Chapultepec - Knowledge

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2010, the park was closed section by section for restoration and rehabilitation projects. The first section was closed for eight months in 2005, for work that included dredging lakes, pruning and removing trees, picking up tons of debris, and expelling hundreds of vendors. Shortly thereafter, projects on the second and third sections of the park began, mostly to control or eliminate rats, feral dogs and cats, pigeons, and other introduced species. In 2005, migratory birds began to make a comeback at the park with the eradication and relocation of introduced species such as geese and ducks, which were aggressive to other species. The park hosts more than 100 species of this kind of bird, with some reproducing here for the first time in decades. Other native mammals returned in 2005, including the

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regulations or norms. In 2005, the first section of the park was closed for renovations, effectively evicting all vendors from the area. When it reopened months later, permits for selling were strictly limited, and police began to crack down on vendors in the park. However, some vendors continue to operate illegally and exchange information on the police's steps with radio communication equipment. At the entrances to the park, where the vendor restrictions are not in place, some vendors sometimes block the entrances and cover signs so that visitors are forced to pass through their stands.

575: 51: 547:, wild ducks, and Vireos, Warblers and Kingfishers. Anywhere from 20 to 60 species of birds can be found here during one morning birding, including some native non-migratory species such as the Berylline Hummingbird, Lesser Goldfinch, House Finch, Rufous-backed Robin, Black-backed Oriole, Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer and breeding colonies of Great Egret and Black-crowned Night Heron There are also more than a dozen species of reptiles and amphibians, and a number of species of various types that are in danger of extinction, including the 649: 968: 826: 105: 75: 1097: 226: 1054: 884:. The permanent collection is quite large, and many visitors spend several hours seeing it. There are also temporary exhibits displayed year-round. The Rufino Tamayo Museum is in the first section on Paseo de la Reforma. The permanent collection mostly focuses on the namesake, but there are also works by other Mexican and foreign artists that Tamayo donated. During his lifetime, Tamayo collected one of the most important collections of 20th-century art, which included art works from 378: 257: 1149: 461: 2477: 786:, under the auspices of the federal government, along with the rest of the hill. The museum contains twelve rooms which are open to the public, many of which as they were when the Emperor Maximilian lived there. It also contains a collection of furniture from the colonial period to the 19th century, utensils, suits, coins, manuscripts, sculptures in clay ivory and silver, and many other art works. A number of items belonged to figures such as 1164: 747:, which is common in the Valley of Mexico and contains small caves and sand deposits. "Chapultepec" in Nahuatl means "grasshopper hill" but it is not clear whether the "Chapul" (grasshopper) part refers to the shape of the hill, or the abundance of grasshoppers in the surrounding woods. This hill was considered special during the pre-Hispanic period from the Toltecs in the 12th century to the Aztecs up to the time of the 964:

small rowboats at the lake. The Lago Menor was created in the late 19th century, when the first section (then the entire park) was redesigned. At the same time Lago Menor was created, the Casa del Lago was constructed. It is shallow with an average depth of a little over one meter. The Casa del Lago, also called the Restaurante del Lago, is now a restaurant that serves continental food and some Mexican dishes.

2489: 778:, who had the Paseo de la Reforma built to connect this area with the historic center of the city. During this time, the Castle and the gardens around it were enlarged and embellished a number of times, giving the Castle a floorspace of 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft). The most outstanding of the patios and garden is the Alcázar. In 1940, the president's residence was moved to the nearby 112: 82: 1175:

are practiced there, the importance of this area is primarily as an ecological preserve for various species of flora and fauna, such as snakes and lizards. In 1992, it was decreed as a Protected Natural Area. In 2010, there were reports of feral dogs attacking visitors in the third section. Approximately 150 feral dogs were living in the small canyon areas of this section that year.

922:(Museum of Modern Art) is located on Paseo de la Reforma and Calle Gandhi, and it hosts various temporary exhibits. The museum's complex was constructed using modern architecture techniques, which consisted of two circular buildings surrounding a sculpture garden. It contains one of the leading collections of modern art of the 20th century of Mexico. Artists include 696:. The interior measures 274.03 hectares (677.1 acres), with 182 hectares (450 acres) of this being undeveloped green space. It contains most of the best known of the park's attractions, such as the Lago Menor (Small Lake), the Nezahuacoyotl Fountain, the Fuente de las Ranas, the Quixote Fountain, the Templanza Fountain, the Altar a la Patria, the 1140:. These works together form the Museo Jardín del Agua (Water Garden Museum). In addition, a large number of dead trees were removed and about 800 new ones planted. There is also a carousel located in this area, having been relocated from the now defunct Charlestowne Mall in St. Charles, IL, after the mall closed down in 2017. 524:), surrounded by some of its primary business and commercial districts. The park is divided into three sections, the first and oldest surrounded by fencing and closed at night, with the other two left open. It contains nine museums, amusement parks, winding paths, commemorative sculptures, lakes and fountains. 373:

led water from the springs of the forest to an area in what was the south of the city, called Salto del Agua. It flowed over 904 arches and 3,908 meters. In 1785, the Franciscan hermitage was demolished to make way for the Chapultepec Castle, converting the hill and the forest around it into a summer

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Los Pinos has been the official residence of the presidents of Mexico since 1941. Though the presidential residence is inside the park, there is no public access to it. The residence is made up of white stucco structures; this architecture can be seen from Molino del Rey, a former millhouse and site

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and their story is celebrated in Mexico as an example of exemplary patriotism. Many myths have been woven around the story of "los Niños Héroes," the most famous being that of Juan Escutia, who allegedly jumped to his death wrapped in the Mexican flag rather than surrendering to the American troops.

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The third section of the park is located on the west side of the second and was inaugurated in 1974. It has a surface area of 242.9 hectares. It is the least developed and least visited; it is filled with trees and wildlife. Although some recreational activities such as archery and horseback riding

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Maintenance issues have closed parts of the park from time to time. In 1985, the park was closed to exterminate rats and other pests. In 2005, the park was filled with trees in poor condition, had scum in the lakes, and had trash piles in several locations, including fountains. From that year until

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during the 19th century. The 500-year-old tree remains as a monument to the area's history, measuring 50 metres (160 ft) high, forty in circumference. Another tree of the species, still living, is El Tlatoani, which is more than 700 years old and is the oldest tree in the park. In addition to

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One of the most popular features in the first section is an artificial lake called the Lago Menor (Smaller Lake). It is one of two lakes in the park; the larger one, Lago Mayor, is in the second section. Lagor Menor, however, attracts more visitors than the other. Visitors can rent paddleboats and

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Most of the museums in the first section are located along Paseo de la Reforma. Of all of the museums in the park, the most famous is the National Museum of Anthropology, considered one of the most famous archeological museums in the world. The museum has a number of antecedents beginning from the

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from China. Since then, at least eight panda cubs have been born at the zoo, making it the first institution outside of China to breed the species. From 1992 to 1994, the zoo was completely remodeled, categorizing exhibits by habitat rather than type of species. Some of the most important Mexican

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When the Aztecs took over the Valley of Mexico, they considered the hill as both a sacred and strategic site. They began to use the area as a repository for the ashes of their rulers, and the area's springs became an important source of fresh water for the capital of Tenochtitlan. Eventually, the

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The second section of the park was created in 1964 by expanding over former farmlands. This section is separated by Anillo Periférico road and measures 160.02 hectares. It is not as developed as the first section, but it is also dedicated to recreational activities. Lago Mayor overlaps with the

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Since then, the park has been expanded twice, adding the second section in 1964 and the third section ten years later. Since then, the focus has been on the maintenance of the area. By 1998, the paths of the park, especially in the first section, were saturated with over 3,000 peddlers with few

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The park received an estimated 15 million visitors each year, and daily visits exceed 250,000. Sunday is the most popular day to visit because the museums are free, and visitors may spend the entire day in one or more sections viewing the attractions, picnicking, or grilling. Despite its local

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Throughout the first section, there are different kinds of trees; the most common one is the Montezuma cypress, locally called "ahuehuetes". A number of these are hundreds of years old, although there are far fewer due to a past disease epidemic. One dead specimen is called the Ahuehuete of

292:"Chapoltepēc" ("at the grasshopper hill"). Remains of a Toltec altar have been found on the hill's summit. In the Classic Period, the area was occupied by people of the Teotihuacan culture. When the Mexicans, or Aztecs arrived in the Valley of Mexico, it was inhabited by a people called the 1078:. The park closed in 2019 after a fatal incident on Quimera. The park will be replaced by Atzlan Parque Urbana, a more verdant park with a larger focus on live entertainment and themed to Mexico City's neighborhood. It will feature a few rides and is expected to open in the next few years. 937:

The Casa de Cultura Quinta Colorada was originally a former accommodation for the forest rangers of the area in the early 20th century. The house was made using European style architecture techniques. It hosts various cultural activities for visitors and has a small planetarium.

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Although this is the most commonly known version of the story, many historians believe it wasn't possible. The six cadets are honored by a monument near where the alleged remains of the cadets were found. A hundred years after the war, it is believed that Mexico's president,

740:, the Jardín de la Tercera Edad, and the Audiorama. These are connected by various paved paths, many of which have names such as the Avenue of the Poets, which is lined with bronze busts of famous literary figures. The pathway also has trees that are hundreds of years old. 1034:

The National Auditorium is one of Mexico City's principal arenas. It primarily hosts musical ensembles and dance troupes. Singers from Mexico and abroad perform there yearlong. The park hosts a number of cultural events during the year. One of them is the performance of

452:, pino azul, pino peñonero, holm oak, pino moctezuma, pino prieto and grevilia, as well as the removal of dead or severely infected trees. These rehabilitation efforts of the 2000s were funded by a combination of government and private funds from groups like Probosque. 212:, among others. It receives an estimated 15 million visitors per year. This prompted the need for major rehabilitation efforts that began in 2005 and ended in 2010. The government has authorized the construction of business, offices, and big parking lots for cars. 683:

The oldest and most visited portion of the park is called the "first section". It is the most developed area, and it has a wrought iron fence and gates that extend around its perimeter. These fences mostly separate it from the streets that form its boundaries:

839:, a biologist, and opened in 1924. Herrera's intention was to reestablish the zoo tradition of the old Aztec emperors and improve upon it. He began with species native to Mexico and then added others from the rest of the world. He modeled the zoo after the 287:

According to studies, there has been human presence in the area since at least the pre-Classic period. The first identified culture archaeologists have evidence for is the Toltecs. The Toltecs named the area "grasshopper hill", which would later become

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The area contains jogging trails, places for yoga and karate, and other exercise facilities on the tree areas. Around 1,000 people each day go to this section to exercise. The jogging trails were doubled from 2 km to 4 km in the late 2000s.

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In 2010, the second section of the park underwent rehabilitation, funded in part by a private charity group called Probosque de Chapultepec. Most of the work was done on the jogging track, the Tlaloc Fountain, the Cárcamo de Dolores building, the

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After Mexico achieved independence in 1821, the Castle became the official residence of the head of state. A number of these, especially Emperor Maximilian I and his wife, embellished and expanded the castle as well as the forest area around it.

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second section; this part of the lake contains the Monumental Fountain, the largest one in Latin America. It is surrounded by several restaurants and cafés. Nearby are the Compositores, Xochipilli and Las Serpientes fountains.

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decreed the area as the property of the Mexico City and open to it to the public. The Spanish continued to use the Aztec aqueduct, but in 1771, another one was deemed necessary for the growing population of Mexico City. The

539:. It is a large unpaved area that allows for aquifer recharge, ameliorates the "heat-island" effect, and attracts rain. It is a refuge for migratory birds from Canada, the U.S. and other regions of Mexico, including the 174:, is one of the largest city parks in Mexico, measuring in total just over 686 hectares (1,700 acres). Centered on a rock formation called Chapultepec Hill, one of the park's main functions is as an ecological space in 1073:

amusement park, located near the Lago Mayor, just off the Anillo Periférico. The park had a capacity of 15,000 people and was visited by about two million each year. It includes several roller coasters, including the

413:. Once the overwhelming attack was imminent, a band of cadets was ordered to retreat by their superiors, but they chose to stay and defend the castle. Six of them died in the battle, leading them to be known as 868:. Today, it has 16,000 animals of 270 species, separated into four sections according to habitat: tropical forest, temperate forest, desert, and grassland. About one third of the animals are native to Mexico. 818:. At the foot of the hill, there is a large monument to the Niños Héroes (also called the Altar a la Patria), who reportedly threw themselves to their death at the Castle rather than surrendering to 2216:

Moerer, Andrea Kristine. "Changing Chapultepec: construction, consumption, and cultural politics in a Mexico City Forest, 1934-1944." PhD Dissertation, University of Minnesota (2013). (pp. 100-102)

1124:. Originally, the water was stored underground and pumped to the surface when needed. The main building has serpent heads on the four corners and there is a mural painted by Diego Rivera called 876:. This museum has an area of 44,000 m (470,000 sq ft) and 25 exhibit halls with sections devoted to each of the major pre-Hispanic civilizations in Mexico, including the Aztec, 200:

Bosque de Chapultepec is divided into four sections, with the first section being the oldest and most visited. This section contains most of the park's attractions, including the castle, the

1980: 995: 1002:, Spain. The Nezahualcoyotl Fountain was inaugurated in 1956. It measures 1,250 m (13,500 sq ft) and surrounds a statue of the Aztec ruler nine meters tall in black stone. 2462: 835:

The Chapultepec Zoo is the most visited attraction of the park, especially on Sundays. It is estimated that half of all park visitors come to the zoo. The zoo was established by

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The castle remained the official residence of Mexican presidents until 1940, when this function was moved to the Los Pinos residence, and the Castle was converted into a museum.

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as part of religious rites. One notable site is the Baths of Moctezuma, which was a systems of tanks, reservoirs, canals and waterfalls constructed by the Aztecs. The

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For Mexico City residents, the park is valued as a cultural and historic area as well as green space. The area has vestiges showing human presence as far back as the

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popularity, however, foreign visitors usually only see the small fraction of the park near the museums. The park is easy to get to via public transportation.

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This section of the park also contains the geological formation that gave the park/forest its name: Chapultepec Hill. It is a formation of volcanic rock and

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area became a retreat strictly limited to the ruling and religious elite. In the 1420s, ruler Nezahualcoyotl was the first to build a palace in the area.

822:. This monument consist of six marble columns surrounding a mausoleum with the remains of the six cadets, and a figure of a woman who represents Mexico. 721: 3126: 2994: 1530: 3458: 1233: 589:

with a number ruins from the pre-Columbian through to the colonial period. Archeological studies have unearthed and identified tombs associated with

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built reservoirs to raise exotic fish and to store water. He also had trees and plants from various parts of the Aztec Empire planted here. In 1465,

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In addition to the lake, there are a number of large fountains. The Quixote Fountain is surrounded by four benches covered in tile with images of

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in the middle of the 16th century. In the 18th century, the Spanish built the Chapultepec Castle, which initially was a summer retreat for

2250: 704:(Monument to Fallen Eagles), The Ahuehuete, and the Baths of Moctezuma. The best-known museums in the park are in this section, including 652:

General scheme of the three sections Chapultepec, Panteón Civil de Dolores, and Tacubaya, Polanco in Miguel Hidalgo delegation, in Spanish

3448: 645:. There is also access have stations at park entrances to the east and south respectively. Several bus lines along Paseo de la Reforma. 3220: 3109: 2660: 1950: 3281: 2989: 2696: 2520: 2382: 1676:

Blanca Estela Botello (May 22, 1998). "Satura Chapultepec a avance de ambulentes" [Chapultepec is saturated with peddlers].

1618:[Second section of the Forest of Chapultepec] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from 1370: 3119: 3031: 2737: 2407: 2235: 1912:[First section of the Forest of Chapultepec] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from 1653:[Third section of the Forest of Chapultepec] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from 1112:

hydraulic structure, found in this section, was built between 1942 and 1952 to capture water sent to the Valley of Mexico from the

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and refers to a large rock formation that is the center of the park's first section. Originally, this area was a forest outside of

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The fourth section is the westernmost zone and it was inaugurated in 2021. It has a surface of 74 hectares. It was donated by the

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ordered his portrait carved into a rock at the foot of the hill and constructed the Tlaxpana aqueduct, which measured three km.

3149: 2999: 1120:. The major parts open to the public consist of a pavilion, covered with an orange half cupola and a fountain with an image of 1093:). El Papalote Museo del Niño is an interactive children's museum which invites children to touch and manipulate the exhibits. 2277: 2034: 1586:"Los mitos sobre los Niños Héroes que murieron en la guerra contra EE.UU. por la que México perdió la mitad de su territorio" 2447: 1236:[History of the Forest of Chapultepc] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from 3433: 3136: 2908: 2513: 1888: 1770: 748: 193:

was built here, eventually becoming the official residence of Mexico's heads of state. It would remain so until 1934, when

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colonial period, but the current institution was created in the 1960s with the building and grounds designed by architect

751:. Remains of a Toltec altar have been found at the top of the hill, a number of burials and its use was reserved only for 671: 3322: 701: 74: 1857:[Alfonso Herrera Chapultepec Zoo] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Dirección del Bosque de Chapultepec. Archived from 3214: 2159: 3182: 2327: 1339: 791: 709: 3363: 3296: 3291: 2939: 2493: 2392: 829: 374:

retreat for colonial viceroys. The area was walled off from the general public and was the scene of elegant parties.

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appropriated Chapultepec and granted the northern portion to Captain Juan Jaramillo, who would become the husband of

2742: 2377: 1430: 953: 535:. It is considered the first and most important of Mexico City's "lungs", with trees that replenished oxygen to the 205: 3026: 2417: 2412: 1042: 1011: 729: 697: 209: 104: 17: 386: 422:, planted the remains. This was to give more relevance to the patriotic story after a visit from then-president 3348: 1858: 982:. To the side of this plaza, there are two columns. On the right there is a figure of Quixote with the face of 775: 774:, the Castle remained for the elite, becoming the official residence of Mexico's heads of state, including the 3332: 1070: 630: 3443: 3131: 2620: 843:

in Rome, Italy. Between 1950 and 1960, the zoo expanded and added new species. In 1975, the zoo obtained two

365: 1538: 3438: 2932: 2625: 2357: 1727: 634: 35: 3286: 3006: 2630: 1408: 1237: 567:. There are also 165 other species, mostly in the third section. It is estimated by city authorities that 3453: 3176: 2969: 2833: 2536: 2302: 1827: 771: 3189: 2825: 2615: 998:. The Fuente de las Ranas (Fountain of the Frogs) was created in the 1920s, by Miguel Alessio Robles in 3266: 2727: 2691: 1913: 1800:

Ivan Sosa (June 9, 2005). "Recuperan fauna de Chapultepec" [Fauna recuperates in Chapultepec].

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During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, one of the last battles between the Spanish and ruler

337: 2427: 1533:[Chapultepec is the most important "green lung" representing 52% of green areas in our city]. 1082: 563:, locally called "ahuehuete" trees, with some hundreds of years old. Many of them were planted by the 3244: 3046: 2979: 2850: 2645: 2347: 2342: 2332: 2270: 1196: 971: 787: 622: 598: 419: 3226: 3203: 2984: 1983:[Will give new image to the Chapultepec Forest] (in Spanish). Mexico City. DDM. May 11, 2010 1531:"Chapultepec es el pulmón verde más importante, representa el 52% de áreas verdes de nuestra ciudad" 1501: 181:

The area encompassing modern-day Chapultepec has been inhabited and considered a landmark since the

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Mariel Ibarra (July 22, 2007). "Vigilan acceso a bosque" [Watching access to the forest].

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In 2010, projects included renovating jogging tracks, and planting more than 800 trees, including

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on the hill, listed as Mexican heritage sites. They submitted the area for consideration as a

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Website with current event schedules and historical articles & images about Chapultepec

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Mariel Ibarra (July 15, 2007). "Laberinto en el bosque" [Labyrinth in the forest].

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At the foot of the Chapultepec Hill is an extension of the Museum of History called the

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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species at the facility include a rabbit native to only a few volcanoes in Mexico, the

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in the winding form of a snail, the shape of the building from which its name comes.

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by the lake in Chapultepec. It is possible this is a view from Chapultepec Castle.

983: 957: 799: 2889: 2686: 2352: 1880: 897: 803: 737: 423: 201: 1778: 2879: 2768: 2570: 2111:"Inician trabajos de restauración en segunda sección del Bosque de Chapultepec" 849: 410: 2505: 2113:[Begin restoration work in the second section of Chapultepec Forest]. 1585: 1156: 3417: 3399: 3386: 3196: 3083: 2747: 2560: 2367: 1474: 1117: 931: 505: 473: 268: 377: 349: 3073: 1053: 991: 987: 853: 568: 513: 501: 305: 256: 178:. It is considered the first and most important of Mexico City's "lungs". 3237: 3104: 3078: 3068: 3036: 2894: 2773: 2362: 1148: 1113: 1007: 979: 927: 885: 590: 540: 361: 353: 309: 261: 171: 151: 460: 2023:

Ciudad de Mexico Guia para descubir los encantos de la Ciudad de Mexico

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People running at "El Sope" public track, second section of Chapultepec

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built a small hermitage over the indigenous altar on Chapultepec Hill.

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passes most of the park and cuts through a portion on the north side.

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to honor the fallen 100 years after the war wasn't well received.

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One of the park's main functions is to be an ecological space for

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Guillermo Valleto's Handwritten Letter to the Treasury Secretary

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occurred at Chapultepec Hill in 1521. Shortly thereafter, the

1159:(1980), located in the third section of Bosque de Chapultepec 1137: 881: 844: 564: 497: 489: 481: 186: 2162:[Animal Brigade will watch the Chapultepec Forest]. 508:. The name "Chapultepec" means "at the grasshopper hill" in 1045:

also holds performances on occasion at Chapultepec Castle.

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This article is about the city park. For the battle, see

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Mexico City: Guide to discover the charms of Mexico City

1777:(in Spanish). Mexico City. June 26, 2005. Archived from 1537:(in Spanish). Mexico City. May 31, 2010. Archived from 1459:

The Chapultepec Gardens and its New Spanish reflections

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Los jardines de Chapultepec y sus reflejos novohispanos

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Satellite picture of Chapultepec Castle by Google Maps

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Satellite picture of Chapultepec Park by Google Maps

1728:"Residents Breathe Deep as Mexico City Park Reopens" 1170:(1980), by Gogy Farias, located in the Third Section 758:

After the Conquest, a small chapel dedicated to the

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Chapultepec Park is the second largest city park in

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Escuela Preparatoria Miguel Hidalgo "Carmen Serdán"

2139:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Direccion de Chapultepec 1822:[The Chapultepec forest finishes healing]. 692:), Paseo de la Reforma, Calzada Chivatito, and the 2157: 3415: 2020: 1561:"Ahuehuetes en Chapultepec - José María Velasco" 1015:these trees, there are sequoias, cedars, palms, 275:(right) about to be defeated by the warriors of 2535: 2160:"Brigada Animal vigilará Bosque de Chapultepec" 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1820:"Termina saneamiento del Bosque de Chapultepec" 986:and on the other side, there is a depiction of 806:, and others. In addition, there are murals by 782:complex, and the castle was converted into the 2082:"El Bosque de Chapultepec no será privatizado" 1813: 1811: 1373:(in Spanish). Mexico: INDAABIN. Archived from 1069:One part of this section was dominated by the 2940: 2707:Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Mexico 2521: 2271: 2246:Satellite picture of Los Pinos by Google Maps 2079: 2021:Jimenez Gonzalez, Victor Manuel, ed. (2009). 1981:"Darán nueva imagen al Bosque de Chapultepec" 1705: 1690: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1467:Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 1437:Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 706:Museo Nacional de Historia-Chapultepec Castle 607:Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia 559:moths. The park is home to a large number of 55: 1995: 1855:"Zoólogico de Chapultepec "Alfonso Herrera"" 1725: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1029:a battle of the Mexican–American War in 1847 2990:Embassy of the United States in Mexico City 2105: 2103: 2043: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1817: 1808: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1431:"Biombo. Sarao en un jardín de Chapultepec" 1407:Carlos Perez Gallardo (December 14, 2009). 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 601:, and an area where Aztec priests ingested 2947: 2933: 2528: 2514: 2278: 2264: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1508: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1209: 736:(Modern Art Museum). It also contains the 3282:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico 2697:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico 2383:Memorial to Victims of Violence in Mexico 1826:(in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from 1799: 1699: 945:(Snail Museum). This museum narrates the 3459:World Heritage Tentative List for Mexico 3120:Equestrian statue of Charles IV of Spain 2100: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1895: 1634: 1603: 1252: 1162: 1147: 1095: 1052: 1031:. Los Pinos is on one edge of the park. 966: 906: 824: 670: 660: 647: 573: 459: 376: 314: 255: 3110:Former Aeroméxico Headquarters Building 2954: 2151: 2129: 2117:(in Spanish). Mexico City. May 31, 2010 1842: 1738: 1714: 1389: 1350: 1340:"Chapultepec Park: Mexico in Microcosm" 14: 3416: 3000:National Lottery for Public Assistance 2561:Nuevo Polanco (Granada, Ampl. Granada) 2073: 1910:"1ª Seccion del Bosque de Chapultepec" 1684: 1669: 1651:"3ª Seccion del Bosque de Chapultepec" 1616:"2ª Seccion del Bosque de Chapultepec" 1081:This section contains museums such as 994:. Both statues were made of bronze by 625:provides easy access to the park from 3062:Servicio de Administración Tributaria 2928: 2843:Colegio Alemán Alexander von Humboldt 2509: 2259: 1973: 1928: 1804:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2. 1793: 1710:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2. 1695:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 2. 1680:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3. 2488: 1881:"Chapultepec Woods, Hill and Castle" 1234:"Historia del Bosque de Chapultepec" 260:Chapultepec Hill as depicted in the 219: 62:, the main entrance into Chapultepec 3429:Archaeological sites in Mexico City 3323:Garibaldi / Lagunilla metro station 2158:Mirna Servín Vega (March 4, 2010). 1006:Moctezuma, commonly referred to as 111: 81: 24: 3449:Tourist attractions in Mexico City 3215:Glorieta de las mujeres que luchan 2210: 1891:from the original on Apr 12, 2023. 1451:Victor Manuel Ruiz Naupal (2002). 1338:Larry Rother (December 13, 1987). 1136:mural, and the construction of an 455: 401:The Hill was also the site of the 25: 3470: 3364:The Paseo (Kansas City, Missouri) 3297:Parish of the Holy Child of Peace 2220: 1178: 1048: 3127:Monument to Christopher Columbus 2909:Borough of Miguel Hidalgo topics 2846:Plantel Kindergarten Prado Norte 2487: 2476: 2475: 1143: 956:is the former home of architect 656: 224: 189:rulers. In the colonial period, 110: 103: 80: 73: 49: 3183:El Ángel de la Seguridad Social 3032:National Museum of Anthropology 2738:National Museum of Anthropology 2438:Statue of Franklin D. Roosevelt 2408:National Museum of Anthropology 2328:Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola 2285: 2178: 2080:Fernando Ríos (July 23, 2010). 1873: 726:National Museum of Anthropology 666:National Museum of Anthropology 185:, when it became a retreat for 3349:2008 Mexico City Learjet crash 3232:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Monument 2854:(Preschool and toddler center) 2743:Luis Barragán House and Studio 2378:Luis Barragán House and Studio 1726:Reed Johnson (June 15, 2005). 1578: 1553: 1444: 1423: 954:Luis Barragán House and Studio 930:, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and 702:Monumento a las Águilas Caídas 627:Mexico City Metro Metro Line 1 13: 1: 3221:How Doth the Little Crocodile 3132:Monumento a los Indios Verdes 2837:Lomas campus (primary school) 1818:Bertha Sola (July 29, 2010). 1202: 609:has the park, as well as the 464:Overlooking the lake towards 330: 3292:Monumento a los Niños Héroes 2393:Monumento a los Niños Héroes 2358:Constituyentes metro station 2088:(in Spanish). Toluca, Mexico 1885:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 974:Fountain in Chapultepec Park 830:Monumento a los Niños Héroes 635:Constituyentes metro station 516:, once considered sacred in 264:. The scene shows the Aztec 166:, more commonly called the " 36:Chapultepec (disambiguation) 7: 3434:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 3333:Mexico City Metrobús Line 7 3177:Diana the Huntress Fountain 2537:Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 2443:Statue of George Washington 2418:Obelisco a los Niños Héroes 1190: 1043:Ballet Folklórico de México 996:José María Fernández Urbina 698:Obelisco a los Niños Héroes 631:Mexico City Metrobús Line 7 10: 3475: 3267:Avenida de los Insurgentes 2728:Museo Nacional de Historia 2692:Avenida Presidente Masaryk 1435:Multimedia Library of the 1411:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAH 1134:El agua: origen de la vida 1126:El agua: origen de la vida 914:on top of Chapultepec Hill 820:invading US troops in 1847 792:José María Morelos y Pavón 784:National Museum of History 718:Centro Cultural del Bosque 478:Santiago Metropolitan Park 338:National Museum of History 327:in a garden of Chapultepec 215: 170:" (Chapultepec Forest) in 29: 3341: 3310: 3287:Monumento a la Revolución 3254: 3245:The Young Woman of Amajac 3145: 3097: 3007:Esquina de la Información 2980:Centro de Cultura Digital 2962: 2915: 2903: 2870: 2782: 2756: 2715: 2679: 2599: 2543: 2471: 2348:Chapultepec Peace Accords 2343:Chapultepec metro station 2333:Centro de Cultura Digital 2293: 2194:(in Spanish). 4 July 2021 2166:(in Spanish). Mexico City 2137:"La Feria de Chapultepec" 1565:Google Arts & Culture 1197:Chapultepec Peace Accords 1087:Museo de Historia Natural 788:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 762:was built on the hill by 623:Chapultepec metro station 383:Ahuehuetes en Chapultepec 233:This section needs to be 143: 133: 67: 48: 43: 27:Urban park in Mexico City 3354:Ferdinand von Rosenzweig 2917:This list is incomplete. 2826:Colegio Ciudad de México 2055:Zoologico de Chapultepec 1409:"Nocturno a Chapultepec" 1346:. New York. p. A15. 904:, and about 100 others. 643:Mexico City Metro Line 7 597:, paths associated with 407:between Mexican and U.S. 387:José María Velasco Gómez 3318:Auditorio metro station 3137:Statue of Heydar Aliyev 2428:Papalote Museo del Niño 2373:La Feria de Chapultepec 2298:Auditorio metro station 1955:Antropología e Historia 1371:"Bosque de Chapultepec" 1083:Papalote Museo del Niño 1012:Heroic Military Academy 749:Conquest by the Spanish 639:Auditorio metro station 468:from Chapultepec Castle 94:Show map of Mexico City 3227:Monument to Cuauhtémoc 3204:Fuente de la República 3115:Glorieta del Caballito 3017:Mexican Stock Exchange 2985:Church of San Hipólito 2581:San Miguel Chapultepec 1171: 1160: 1105: 1058: 975: 915: 832: 812:David Alfaro Siqueiros 686:Avenida Constituyentes 680: 668: 653: 582: 469: 409:troops led by General 394: 345: 284: 206:Museum of Anthropology 56: 34:. For other uses, see 3400:19.41306°N 99.19778°W 3328:Hidalgo metro station 3158:Angel of Independence 3022:Museo de Arte Moderno 2859:Escuela Sierra Nevada 2802:Lycée Franco-Mexicain 2733:Museo de Arte Moderno 2448:Statue of León Felipe 2398:Museo de Arte Moderno 2313:Battle of Chapultepec 2251:Images of Chapultepec 1781:on September 23, 2015 1166: 1151: 1104:and Tlaloc's fountain 1099: 1056: 970: 920:Museo de Arte Moderno 910: 874:Pedro Ramírez Vázquez 828: 734:Museo de Arte Moderno 674: 664: 651: 611:Castle of Chapultepec 595:colonial era aqueduct 577: 463: 403:Battle of Chapultepec 380: 329:, anonymous painter, 318: 259: 168:Bosque de Chapultepec 32:Battle of Chapultepec 3444:Parks in Mexico City 3359:Mexico City Marathon 3302:Puerta de los Leones 3210:Glorieta de la Palma 3146:Landmarks, monuments 3089:Torre Reforma Latino 2975:Chapultepec Uno R509 2556:Lomas de Chapultepec 2551:Bosques de las Lomas 2433:Puerta de los Leones 2308:Baths of Chapultepec 2164:Periódico La Jornada 1240:on November 14, 2010 1071:Feria de Chapultepec 808:José Clemente Orozco 764:Claudio de Arciniega 730:Rufino Tamayo Museum 679:in the first section 641:provide access from 580:Baths of Chapultepec 371:Chapultepec aqueduct 364:. However, in 1530, 336:–1790, Mexico City. 210:Rufino Tamayo Museum 58:Puerta de los Leones 3439:Paseo de la Reforma 3405:19.41306; -99.19778 3396: / 3272:Bridge of the Lions 3057:Torre del Caballito 3027:Museo Rufino Tamayo 2956:Paseo de la Reforma 2566:Paseo de la Reforma 2413:Museo Rufino Tamayo 2318:Bridge of the Lions 2053:[History]. 796:Agustín de Iturbide 714:National Auditorium 615:World Heritage Site 533:Greater Mexico City 526:Paseo de la Reforma 518:pre-Columbian times 415:"los Niños Héroes," 176:Greater Mexico City 3454:Urban public parks 2970:Auditorio Nacional 2834:The Wingate School 2818:Westhill Institute 2723:Chapultepec Castle 2458:Tribuna Monumental 2453:Templanza Fountain 2423:Panteón de Dolores 2338:Chapultepec Castle 2323:Cárcamo de Dolores 2303:Auditorio Nacional 1961:on August 17, 2017 1916:on August 24, 2010 1657:on August 24, 2010 1622:on August 24, 2010 1541:on October 3, 2012 1172: 1161: 1110:Cárcamo de Dolores 1106: 1059: 976: 916: 912:Chapultepec Castle 837:Alfonso L. Herrera 833: 776:Emperor Maximilian 681: 669: 654: 583: 470: 395: 381:An 1875 painting, 346: 342:Chapultepec Castle 285: 191:Chapultepec Castle 124:Show map of Mexico 3379: 3378: 3171:Antimonumento +72 3164:Antimonumento +43 3052:Torre BBVA México 2922: 2921: 2863: 2855: 2847: 2838: 2830: 2822: 2814: 2806: 2503: 2502: 2403:Museo del Caracol 2036:978-607-400-061-0 1824:La Cronica de Hoy 1775:El Cronica de Hoy 1732:Los Angeles Times 990:with the face of 947:history of Mexico 943:Museo del Caracol 760:Archangel Michael 755:and other elite. 694:Anillo Periférico 675:Path through the 561:Montezuma cypress 254: 253: 183:pre-Columbian era 161: 160: 16:(Redirected from 3466: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3262:Avenida Bucareli 2995:Edificio El Moro 2949: 2942: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2871:Shopping centers 2861: 2853: 2845: 2836: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2810:Peterson Schools 2804: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2491: 2490: 2479: 2478: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2257: 2256: 2228: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2107: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2086:El Sol de Toluca 2077: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2061:on July 22, 2011 2047: 2041: 2040: 2018: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1947: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1906: 1893: 1892: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1851: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1767: 1736: 1735: 1723: 1712: 1711: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1647: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1612: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1527: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1485: 1483: 1477:. 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2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2368:Estela de Luz 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2215: 2214: 2193: 2192: 2191:El Economista 2187: 2181: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2138: 2132: 2116: 2115:Radio Formula 2112: 2106: 2104: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1982: 1976: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951:"Chapultepec" 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1861:on 2010-08-24 1860: 1856: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1803: 1796: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1709: 1702: 1694: 1687: 1679: 1672: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1503: 1491: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1447: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1377:on 2011-07-22 1376: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1345: 1341: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1208: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1186: 1176: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144:Third section 1141: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Toluca Valley 1116:basin in the 1115: 1111: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1055: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 984:Salvador Dalí 981: 973: 969: 965: 961: 959: 958:Luis Barragán 955: 950: 948: 944: 939: 935: 933: 932:Remedios Varo 929: 925: 921: 913: 909: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 842: 838: 831: 827: 823: 821: 817: 816:Juan O'Gorman 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:Benito Juárez 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 756: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 710:Casa del Lago 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 678: 673: 667: 663: 657:First section 650: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 581: 576: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 545:Harris's hawk 542: 538: 534: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 506:New York City 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474:Latin America 467: 462: 453: 451: 446: 444: 440: 434: 430: 427: 425: 421: 420:Miguel Alemán 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 392: 388: 384: 379: 375: 372: 367: 363: 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Retrieved 2189: 2180: 2170:December 12, 2168:. Retrieved 2163: 2153: 2143:December 12, 2141:. Retrieved 2131: 2121:December 12, 2119:. Retrieved 2114: 2092:December 12, 2090:. Retrieved 2085: 2075: 2065:December 12, 2063:. Retrieved 2059:the original 2054: 2045: 2026: 2022: 1987:December 12, 1985:. Retrieved 1975: 1965:December 12, 1963:. Retrieved 1959:the original 1954: 1920:December 12, 1918:. Retrieved 1914:the original 1884: 1875: 1865:December 12, 1863:. Retrieved 1859:the original 1834:December 12, 1832:. Retrieved 1828:the original 1823: 1801: 1795: 1785:December 12, 1783:. Retrieved 1779:the original 1774: 1731: 1707: 1701: 1692: 1686: 1677: 1671: 1661:December 12, 1659:. Retrieved 1655:the original 1626:December 12, 1624:. Retrieved 1620:the original 1594:. Retrieved 1592:(in Spanish) 1589: 1580: 1568:. Retrieved 1564: 1555: 1545:December 12, 1543:. Retrieved 1539:the original 1534: 1479:the original 1458: 1453: 1446: 1434: 1425: 1415:December 12, 1413:. 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After the 757: 742: 682: 619: 584: 530: 514:Tenochtitlan 502:Central Park 476:, after the 471: 447: 435: 431: 428: 424:Harry Truman 400: 396: 382: 347: 326: 323: 306:Moctezuma II 302: 298:Azcapotzalco 286: 242: 234: 199: 180: 167: 163: 162: 3424:Chapultepec 3403: / 3277:Chapultepec 3238:Puerta 1808 3105:Cine Latino 3079:Torre Mayor 3069:Torre Diana 3037:Reforma 222 2895:Plaza Carso 2851:Eton School 2774:Parque Lira 2764:Chapultepec 2661:San Joaquín 2646:Patriotismo 2631:Juanacatlán 2363:El Sargento 2287:Chapultepec 2198:25 December 1157:Gogy Farias 1114:Lerma River 1008:El Sargento 980:Don Quixote 928:Frida Kahlo 886:Andy Warhol 591:Teotihuacan 578:One of the 541:Cooper hawk 450:acacia café 362:La Malinche 354:Franciscans 334: 1780 310:Moctezuma I 262:Tovar Codex 172:Mexico City 164:Chapultepec 152:Mexico City 118:Chapultepec 88:Chapultepec 44:Chapultepec 3418:Categories 3391:99°11′52″W 3388:19°24′47″N 3012:HSBC Tower 2616:Cuitláhuac 2051:"Historia" 1596:2024-05-29 1203:References 1153:La Familia 732:, and the 443:cacomistle 391:ahuehuetes 350:Cuauhtémoc 277:Xochimilco 208:, and the 138:Urban park 3047:St. Regis 2963:Buildings 2702:Los Pinos 2680:Landmarks 2641:Panteones 2611:Auditorio 1500:ignored ( 1490:cite book 1475:0188-8218 1168:The Ruler 1038:Swan Lake 1019:, pines, 780:Los Pinos 617:in 2001. 553:Goodeidae 405:in 1847, 366:Charles V 294:Tepanecas 195:Los Pinos 3098:Formerly 2671:Tacubaya 2604:stations 2591:Tacubaya 2482:Category 1889:Archived 1535:Televisa 1191:See also 1085:and the 902:Magritte 768:viceroys 745:andesite 633:, while 557:alandria 441:and the 273:Tepanecs 266:tlatoani 144:Location 3342:Related 3150:statues 2783:Schools 2716:Museums 2656:Popotla 2651:Polanco 2576:Polanco 2494:Commons 1802:Reforma 1708:Reforma 1693:Reforma 1678:Reforma 1102:Cárcamo 1076:Quimera 1021:ginkgos 1017:poplars 1000:Seville 924:Dr. Atl 890:Picasso 866:axolotl 724:), the 587:Toltecs 549:axolotl 510:Nahuatl 466:Polanco 290:Nahuatl 283:(left). 235:updated 216:History 3370:Tlalli 3255:Nearby 2885:Miyana 2666:Tacuba 2636:Normal 2586:Tacuba 2571:Pensil 2033: 1570:10 May 1473: 1461:] 1185:SEDENA 1122:Tlaloc 862:jaguar 858:ocelot 852:, the 845:pandas 728:, the 716:, the 712:, the 708:, the 700:, the 603:peyote 565:Aztecs 555:, and 543:, the 500:, and 492:, the 320:Biombo 281:Chalco 204:, the 156:Mexico 2757:Parks 2601:Metro 2544:Areas 2025:[ 1482:(PDF) 1463:(PDF) 1457:[ 1138:agora 882:Olmec 498:Tokyo 490:Paris 482:Chile 385:, by 324:Sarao 187:Aztec 3148:and 2790:IEMS 2200:2021 2172:2010 2145:2010 2123:2010 2094:2010 2067:2010 2031:ISBN 1989:2010 1967:2010 1922:2010 1867:2010 1836:2010 1787:2010 1663:2010 1628:2010 1572:2022 1547:2010 1502:help 1471:ISSN 1417:2010 1383:2010 1246:2010 1108:The 1100:The 952:The 918:The 894:Miró 878:Maya 864:and 814:and 637:and 629:and 279:and 271:and 134:Type 1155:by 1027:of 569:MXN 504:in 496:in 488:in 480:in 340:of 296:of 3420:: 2188:. 2102:^ 1997:^ 1953:. 1930:^ 1897:^ 1887:. 1883:. 1844:^ 1810:^ 1740:^ 1730:. 1716:^ 1636:^ 1605:^ 1588:. 1563:. 1510:^ 1494:: 1492:}} 1488:{{ 1433:. 1391:^ 1352:^ 1342:. 1254:^ 1211:^ 1187:. 1128:. 1091:es 934:. 926:, 900:, 896:, 892:, 888:, 860:, 856:, 810:, 802:, 798:, 794:, 790:, 722:es 690:es 551:, 445:. 331:c. 322:. 300:. 154:, 150:, 2948:e 2941:t 2934:v 2529:e 2522:t 2515:v 2279:e 2272:t 2265:v 2232:. 2202:. 2174:. 2147:. 2125:. 2096:. 2069:. 2039:. 1991:. 1969:. 1924:. 1869:. 1838:. 1789:. 1665:. 1630:. 1599:. 1574:. 1549:. 1504:) 1440:. 1419:. 1385:. 1248:. 1089:( 720:( 688:( 344:. 247:) 243:( 237:. 38:. 20:)

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