607:“I spent the Fall quarter (of 1950) at RAND. My first task was to find a name for multistage decision processes. An interesting question is, Where did the name, dynamic programming, come from? The 1950s were not good years for mathematical research. We had a very interesting gentleman in Washington named Wilson. He was Secretary of Defense, and he actually had a pathological fear and hatred of the word research. I’m not using the term lightly; I’m using it precisely. His face would suffuse, he would turn red, and he would get violent if people used the term research in his presence. You can imagine how he felt, then, about the term mathematical. The RAND Corporation was employed by the Air Force, and the Air Force had Wilson as its boss, essentially. Hence, I felt I had to do something to shield Wilson and the Air Force from the fact that I was really doing mathematics inside the RAND Corporation. What title, what name, could I choose? In the first place I was interested in planning, in decision making, in thinking. But planning, is not a good word for various reasons. I decided therefore to use the word “programming”. I wanted to get across the idea that this was dynamic, this was multistage, this was time-varying. I thought, let’s kill two birds with one stone. Let’s take a word that has an absolutely precise meaning, namely dynamic, in the classical physical sense. It also has a very interesting property as an adjective, and that it’s impossible to use the word dynamic in a pejorative sense. Try thinking of some combination that will possibly give it a pejorative meaning. It’s impossible. Thus, I thought dynamic programming was a good name. It was something not even a Congressman could object to. So I used it as an umbrella for my activities.”
424:, and the chain of command. Wilson welcomed the reorganization plan, which became effective on June 30, 1953, as facilitating more efficient management of the Department of Defense. He considered the assistant secretaries as his "vice presidents" and tried to manage the Pentagon like an industrial corporation. Wilson took advantage of the reorganization to decentralize administration, giving the service secretaries more responsibility and importance. In his first annual report, he noted that the service secretaries were his principal assistants; decentralizing operational responsibility to them would make for effective exercise of civilian authority throughout the Department of Defense. In July 1954, to complement the 1953 reorganization, Wilson issued a directive to the JCS, the most important provision of which stated that "the Joint Staff work of each of the Chiefs of Staff shall take priority over all other duties," their tasks as chiefs of individual services. The directive also clarified the role of the JCS chairman and his authority over the Joint Staff while making clear that assignment of major tasks to the Joint Staff was the prerogative of the full JCS.
517:, who noted that the United States and the Soviet Union had or were acquiring the power to destroy each other with strategic nuclear weapons, thus precluding their rational use in response to a limited attack. Taylor, concluding that the Soviet Union and the United States had achieved mutual nuclear deterrence, believed that limited-war forces would play an active role in future conflicts and that atomic retaliatory forces would play a passive role. The Army moved into missile and space programs in an effort to preserve for itself a part in planning for and fighting a nuclear war, but in the late 1950s, it continued to push for adoption of a new national security policy acknowledging the primacy of limited war. While the Eisenhower administration did not adopt the Army's position, by the time that Wilson left office, it had accepted both the need to prepare for limited war and the idea that deterrence of a direct attack on US interests required "sufficient," rather than "superior," retaliatory capability.
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issued two important documents. The former, a memorandum to members of the Armed Forces Policy
Council on November 26, 1956, dealt with five points of contention. First, Wilson limited the Army to small aircraft with specifically defined functions within combat zones. On the matter of airlift adequacy, which the Army questioned, the secretary declared current Air Force practices acceptable. As to air defense, the Army received responsibility for point defense of specified geographical areas, vital installations, and cities; the Air Force became responsible for area defense and the interception of enemy attacks away from individual vital installations; and the Navy could maintain ship-based air defense weapon systems. Wilson assigned to the Air Force primary responsibility for tactical support for the Army, although the Army could use surface-to-surface missiles for close support of its field operations. Finally, the secretary gave the Air Force sole authority to operate land-based
401:, based on his large share ownership in General Motors. Reluctant to sell the stock, valued at the time at more than $ 2.5 million (or about $ 24 million in 2018), Wilson agreed to do so under committee pressure. During the hearings, when asked if he could make a decision as Secretary of Defense that would be adverse to the interests of General Motors, Wilson answered affirmatively. But he added that he could not conceive of such a situation "because for years I thought what was good for our country was good for General Motors, and vice versa." That statement has frequently been misquoted as "What's good for General Motors is good for the country." Although Wilson tried for years to correct the misquote, he was reported at the time of his retirement in 1957 to have accepted the popular impression.
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nuclear weapons represented a repudiation the concept of "balanced forces" in which individual service programs were balanced against overall requirements. Implicit in the policy was rejection of the idea that a general war or a crisis with the USSR was imminent (to occur when the
Soviets achieved offensive nuclear capability against the United States). Wilson pointed out frequently that defense policy should be long-term and not based on short-term projections of Soviet-American relations. "Military expenditures," he observed, "must be adequate, but not so great that they will become an intolerable burden which will harm the social and economic fabric of our country. True security cannot be founded on arms and arms alone."
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and if there is one, that is the kind it will be." However, by 1955 the Army and, later that decade, the Navy, departed from their emphasis on preparation for total war by urging the need to prepare for limited war, non-global conflicts restricted in geographical area, force size, and weapons although tactical nuclear weapons were not ruled out. Generals
Ridgway and Taylor stressed the need to have a variety of forces available and equipped to fight different kinds of war from a local non-nuclear war to a global strategic nuclear conflict. They rejected the notion that limited wars would occur only in less-developed areas and argued that such conflicts might occur in
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implementation of
Reorganization Plan No. 6 in 1953. When asked in 1957 about persistent demands for further unification, Wilson responded, "It's an oversimplification in the false hope that you could thus wash out the problems if you put the people all in the same uniform and that then they wouldn't disagree over what should be done. Of course, they would."
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Wilson wrote, "By reason of the basic medical responsibility in connection with the development of defense of all types against atomic, biological and/or chemical warfare agents, Armed
Services personnel and/or civilians on duty at installations engaged in such research shall be permitted to actively
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Wilson indicated his intention to retire from office shortly after the start of the second
Eisenhower term and left on October 8, 1957. Eisenhower noted when Wilson stepped down that under him, "the strength of our security forces has not only been maintained but has been significantly increased" and
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Increased competition among the services resulting from the New Look compelled Wilson to deal with the perennially troublesome question of service roles and missions, complicated by the introduction of new weapons, especially missiles. He noted in his semi-annual report at the end of FY 1956 that the
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The major features of the New Look included greater reliance on nuclear weapons, using the advantage the United States had over the Soviet Union in such weapons; elevation of strategic air power, the major means to deliver nuclear weapons, to a more important position (not an expansion in the number
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available for various tasks, could not agree on their respective roles and missions in relation to these and other planned missile systems. Also at issue were aircraft types for the individual services and Air Force tactical support for the Army. To address those and other nagging questions, Wilson
549:." That caused a storm of protest and even brought a rebuke from Eisenhower, who said he thought Wilson had made "a very... unwise statement, without stopping to think what it meant." On another occasion, Wilson jokingly referred to the White House as a "dung hill," generating further controversy.
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On March 18, 1957, Wilson issued a directive to clarify his earlier decisions on the Army-Air Force use of aircraft for tactical purposes. He made no major changes from the previous division of responsibility but provided a more detailed and specific listing of those functional areas for which the
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Its standing threatened by the New Look, the Army questioned the wisdom of reliance on "massive retaliation" and strategic air power to the neglect of other force elements. Wilson reportedly observed that the United States "can't afford to fight limited wars. We can only afford to fight a big war,
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Wilson worked hard to reduce the defense budget, which meant some immediate cutbacks in fiscal year 1953 funds and a concerted effort to economize in subsequent years. Total obligational authority approved by
Congress during Wilson's tenure decreased significantly at first and then began to creep
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Internal reorganization was only one of several major changes during Wilson's tenure, the most important being the "New Look" defense concept. Eisenhower had criticized Truman's policies during the 1952 campaign, arguing that they were reactive rather than positive and that they forced the United
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Although the
Eisenhower administration generally adhered to the New Look throughout Wilson's term, the policy remained controversial. Some critics maintained that it made impossible the fighting of a limited non-nuclear war. The Army and the Navy felt that the increased emphasis on air power and
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aircraft but rather development and production of better equipment); reductions of conventional ground forces, based both on reliance on strategic and tactical nuclear weapons and the expectation that US allies would provide ground troops for their own defense; an expanded program of continental
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regained control of
Congress, the Wilson-Eisenhower effort to curb defense expenditures provoked growing criticism. The Air Force, even though the New Look enhanced its role, opposed the decision to cut back from the Truman goal of 143 wings, and its congressional supporters tried repeatedly,
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Although Wilson found it necessary to clarify service roles and missions, he did not press for extensive further unification of the armed forces. He established in
February 1956 an office of special assistant to the Secretary of Defense for guided missiles but made few other changes after
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sometimes successfully, to appropriate more money for air power than the administration wanted. The other services, especially the Army, objected to force reductions ordained by the New Look. Both General Ridgway, who retired as Army chief of staff in June 1955, and his successor, General
489:. The TOA for FY 1953, Truman's final Defense budget, was $ 44.2 billion. TOA in subsequent fiscal years was: 1954, $ 30.4 billion; 1955, $ 33.7 billion; 1956, $ 33.06 billion; 1957, $ 39.7 billion; and 1958, $ 41.1 billion. Especially after 1954, when the
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defense, which, along with strategic air power, would serve as a principal ingredient of the New Look's deterrence program; and modernization and enlargement of reserve forces, enhancing the military manpower base while reducing active duty forces.
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on the latter's terms. Eisenhower entered office with strong convictions about the need to reorient the nation's security policy by maintaining a staunch defense while decreasing government expenditures and balancing the budget.
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that the Wilson Memo remained classified until 1975, limiting its availability to researchers. They found the Air Force and Army tried to implement the rules but found spotty compliance in actual Pentagon research.
468:"). With new weapons and techniques and ready reserves of troops and material, the United States could support capable military forces within budget allocations that Congress was willing to provide.
530:(IRBM) systems and the Navy the same responsibility for ship-based IRBMs. He enjoined the Army from planning operational employment of missiles with ranges beyond 200 miles (320 km).
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as the director of the Office of Defense Mobilization. The two were respectively nicknamed "Engine Charlie" and "Electric Charlie" so that they could be more easily distinguished.
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Wilson, a folksy, honest, and outspoken man, sometimes got into trouble because of casual remarks. In January 1957, for example, he referred to enlistees in the
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states in his biography that Wilson disliked the word "research" and recounts in his biography his origin of the term "dynamic programming"--
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message in January 1954, and Wilson helped to explain it. More defense for less money was possible, he said (or as he sometimes phrased it, "
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that he had managed the Defense Department "in a manner consistent with the requirements of a strong, healthy national economy."
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in October 1953 adopted a key tenet of the New Look that a large-scale limited war or a general war would likely be fought with
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in 1946. He was still the CEO of General Motors when Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953.
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The president inaugurated planning for the New Look in July 1953 by asking the incoming members of the JCS (Admiral
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Citation Accompanying the Medal of Freedom Presented to Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson. - October 9, 1957
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back up, but it remained lower than the Truman administration's last budgets, inflated because of the
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Wilson's nomination sparked a controversy that erupted during his confirmation hearings before the
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For the CEO of General Electric and official in the FDR and Truman administrations, see
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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,
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Both Wilson and Eisenhower entered office committed to reorganizing the
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GM's 'Engine Charlie' Wilson learned to live with a misquote
576:. Patients would have to provide written, informed consent.
572:. The 1953 Wilson Memo led the armed services to adopt the
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In 1919, Wilson became chief engineer and sales manager of
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Administrator of the Federal Civil Defense Administration
703:. Vol. 34, no. 3. January 19, 1953. p. 108
664:"Charles E. Wilson - Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration"
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On October 9, 1957, Eisenhower presented Wilson with the
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Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
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Director of the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization
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Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office
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American chief executives in the automobile industry
460:. Eisenhower formally presented the New Look in his
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
635:Charles Erwin Wilson should not be confused with
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596:'Dynamic Programming'
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547:draft dodgers
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270:Jessie Curtis
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230:July 18, 1890
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74: –
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68:Find sources:
62:
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52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
1658:Val Peterson
1552:Joseph Dodge
1336:
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960:
934:1941 – 1953
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906:1946 – 1953
899:
878:Find a Grave
860:
834:. Retrieved
828:
818:
807:, retrieved
802:
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764:
754:September 3,
752:. Retrieved
748:
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705:. Retrieved
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406:the Pentagon
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393:Confirmation
378:World War II
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245:(1961-09-26)
200:Succeeded by
167:
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
1828:1961 deaths
1823:1890 births
1779:(1958–1961)
1773:(1954–1958)
1754:(1958–1961)
1748:(1953–1958)
1729:(1958–1961)
1723:(1953–1958)
1704:(1958–1961)
1685:(1958–1961)
1666:(1957–1958)
1660:(1953–1957)
1641:(1957–1958)
1639:Gordon Gray
1635:(1953–1957)
1597:(1960–1961)
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1339:(1953–1957)
1320:(1957–1961)
1314:(1953–1957)
1295:(1959–1961)
1289:(1953–1959)
1261:(1953–1961)
1233:(1953–1961)
1093:Schlesinger
836:15 December
809:28 November
643:and served
350:World War I
188:Preceded by
1797:Categories
1108:Weinberger
1088:Richardson
707:3 February
651:References
487:Korean War
354:dynamotors
346:Pittsburgh
322:Korean War
261:Republican
226:1890-07-18
83:newspapers
1683:Leo Hoegh
1664:Leo Hoegh
1228:President
1038:Forrestal
849:Biography
506:as well.
474:Air Force
275:Education
177:President
168:In office
113:July 2021
1143:R. Gates
1138:Rumsfeld
1113:Carlucci
1098:Rumsfeld
1078:Clifford
1073:McNamara
1068:T. Gates
1048:Marshall
785:Archived
631:Nickname
617:Michigan
302:American
1244:Cabinet
1224:Cabinet
1148:Panetta
1063:McElroy
1043:Johnson
900:CEO of
97:scholar
1616:(1953)
1483:(1953)
1173:Austin
1163:Mattis
1158:Carter
1118:Cheney
1058:Wilson
1053:Lovett
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412:Tenure
267:Spouse
252:, U.S.
235:, U.S.
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1168:Esper
1153:Hagel
1133:Cohen
1128:Perry
1123:Aspin
1103:Brown
1083:Laird
104:JSTOR
90:books
838:2015
811:2022
756:2012
727:ISBN
709:2017
700:Life
504:NATO
362:Navy
360:and
358:Army
240:Died
220:Born
158:5th
76:news
1226:of
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472:of
344:in
316:of
59:by
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284:BS
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