332:
melted by exposure to a brief, intense pulse of heat. Subsequent rapid cooling then sends the melted region back through the glass transition. Conversely, a lower-intensity heat pulse of longer duration will crystallize an amorphous region. Attempts to induce the glassy–crystal transformation of chalcogenides by electrical means form the basis of phase-change random-access memory (PC-RAM). This technology has been developed to near commercial use by
156:
417:
of both electrons and ions participate in electromigration—widely studied as a degradation mechanism of the electrical conductors used in modern integrated circuits. Thus, a unified approach to the study of chalcogenides, assessing the collective roles of atoms, ions and electrons, may prove essential for both device performance and reliability.
416:
The electronic applications of chalcogenide glasses have been an active topic of research throughout the second half of the 20th century and beyond. For example, the migration of dissolved ions is required in the electrolytic case, but could limit the performance of a phase-change device. Diffusion
370:
Although the electronic structural transitions relevant to both optical discs and PC-RAM were featured strongly, contributions from ions were not considered—even though amorphous chalcogenides can have significant ionic conductivities. At
Euromat 2005 it was shown that ionic transport can also be
331:
was found to exhibit sharp, reversible transitions in electrical resistance above a threshold voltage. If current is allowed to persist in the non-crystalline material, it heats up and changes to crystalline form. This is equivalent to information being written on it. A crystalline region may be
139:. A most recent and extremely comprehensive university study of more than 265 different ChG elemental compositions, representing 40 different elemental families now shows that the vast majority of chalcogenide glasses are more accurately defined as being predominantly bonded by the weaker
336:. For write operations, an electric current supplies the heat pulse. The read process is performed at sub-threshold voltages by utilizing the relatively large difference in electrical resistance between the glassy and crystalline states. Examples of such phase change materials are
556:
San-Román-Alerigi, Damián P.; Anjum, Dalaver H.; Zhang, Yaping; Yang, Xiaoming; Benslimane, Ahmed; Ng, Tien K.; Alsunaidi, Mohammad; Ooi, Boon S. (2013). "Electron irradiation induced reduction of the permittivity in chalcogenide glass (AsS) thin film".
119:
Not all chalcogenide compositions exist in glassy form, though it is possible to find materials with which these non-glass-forming compositions can be alloyed in order to form a glass. An example of this is gallium sulphide-based glasses.
204:
Some chalcogenide materials experience thermally driven amorphous-to-crystalline phase changes. This makes them useful for encoding binary information on thin films of chalcogenides and forms the basis of rewritable optical discs and
607:
77:) are strong glass-formers and possess glasses within large concentration regions. Glass-forming abilities decrease with increasing molar weight of constituent elements; i.e., S > Se > Te.
448:
R.A. Loretz, T.J. Loretz and K.A. Richardson, "Predictive method to assess chalcogenide glass properties: bonding, density and the impact on glass properties," Opt Mater. Express, 12:5, (2022),
827:
Vezzoli, G.C.; Walsh, P.J.; Doremus, L.W. (1975). "Threshold switching and the on-state in non-crystalline chalcogenide semiconductors: An interpretation of threshold-switching research".
116:
Most stable binary chalcogenide glasses are compounds of a chalcogen and a group 14 or 15 element and may be formed in a wide range of atomic ratios. Ternary glasses are also known.
144:
885:
Frumar, M.; Frumarova, B.; Wagner, T. (2011). "4.07: Amorphous and Glassy
Semiconducting Chalcogenides". In Pallab Bhattacharya; Roberto Fornari; Hiroshi Kamimura (eds.).
347:
In addition to memory applications, mechanical property contrast between amorphous and crystalline phases is an emerging concept of frequency tuning in resonant
201:
ions. Some chalcogenide glasses exhibit several non-linear optical effects such as photon-induced refraction, and electron-induced permittivity modification
147:. They are not exclusively bonded by these weaker vdW forces, and do exhibit varying percentages of covalency, based upon their specific chemical makeup.
1381:
371:
useful for data storage in a solid chalcogenide electrolyte. At the nanoscale, this electrolyte consists of crystalline metallic islands of
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
933:
902:
875:
799:
Adler, D.; Shur, M.S.; Silver, M.; Ovshinsky, S.R. (1980). "Threshold switching in chalcogenide‐glass thin films".
1406:
1202:
163:(CD). Amorphous chalcogenide materials form the basis of re-writable CD and DVD solid-state memory technology.
1318:
1295:
348:
1151:
194:
292:
Electrical switching in chalcogenide semiconductors emerged in the 1960s, when the amorphous chalcogenide
243:, sometimes with a layer of a crystallization promoting film. Other less commonly used such materials are
926:
108:
state, thereby changing their optical and electrical properties and allowing the storage of information.
1487:
1482:
513:
Tanaka, K.; Shimakawa, K. (2009). "Chalcogenide glasses in Japan: A review on photoinduced phenomena".
125:
1222:
124:
on its own is not a known glass former; however, with sodium or lanthanum sulphides it forms a glass,
1182:
1103:
993:
97:
1451:
1083:
179:
434:
Flemings, M.C.; Ilschner, B.; Kramer, E.J.; Mahajan, S.; Jurgen
Buschow, K.H.; Cahn, R.W. (2001).
363:
properties of chalcogenide glasses were revealed in 1955 by B.T. Kolomiets and N.A. Gorunova from
1446:
1313:
1187:
1492:
919:
136:
100:
glass-formers: by controlling heating and annealing (cooling), they can be switched between an
764:
Ovshinsky, S.R. (1968). "Reversible
Electrical Switching Phenomena in Disordered Structures".
225:. In optical discs, the phase change layer is usually sandwiched between dielectric layers of
1255:
1063:
121:
74:
1411:
1285:
1197:
1033:
1023:
836:
808:
773:
738:
695:
634:
522:
477:
140:
1323:
62:. Chalcogenide materials behave rather differently from oxides, in particular their lower
8:
1431:
1358:
1353:
1275:
1250:
1217:
1078:
210:
175:, with the main advantage being that these materials transmit across a wide range of the
93:
840:
812:
777:
742:
699:
638:
526:
481:
1338:
1260:
998:
894:
711:
663:
622:
584:
566:
538:
389:
252:
198:
70:
1416:
1386:
1343:
1280:
1265:
1177:
1068:
898:
871:
848:
715:
668:
650:
542:
495:
248:
588:
1207:
1192:
962:
890:
844:
816:
781:
746:
703:
658:
642:
576:
530:
485:
285:
memory technology achieves throughput and write durability 1,000 times higher than
214:
1401:
1396:
1245:
1141:
1118:
1113:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1048:
1018:
372:
364:
231:
131:
Up until recently, chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) were believed to be predominantly
101:
785:
602:
1363:
1333:
1328:
646:
621:
Ali, Utku Emre; Modi, Gaurav; Agarwal, Ritesh; Bhaskaran, Harish (2022-03-18).
623:"Real-time nanomechanical property modulation as a framework for tunable NEMS"
1476:
1270:
1227:
1133:
1108:
1003:
750:
707:
654:
360:
172:
168:
59:
1073:
185:
The physical properties of chalcogenide glasses (high refractive index, low
1436:
1391:
1348:
1038:
1013:
967:
672:
534:
499:
286:
226:
206:
89:
1461:
1426:
1146:
1028:
333:
105:
1456:
1421:
1290:
1058:
1053:
911:
189:
energy, high nonlinearity) also make them ideal for incorporation into
132:
580:
868:
Optical nonlinearities in chalcogenide glasses and their applications
820:
490:
465:
449:
282:
69:
The classical chalcogenide glasses (mainly sulfur-based ones such as
47:
35:
1441:
1212:
988:
983:
341:
222:
176:
167:
Uses include infrared detectors, mouldable infrared optics such as
81:
63:
55:
43:
571:
1161:
66:
contribute to very dissimilar optical and electrical properties.
1237:
1043:
555:
337:
218:
190:
186:
155:
85:
51:
39:
16:
Glass containing one or more of sulfur, selenium and tellurium
1156:
1123:
957:
942:
433:
278:
160:
31:
244:
58:
is also a chalcogen but is not used because of its strong
729:
605:, "Multi-layered optical disc", issued 2003-01-28
798:
686:
620:
463:
884:
388:) dispersed in an amorphous semiconducting matrix of
197:, and other active devices especially if doped with
143:
of atomic physics and more accurately classified as
826:
466:"Materials science: Changing face of the chameleon"
887:Comprehensive Semiconductor Science and Technology
865:
436:Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology
1474:
512:
1382:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
927:
889:. Vol. 4. Elsevier. pp. 206–261.
934:
920:
763:
728:
722:
685:
662:
570:
489:
459:
457:
941:
679:
154:
1475:
454:
915:
464:Greer, A. Lindsay; Mathur, N (2005).
281:claims that its chalcogenide-based
135:bonded materials and classified as
13:
895:10.1016/B978-0-44-453153-7.00122-X
859:
450:https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.455523
14:
1504:
866:Zakery, A.; S.R. Elliott (2007).
829:Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids
1452:Radioactive waste vitrification
1407:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
792:
757:
150:
80:Chalcogenide compounds such as
614:
595:
549:
506:
442:
427:
1:
1319:Chemically strengthened glass
420:
349:nanoelectromechanical systems
1152:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
849:10.1016/0022-3093(75)90138-6
195:photonic integrated circuits
145:van der Waals network solids
111:
7:
786:10.1103/PhysRevLett.21.1450
354:
207:non-volatile memory devices
10:
1509:
801:Journal of Applied Physics
647:10.1038/s41467-022-29117-7
126:gallium lanthanum sulphide
1372:
1304:
1236:
1183:Chemical vapor deposition
1170:
1132:
1104:Ultra low expansion glass
994:Borophosphosilicate glass
976:
950:
1422:Glass-reinforced plastic
1084:Sodium hexametaphosphate
751:10.1002/pssb.19640070302
708:10.1002/pssb.19640070202
180:electromagnetic spectrum
1314:Anti-reflective coating
1188:Glass batch calculation
1069:Photochromic lens glass
731:Physica Status Solidi B
688:Physica Status Solidi B
137:covalent network solids
88:are used in rewritable
34:containing one or more
870:. New York: Springer.
535:10.1002/pssb.200982002
164:
1447:Prince Rupert's drops
1296:Transparent materials
1256:Gradient-index optics
1064:Phosphosilicate glass
627:Nature Communications
515:Phys. Status Solidi B
158:
122:Gallium(III) sulphide
1412:Glass ionomer cement
1286:Photosensitive glass
1213:Liquidus temperature
1034:Fluorosilicate glass
141:van der Waals forces
1432:Glass-to-metal seal
1354:Self-cleaning glass
1276:Optical lens design
841:1975JNCS...18..333V
813:1980JAP....51.3289A
778:1968PhRvL..21.1450O
743:1964PSSBR...7..713K
700:1964PSSBR...7..359K
639:2022NatCo..13.1464A
527:2009PSSBR.246.1744T
482:2005Natur.437.1246G
213:. Examples of such
94:phase-change memory
1417:Glass microspheres
1339:Hydrogen darkening
1261:Hydrogen darkening
1009:Chalcogenide glass
999:Borosilicate glass
390:germanium selenide
199:rare-earth element
165:
96:devices. They are
20:Chalcogenide glass
1488:Optical materials
1483:Non-oxide glasses
1470:
1469:
1387:Glass-coated wire
1359:sol–gel technique
1344:Insulated glazing
1281:Photochromic lens
1266:Optical amplifier
1218:sol–gel technique
581:10.1063/1.4789602
193:, planar optics,
22:(pronounced hard
1500:
1208:Ion implantation
963:Glass transition
936:
929:
922:
913:
912:
908:
881:
853:
852:
824:
821:10.1063/1.328036
807:(6): 3289–3309.
796:
790:
789:
761:
755:
754:
726:
720:
719:
683:
677:
676:
666:
618:
612:
611:
610:
606:
599:
593:
592:
574:
553:
547:
546:
510:
504:
503:
493:
491:10.1038/4371246a
476:(7063): 1246–7.
461:
452:
446:
440:
439:
431:
412:
411:
410:
402:
401:
387:
385:
384:
330:
329:
328:
320:
319:
311:
310:
302:
301:
242:
240:
239:
50:, but excluding
1508:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1402:Glass electrode
1397:Glass databases
1374:
1368:
1306:
1300:
1232:
1166:
1142:Bioactive glass
1128:
1114:Vitreous enamel
1099:Thoriated glass
1094:Tellurite glass
1079:Soda–lime glass
1049:Gold ruby glass
1019:Cranberry glass
972:
946:
940:
905:
878:
862:
860:Further reading
857:
856:
825:
797:
793:
766:Phys. Rev. Lett
762:
758:
727:
723:
684:
680:
619:
615:
608:
601:
600:
596:
554:
550:
511:
507:
462:
455:
447:
443:
432:
428:
423:
409:
406:
405:
404:
400:
397:
396:
395:
393:
383:
380:
379:
378:
376:
373:silver selenide
365:Ioffe Institute
357:
327:
324:
323:
322:
318:
315:
314:
313:
309:
306:
305:
304:
300:
297:
296:
295:
293:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
171:, and infrared
153:
114:
104:(glassy) and a
17:
12:
11:
5:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1364:Tempered glass
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:DNA microarray
1331:
1329:Dealkalization
1326:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:Glass modeling
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1134:Glass-ceramics
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1074:Silicate glass
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
980:
978:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
960:
954:
952:
948:
947:
945:science topics
939:
938:
931:
924:
916:
910:
909:
903:
882:
876:
861:
858:
855:
854:
835:(3): 333–373.
791:
772:(20): 1450–3.
756:
737:(3): 713–731.
721:
694:(2): 359–372.
678:
613:
594:
548:
521:(8): 1744–57.
505:
453:
441:
425:
424:
422:
419:
407:
398:
381:
361:semiconducting
356:
353:
325:
316:
307:
298:
236:
217:materials are
173:optical fibers
152:
149:
113:
110:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1505:
1494:
1493:Chalcogenides
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:Optical fiber
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1228:Vitrification
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:Glass melting
1196:
1194:
1193:Glass forming
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1109:Uranium glass
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:Soluble glass
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:Ceramic glaze
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
979:
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
949:
944:
937:
932:
930:
925:
923:
918:
917:
914:
906:
904:9780444531537
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
879:
877:9783540710660
873:
869:
864:
863:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
674:
670:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
617:
604:
598:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
568:
564:
560:
559:J. Appl. Phys
552:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
509:
501:
497:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
460:
458:
451:
445:
437:
430:
426:
418:
414:
391:
374:
368:
366:
362:
352:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
178:
174:
170:
162:
157:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
117:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:optical disks
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
60:radioactivity
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1437:Porous glass
1392:Safety glass
1349:Porous glass
1307:modification
1119:Wood's glass
1039:Fused quartz
1014:Cobalt glass
1008:
968:Supercooling
886:
867:
832:
828:
804:
800:
794:
769:
765:
759:
734:
730:
724:
691:
687:
681:
630:
626:
616:
597:
562:
558:
551:
518:
514:
508:
473:
469:
444:
435:
429:
415:
369:
358:
346:
291:
287:flash memory
277:
215:phase change
203:
184:
166:
151:Applications
130:
118:
115:
79:
68:
27:
23:
19:
18:
1462:Glass fiber
1427:Glass cloth
1171:Preparation
1147:CorningWare
1029:Flint glass
1024:Crown glass
977:Formulation
633:(1): 1464.
438:. Elsevier.
334:ECD Ovonics
106:crystalline
1477:Categories
1457:Windshield
1291:Refraction
1251:Dispersion
1059:Milk glass
1054:Lead glass
603:US 6511788
565:: 044116.
421:References
273:AgInSbSeTe
133:covalently
36:chalcogens
1324:Corrosion
1223:Viscosity
1178:Annealing
716:222432031
655:2041-1723
572:1208.4542
543:120152416
283:3D XPoint
112:Chemistry
102:amorphous
64:band gaps
48:tellurium
28:chemistry
1442:Pre-preg
1246:Achromat
989:Bioglass
984:AgInSbTe
673:35304454
589:35938832
500:16251941
367:, USSR.
355:Research
342:AgInSbTe
269:GeSbTeSe
223:AgInSbTe
209:such as
177:infrared
82:AgInSbTe
56:Polonium
44:selenium
1373:Diverse
1305:Surface
1162:Zerodur
837:Bibcode
809:Bibcode
774:Bibcode
739:Bibcode
696:Bibcode
664:8933423
635:Bibcode
523:Bibcode
478:Bibcode
128:(GLS).
98:fragile
30:) is a
1375:topics
1238:Optics
1044:GeSbTe
951:Basics
901:
874:
714:
671:
661:
653:
609:
587:
541:
498:
470:Nature
338:GeSbTe
265:GeSbSe
261:InSbTe
257:InSbSe
219:GeSbTe
191:lasers
187:phonon
169:lenses
86:GeSbTe
52:oxygen
40:sulfur
26:as in
1157:Macor
1124:ZBLAN
958:Glass
943:Glass
712:S2CID
585:S2CID
567:arXiv
539:S2CID
279:Intel
161:CD-RW
32:glass
899:ISBN
872:ISBN
669:PMID
651:ISSN
496:PMID
359:The
340:and
275:.
271:and
253:SbTe
249:SbSe
245:InSe
221:and
211:PRAM
92:and
84:and
75:Ge-S
71:As-S
46:and
891:doi
845:doi
817:doi
782:doi
747:doi
704:doi
659:PMC
643:doi
577:doi
563:113
531:doi
519:246
486:doi
474:437
413:).
232:SiO
227:ZnS
73:or
54:).
1479::
897:.
843:.
833:18
831:.
815:.
805:51
803:.
780:.
770:21
768:.
745:.
733:.
710:.
702:.
690:.
667:.
657:.
649:.
641:.
631:13
629:.
625:.
583:.
575:.
561:.
537:.
529:.
517:.
494:.
484:.
472:.
468:.
456:^
403:Se
394:Ge
386:Se
377:Ag
351:.
344:.
326:10
321:Ge
317:12
312:Si
308:30
303:As
299:48
294:Te
289:.
267:,
263:,
259:,
255:,
251:,
247:,
182:.
159:A
42:,
24:ch
935:e
928:t
921:v
907:.
893::
880:.
851:.
847::
839::
823:.
819::
811::
788:.
784::
776::
753:.
749::
741::
735:7
718:.
706::
698::
692:7
675:.
645::
637::
591:.
579::
569::
545:.
533::
525::
502:.
488::
480::
408:3
399:2
392:(
382:2
375:(
237:2
229:-
38:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
