Italian partisans (known as

17: 8953: 1452:

to assert his hereditary right to the Kingdom of Sicily. After Conradin accepted their proposal, Manfred's former vicar in Sicily,

3284:. Dante described Charles—"who bears a manly nose"—singing peacefully together with his one-time rival, Peter III of Aragon, in 982:. His three brothers survived, but they had to abandon the campaign. While withdrawing from Egypt, they fell into captivity on 6 3295:

in Naples, of which only the palatine chapel survives from his work. He is also credited with the introduction of French-style

3254:). He was requested to judge two poetic competitions in his youth, but modern scholars do not esteem his poetry. The Provençal 2147:

Margaret of Provence called Robert and Otto of Burgundy and other lords who held fiefs in the Kingdom of Arles to a meeting at

2129: 1765:, King of Serbia, joined the coalition in 1273. However, Pope Gregory forbade Charles to attack, because he hoped to unify the 1275:

Charles decided to invade southern Italy without delay, because he was unable to finance a lengthy campaign. He left Rome on 20

847: 1844:

and Alessandria from joining the Ghibelline League. The following summer, a Genoese fleet plundered Trapani and the island of

687:

March 1282 which put an end to Charles's rule on the island of Sicily. He was able to defend the mainland territories (or the

7915: 7707: 7658: 7639: 7613: 7567: 7548: 7526: 7507: 7488: 7469: 7447: 7428: 7406: 7384: 7362: 7340: 7321: 7302: 1555: 933:, forcing them to abandon the invasion of Egypt. During the withdrawal, the Egyptians captured Charles and his two brothers, 796: 425: 366: 59: 2230:

Rioting broke out in Sicily after a burgher of Palermo killed a drunken French soldier who had insulted his wife before the

1508:

bearing his name were struck. During the following decade, Rome was ruled by Charles's vicars, each appointed for one year.

1424:

in late May. According to the first treaty, Villehardouin acknowledged Charles's suzerainty and made Charles's younger son,

8973: 8797: 8228: 1532: 1171:, had been crowned king of Sicily in 1258. After the English barons had announced that they opposed a war against Manfred, 1642:

The crusaders twice defeated Al-Mustansir's army, forcing him to sue for peace. According to the peace treaty, signed on 1

890:

in May 1246 and three months later bestowed Anjou and Maine on him. Charles rarely visited his two counties and appointed

63: 8248: 3053: 2336:

and killed Peter of Alençon in January 1283; the Aragonese seized Reggio Calabria in February; and the Sicilian admiral,

1955: 1492:

August 1268, it appeared that Conradin had won the day, but a sudden charge by Charles's reserve routed Conradin's army.

1319: 1894:, Charles's troops surrounded it, enabling only his allies to communicate with other cardinals and with outsiders. On 11 8350: 8345: 2231: 1743: 1590:, forcing Frederick of Castile and Frederick Lancia to seek refuge in Tunis. After L'Estandart's subsequent victory at 1405:' borders alarmed Pope Clement and he decided to change the direction of Charles's ambitions. The Pope summoned him to 8340: 8335: 8218: 7589: 3016: 1938: 1101: 67: 31: 1115:

Charles returned to Provence, which had again become restive. His mother-in-law continued to support the rebellious

8968: 8767: 8665: 3226: 3030: 1347: 839: 1981:

May 1277. Charles was ill and could not prevent the election of Giovanni Gaetano Orsini as Pope Nicholas III on 25

1616:, Louis was convinced that al-Mustansir of Tunis was ready to convert to Christianity. The 13th-century historian 8917: 8625: 8606: 8590: 8082: 7677:

Fischer, Klaus Dietrich (1982). "Moses of Palermo: Translator from the Arabic at the Court of Charles of Anjou".

691:) with the support of France and the Holy See. Charles died while making preparations for an invasion of Sicily. 878:(a hereditary county or duchy) from his father. Louis VIII had willed that his fourth son, John, should receive 8907: 8578: 8371: 8047: 8037: 7733: 3330: 2497: 2121: 2002: 1865: 1672:

concessions to the Sicilians, because he realised that the conquest of the island had caused much destruction.

1575: 1516: 1306:

Resistance throughout the Regno collapsed and towns surrendered even before Charles's troops reached them. The

720:" (after his father's coronation), a fact he often emphasised in his youth, as the contemporaneous chronicler 8872: 8548: 8415: 3230: 3010: 2097: 1721:

as his vicar-general. He also sent his fleet to Achaea to defend the principality against Byzantine attacks.

1409:, forcing him to promise that he would abandon all claims to Tuscany in three years. He persuaded Charles to 1105: 851: 522: 230: 2144:"for the restoration of the Roman Empire". They decided to start a full-scale campaign early the next year. 1836:

The war with Genoa and the Lombard towns increasingly occupied Charles's attention. He appointed his nephew

8762: 8237: 8144: 8020: 3244:

Charles was also a poet, which distinguished him from his Capetian relatives. He composed love songs and a

2366: 1818: 1788:, Charles had him poisoned, because he feared that Aquinas would make complaint against him. The historian 1469: 1032: 909:—three wealthy cities, directly subject to the emperor—formed a league and appointed a Provençal nobleman, 2301: 1519:, were brought to trial for robbery and treason in Naples. They were sentenced to death and beheaded on 29 1132:—a town strategically located on the routes from Provence to Lombardy—sought Charles's protection against 8993: 8938: 8658: 8192: 8149: 8139: 7462:

The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers, 1254–1343

7416: 3263: 3216:

Charles always emphasised his royal rank, but did not adopt "imperial rhetoric". His renowned justiciar,

3065: 2274: 2044:, as his baillif in Achaea. Galeran could not pay his troops who started to pillage the peasants' homes. 2014: 1315: 938: 781: 8998: 8958: 8757: 8641: 8431: 8075: 3159: 3022: 2227:, in Toulouse in December 1280. He began to assemble a fleet, ostensibly for another crusade to Tunis. 2013:, was signed in May 1280. The plan disturbed the rulers of the lands along the Upper Rhone, especially 1221: 998:, Charles outraged Louis by gambling while the king was mourning Robert's death. Louis remained in the 800: 415: 7727: 3118: 1025:

Marseilles was the only town to resist for several months, but it also sought peace in July 1252. Its

8963: 8223: 8175: 7394: 2018: 1758: 1563: 1421: 1100:

December 1252. Louis made Alphonse and Charles co-regents, so that he could remain in the Holy Land.

979: 930: 777: 768:, succeeded him. The late King willed that his youngest sons were to be prepared for a career in the 603:

nobles and towns into submission and expanded his suzerainty over a dozen towns and lordships in the

1927:

March which transferred her claims to Jerusalem to Charles for 1,000 bezants and a pension of 4,000

1191:

to secure her neutrality. He defeated the rebels and forced Castellane into exile. The mediation of

9028: 8983: 8978: 8408: 2246:. San Severino also had to return to Italy, accompanied by the major part of the garrison at Acre. 1899: 1429: 1414: 1327: 1109: 959: 588: 271: 7399:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

2181: 859:

at the head of an army to prevent other suitors from invading Provence, and married Beatrice on 31

815:

to her three sisters. The dowries were actually not fully discharged, causing two of her sisters,

8812: 8787: 8742: 7751: 3057: 3034: 3026: 2137: 2006: 1826: 1766: 1457: 1268: 655: 628: 490: 445: 410: 128: 2300:. Further French troops arrived under the command of Charles's nephews, Robert II of Artois and 564:. Shortly after he returned to Provence in 1250, Charles forced three wealthy autonomous cities— 9033: 8862: 8832: 8772: 8536: 8521: 8453: 8289: 7809: 2081: 2049: 2025: 1781: 1682: 1374:, demanded the re-payment of the money that Charles and the Pope had borrowed from the Romans. 1116: 978:

noted Charles's personal courage which saved dozens of crusaders' lives. Robert of Artois died

145: 7541:

The Despotate of Epirus, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages

2056:

March 1279 to secure his assistance against the Byzantines. Nicephoros also ceded three towns—

544:. His attempts to restore central authority brought him into conflict with his mother-in-law, 8847: 8822: 8752: 8600: 8511: 8469: 8279: 8258: 8213: 8123: 3259: 3251: 2125: 1951: 1485: 1161: 1128:, Count of Orange, ceded the title of regent of the Kingdom of Arles to him. The burghers of 804: 769: 643: 498: 2956: 8948: 8943: 8912: 8827: 8777: 8737: 8584: 8516: 8448: 8366: 8197: 8187: 8170: 7984: 7974: 7947: 7940: 7886: 7867: 7857: 7826: 3258:

were mostly critical when writing of Charles, but French poets were willing to praise him.

2995: 2949: 2781: 2710: 2690: 2475: 2224: 1822: 1647: 1613: 1559: 1465: 1220:(or the head of the civil government of Rome). He accepted the office, at which a group of 1078: 824: 816: 808: 705: 638:

and occupied the Regno almost without resistance. His victory over Manfred's young nephew,

541: 533: 526: 456: 333: 215: 155: 7630:

The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century

8: 8892: 8882: 8852: 8802: 8747: 8732: 8572: 8560: 8526: 8505: 8495: 8487: 8474: 8325: 8263: 7805: 3198: 3182: 2977: 2856: 2717: 2332:

Skirmishes and raids continued to occur in southern Italy. Aragonese guerrillas attacked

2010: 1991: 1967: 1860: 1837: 1794: 1734: 1554:

Charles's wife, Beatrice of Provence, had died in July 1267. The widowed Charles married

1528: 1381:, the imperial family's supporters, forced the Pope to ask Charles to send his troops to 1356: 1300: 1264: 1090: 1074: 1017: 820: 788:, Count of La Marche, in 1242 showed that he was no longer destined for a Church career. 635: 141: 88: 7314:

Diplomacy in the Countries of the Angevin Dynasty in the Thirteenth–Fourteenth Centuries

3047:

by the local Guelphs in 1269, but without the pope's consent. He died childless in 1278.

2435:

January. He was buried in a marble sepulchre in Naples, but his heart was placed at the

48: 8887: 8877: 8837: 8817: 8807: 8727: 8708: 8681: 8566: 8554: 8458: 8330: 8242: 8202: 8181: 7278: 3086: 2748: 2683: 2482: 2153: 2141: 2101: 2045: 1830: 1690: 1686: 1288: 1153: 986:

April 1250. The Egyptians released Louis, Charles and Alphonse in exchange for 800,000

934: 886:

upon reaching the age of majority, but John died in 1232. Louis IX knighted Charles at

785: 765: 756: 717: 709: 549: 537: 466: 7266: 3197:, stated that Charles had been the most powerful Christian monarch in the late 1270s. 3177: 1338:

in Albania)—by right of conquest. His troops seized Corfu before the end of the year.

780:, from 1237. About four years later he was put into the care of his youngest brother, 8902: 8897: 8867: 8857: 8718: 8698: 8542: 8482: 8464: 8391: 8284: 8208: 7967: 7957: 7893: 7788: 7703: 7686: 7654: 7649:

Takayama, Hiroshi (2004). "Law and monarchy in the south". In Abulafia, David (ed.).

7635: 7628: 7609: 7585: 7563: 7544: 7522: 7503: 7484: 7465: 7443: 7424: 7402: 7380: 7358: 7336: 7317: 7298: 7282: 7270: 3006: 2504: 2350: 2346: 2289: 2065: 1943: 1907: 1524: 1410: 1192: 1188: 1172: 1168: 1121: 1070: 975: 955: 868: 828: 688: 612: 592: 545: 502: 494: 394: 197: 159: 107: 73: 7582:

The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance

1753:, but he continued to forge alliances in the Balkan Peninsula. The Bulgarian ruler, 1207:

Charles is crowned King of Sicily in Rome (1266), illustration from the next century

743: 8842: 8689: 8615: 8098: 7874: 7759: 7262: 3342: 3334: 3280: 3267: 3194: 3044: 3040: 2440: 2254: 2239: 2171: 1971: 1750: 1425: 864: 843: 713: 680: 672: 604: 561: 518: 486: 420: 315: 253: 8500: 3209:

argues that his "agglomeration of lands was in the process of forming an empire".

1990:

from making an alliance against Charles with Margaret of Provence and her nephew,

1762: 1330:, and their children were captured. Charles laid claim to her dowry—the island of 8703: 7847: 7623: 7603: 7438:

Hollander, Robert (2004). "Notes". In Hollander, Jean; Hollander, Robert (eds.).

7355:

Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe

7290: 3085:

1st arms of Charles of France before Anjou, the castles representing his mother,

2341: 2337: 2321: 2297: 2220: 2041: 1963: 1876: 1789: 1785: 1714: 1579: 1578:

to Sicily to force the rebels there into submission, but they could only capture

1232: 1175:

annulled the 1253 grant of Sicily to Edmund of Lancaster. Alexander's successor,

1051: 1026: 1021: 914: 883: 879: 874:

Being a younger child, destined for a church career, Charles had not received an

856: 727: 596: 557: 8054: 8027: 7996: 7928: 7924: 7795: 7457: 7250: 3338: 3163: 2085: 1930: 1911: 1891: 1798: 1773: 1754: 1725: 1718: 1617: 1607: 1477: 1461: 1283:, but changed his strategy after learning of a muster of Manfred's forces near 1228: 1217: 1137: 910: 668: 663: 651: 647: 514: 510: 506: 440: 174: 170: 82: 1997:

Charles announced his resignation from the senatorship and the vicariate on 30

1515:. Most of his retainers were summarily executed, but Conradin and his friend, 1401:

for seven years, Charles hurried to Tuscany. Charles's expansionism along the

1029:

acknowledged Charles as their lord, but retained their self-governing bodies.

8932: 8620: 8320: 8253: 7726: 7690: 7599: 7577: 7350: 7274: 3296: 3206: 3171: 2389:

Reggio Calabria, Charles had to lift the siege and retreat from Calabria on 3

2324:, baillif. Pope Martin declared the war against the Sicilians a crusade on 13 2308: 2117: 1915: 1814: 1636: 1418: 1176: 947: 721: 624: 616: 1646:

November, Al-Mustansir agreed to fully compensate Louis' son and successor,

8010: 7536: 3292: 3275: 3002:

she died in July 1267, she had willed the usufruct of Provence to Charles.

1849: 1544: 1512: 1402: 1371: 1245: 1096:

Queen Blanche, who had administered France during Louis' crusade, died on 1

7372: 3148:

Coat of Arms of Charles I of Anjou (per pale Jerusalem and France Ancient)

1069:

Emperor Frederick II, who was also the ruler of Sicily, died in 1250. The

3316: 3019:, her younger sister, married Philip, the titular Latin emperor, in 1273. 1586:

the commander of the army in Sicily in August 1269. L'Estandart captured

1378: 1184: 1057: 995: 737: 1840:

as his deputy in Piedmont in October 1274, but Artois could not prevent

1435: 1203: 1089:

October 1253 that he would not accept the Regno, the Pope offered it to

827:), to believe that they had been unlawfully disinherited. Their mother, 3255: 2203: 1966:, surrendered the town without resistance. Although initially only the 1704: 1651: 1504: 1145: 577: 548:, and the nobility. Charles received Anjou and Maine from his brother, 115: 2048:, Duke of Athens, had to lend money to him to finance their salaries. 1456:, returned to the island and stirred up a revolt. At Capece's request 1392: 1149: 8650: 8531: 8400: 3285: 3246: 3221: 2349:

a crusade and conferred the kingdom upon Philip III of France's son,

2035: 1694: 1632: 1587: 1292: 1157: 1082: 999: 898: 623:, southern Italy to well north of Naples and was known as the Regno. 607:. In 1263, after years of negotiations, he accepted the offer of the 565: 8067: 7333:

The Eagles of Savoy: The House of Savoy in Thirteenth-Century Europe

3186: 2329:

day, declaring a victory over their absent opponent, and departing.

2176: 1594:, only Capece resisted, but he also had to surrender in early 1270. 1335: 1260: 8782: 6922: 3056:, Charles's youngest daughter, was given in marriage to the future 2410: 2312: 2243: 2093: 2057: 1841: 1810: 1805:

Michael VIII's personal envoy announced at the Council of Lyon on 6

1769:

and Catholic churches with the assistance of Emperor Michael VIII.

1639:

had decimated the French army. Louis died the day Charles arrived.

1449: 1440: 1386: 1141: 1066:, to enable the use of the local currency in smaller transactions. 1037: 967: 875: 832: 712:. The date of his birth has not survived, but he was probably born 639: 608: 600: 553: 477:(early 1226/1227 – 7 January 1285), commonly called 3220:, developed a new political theory. Traditional interpretators of 3009:, the eldest daughter of Charles and Beatrice, became the wife of 2990: 2089: 3236: 2304:, in November. In the same month, the Pope excommunicated Peter. 2212:, requiring the payment of 150 per cent of the customary amount. 2061: 1738: 1698: 1668: 1591: 1496: 1481: 1406: 1382: 1307: 1213: 906: 812: 676: 659: 631:

and assisted Charles in raising funds for the military campaign.

573: 435: 7377:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

6898: 4768: 4766: 3167: 2420: 2362: 2333: 2148: 2033: 1757:, was the first to conclude a treaty with him in 1272 or 1273. 1500: 1323: 1311: 1280: 1061: 987: 891: 784:. His participation in his brothers' military campaign against 620: 303: 149: 101: 2439:

in Paris. His corpse was moved to a chapel of the newly built

2401: 2292:) while Peter and his descendants ruled the island of Sicily. 1701:

to the French crown if their rulers died without descendants.

7176: 7164: 7098: 6598: 5380: 5130: 4805: 2374: 2281: 1398: 1331: 1284: 1129: 1077:, but Richard did not want to fight against Frederick's son, 1041: 971: 902: 887: 733: 569: 7200: 7152: 7074: 7062: 7026: 6990: 6818: 6794: 6726: 6562: 6505: 6463: 6451: 6400: 6281: 6078: 5894: 5816: 5773: 5717: 5624: 5593: 5581: 5507: 5337: 5118: 4990: 4853: 4763: 2296:

leading an army of 600 French knights to join his father at

1749:

The conflict with Genoa prevented Charles from invading the

1148:

and other nearby towns acknowledged his rule. The rulers of

716:

in early 1227. Charles was Louis' only surviving son to be "

646:

in 1268 strengthened his rule. In 1270, he took part in the

7217: 7215: 7142: 7140: 7115: 7113: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6939: 6937: 6864: 6862: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6770: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6743: 6741: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6651: 6649: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6480: 6478: 6390: 6388: 6363: 6361: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6206: 6204: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6126: 6124: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6044: 6042: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5911: 5909: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5867: 5865: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5746: 5744: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5166: 5164: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5043: 5041: 5028: 5026: 5024: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4843: 4841: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4795: 4793: 4698: 4627: 4576: 4552: 4467: 3943: 3700: 3363: 3361: 3033:, had fourteen children, which secured the survival of the 3029:

in 1272. Charles the Lame (as he was called) and his wife,

1845: 1468:, to invade Sicily from North Africa. Frederick's brother, 1133: 6961: 6847: 6441: 6439: 5286: 5284: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5205: 5203: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4659: 4657: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4525: 4523: 4303: 4301: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3690: 3688: 925: 7188: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4433: 4431: 4406: 4404: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4339: 4337: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4225: 4223: 4191: 4189: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4145: 4133: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3866: 3864: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3663: 3661: 3634: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3100:

2nd Arms of Charles of France as Count of Anjou and Maine

748: 7227: 7212: 7137: 7110: 7086: 7050: 7038: 7014: 6973: 6934: 6886: 6859: 6830: 6806: 6782: 6753: 6738: 6714: 6697: 6680: 6661: 6646: 6634: 6622: 6610: 6586: 6574: 6517: 6495: 6493: 6475: 6412: 6385: 6373: 6358: 6346: 6327: 6308: 6264: 6240: 6228: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6165: 6148: 6136: 6121: 6109: 6090: 6066: 6054: 6039: 6027: 5998: 5986: 5933: 5921: 5906: 5877: 5862: 5804: 5785: 5756: 5741: 5729: 5688: 5676: 5636: 5605: 5569: 5546: 5534: 5483: 5459: 5442: 5425: 5392: 5361: 5325: 5188: 5176: 5161: 5142: 5101: 5084: 5072: 5038: 5021: 4966: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4906: 4889: 4865: 4838: 4817: 4790: 4778: 4644: 4642: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4123: 4121: 3476: 3474: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3358: 3136:

Charles I showing the Kingdom of Jerusalem in precedence

855:

Innocent IV accepted their proposal. Charles hurried to

7002: 6949: 6910: 6436: 6424: 6015: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5705: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5524: 5522: 5349: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5242: 5215: 5200: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5002: 4978: 4877: 4751: 4734: 4686: 4669: 4654: 4535: 4520: 4479: 4416: 4298: 4201: 4174: 3972: 3748: 3724: 3685: 3521: 3486: 3060:

in 1269, but Ladislaus preferred his mistresses to her.

1044:

significantly increased Charles's revenues in Provence.

634:

Charles was crowned king in Rome on 5 January 1266. He

30:"Charles of Anjou" redirects here. For other uses, see 6550: 6298: 6296: 6216: 5852: 5850: 5848: 4722: 4710: 4605: 4603: 4491: 4455: 4443: 4428: 4401: 4370: 4349: 4334: 4283: 4252: 4235: 4220: 4186: 4157: 4106: 4082: 4034: 4011: 3984: 3955: 3931: 3907: 3888: 3876: 3861: 3842: 3811: 3794: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3673: 3658: 3646: 3622: 3598: 3569: 3498: 3241:, was one of the books translated at Charles's order. 2419:. However, he fell seriously ill before travelling to 2188:

Always in need of funds, Charles could not cancel the

1746:

and the Ghibelline towns of Lombardy in October 1273.

1724:

Charles hurried to Rome to attend the enthronement of

619:. This kingdom included, in addition to the island of 7125: 6538: 6490: 5471: 4639: 4564: 4389: 4313: 4118: 4094: 3471: 3442: 3419: 3392: 3373: 3266:

rebuked Charles for invading the Regno. The trouvère

2253:

The burghers of the major Sicilian towns established

2112:

Pope Martin excommunicated Emperor Michael VIII on 10

2084:

rose up against the Pope, but Charles's troops under

2001:

August 1278. He was succeeded by the Pope's brother,

1693:. After Philip III objected, he took the case to the 1316:

Muslim colony established during Frederick II's reign

974:

in November. During their advance Louis's biographer

764:

Louis VIII died in November 1226 and his eldest son,

7700:

Twice-Told Tales: Brunetto Latino and Dante Aligheri

6874: 6252: 5974: 5962: 5945: 5828: 5655: 5519: 5495: 5413: 5296: 5266: 5254: 5053: 3025:, Charles's eldest son and namesake was granted the 2250:, who succeeded him in Acre, had limited authority. 1713:

liberties in February 1272. He adopted the title of

1558:

in November 1268. She was co-heiress to her father,

1432:, in exchange for one third of the conquered lands. 6293: 5845: 4615: 4600: 4588: 4070: 3919: 3765: 3736: 2140:, the titular Latin emperor, made an alliance with 2028:

from William II of Villehardouin, who had died on 1

1623:

The French crusaders embarked at Aigues-Mortes on 2

671:authorised Charles to launch a crusade against the 106:1282–1285 (mainland territories, also known as the 7627: 4058: 4046: 3712: 3610: 3557: 3545: 3533: 1002:, but Charles returned to France in October 1250. 1898:July the cardinals elected Charles's old friend, 1784:. According to a popular legend, immortalised by 1697:of Paris. In 1284 the court ruled that appanages 1303:, Manfred's army was defeated and he was killed. 1248:ten days later. He was installed as senator on 21 9024:Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate 8930: 7316:. Accademia d'Ungheria in Roma. pp. 57–77. 3205:writes that he wanted to dominate the west; and 2414: 2207: 2189: 1890:June 1276. After the cardinals assembled in the 1354: 725: 3043:, Charles and Beatrice's next son, was elected 1385:. Charles's troops ousted the Ghibellines from 831:, claimed that Raymond Berengar had willed the 3064:The widowed Charles first proposed himself to 1954:to administer the Kingdom of Jerusalem as his 1797:, who had been elected king of Germany by the 1654:, enabled Charles to mint new coins, known as 1010: 954:August 1248. After spending several months in 850:for his alleged "crimes against the Church"), 8666: 8416: 8083: 2122:laid siege to the Byzantine fortress of Berat 1655: 1390: 1102:Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut 980:fighting against the Egyptians at Al Mansurah 585:Margaret II, Countess of Flanders and Hainaut 3270:dedicated an unfinished epic poem, entitled 3234: 2195: 1928: 1060:. He ordered the issue of new coins, called 1049: 754: 7653:. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–81. 7651:Italy in the Central Middle Ages, 1000–1300 1780:March 1274, before departing to attend the 1667:November. A storm dispersed their fleet at 747:Charles depicted alongside his composition 8673: 8659: 8423: 8409: 8386:1383–1396: purely nominal control, Achaea 8090: 8076: 3158:The works of two 13th-century historians, 3050:Robert, Charles's third son, died in 1265. 2107: 1833:, but the Pope had a low opinion of Hugh. 811:, allegedly because he had given generous 525:, and in 1277 he purchased a claim to the 47: 7437: 7194: 1167:Emperor Frederick II's illegitimate son, 863:January 1246. Provence was a part of the 627:declared a crusade against the incumbent 353: 7697: 7648: 7622: 7557: 7516: 7349: 7289: 7249: 7233: 7221: 7206: 7182: 7170: 7158: 7146: 7119: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7032: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6984: 6967: 6955: 6943: 6928: 6916: 6904: 6892: 6868: 6841: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6776: 6764: 6747: 6732: 6720: 6708: 6691: 6674: 6655: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6532: 6511: 6484: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6430: 6418: 6406: 6394: 6379: 6367: 6352: 6340: 6321: 6287: 6275: 6246: 6234: 6210: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6142: 6130: 6115: 6103: 6084: 6072: 6060: 6048: 6033: 6021: 6009: 5992: 5939: 5927: 5915: 5900: 5888: 5871: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5779: 5767: 5750: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5699: 5682: 5649: 5630: 5618: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5540: 5513: 5489: 5465: 5453: 5436: 5407: 5386: 5374: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5290: 5236: 5224: 5209: 5194: 5182: 5170: 5155: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5095: 5078: 5047: 5032: 5015: 4996: 4984: 4972: 4960: 4941: 4929: 4917: 4900: 4883: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4832: 4811: 4799: 4784: 4757: 4745: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4663: 4633: 4582: 4558: 4546: 4529: 4514: 4502: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4422: 4410: 4383: 4364: 4343: 4307: 4292: 4277: 4265: 4246: 4229: 4214: 4195: 4180: 4168: 4151: 4139: 4112: 4088: 4040: 4028: 4005: 3993: 3978: 3966: 3949: 3937: 3913: 3901: 3882: 3870: 3855: 3836: 3805: 3788: 3759: 3706: 3694: 3679: 3667: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3604: 3592: 3515: 3465: 3453: 3436: 3413: 3401: 3386: 3367: 3225:gold in a year—to masters of law at the 3181:Charles as count of Provence (statue by 3176: 2989: 2400: 2175: 2160: 1937: 1859: 1852:, forcing them to withdraw to Provence. 1703: 1434: 1259: 1202: 1198: 1031: 924: 897:While Charles was absent from Provence, 742: 521:(1278–1285). In 1272, he was proclaimed 382: 7676: 7576: 7500:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades 7456: 7440:Purgatorio, Dante (A verse translation) 7295:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land 7253:(2000). "Charles of Anjou reassessed". 6556: 4772: 4395: 4328: 4127: 4100: 3193:Around 1310, the Florentine historian, 3013:in 1265, but she died four years later. 2088:stopped the spread of the rebellion at 2052:acknowledged Charles's suzerainty on 14 1663:Charles and Philip departed Tunis on 10 1538: 1389:in April 1267. After being elected the 704:Charles was the youngest child of King 679:, ready to begin the campaign when the 349: 14: 9004:13th century in the Kingdom of Albania 8989:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis 8931: 8680: 8430: 7415: 7311: 6544: 6499: 6222: 5477: 4648: 3262:wrote a poem against the salt tax and 2384:Charles left Naples for Calabria on 24 2136:July 1281 Charles and his son-in-law, 1829:had already rejected her in favour of 1531:, who had married Manfred's daughter, 8654: 8404: 8097: 8071: 7598: 7535: 7371: 7131: 6880: 6853: 5980: 5968: 5839: 5501: 5275: 5248: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2904: 2902: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2696: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2596: 2570: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2032:May 1278. He appointed the unpopular 1675: 791: 650:organised by Louis IX and forced the 7497: 7478: 7401:. The University of Michigan Press. 7393: 6302: 6258: 5956: 5856: 5670: 5528: 5419: 5307: 5260: 5066: 4621: 4609: 4594: 4570: 4076: 3925: 3776: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3333:was established on the ruins of the 2427:December. He made his last will on 6 2024:Charles had meanwhile inherited the 1417:, Prince of Achaea, and the titular 1318:—paid homage to him. His commander, 675:. Charles's ships were gathering at 7833:as king in Southern Italy from 1285 7481:The Franks in the Aegean, 1204–1500 7330: 4064: 4052: 3616: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3492: 3480: 3233:'s medical encyclopaedia, known as 2165: 2124:. A Byzantine army of relief under 1708:Charles's empire in the early 1270s 513:(1246–1285) in France; he was also 24: 7816:as co-monarchs on Sicily from 1282 7669: 7584:. University of California Press. 2268: 2261:May. Charles issued an edict on 10 2180:Charles's Sicilian seal (from the 1958:. San Severino landed at Acre on 7 1855: 1821:about purchasing her claim to the 1776:died unexpectedly near Naples on 7 1439:Charles's sixteen-year-old enemy, 1005: 990:and the surrender of Damietta on 6 920: 750:Li granz desire et la douce pensée 556:. He accompanied Louis during the 25: 9045: 9009:Christians of the Seventh Crusade 7718: 1601: 1464:, allowed Manfred's former ally, 1279:January 1266. He marched towards 894:(or regents) to administer them. 799:died in August 1245, bequeathing 32:Charles of Anjou (disambiguation) 9019:Children of Louis VIII of France 9014:Christians of the Eighth Crusade 7679:Histoires des Sciences Médicales 7608:. Wayne State University Press. 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3078: 3071: 1348:Frederick I, Margrave of Meissen 1322:, took control of the island of 1267:: Charles defeats his opponent, 1227:In the spring of 1264 Cardinals 1040:. Salt pans at the delta of the 599:. Charles forced the rebellious 27:King of Sicily from 1266 to 1285 8954:13th-century monarchs of Naples 7698:Holloway, Julia Bolton (1993). 3323: 3278:glorified his victories in the 2092:. Charles also sent an army to 1962:June 1277. Hugh III's bailiff, 1443:, is executed in Naples (1268). 1334:and the region of Durazzo (now 1287:. He led his troops across the 1240:He embarked at Marseilles on 10 378: 345: 7734:New International Encyclopedia 7634:. Cambridge University Press. 7543:. Cambridge University Press. 7521:. Edinburgh University Press. 7335:. Princeton University Press. 3331:Latin Empire of Constantinople 3309: 2498:Ramon Berenguer IV of Provence 1866:Palace of the Popes in Viterbo 1809:July that he had accepted the 1517:Frederick I, Margrave of Baden 797:Raymond Berengar V of Provence 501:(1246–1248, 1256–1285) in the 13: 1: 7519:The Muslims of Medieval Italy 7267:10.1016/s0304-4181(99)00012-3 3352: 3231:Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi 2098:Thomas I, Marquess of Saluzzo 1036:Salt crystals in a puddle in 929:The crusaders' defeat in the 852:Count Raymond VII of Toulouse 694: 7911:John Tristan, Count of Anjou 3174:who visited Naples in 1267. 2994:Charles and his first wife, 1689:, because he was Alphonse's 1081:. Then the Pope proposed to 994:May. During their voyage to 699: 485:, was a member of the royal 7: 8974:Characters in The Decameron 7255:Journal of Medieval History 3299:windows in southern Italy. 3264:Raimon de Tors de Marseilha 2275:War of the Sicilian Vespers 1341: 1011:Conflicts and consolidation 782:Alphonse, Count of Poitiers 426:Elisabeth, Queen of Hungary 400: 301:7 January 1285 (aged 57–59) 10: 9050: 7421:Byzantium and the Crusades 7379:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 7242: 6931:, pp. 96–97, 102–103. 3160:Bartholomaeus of Neocastro 2272: 2169: 2076:control of the town. On 22 1605: 1542: 1345: 807:to his youngest daughter, 636:annihilated Manfred's army 587:, against her eldest son, 416:Charles II, King of Naples 104:and mainland territories) 29: 8717: 8688: 8638: 8438: 8384: 8359: 8313: 8302: 8272: 8158: 8132: 8116: 8105: 8061: 8052: 8044: 8034: 8025: 8017: 8003: 7994: 7991: 7981: 7972: 7964: 7954: 7945: 7937: 7922: 7902: 7891: 7883: 7872: 7864: 7854: 7845: 7840: 7823: 7802: 7793: 7785: 7780: 7745: 3153: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2900: 2898: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2797: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2735: 2733: 2707: 2705: 2672: 2670: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2501: 2479: 2446: 2232:Church of the Holy Spirit 2219:Popular stories credited 2019:Count Otto IV of Burgundy 1902:, pope, but he died on 18 1871:Pope Gregory X died on 10 1759:John I Doukas of Thessaly 1744:William VII of Montferrat 1566:. Pope Clement died on 29 1564:Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy 1511:Conradin was captured at 1391: 966:June 1249. They captured 778:Robert I, Count of Artois 683:rebellion broke out on 30 462: 452: 434: 393: 322: 310: 297: 289: 285: 277: 267: 259: 252: 244: 236: 229: 221: 211: 203: 196: 188: 180: 169: 134: 124: 114: 96: 81: 46: 41: 18:Charles I, Count of Anjou 8159:Angevin (various houses) 7728:"Charles of Anjou" 7558:Nicholas, David (1992). 3302: 2396: 2225:Charles, Duke of Salerno 2071:Pope Nicholas died on 22 1886:Pope Innocent died on 30 1772:The renowned theologian 1549: 1430:Michael VIII Palaiologos 1415:William of Villehardouin 1397:(ruler) of Florence and 662:), but his influence on 8969:Capetian House of Anjou 7752:Capetian House of Anjou 7685:(Special 17): 278–281. 7517:Metcalfe, Alex (2009). 7331:Cox, Eugene L. (1974). 6907:, pp. 70, 233–234. 3058:Ladislaus IV of Hungary 3035:Capetian House of Anjou 3027:Principality of Salerno 2108:End of the Church union 2034: 1918:, who was elected on 20 1908:Giovanni Gaetano Orsini 1827:High Court of Jerusalem 1484:in late August. At the 1458:Muhammad I al-Mustansir 1269:Manfred, King of Sicily 1108:by her first marriage, 1062: 489:and the founder of the 411:Beatrice, Latin Empress 7442:. First Anchor Books. 7297:. Simon and Schuster. 3235: 3190: 2998: 2415: 2406: 2208: 2196: 2190: 2185: 2082:Guido I da Montefeltro 2050:Nicephoros I of Epirus 2026:Principality of Achaea 1947: 1929: 1868: 1782:Second Council of Lyon 1709: 1683:Marquisate of Provence 1656: 1462:Hafsid caliph of Tunis 1444: 1355: 1299:February 1266. In the 1272: 1208: 1117:Boniface of Castellane 1050: 1045: 970:and decided to attack 942: 819:(Louis IX's wife) and 761: 755: 749: 726: 8601:Parthenopean Republic 3180: 2993: 2437:Couvent Saint-Jacques 2404: 2182:Cabinet des Médailles 2179: 2161:The empire's collapse 2126:Michael Tarchaneiotes 1952:Roger of San Severino 1941: 1900:Ottobuono de' Fieschi 1863: 1735:captain of the people 1707: 1543:Further information: 1486:Battle of Tagliacozzo 1438: 1263: 1206: 1199:Conquest of the Regno 1106:conflict with her son 1035: 931:Battle of Al Mansurah 928: 915:his brother's crusade 770:Roman Catholic Church 746: 644:Battle of Tagliacozzo 491:second House of Anjou 7975:Count of Forcalquier 7948:Count of Forcalquier 7757:Cadet branch of the 7498:Lock, Peter (2006). 7479:Lock, Peter (1995). 7185:, pp. 205, 208. 7173:, pp. 205, 207. 7107:, pp. 215, 217. 6856:, pp. 107, 109. 6607:, pp. 238, 244. 5389:, pp. 156, 158. 5139:, pp. 157, 161. 4814:, pp. 118, 124. 4775:, pp. 270, 272. 3530:, pp. 142, 147. 3495:, pp. 146, 151. 3227:University of Naples 3218:Marino de Caramanico 2996:Beatrice of Provence 2950:Philip III of France 2782:Margaret of Provence 2711:Beatrice of Provence 2691:Alphonse of Poitiers 2476:Louis VIII of France 2367:a short, sharp fight 2234:on Easter Monday (30 2100:, annihilated it at 1977:Pope John died on 20 1823:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1648:Philip III of France 1614:Geoffrey of Beaulieu 1562:, the eldest son of 1539:Mediterranean empire 1466:Frederick of Castile 1079:Conrad IV of Germany 939:Alphonse of Poitiers 840:Emperor Frederick II 835:of Provence to her. 825:Henry III of England 706:Louis VIII of France 576:—to acknowledge his 534:Louis VIII of France 532:The youngest son of 527:Kingdom of Jerusalem 457:Louis VIII of France 367:Margaret of Burgundy 352:; died 334:Beatrice of Provence 240:February 1272 - 1285 160:mainland territories 7747:Charles I of Anjou 7464:. Clarendon Press. 7209:, pp. 210–211. 7161:, pp. 203–204. 7083:, pp. 219–220. 7071:, pp. 114–115. 7035:, pp. 119–120. 6999:, pp. 114–116. 6827:, pp. 183–184. 6803:, pp. 181–182. 6735:, pp. 254–255. 6571:, pp. 236–237. 6514:, pp. 235–236. 6472:, pp. 229–230. 6460:, pp. 109–110. 6409:, pp. 226–227. 6290:, pp. 214–215. 6087:, pp. 103–104. 5903:, pp. 190–191. 5825:, pp. 192–193. 5782:, pp. 183–184. 5726:, pp. 181–182. 5633:, pp. 172–173. 5602:, pp. 171–172. 5590:, pp. 138–139. 5516:, pp. 168–169. 5346:, pp. 150–151. 5127:, pp. 143–144. 4999:, pp. 120–121. 4862:, pp. 114–115. 4707:, pp. 99, 103. 4636:, pp. 94, 137. 4585:, pp. 89, 134. 4561:, pp. 100–101. 4476:, pp. 163–164. 3952:, pp. 156–157. 3733:, pp. 177–178. 3709:, pp. 580–581. 3483:, pp. 145–146. 3281:Romance of the Rose 3199:Luchetto Gattilusio 3183:Louis-Joseph Daumas 3066:Margaret of Hungary 2978:Edward I of England 2857:Robert II of Artois 2718:Eleanor of Provence 2416:subventio generalis 2209:subventio generalis 2191:subventio generalis 2138:Philip of Courtenay 1992:Edward I of England 1968:Knights Hospitaller 1838:Robert II of Artois 1584:William l'Estandart 1529:Peter III of Aragon 1503:and other towns in 1411:conclude agreements 1357:subventio generalis 1326:. Manfred's widow, 1265:Battle of Benevento 1164:did homage to him. 1091:Edmund of Lancaster 1075:Richard of Cornwall 1018:Archbishop of Arles 732:. He was the first 306:, Kingdom of Naples 8994:Counts of Provence 8939:Charles I of Anjou 8682:Monarchs of Sicily 8432:Monarchs of Naples 8062:Succeeded by 8007:Conrad Monaldeschi 7907:Title last held by 7702:. Peter Lang Inc. 6779:, pp. 9, 232. 3343:Emperors of Nicaea 3272:The King of Sicily 3260:Bertran d'Alamanon 3252:Pierre d'Angicourt 3191: 3124:Same with 5 points 3112:same with 4 points 3087:Blanche of Castile 2999: 2957:Peter I of Alençon 2749:Louis IX of France 2698:Charles I of Anjou 2684:Robert I of Artois 2483:Blanche of Castile 2407: 2347:war against Aragon 2186: 2154:County of Tonnerre 2102:Borgo San Dalmazzo 2046:John I de la Roche 1950:Charles appointed 1948: 1869: 1831:Hugh III of Cyprus 1795:Rudolf of Habsburg 1710: 1687:County of Poitiers 1676:Attempts to expand 1556:Margaret of Nevers 1445: 1368:Conrad Monaldeschi 1320:Philip of Montfort 1273: 1244:May and landed at 1209: 1046: 943: 935:Louis IX of France 792:Provence and Anjou 786:Hugh X of Lusignan 762: 757:Chansonnier du Roi 718:born in the purple 710:Blanche of Castile 591:, in exchange for 583:Charles supported 550:Louis IX of France 538:Blanche of Castile 467:Blanche of Castile 8999:Princes of Achaea 8959:Albanian monarchs 8926: 8925: 8719:Kingdom of Sicily 8648: 8647: 8642:Monarch of Sicily 8631: 8612: 8596: 8492: 8479: 8463: 8398: 8397: 8392:Navarrese Company 8380: 8379: 8307: 8298: 8297: 8273:Navarrese-Genoese 8110: 8099:Princes of Achaea 8066: 8065: 8035:Succeeded by 8004:Succeeded by 7992:Preceded by 7982:Succeeded by 7955:Succeeded by 7894:Count of Provence 7855:Succeeded by 7836: 7824:Succeeded by 7819: 7803:Succeeded by 7709:978-0-82041-954-1 7660:978-0-19-924704-2 7641:978-1-107-60474-2 7615:978-0-8143-2651-0 7569:978-0-582-01678-1 7560:Medieval Flanders 7550:978-0-521-13089-9 7528:978-0-7486-2007-4 7509:978-0-415-39312-6 7490:978-0-582-05139-3 7471:978-0-19-821925-5 7449:978-0-385-49700-8 7430:978-0-582-25370-4 7408:978-0-472-08260-5 7386:978-1-86064-061-2 7364:978-1-13816-162-7 7342:978-0-691-05216-8 7323:978-963-315-046-7 7304:978-1-84983-688-3 6970:, pp. 21–22. 5251:, pp. 14–15. 5239:, pp. 39–40. 4573:, pp. 35–36. 4517:, pp. 98–99. 4280:, pp. 82–83. 4154:, pp. 75–76. 4142:, pp. 77–78. 4008:, pp. 74–75. 3643:, pp. 12–13. 3468:, pp. 11–12. 3416:, pp. 3, 10. 3370:, pp. 10–11. 3274:, to Charles and 3250:(the latter with 3011:Robert of Béthune 2987: 2986: 2505:Beatrice of Savoy 2351:Charles of Valois 2290:Kingdom of Naples 1944:Arnolfo di Cambio 1525:Conrad of Antioch 1377:Victories by the 1193:James I of Aragon 1189:Republic of Genoa 1187:in favour of the 1173:Pope Alexander IV 1126:Raymond I of Baux 1122:Dauphin of Vienne 1071:Kingdom of Sicily 976:Jean de Joinville 869:Holy Roman Empire 838:The Hohenstaufen 829:Beatrice of Savoy 689:Kingdom of Naples 629:Manfred of Sicily 613:Kingdom of Sicily 546:Beatrice of Savoy 503:Holy Roman Empire 495:Count of Provence 472: 471: 198:Count of Provence 108:Kingdom of Naples 74:Arnolfo di Cambio 16:(Redirected from 9041: 8964:Kings of Albania 8690:County of Sicily 8675: 8668: 8661: 8652: 8651: 8629: 8610: 8594: 8490: 8477: 8461: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8402: 8401: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8069: 8068: 8045:Preceded by 8021:Henry of Castile 8018:Preceded by 7965:Preceded by 7938:Preceded by 7919: 7884:Preceded by 7875:Prince of Achaea 7865:Preceded by 7830: 7813: 7786:Preceded by 7776: 7769: 7760:Capetian dynasty 7743: 7742: 7738: 7730: 7713: 7694: 7664: 7645: 7633: 7624:Runciman, Steven 7619: 7595: 7573: 7554: 7537:Nicol, Donald M. 7532: 7513: 7494: 7475: 7453: 7434: 7417:Harris, Jonathan 7412: 7395:Fine, John V. A. 7390: 7368: 7346: 7327: 7308: 7291:Asbridge, Thomas 7286: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6751: 6745: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6695: 6689: 6678: 6672: 6659: 6653: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6488: 6482: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6325: 6319: 6306: 6300: 6291: 6285: 6279: 6273: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5875: 5869: 5860: 5854: 5843: 5837: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5783: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5754: 5748: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5653: 5647: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5440: 5434: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5294: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5159: 5153: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5099: 5093: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5051: 5045: 5036: 5030: 5019: 5013: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4904: 4898: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4836: 4830: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4667: 4661: 4652: 4646: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4368: 4362: 4347: 4341: 4332: 4326: 4311: 4305: 4296: 4290: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4218: 4212: 4199: 4193: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3859: 3853: 3840: 3834: 3809: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3763: 3757: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3440: 3434: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3390: 3384: 3371: 3365: 3346: 3335:Byzantine Empire 3327: 3321: 3313: 3268:Adam de la Halle 3240: 3195:Giovanni Villani 3145: 3133: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3082: 3045:king of Sardinia 3031:Maria of Hungary 2452: 2451: 2441:Naples Cathedral 2434: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2409:Charles went to 2392: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2356: 2327: 2318: 2302:Peter of Alençon 2287: 2264: 2260: 2240:Sicilian Vespers 2237: 2211: 2199: 2193: 2172:Sicilian Vespers 2166:Sicilian Vespers 2135: 2115: 2079: 2074: 2055: 2039: 2031: 2000: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1972:Mamluks of Egypt 1961: 1934: 1926: 1921: 1910:, dominated the 1905: 1897: 1889: 1882: 1874: 1819:Maria of Antioch 1808: 1779: 1751:Byzantine Empire 1731: 1666: 1660:, in the Regno. 1659: 1645: 1630: 1626: 1569: 1522: 1495:The burghers of 1491: 1396: 1395: 1360: 1328:Helena of Epirus 1298: 1278: 1256: 1251: 1243: 1216:elected Charles 1099: 1088: 1065: 1055: 993: 985: 965: 953: 865:Kingdom of Arles 862: 844:Pope Innocent IV 760: 752: 736:to be named for 731: 686: 681:Sicilian Vespers 673:Byzantine Empire 605:Kingdom of Arles 519:Prince of Achaea 517:(1266–1285) and 497:(1246–1285) and 487:Capetian dynasty 479:Charles of Anjou 404: 386: 384: 380: 357: 355: 351: 347: 316:Naples Cathedral 254:Prince of Achaea 150:island of Sicily 102:island of Sicily 92: 71: 51: 39: 38: 21: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9029:Counts of Malta 8984:Counts of Maine 8979:Counts of Anjou 8929: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8713: 8684: 8679: 8649: 8644: 8634: 8434: 8429: 8399: 8394: 8376: 8372:Maria Maddalena 8355: 8304: 8303:Titular princes 8294: 8268: 8154: 8128: 8107: 8101: 8096: 8058: 8055:Senator of Rome 8050: 8040: 8031: 8028:Senator of Rome 8023: 8013: 8009: 8000: 7997:Senator of Rome 7987: 7978: 7970: 7960: 7951: 7943: 7932: 7913: 7908: 7897: 7889: 7878: 7870: 7860: 7851: 7848:King of Albania 7829: 7812: 7800:1266–1282/1285 7799: 7791: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7672: 7670:Further reading 7667: 7661: 7642: 7616: 7605:The Jewish Mind 7592: 7570: 7551: 7529: 7510: 7491: 7472: 7458:Housley, Norman 7450: 7431: 7409: 7387: 7365: 7343: 7324: 7305: 7251:Abulafia, David 7245: 7240: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7145: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6754: 6746: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6719: 6715: 6707: 6698: 6690: 6681: 6673: 6662: 6654: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6518: 6510: 6506: 6498: 6491: 6483: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6444: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6366: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6328: 6320: 6309: 6301: 6294: 6286: 6282: 6274: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6158: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6008: 5999: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5955: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5878: 5870: 5863: 5855: 5846: 5838: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5766: 5757: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5656: 5648: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5443: 5435: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5297: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5162: 5154: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5102: 5094: 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5054: 5046: 5039: 5031: 5022: 5014: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4907: 4899: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4839: 4831: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4744: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4670: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4536: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4371: 4363: 4350: 4342: 4335: 4327: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4253: 4245: 4236: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4202: 4194: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3956: 3948: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3862: 3854: 3843: 3835: 3812: 3804: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3766: 3758: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3443: 3435: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3393: 3385: 3374: 3366: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3156: 3149: 3146: 3137: 3134: 3125: 3122: 3113: 3110: 3101: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3074: 2988: 2449: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2405:Charles's death 2399: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2370: 2357:February 1284. 2354: 2338:Roger of Lauria 2325: 2322:Guy of Dramelay 2316: 2298:Reggio Calabria 2285: 2277: 2271: 2269:War with Aragon 2262: 2258: 2235: 2221:John of Procida 2174: 2168: 2163: 2133: 2113: 2110: 2077: 2072: 2053: 2042:Galeran of Ivry 2029: 1998: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1964:Balian of Arsuf 1959: 1931:livres tournois 1924: 1919: 1903: 1895: 1887: 1880: 1877:Pope Innocent V 1872: 1858: 1856:Papal elections 1806: 1799:prince-electors 1790:Steven Runciman 1786:Dante Alighieri 1777: 1729: 1715:King of Albania 1678: 1664: 1643: 1628: 1624: 1610: 1604: 1582:. Charles made 1576:Guy of Montfort 1567: 1552: 1547: 1541: 1520: 1489: 1350: 1344: 1296: 1276: 1254: 1249: 1241: 1201: 1110:John of Avesnes 1097: 1086: 1022:Bishop of Digne 1013: 1008: 1006:Wider ambitions 991: 983: 963: 951: 923: 921:Seventh Crusade 860: 857:Aix-en-Provence 794: 728:Chronica Majora 702: 697: 684: 664:papal elections 558:Seventh Crusade 523:King of Albania 483:Charles d'Anjou 444: 430: 398: 397: 389: 388: 376: 372: 369: 359: 343: 339: 336: 318: 302: 293:Early 1226/1227 231:King of Albania 165: 105: 86: 85: 77: 57: 55:portrait statue 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9047: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8903:Victor Amadeus 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8724: 8722: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8695: 8693: 8686: 8685: 8678: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8655: 8646: 8645: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8604: 8597: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8485: 8480: 8472: 8467: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8428: 8427: 8420: 8413: 8405: 8396: 8395: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8363: 8361: 8360:Capece Galeota 8357: 8356: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8317: 8315: 8308: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8240: 8235: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8173: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8120: 8118: 8111: 8106:Ruling princes 8103: 8102: 8095: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8072: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8033: 8024: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8005: 8002: 7993: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7980: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7953: 7944: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7925:Count of Anjou 7921: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7853: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7804: 7801: 7796:King of Sicily 7792: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7781:Regnal titles 7778: 7777: 7775:7 January 1285 7756: 7749: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7722: 7720: 7719:External links 7717: 7715: 7714: 7708: 7695: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7659: 7646: 7640: 7620: 7614: 7600:Patai, Raphael 7596: 7590: 7578:Partner, Peter 7574: 7568: 7555: 7549: 7533: 7527: 7514: 7508: 7495: 7489: 7476: 7470: 7454: 7448: 7435: 7429: 7413: 7407: 7391: 7385: 7369: 7363: 7357:. Bloomsbury. 7351:Dunbabin, Jean 7347: 7341: 7328: 7322: 7309: 7303: 7287: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7236:, p. 212. 7226: 7224:, p. 211. 7211: 7199: 7197:, p. 159. 7195:Hollander 2004 7187: 7175: 7163: 7151: 7149:, p. 203. 7136: 7134:, p. 156. 7124: 7122:, p. 222. 7109: 7097: 7095:, p. 215. 7085: 7073: 7061: 7059:, p. 125. 7049: 7047:, p. 121. 7037: 7025: 7023:, p. 119. 7013: 7001: 6989: 6987:, p. 116. 6972: 6960: 6948: 6946:, p. 104. 6933: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6895:, p. 186. 6885: 6873: 6871:, p. 155. 6858: 6846: 6844:, p. 185. 6829: 6817: 6815:, p. 184. 6805: 6793: 6791:, p. 183. 6781: 6769: 6767:, p. 255. 6752: 6750:, p. 232. 6737: 6725: 6723:, p. 253. 6713: 6711:, p. 250. 6696: 6694:, p. 249. 6679: 6677:, p. 248. 6660: 6658:, p. 247. 6645: 6643:, p. 246. 6633: 6631:, p. 243. 6621: 6619:, p. 245. 6609: 6597: 6595:, p. 238. 6585: 6583:, p. 241. 6573: 6561: 6549: 6537: 6535:, p. 236. 6516: 6504: 6489: 6487:, p. 232. 6474: 6462: 6450: 6435: 6423: 6421:, p. 227. 6411: 6399: 6397:, p. 226. 6384: 6382:, p. 221. 6372: 6370:, p. 107. 6357: 6355:, p. 220. 6345: 6343:, p. 254. 6326: 6324:, p. 109. 6307: 6292: 6280: 6278:, p. 107. 6263: 6261:, p. 120. 6251: 6249:, p. 210. 6239: 6237:, p. 207. 6227: 6225:, p. 203. 6215: 6213:, p. 206. 6200: 6198:, p. 106. 6188: 6186:, p. 101. 6176: 6174:, p. 108. 6164: 6162:, p. 105. 6147: 6145:, p. 157. 6135: 6133:, p. 109. 6120: 6118:, p. 161. 6108: 6106:, p. 104. 6089: 6077: 6075:, p. 103. 6065: 6063:, p. 103. 6053: 6051:, p. 102. 6038: 6036:, p. 212. 6026: 6014: 6012:, p. 193. 5997: 5995:, p. 194. 5985: 5973: 5961: 5959:, p. 193. 5944: 5942:, p. 192. 5932: 5930:, p. 141. 5920: 5918:, p. 191. 5905: 5893: 5891:, p. 190. 5876: 5874:, p. 196. 5861: 5844: 5827: 5815: 5813:, p. 186. 5803: 5801:, p. 185. 5784: 5772: 5770:, p. 183. 5755: 5753:, p. 139. 5740: 5738:, p. 182. 5728: 5716: 5704: 5702:, p. 179. 5687: 5685:, p. 178. 5675: 5673:, p. 119. 5654: 5652:, p. 173. 5635: 5623: 5621:, p. 172. 5604: 5592: 5580: 5578:, p. 170. 5568: 5566:, p. 168. 5545: 5543:, p. 169. 5533: 5531:, p. 118. 5518: 5506: 5494: 5492:, p. 166. 5482: 5470: 5468:, p. 167. 5458: 5456:, p. 138. 5441: 5439:, p. 161. 5424: 5422:, p. 186. 5412: 5410:, p. 137. 5391: 5379: 5377:, p. 156. 5360: 5348: 5336: 5334:, p. 146. 5324: 5312: 5310:, p. 185. 5295: 5280: 5265: 5263:, p. 184. 5253: 5241: 5229: 5214: 5199: 5197:, p. 145. 5187: 5185:, p. 162. 5175: 5173:, p. 106. 5160: 5158:, p. 150. 5141: 5129: 5117: 5115:, p. 143. 5100: 5098:, p. 142. 5083: 5081:, p. 195. 5071: 5069:, p. 183. 5052: 5050:, p. 196. 5037: 5035:, p. 122. 5020: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4975:, p. 120. 4965: 4963:, p. 124. 4946: 4944:, p. 293. 4934: 4932:, p. 136. 4922: 4920:, p. 119. 4905: 4903:, p. 182. 4888: 4876: 4874:, p. 115. 4864: 4852: 4850:, p. 114. 4837: 4835:, p. 118. 4816: 4804: 4802:, p. 109. 4789: 4787:, p. 135. 4777: 4762: 4760:, p. 292. 4750: 4748:, p. 105. 4733: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4695:, p. 105. 4685: 4683:, p. 103. 4668: 4666:, p. 101. 4653: 4651:, p. 202. 4638: 4626: 4624:, p. 170. 4614: 4612:, p. 114. 4599: 4597:, p. 168. 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4549:, p. 100. 4534: 4532:, p. 134. 4519: 4507: 4490: 4488:, p. 158. 4478: 4466: 4454: 4442: 4427: 4425:, p. 136. 4415: 4400: 4388: 4369: 4348: 4333: 4312: 4310:, p. 133. 4297: 4282: 4270: 4251: 4234: 4219: 4217:, p. 132. 4200: 4185: 4183:, p. 131. 4173: 4156: 4144: 4132: 4117: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4079:, p. 111. 4069: 4067:, p. 286. 4057: 4055:, p. 285. 4045: 4033: 4010: 3998: 3983: 3981:, p. 157. 3971: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3928:, p. 109. 3918: 3906: 3887: 3875: 3860: 3841: 3810: 3793: 3781: 3779:, p. 108. 3764: 3762:, p. 194. 3747: 3745:, p. 178. 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3697:, p. 580. 3684: 3672: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3619:, p. 160. 3609: 3597: 3568: 3566:, p. 153. 3556: 3554:, p. 152. 3544: 3542:, p. 147. 3532: 3520: 3497: 3485: 3470: 3458: 3441: 3418: 3406: 3391: 3372: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3339:Fourth Crusade 3322: 3315:The historian 3307: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3164:Saba Malaspina 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3084: 3077: 3073: 3070: 3062: 3061: 3051: 3048: 3038: 3020: 3014: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2398: 2395: 2273:Main article: 2270: 2267: 2248:Odo Poilechien 2170:Main article: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2130:John Synadenos 2120:, had already 2109: 2106: 2015:Duke Robert II 2007:Charles Martel 1912:papal conclave 1892:Lateran Palace 1857: 1854: 1811:Catholic creed 1774:Thomas Aquinas 1755:Konstantin Tih 1726:Pope Gregory X 1719:Gazzo Chinardo 1717:and appointed 1681:including the 1677: 1674: 1618:Saba Malaspina 1608:Eighth Crusade 1606:Main article: 1603: 1602:Eighth Crusade 1600: 1551: 1548: 1540: 1537: 1478:imperial vicar 1343: 1340: 1301:ensuing battle 1200: 1197: 1136:in July 1259. 1104:had come into 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 922: 919: 911:Barral of Baux 867:and so of the 848:excommunicated 793: 790: 701: 698: 696: 693: 669:Pope Martin IV 648:Eighth Crusade 515:King of Sicily 507:Count of Anjou 470: 469: 464: 460: 459: 454: 450: 449: 438: 432: 431: 429: 428: 423: 418: 413: 407: 405: 391: 390: 374: 370: 365: 364: 363: 362: 341: 337: 332: 331: 330: 329: 326: 324: 320: 319: 314: 312: 308: 307: 299: 295: 294: 291: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 261: 257: 256: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 182: 178: 177: 171:Count of Anjou 167: 166: 164: 163: 153: 138: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 120:5 January 1266 118: 112: 111: 98: 94: 93: 83:King of Sicily 79: 78: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9046: 9035: 9034:Sons of kings 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8919: 8918:Ferdinand III 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8828:Frederick III 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8676: 8671: 8669: 8664: 8662: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8643: 8637: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8537:Ferdinand III 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8421: 8419: 8414: 8412: 8407: 8406: 8403: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8326:Carlo Antonio 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8301: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133:Villehardouin 8131: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8088: 8086: 8081: 8079: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8057: 8056: 8049: 8048:Matteo Orsini 8043: 8039: 8038:Matteo Orsini 8030: 8029: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8008: 7999: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7977: 7976: 7969: 7963: 7959: 7950: 7949: 7942: 7936: 7931: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7917: 7912: 7905: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7888: 7882: 7877: 7876: 7869: 7863: 7859: 7850: 7849: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7811: 7807: 7798: 7797: 7790: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7761: 7754: 7753: 7744: 7736: 7735: 7729: 7724: 7723: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7632: 7631: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7591:0-520-02181-9 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7565: 7561: 7556: 7552: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7502:. Routledge. 7501: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7441: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7261:(1): 93–114. 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7235: 7234:Dunbabin 1998 7230: 7223: 7222:Dunbabin 1998 7218: 7216: 7208: 7207:Dunbabin 1998 7203: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7183:Dunbabin 1998 7179: 7172: 7171:Dunbabin 1998 7167: 7160: 7159:Dunbabin 1998 7155: 7148: 7147:Dunbabin 1998 7143: 7141: 7133: 7128: 7121: 7120:Dunbabin 1998 7116: 7114: 7106: 7105:Dunbabin 1998 7101: 7094: 7093:Dunbabin 1998 7089: 7082: 7081:Dunbabin 1998 7077: 7070: 7069:Dunbabin 1998 7065: 7058: 7057:Dunbabin 1998 7053: 7046: 7045:Dunbabin 1998 7041: 7034: 7033:Dunbabin 1998 7029: 7022: 7021:Dunbabin 1998 7017: 7011:, p. 79. 7010: 7009:Takayama 2004 7005: 6998: 6997:Dunbabin 1998 6993: 6986: 6985:Dunbabin 1998 6981: 6979: 6977: 6969: 6968:Dunbabin 1998 6964: 6958:, p. 59. 6957: 6956:Dunbabin 1998 6952: 6945: 6944:Abulafia 2000 6940: 6938: 6930: 6929:Abulafia 2000 6925: 6919:, p. 70. 6918: 6917:Dunbabin 1998 6913: 6906: 6905:Dunbabin 1998 6901: 6894: 6893:Dunbabin 1998 6889: 6883:, p. 97. 6882: 6877: 6870: 6869:Runciman 1958 6865: 6863: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6842:Dunbabin 1998 6838: 6836: 6834: 6826: 6825:Dunbabin 1998 6821: 6814: 6813:Dunbabin 1998 6809: 6802: 6801:Dunbabin 1998 6797: 6790: 6789:Dunbabin 1998 6785: 6778: 6777:Dunbabin 1998 6773: 6766: 6765:Runciman 1958 6761: 6759: 6757: 6749: 6748:Dunbabin 1998 6744: 6742: 6734: 6733:Runciman 1958 6729: 6722: 6721:Runciman 1958 6717: 6710: 6709:Runciman 1958 6705: 6703: 6701: 6693: 6692:Runciman 1958 6688: 6686: 6684: 6676: 6675:Runciman 1958 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6657: 6656:Runciman 1958 6652: 6650: 6642: 6641:Runciman 1958 6637: 6630: 6629:Runciman 1958 6625: 6618: 6617:Runciman 1958 6613: 6606: 6605:Runciman 1958 6601: 6594: 6593:Runciman 1958 6589: 6582: 6581:Runciman 1958 6577: 6570: 6569:Runciman 1958 6565: 6559:, p. 20. 6558: 6553: 6547:, p. 68. 6546: 6541: 6534: 6533:Runciman 1958 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6513: 6512:Runciman 1958 6508: 6502:, p. 67. 6501: 6496: 6494: 6486: 6485:Runciman 1958 6481: 6479: 6471: 6470:Runciman 1958 6466: 6459: 6458:Dunbabin 1998 6454: 6448:, p. 97. 6447: 6446:Abulafia 2000 6442: 6440: 6433:, p. 80. 6432: 6431:Takayama 2004 6427: 6420: 6419:Runciman 1958 6415: 6408: 6407:Runciman 1958 6403: 6396: 6395:Runciman 1958 6391: 6389: 6381: 6380:Runciman 1958 6376: 6369: 6368:Abulafia 2000 6364: 6362: 6354: 6353:Runciman 1958 6349: 6342: 6341:Runciman 1958 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6323: 6322:Dunbabin 1998 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6305:, p. 94. 6304: 6299: 6297: 6289: 6288:Runciman 1958 6284: 6277: 6276:Dunbabin 1998 6272: 6270: 6268: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6247:Runciman 1958 6243: 6236: 6235:Runciman 1958 6231: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6211:Runciman 1958 6207: 6205: 6197: 6196:Abulafia 2000 6192: 6185: 6184:Dunbabin 1998 6180: 6173: 6172:Abulafia 2000 6168: 6161: 6160:Dunbabin 1998 6156: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6143:Dunbabin 1998 6139: 6132: 6131:Abulafia 2000 6127: 6125: 6117: 6116:Dunbabin 1998 6112: 6105: 6104:Dunbabin 1998 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6086: 6085:Dunbabin 1998 6081: 6074: 6073:Abulafia 2000 6069: 6062: 6061:Dunbabin 1998 6057: 6050: 6049:Dunbabin 1998 6045: 6043: 6035: 6034:Runciman 1958 6030: 6024:, p. 36. 6023: 6022:Dunbabin 1998 6018: 6011: 6010:Runciman 1958 6006: 6004: 6002: 5994: 5993:Runciman 1958 5989: 5983:, p. 27. 5982: 5977: 5971:, p. 26. 5970: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5941: 5940:Runciman 1958 5936: 5929: 5928:Dunbabin 1998 5924: 5917: 5916:Runciman 1958 5912: 5910: 5902: 5901:Runciman 1958 5897: 5890: 5889:Runciman 1958 5885: 5883: 5881: 5873: 5872:Runciman 1958 5868: 5866: 5859:, p. 93. 5858: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5842:, p. 23. 5841: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5824: 5823:Runciman 1958 5819: 5812: 5811:Runciman 1958 5807: 5800: 5799:Runciman 1958 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5781: 5780:Runciman 1958 5776: 5769: 5768:Runciman 1958 5764: 5762: 5760: 5752: 5751:Dunbabin 1998 5747: 5745: 5737: 5736:Runciman 1958 5732: 5725: 5724:Runciman 1958 5720: 5714:, p. 97. 5713: 5712:Dunbabin 1998 5708: 5701: 5700:Runciman 1958 5696: 5694: 5692: 5684: 5683:Runciman 1958 5679: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5651: 5650:Runciman 1958 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5632: 5631:Runciman 1958 5627: 5620: 5619:Runciman 1958 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5601: 5600:Runciman 1958 5596: 5589: 5588:Dunbabin 1998 5584: 5577: 5576:Runciman 1958 5572: 5565: 5564:Runciman 1958 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5542: 5541:Runciman 1958 5537: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5515: 5514:Runciman 1958 5510: 5504:, p. 18. 5503: 5498: 5491: 5490:Runciman 1958 5486: 5480:, p. 62. 5479: 5474: 5467: 5466:Runciman 1958 5462: 5455: 5454:Dunbabin 1998 5450: 5448: 5446: 5438: 5437:Runciman 1958 5433: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5408:Dunbabin 1998 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5387:Runciman 1958 5383: 5376: 5375:Runciman 1958 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5358:, p. 82. 5357: 5356:Dunbabin 1998 5352: 5345: 5344:Runciman 1958 5340: 5333: 5332:Runciman 1958 5328: 5322:, p. 91. 5321: 5320:Dunbabin 1998 5316: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5293:, p. 90. 5292: 5291:Dunbabin 1998 5287: 5285: 5278:, p. 15. 5277: 5272: 5270: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5237:Dunbabin 1998 5233: 5227:, p. 39. 5226: 5225:Dunbabin 1998 5221: 5219: 5212:, p. 17. 5211: 5210:Dunbabin 1998 5206: 5204: 5196: 5195:Runciman 1958 5191: 5184: 5183:Runciman 1958 5179: 5172: 5171:Dunbabin 1998 5167: 5165: 5157: 5156:Runciman 1958 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5138: 5137:Dunbabin 1998 5133: 5126: 5125:Runciman 1958 5121: 5114: 5113:Runciman 1958 5109: 5107: 5105: 5097: 5096:Runciman 1958 5092: 5090: 5088: 5080: 5079:Dunbabin 1998 5075: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5049: 5048:Dunbabin 1998 5044: 5042: 5034: 5033:Runciman 1958 5029: 5027: 5025: 5018:, p. 80. 5017: 5016:Dunbabin 1998 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4998: 4997:Runciman 1958 4993: 4987:, p. 84. 4986: 4985:Dunbabin 1998 4981: 4974: 4973:Runciman 1958 4969: 4962: 4961:Runciman 1958 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4943: 4942:Metcalfe 2009 4938: 4931: 4930:Dunbabin 1998 4926: 4919: 4918:Runciman 1958 4914: 4912: 4910: 4902: 4901:Dunbabin 1998 4897: 4895: 4893: 4886:, p. 99. 4885: 4884:Dunbabin 1998 4880: 4873: 4872:Runciman 1958 4868: 4861: 4860:Runciman 1958 4856: 4849: 4848:Runciman 1958 4844: 4842: 4834: 4833:Runciman 1958 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4813: 4812:Runciman 1958 4808: 4801: 4800:Runciman 1958 4796: 4794: 4786: 4785:Dunbabin 1998 4781: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4759: 4758:Metcalfe 2009 4754: 4747: 4746:Runciman 1958 4742: 4740: 4738: 4731:, p. 99. 4730: 4729:Runciman 1958 4725: 4719:, p. 87. 4718: 4717:Dunbabin 1998 4713: 4706: 4705:Runciman 1958 4701: 4694: 4693:Abulafia 2000 4689: 4682: 4681:Runciman 1958 4677: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4664:Runciman 1958 4660: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4635: 4634:Dunbabin 1998 4630: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4606: 4604: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4583:Dunbabin 1998 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4559:Runciman 1958 4555: 4548: 4547:Runciman 1958 4543: 4541: 4539: 4531: 4530:Dunbabin 1998 4526: 4524: 4516: 4515:Runciman 1958 4511: 4505:, p. 98. 4504: 4503:Runciman 1958 4499: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4486:Dunbabin 1998 4482: 4475: 4474:Dunbabin 1998 4470: 4464:, p. 77. 4463: 4462:Takayama 2004 4458: 4452:, p. 57. 4451: 4450:Dunbabin 1998 4446: 4440:, p. 56. 4439: 4438:Dunbabin 1998 4434: 4432: 4424: 4423:Runciman 1958 4419: 4413:, p. 89. 4412: 4411:Dunbabin 1998 4407: 4405: 4398:, p. 16. 4397: 4392: 4386:, p. 96. 4385: 4384:Runciman 1958 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4367:, p. 91. 4366: 4365:Runciman 1958 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4346:, p. 90. 4345: 4344:Runciman 1958 4340: 4338: 4331:, p. 19. 4330: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4309: 4308:Dunbabin 1998 4304: 4302: 4295:, p. 87. 4294: 4293:Runciman 1958 4289: 4287: 4279: 4278:Runciman 1958 4274: 4268:, p. 82. 4267: 4266:Runciman 1958 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4249:, p. 81. 4248: 4247:Runciman 1958 4243: 4241: 4239: 4232:, p. 79. 4231: 4230:Runciman 1958 4226: 4224: 4216: 4215:Dunbabin 1998 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4198:, p. 78. 4197: 4196:Runciman 1958 4192: 4190: 4182: 4181:Dunbabin 1998 4177: 4171:, p. 76. 4170: 4169:Runciman 1958 4165: 4163: 4161: 4153: 4152:Runciman 1958 4148: 4141: 4140:Dunbabin 1998 4136: 4130:, p. 18. 4129: 4124: 4122: 4115:, p. 76. 4114: 4113:Takayama 2004 4109: 4103:, p. 17. 4102: 4097: 4091:, p. 63. 4090: 4089:Runciman 1958 4085: 4078: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4043:, p. 79. 4042: 4041:Dunbabin 1998 4037: 4031:, p. 75. 4030: 4029:Runciman 1958 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4006:Runciman 1958 4002: 3996:, p. 38. 3995: 3994:Dunbabin 1998 3990: 3988: 3980: 3979:Nicholas 1992 3975: 3969:, p. 37. 3968: 3967:Dunbabin 1998 3963: 3961: 3959: 3951: 3950:Nicholas 1992 3946: 3940:, p. 16. 3939: 3938:Dunbabin 1998 3934: 3927: 3922: 3916:, p. 58. 3915: 3914:Runciman 1958 3910: 3904:, p. 57. 3903: 3902:Runciman 1958 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3885:, p. 46. 3884: 3883:Dunbabin 1998 3879: 3873:, p. 47. 3872: 3871:Dunbabin 1998 3867: 3865: 3858:, p. 48. 3857: 3856:Dunbabin 1998 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3839:, p. 74. 3838: 3837:Runciman 1958 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3808:, p. 43. 3807: 3806:Dunbabin 1998 3802: 3800: 3798: 3791:, p. 50. 3790: 3789:Dunbabin 1998 3785: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3761: 3760:Dunbabin 1998 3756: 3754: 3752: 3744: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3721:, p. 10. 3720: 3715: 3708: 3707:Asbridge 2012 3703: 3696: 3695:Asbridge 2012 3691: 3689: 3682:, p. 30. 3681: 3680:Dunbabin 1998 3676: 3670:, p. 78. 3669: 3668:Takayama 2004 3664: 3662: 3655:, p. 13. 3654: 3653:Dunbabin 1998 3649: 3642: 3641:Dunbabin 1998 3637: 3631:, p. 12. 3630: 3629:Dunbabin 1998 3625: 3618: 3613: 3607:, p. 44. 3606: 3605:Dunbabin 1998 3601: 3595:, p. 73. 3594: 3593:Runciman 1958 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3553: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3518:, p. 42. 3517: 3516:Dunbabin 1998 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3467: 3466:Dunbabin 1998 3462: 3456:, p. 72. 3455: 3454:Runciman 1958 3450: 3448: 3446: 3439:, p. 11. 3438: 3437:Dunbabin 1998 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3415: 3414:Dunbabin 1998 3410: 3404:, p. 71. 3403: 3402:Runciman 1958 3398: 3396: 3389:, p. 10. 3388: 3387:Dunbabin 1998 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3369: 3368:Dunbabin 1998 3364: 3362: 3357: 3344: 3341:in 1204. The 3340: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3298: 3297:stained glass 3294: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3237:Kitab al-Hawi 3232: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3207:Jean Dunbabin 3204: 3203:Gérard Sivéry 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3172:Thomas Tuscus 3169: 3165: 3161: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3120: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3075: 3072:Coats of Arms 3069: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2992: 2984: 2979: 2958: 2951: 2921: 2918: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2783: 2762: 2760: 2750: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2719: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2692: 2685: 2659: 2656: 2648: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2614: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2584: 2582: 2574: 2572: 2566: 2554: 2552: 2536: 2534: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2506: 2499: 2484: 2477: 2453: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2382: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2314: 2310: 2309:judicial duel 2305: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2276: 2266: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118:Hugh of Sully 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2069: 2068:—to Charles. 2067: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:Matteo Orsini 1995: 1993: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1917: 1916:Pope John XXI 1913: 1909: 1901: 1893: 1884: 1878: 1867: 1862: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:papal primacy 1812: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1763:Stefan Uroš I 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1673: 1670: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1637:typhoid fever 1634: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:Conrad Capece 1451: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1419:Latin Emperor 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1247: 1237: 1234: 1233:Guy Foulquois 1230: 1229:Simon of Brie 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1178: 1177:Pope Urban IV 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1094: 1092: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1003: 1001: 997: 989: 981: 977: 973: 969: 961: 958:they invaded 957: 949: 948:Aigues-Mortes 940: 936: 932: 927: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 858: 853: 849: 846:had recently 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 823:(the wife of 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 789: 787: 783: 779: 773: 771: 767: 759: 758: 751: 745: 741: 739: 735: 730: 729: 724:noted in his 723: 722:Matthew Paris 719: 715: 711: 707: 692: 690: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 632: 630: 626: 625:Pope Urban IV 622: 618: 617:Hohenstaufens 614: 611:to seize the 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 468: 465: 461: 458: 455: 451: 447: 442: 439: 437: 433: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 406: 403: 402: 396: 392: 368: 361: 360: 335: 328: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 273: 270: 266: 262: 258: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 232: 228: 224: 220: 217: 214: 210: 206: 202: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 168: 161: 157: 154: 151: 147: 143: 140: 139: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 119: 117: 113: 109: 103: 99: 95: 90: 87:Contested by 84: 80: 75: 69: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8863:Ferdinand II 8813:Frederick II 8798:Constance II 8792: 8626:Ferdinand IV 8607:Ferdinand IV 8599: 8591:Ferdinand IV 8522:Ferdinand II 8442: 8387: 8245: 8231: 8205: 8184: 8178: 8165: 8053: 8026: 8011:Luca Savelli 7995: 7973: 7946: 7923: 7909: 7903: 7892: 7873: 7846: 7841: 7832: 7831: 7815: 7814: 7810:Constance II 7794: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7750: 7732: 7699: 7682: 7678: 7650: 7629: 7604: 7581: 7559: 7540: 7518: 7499: 7480: 7461: 7439: 7420: 7398: 7376: 7354: 7332: 7313: 7294: 7258: 7254: 7229: 7202: 7190: 7178: 7166: 7154: 7127: 7100: 7088: 7076: 7064: 7052: 7040: 7028: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6963: 6951: 6924: 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6849: 6820: 6808: 6796: 6784: 6772: 6728: 6716: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6588: 6576: 6564: 6557:Housley 1982 6552: 6540: 6507: 6465: 6453: 6426: 6414: 6402: 6375: 6348: 6283: 6254: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6138: 6111: 6080: 6068: 6056: 6029: 6017: 5988: 5976: 5964: 5935: 5923: 5896: 5818: 5806: 5775: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5678: 5626: 5595: 5583: 5571: 5536: 5509: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5461: 5415: 5382: 5351: 5339: 5327: 5315: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5190: 5178: 5132: 5120: 5074: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4937: 4925: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4807: 4780: 4773:Partner 1972 4753: 4724: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4629: 4617: 4590: 4578: 4566: 4554: 4510: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4418: 4396:Housley 1982 4391: 4329:Housley 1982 4273: 4176: 4147: 4135: 4128:Housley 1982 4108: 4101:Housley 1982 4096: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4001: 3974: 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3878: 3784: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3675: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3488: 3461: 3409: 3325: 3311: 3293:Castel Nuovo 3290: 3279: 3276:Jean de Meun 3271: 3245: 3243: 3215: 3211: 3192: 3157: 3063: 3000: 2697: 2408: 2383: 2359: 2331: 2306: 2294: 2278: 2252: 2229: 2218: 2214: 2202: 2187: 2146: 2111: 2070: 2023: 1996: 1976: 1949: 1885: 1870: 1850:Col de Tende 1835: 1804: 1771: 1748: 1723: 1711: 1679: 1662: 1641: 1622: 1611: 1596: 1572: 1553: 1545:Frankokratia 1513:Torre Astura 1510: 1494: 1474: 1446: 1403:Papal States 1376: 1372:Luca Savelli 1364: 1351: 1305: 1274: 1238: 1226: 1210: 1181: 1166: 1114: 1095: 1068: 1047: 1014: 944: 896: 873: 837: 795: 774: 763: 714:posthumously 703: 633: 582: 531: 482: 478: 474: 473: 446:Anjou-Sicily 399: 146:Constance II 36: 8949:1285 deaths 8944:1227 births 8893:Charles III 8848:Ferdinand I 8768:Frederick I 8758:Constance I 8753:William III 8721:(1130–1816) 8692:(1071–1130) 8630:(3rd reign) 8611:(2nd reign) 8595:(1st reign) 8585:Charles VII 8512:Ferdinand I 8491:(2nd reign) 8478:(1st reign) 8470:Charles III 8306:(1642–1933) 8259:Charles III 8145:Geoffrey II 8109:(1205–1432) 7968:Beatrice II 7958:Beatrice II 7914: [ 7562:. Longman. 7483:. Longman. 7423:. Longman. 6545:Bárány 2010 6500:Bárány 2010 6223:Harris 2014 5478:Bárány 2010 4649:Harris 2014 3337:during the 3317:Peter Herde 3256:troubadours 2204:Purveyances 2086:Jean d'Eppe 2040:of Sicily, 1691:nearest kin 1379:Ghibellines 1362:merchants. 1185:Ventimiglia 1058:grain trade 805:Forcalquier 738:Charlemagne 499:Forcalquier 268:Predecessor 212:Predecessor 125:Predecessor 100:1266–1282 ( 58: [ 8933:Categories 8908:Charles IV 8888:Philip III 8873:Charles II 8738:William II 8579:Charles VI 8567:Philip III 8549:Charles IV 8543:Joanna III 8517:Alfonso II 8449:Charles II 8390:under the 8290:Centurione 8238:Philip III 8171:Charles II 8150:William II 8140:Geoffrey I 8117:Champlitte 8059:1281–1285 8032:1268–1278 8001:1263–1266 7985:Charles II 7979:1256–1285 7952:1246–1248 7941:Beatrice I 7933:1246–1285 7898:1246–1285 7879:1278–1285 7868:William II 7858:Charles II 7852:1272–1285 7827:Charles II 7373:Engel, Pál 7132:Patai 1977 6881:Engel 2001 6854:Engel 2001 5981:Nicol 1984 5969:Nicol 1984 5840:Nicol 1984 5502:Nicol 1984 5276:Nicol 1984 5249:Nicol 1984 3353:References 3023:Charles II 1942:Statue by 1652:Longobucco 1505:Basilicata 1422:Baldwin II 1346:See also: 1146:Savigliano 1063:provencaux 695:Early life 656:Muhammad I 578:suzerainty 443:(by birth) 281:Charles II 248:Charles II 225:Charles II 192:Charles II 156:Charles II 116:Coronation 53:Head from 8913:Charles V 8898:Philip IV 8883:Philip II 8853:Alfonso I 8843:Martin II 8793:Charles I 8783:Conrad II 8748:Roger III 8733:William I 8621:Joachim I 8573:Charles V 8561:Philip II 8532:Louis III 8527:Frederick 8506:Alfonso I 8496:Joanna II 8488:Ladislaus 8475:Ladislaus 8443:Charles I 8346:Francesco 8264:Ladislaus 8219:Catherine 8198:Ferdinand 8193:Philip II 8166:Charles I 8124:William I 7842:New title 7768:1226/1227 7691:0440-8888 7397:(2009) . 7283:159990935 7275:0304-4181 6303:Lock 1995 6259:Lock 2006 5957:Fine 2009 5857:Lock 1995 5671:Lock 2006 5529:Lock 2006 5420:Fine 2009 5308:Fine 2009 5261:Fine 2009 5067:Lock 2006 4622:Fine 2009 4610:Lock 2006 4595:Fine 2009 4571:Lock 1995 4077:Lock 2006 3926:Lock 2006 3777:Lock 2006 3743:Lock 2006 3731:Lock 2006 3719:Lock 2006 3286:Purgatory 3247:jeu-parti 3222:Roman law 3054:Elisabeth 2443:in 1296. 2184:in Paris) 1699:escheated 1695:Parlement 1633:dysentery 1588:Agrigento 1533:Constance 1523:October. 1293:Benevento 1289:Apennines 1222:cardinals 1158:Biandrate 1000:Holy Land 899:Marseille 700:Childhood 642:, at the 615:from the 601:Provençal 566:Marseille 493:. He was 475:Charles I 448:(founder) 278:Successor 263:1278–1285 245:Successor 222:Successor 207:1246–1285 189:Successor 184:1246–1285 135:Successor 91:from 1282 76:, c. 1277 42:Charles I 8878:Philip I 8838:Martin I 8818:Peter II 8778:Conrad I 8773:Henry II 8728:Roger II 8709:Roger II 8616:Joseph I 8555:Philip I 8483:Louis II 8459:Joanna I 8388:de facto 8336:Restaino 8331:Leonardo 8285:Maria II 8188:Philip I 8176:Isabella 7887:Beatrice 7626:(1958). 7602:(1977). 7580:(1972). 7539:(1984). 7460:(1982). 7419:(2014). 7375:(2001). 7353:(1998). 7293:(2012). 4065:Cox 1974 4053:Cox 1974 3617:Cox 1974 3564:Cox 1974 3552:Cox 1974 3540:Cox 1974 3528:Cox 1974 3493:Cox 1974 3481:Cox 1974 3017:Beatrice 2411:Brindisi 2393:August. 2342:defeated 2313:Bordeaux 2255:communes 2244:Calabria 2104:in May. 2094:Piedmont 2066:Panormos 2058:Butrinto 2036:senechal 2011:Clemence 1842:Vercelli 1767:Orthodox 1685:and the 1631:August, 1476:Charles 1450:Conradin 1441:Conradin 1387:Florence 1342:Conradin 1308:Saracens 1291:towards 1142:Cherasco 1038:Camargue 1027:burghers 1020:and the 968:Damietta 892:baillies 876:appanage 833:usufruct 817:Margaret 809:Beatrice 801:Provence 766:Louis IX 734:Capetian 640:Conradin 609:Holy See 554:appanage 542:Beatrice 216:Beatrice 8808:James I 8803:Peter I 8788:Manfred 8763:Henry I 8743:Tancred 8699:Roger I 8465:Louis I 8321:Antonio 8229:Maria I 8203:Matilda 8182:Florent 7806:Peter I 7789:Manfred 7737:. 1905. 7243:Sources 3007:Blanche 2197:deniers 2062:Sopotos 1956:bailiff 1946:c. 1277 1739:Ajaccio 1669:Trapani 1657:carlini 1592:Sciacca 1580:Augusta 1497:Potenza 1488:, on 23 1482:Abruzzo 1407:Viterbo 1393:Podestà 1383:Tuscany 1271:(1266). 1218:senator 1214:Guelphs 1169:Manfred 1162:Saluzzo 1150:Mondovì 1083:enfeoff 1052:gabelle 988:bezants 907:Avignon 821:Eleanor 813:dowries 753:in the 677:Messina 660:Guelphs 654:Caliph 593:Hainaut 574:Avignon 387: 375: 371: 358: 342: 338: 323:Spouses 272:William 142:Peter I 129:Manfred 89:Peter I 8868:Joanna 8640:*Also 8501:René I 8454:Robert 8243:Joanna 8224:Robert 7904:Vacant 7771: 7706: 7689: 7657: 7638: 7612: 7588: 7566: 7547: 7525: 7506: 7487: 7468: 7446: 7427: 7405: 7383: 7361: 7339: 7320: 7301: 7281: 7273: 3320:1230s. 3187:Hyères 3168:Amalfi 3154:Legacy 3041:Philip 2447:Family 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421:Foggia 2391: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2363:Nisida 2355: 2353:, on 2 2334:Catona 2326: 2317: 2286: 2263: 2259: 2236: 2149:Troyes 2142:Venice 2134: 2114: 2096:, but 2078: 2073: 2054: 2030: 1999: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1960: 1925: 1920: 1904: 1896: 1888: 1881: 1873: 1825:. The 1807: 1778: 1730: 1665: 1644: 1629: 1625: 1568: 1521: 1501:Aversa 1490: 1460:, the 1426:Philip 1336:Durrës 1324:Sicily 1312:Lucera 1297: 1281:Naples 1277: 1255: 1250: 1242: 1098: 1087: 992: 984: 964: 956:Cyprus 952: 861: 842:(whom 685: 652:Hafsid 621:Sicily 463:Mother 453:Father 421:Philip 381: 348: 311:Burial 304:Foggia 8833:Maria 8823:Louis 8704:Simon 8367:Carlo 8351:Carlo 8341:Carlo 8314:Tocco 8280:Peter 8254:James 8209:Louis 7929:Maine 7918:] 7773:Died: 7766:Born: 7279:S2CID 3303:Notes 2423:on 30 2397:Death 2375:Gaeta 2282:Collo 2090:Forlì 1728:on 27 1550:Italy 1470:Henry 1413:with 1399:Lucca 1332:Corfu 1285:Capua 1246:Ostia 1130:Cuneo 1042:Rhone 972:Cairo 960:Egypt 950:on 25 903:Arles 888:Melun 884:Maine 880:Anjou 597:marks 570:Arles 562:Egypt 552:, in 511:Maine 441:Capet 436:House 395:Issue 385:) 377:( 373: 356:) 344:( 340: 260:Reign 237:Reign 204:Reign 181:Reign 175:Maine 97:Reign 70:] 8858:John 8462:with 8249:Otto 8246:with 8234:Hugh 8232:with 8214:John 8206:with 8179:with 7927:and 7808:and 7704:ISBN 7687:ISSN 7655:ISBN 7636:ISBN 7610:ISBN 7586:ISBN 7564:ISBN 7545:ISBN 7523:ISBN 7504:ISBN 7485:ISBN 7466:ISBN 7444:ISBN 7425:ISBN 7403:ISBN 7381:ISBN 7359:ISBN 7337:ISBN 7318:ISBN 7299:ISBN 7271:ISSN 3329:The 3162:and 2377:on 6 2369:on 5 2315:on 1 2128:and 2064:and 2017:and 1864:The 1846:Gozo 1813:and 1761:and 1635:and 1370:and 1231:and 1160:and 1154:Ceva 1138:Alba 1134:Asti 996:Acre 962:on 5 937:and 905:and 882:and 803:and 708:and 589:John 572:and 536:and 509:and 401:More 383:1268 354:1267 350:1246 298:Died 290:Born 173:and 144:and 8185:and 7263:doi 3185:in 1560:Odo 1314:—a 1310:of 560:to 481:or 72:by 8935:: 8628:* 8609:* 8593:* 7916:fr 7731:. 7683:17 7681:. 7277:. 7269:. 7259:26 7257:. 7214:^ 7139:^ 7112:^ 6975:^ 6936:^ 6861:^ 6832:^ 6755:^ 6740:^ 6699:^ 6682:^ 6663:^ 6648:^ 6519:^ 6492:^ 6477:^ 6438:^ 6387:^ 6360:^ 6329:^ 6310:^ 6295:^ 6266:^ 6203:^ 6150:^ 6123:^ 6092:^ 6041:^ 6000:^ 5947:^ 5908:^ 5879:^ 5864:^ 5847:^ 5830:^ 5787:^ 5758:^ 5743:^ 5690:^ 5657:^ 5638:^ 5607:^ 5548:^ 5521:^ 5444:^ 5427:^ 5394:^ 5363:^ 5298:^ 5283:^ 5268:^ 5217:^ 5202:^ 5163:^ 5144:^ 5103:^ 5086:^ 5055:^ 5040:^ 5023:^ 5004:^ 4949:^ 4908:^ 4891:^ 4840:^ 4819:^ 4792:^ 4765:^ 4736:^ 4671:^ 4656:^ 4641:^ 4602:^ 4537:^ 4522:^ 4493:^ 4430:^ 4403:^ 4372:^ 4351:^ 4336:^ 4315:^ 4300:^ 4285:^ 4254:^ 4237:^ 4222:^ 4203:^ 4188:^ 4159:^ 4120:^ 4013:^ 3986:^ 3957:^ 3890:^ 3863:^ 3844:^ 3813:^ 3796:^ 3767:^ 3750:^ 3687:^ 3660:^ 3571:^ 3500:^ 3473:^ 3444:^ 3421:^ 3394:^ 3375:^ 3360:^ 3288:. 2340:, 2060:, 2021:. 1935:. 1923:18 1914:. 1535:. 1499:, 1156:, 1152:, 1144:, 1140:, 1124:. 1093:. 901:, 740:. 580:. 568:, 529:. 505:, 379:m. 346:m. 68:nl 66:; 64:it 62:; 60:fr 8674:e 8667:t 8660:v 8587:* 8581:* 8575:* 8569:* 8563:* 8557:* 8551:* 8545:* 8539:* 8508:* 8445:* 8424:e 8417:t 8410:v 8091:e 8084:t 8077:v 7712:. 7693:. 7663:. 7644:. 7618:. 7594:. 7572:. 7553:. 7531:. 7512:. 7493:. 7474:. 7452:. 7433:. 7411:. 7389:. 7367:. 7345:. 7326:. 7307:. 7285:. 7265:: 3189:) 3037:. 1253:5 941:. 162:) 158:( 152:) 148:( 110:) 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Charles I of Anjou

Index