275:
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1822:, p. 20, Quote: "Next morning the absence of the Duke was noticed by his servants, and the Pontiff was informed. He was not too worried for, as Burchard says, Alexander jumped to the conclusion that his son had spent the night with some girl and preferred to avoid the indiscretion of leaving by day. It may be mentioned in passing that this touch, as with many others one comes across, hardly squares with the general view that the Pope, his family and those around him were without shame. Juan was a dissolute young man and not a churchman, yet Alexander presumed on a discretion more in keeping with later times."
33:
1208:
receiving and dispatching messengers, with moments of unaccountable sloth when he remained in bed refusing to see anyone. He was quick to take offence and rather remote from his immediate entourage and yet very open with his subjects, loving to join in local sports and to cut a dashing figure. However, at other times, Machiavelli observed Cesare as having "inexhaustible" energy and an unrelenting genius in military matters, and also diplomatic affairs, and he would go days and nights on end without seemingly requiring sleep.
337:
880:, but not the castle, which he then besieged. In the early morning of 11 March 1507, an enemy party of knights fled from the castle during a heavy storm. Outraged at the ineffectiveness of the siege, Borgia chased them, only to find himself on his own. The party of knights, discovering that he was alone, trapped him in an ambush, where he received a fatal injury from a spear. He was then stripped of all his luxurious garments, valuables, and a leather mask covering half his face (disfigured, possibly by
995:, writes that the then Bishop of Santa MarĂa had Borgia expelled from the church because his own father had died after being imprisoned under Alexander VI. It was held for many years that the bones were lost, although in fact local tradition continued to mark their place quite accurately and folklore sprung up around Borgia's death and ghost. The bones were in fact dug up twice and reburied once by historians (both local and internationalâthe first dig in 1886 involved the French historian
200:
1015:, the Archbishop of Pamplona, would acquiesce after more than 50 years of petitions and Borgia would finally be moved back inside the church on 11 March 2007, the day before the 500th anniversary of his death, but an Archbishopric spokesman declared that the church doesn't authorize any such practice. The local church said that "we have nothing against the transfer of his remains. Whatever he may have done in life, he deserves to be forgiven now."
1124:
480:
1215:. Nearly all contemporary accounts of Cesare Borgia mention this intelligence, sometimes elaborated further by accounts made by allies, and other times, only briefly mentioned by those who most likely had a personal antipathy towards Cesare, but was still hinted at or briefly mentioned nonetheless. With his personality, he was able to win the unwavering loyalty of his troops and also with his most trusted friend and "manservant",
999:, who also published works on the Borgias) seeking the resting place of the infamous Cesare Borgia. After Borgia was unearthed for the second time in 1945 his bones were taken for a rather lengthy forensic examination by Victoriano Juaristi, a surgeon by trade and Borgia aficionado, and the tests concurred with the preliminary ones carried out in the 19th century. There was evidence that the bones belonged to Borgia.
560:
1064:, Machiavelli uses Borgia as an example to elucidate the dangers of acquiring a principality by virtue of another. Although Cesare Borgia's father gave him the power to set up, Cesare ruled the Romagna with skill and tact for the most part. However, when his father died, and a rival to the Borgia family entered the Papal seat, Cesare was overthrown in a matter of months.
411:, who was made captain-general of the military forces of the papacy. Giovanni was assassinated in 1497 under mysterious circumstances. Several contemporaries suggested that Cesare might have been his killer, as Giovanni's disappearance could finally open to him a long-awaited military career and also solve the jealousy over
916:, published from memory what he had seen written on the tomb when he had paid a visit to the church. This epitaph underwent several changes in wording and meter throughout the years and the version most commonly cited today is that published by the priest and historian Francisco de AlesĂłn in the 18th century. It reads:
1007:
of the papal as well as the
Navarrese forces. A movement was made in the late 1980s to have Borgia dug up once more and put back into Santa MarĂa, but this proposal was ultimately rejected by church officials due to a recent ruling against the interment of anyone who did not hold the title of pope or
1053:
met the Duke on a diplomatic mission in his function as
Secretary of the Florentine Chancellery. Machiavelli was at Borgia's court from 7 October 1502 through 18 January 1503. During this time he wrote regular dispatches to his superiors in Florence, many of which have survived and are published in
719:
revolted. The fact that his subjects had enjoyed his rule thus far meant that his opponents had to work much harder than they would have liked. He eventually recalled his loyal generals to Imola, where he waited for his opponents' loose alliance to collapse. Cesare called for a reconciliation, but
1002:
Cesare Borgia's remains then were sent to Viana's town hall, directly across from Santa MarĂa, where they remained until 1953. They were then reburied immediately outside of the Church of Santa MarĂa, no longer under the street and in direct danger of being stepped on. A memorial stone was placed
762:
cites Cesare's dependence on the goodwill of the papacy, under the control of his father, as being the principal disadvantage of his rule. Machiavelli argued that, had Cesare been able to win the favour of the new Pope, he would have been a very successful ruler. The news of his father's death in
1207:
There are accounts recorded by
Machiavelli during his time spent with Cesare Borgia that provide insight into the man. Machiavelli found that he could be at times secretive and taciturn, at other times loquacious and boastful. He alternated bursts of demonic activity when he stayed up all night
419:, and mistress of both Cesare and Giovanni. Cesare's role in the act has never been clear. However, he had no definitive motive, as he was likely to be given a powerful secular position, whether or not his brother lived. It is possible that Giovanni was killed as a result of a sexual liaison.
581:
were deposed. Though in theory subject directly to the pope, these rulers had been practically independent or dependent on other states for generations. In the view of the citizens, these vicars were cruel and petty. When Cesare eventually took power, he was viewed by the citizens as a great
984:
considered it inappropriate to have the remains of "that degenerate" lying in the church, so the opportunity was taken to tear down the monument and expel Borgia's bones to where they were reburied under the street in front of the church to be trodden on by all who walked through the town.
1094:
as a military architect and engineer between 1502 and 1503. Cesare provided
Leonardo with an unlimited pass to inspect and direct all ongoing and planned construction in his domain. While in Romagna, Leonardo built the canal from Cesena to the Porto Cesenatico.
1199:
Cesare was also the father to at least 11 illegitimate children. Among them are
Girolamo Borgia who married Isabella Contessa di Carpi and Camilla Lucrezia Borgia (the younger) who, after Cesare's death, was moved to Ferrara to the court of her aunt
794:, then succeeded by dexterous diplomacy in tricking the weakened Cesare Borgia into supporting him by offering him money and continued papal backing for Borgia policies in the Romagna; promises which he disregarded upon his election as
979:
against John III and
Catherine of Navarre. While the circumstances are not well known, the tomb was destroyed sometime between 1523 and 1608, during which time Santa MarĂa was undergoing renovation and expansion. Tradition goes that a
2706:
585:
Cesare was appointed commander of the papal armies with a number of
Italian mercenaries, supported by 300 cavalry and 4,000 Swiss infantry sent by the king of France. Alexander sent him to capture
802:. Realizing his mistake by then, Cesare tried to correct the situation in his favour, but Pope Julius II made sure of its failure at every turn. Cesare was for example forced by Julius to give up
1836:
1414:. He is voiced by Andreas Apergis. The game was developed primarily by Ubisoft Montreal with contributions by four other Ubisoft branches: Annecy, Singapore, Bucharest, and Quebec City.
573:
At this point, Alexander decided to profit from the favourable situation and carve out for Cesare a state of his own in northern Italy. To this end, he declared that all his vicars in
260:, but he was unable to retain power for long after his father's death. According to Machiavelli, this was not due to a lack of foresight, but his error in creating a new pope.
315:
writes that
Cardinal Borgia falsely claimed Cesare to be the legitimate son of another manâDomenico d'Arignano, the nominal husband of Vannozza dei Cattanei. More likely,
2085:
981:
244:
After initially entering the Church and becoming a cardinal on his father's election to the papacy, he resigned after the death of his brother in 1498. He served as a
1074:
Machiavelli's use of Borgia is subject to controversy. Some scholars see
Machiavelli's Borgia as the precursor of state crimes in the 20th century. Others, including
817:, a man he had considered his ally, and imprisoned there, while his lands were retaken by the papacy. In 1504 he was transferred to Spain and imprisoned first in the
604:). Despite being deprived of his French troops after the conquest of those two cities, Borgia returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph and to receive the title of
2475:
2551:
2836:
2801:
1082:, have historicized Machiavelli's Borgia, explaining the admiration for such violence as an effect of the general criminality and corruption of the time.
2761:
1011:
Since Borgia had renounced the cardinalate it was decided that it would be inappropriate for his bones to be moved into the church. It was reported that
1858:
2268:
1861:"Alexander VI Pontifex Maximus Borgia Valentinus" ("The Valencian", his epithet indicating his birth in XĂ tiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the
532:
Cesare's career was founded upon his father's ability to distribute patronage, along with his alliance with France (reinforced by his marriage with
1832:
1067:
Machiavelli attributes two episodes to Cesare Borgia: the method by which the
Romagna was pacified, which Machiavelli describes in chapter VII of
2731:
2602:
385:
381:
707:, most notably Vitellozzo Vitelli and the Orsini brothers (Giulio, Paolo and Francesco), feared Cesare's cruelty and set up a plot against him.
2210:
1651:
1075:
454:, and along with Cesare's former position as Cardinal of Valencia. On 6 September 1499, he was released from all ecclesiastical duties and
2129:
Niccolò Machiavelli, "A Description of the Method Used by Duke Valentino in Killing Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, and Others",
2811:
2028:
758:
Although he was an immensely capable general and statesman, Cesare had trouble maintaining his domain without continued papal patronage.
2612:
305:, and rose to prominence during the mid-15th century. Cesare's great-uncle Alphonso Borgia (1378â1458), bishop of Valencia, was elected
2806:
2403:
293:, Italy in either 1475 or 1476, the illegitimate son of Cardinal Roderic Llançol i de Borja, usually known as "Rodrigo Borgia", later
2826:
2177:
665:
by Cesare's order. In May 1501 the latter was created duke of Romagna. Hired by Florence, Cesare subsequently added the lordship of
2831:
393:
869:
2771:
2701:
2622:
2082:
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was able to convince Leonardo to enter his service, and the last three years of Leonardo's life were spent working in France.
2781:
2716:
1771:
1031:
624:
2741:
2055:
Borgia Season 3: Behind the Scenes: Mark Ryder and Tom Fontana travel to Spain, to search for the real Cesare Borgia's tomb
1188:
to ease tensions with the newly proclaimed French King Louis XII by offering a royal blood bride in his dealings with the
1993:
1445:
1079:
976:
858:
408:
458:
from his diaconal orders (because he only was ordained deacon on 26 March 1494 and never received other major orders as
309:
in 1455. Cesare's father, Pope Alexander VI, was the first pope who openly recognized his children born out of wedlock.
2721:
1965:
389:
775:
fever (likely contracted on the same occasion when Alexander contracted his fatal illness), his troops controlled the
2696:
2691:
2316:
2244:
1710:
1163:
814:
519:
459:
1042:, and a young man holding an empty glass. The painting represents the popular view of the treacherous nature of the
676:
took over the siege of Piombino which ended in 1502, Cesare commanded the French troops in the sieges of Naples and
608:
from his father. In 1500 the creation of twelve new cardinals granted Alexander enough money for Cesare to hire the
2841:
2746:
1410:
563:
2219:
1351:
975:
Borgia was an old enemy of Ferdinand of Aragon, and he was fighting the count who paved the way for Ferdinand's
2639:
1145:
1141:
501:
497:
463:
274:
2751:
2629:
1586:
1500:
that chronicles his life from the age of 15. A musical adaptation premiered in 2023. Cesare was portrayed by
776:
744:
397:
353:
1106:
drove Sforza out of Italy. After Cesare, Leonardo was unsuccessful in finding another patron in Italy. King
1012:
1419:
1397:
422:
On 17 August 1498, Cesare resigned the cardinalate, in order to pursue a military career. On the same day,
2796:
2393:
2260:
2058:
799:
377:
285:
Like many aspects of Cesare Borgia's life, the date of his birth is a subject of dispute. He was born in
877:
988:
211:
2112:
1424:
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2658:
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1582:
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1023:
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2726:
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884:, during his late years). Borgia was left lying naked, with just a red tile covering his genitals.
752:
712:
1211:
He is said to have possessed a high intelligence that was recognized early during his time at the
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1509:
1134:
490:
1745:
Sabatini (pp. 45, 48), citing the supplement to the Appendix of Thuasne's edition of Burchard's
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1880:
1385:
873:
850:
837:. He did manage to escape from the Castle of La Mota with assistance, and after running across
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238:
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791:
768:
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298:
178:
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818:
658:
1875:
8:
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1256:
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893:
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302:
124:
114:
2133:, trans. Allan Gilbert, Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1989, 3 vols., 163â169
2436:
2359:
1904:"Consistory of Friday September 20, 1493 (II) Celebrated at the Apostolic Palace, Rome"
1607:
1473:
1432:
1216:
1212:
1185:
1046:âthe implication being that the young man cannot be sure that the wine is not poisoned.
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1989:
1961:
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401:
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221:
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32:
790:, but after a brief pontificate of twenty-six days, he died. Borgia's deadly enemy,
2457:
2448:
1624:
1615:
1602:
1501:
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838:
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728:, then called Sinigaglia, a feat described as a "wonderful deceiving" by historian
685:
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412:
225:
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2355:
2223:
2214:
2089:
1862:
1533:
1376:
1303:
1287:
1201:
1099:
1071:, and the assassination of his captains on New Year's Eve of 1502 in Senigallia.
1043:
1035:
996:
842:
688:. On 24 June 1501, Borgia's troops stormed the latter to end the siege of Capua.
638:
634:
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549:
451:
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269:
228:
38:
1903:
336:
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2425:
1492:
1454:
1345:
1327:
1278:
1273:
795:
416:
316:
301:, about whom information is sparse. The Borgia family originally came from the
286:
59:
2670:
2237:
Juan de Albret y Catalina de Foix o la defensa del Estado navarro (1483â1517)
1781:
1515:
1402:
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783:
620:
257:
137:
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1468:
song "Cantarella" is based on Cesare Borgia and his sister Lucrezia Borgia.
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1389:
1336:
897:
865:
729:
541:
341:
279:
253:
86:
63:
1953:
1356:
1318:
857:, who was missing an experienced military commander, ahead of the feared
716:
216:
430:. This random title was selected as being homophonous with his nickname
2336:
2217:
1520:
1481:
1437:
1229:
1148: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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803:
733:
725:
504: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
407:
Alexander VI staked the hopes of the Borgia family on Cesare's brother
320:
233:
203:
Cesare Borgia's domains mapped. Sources are in the image's description.
319:
granted Cesare a release from the necessity of proving his birth in a
2203:
822:
249:
1941:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives: Volume IV
1123:
1098:
Before meeting Cesare, Leonardo had worked at the Milanese court of
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199:
1574:
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881:
846:
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historic fiction on Cesare's life with some supernatural elements.
590:
1857:
See inscription on 5 Ducat piece of his father Pope Alexander VI
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1558:
901:
834:
772:
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In June 1502 he set out for Marche, where he was able to capture
574:
365:
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15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Aragon
252:
of France around 1500, and occupied Milan and Naples during the
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2513:
2101:
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1562:
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had ordered built at the altar of the Church of Santa MarĂa in
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642:
578:
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191:
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1477:
1408:
Cesare appears as the main antagonist of the 2010 video game
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677:
662:
586:
553:
400:. Along with his father's elevation to Pope, Cesare was made
290:
94:
67:
1003:
over it which, translated into English, declared Borgia the
369:
825:, but after an attempted escape he was moved north to the
388:
at 17. In 1493, he had also been appointed bishop of both
256:. At the same time, he carved out a state for himself in
1686:
Cesare Borgia. La sua vita, la sua famiglia, i suoi tempi
892:
Borgia was originally buried in a marbled mausoleum King
2170:"Leonardo da Vinci â Second Florentine period (1500â08)"
16:
Late 15th-century Italian nobleman and Catholic cardinal
763:
1503 arrived when Cesare was planning the conquest of
396:. In 1494, he also received the title of abbot of the
2027:. Vol. 7. Toloso, Spain: E. Lopez. p. 163.
438:"), derived from his father's papal epithet in Latin
1436:, a 2011 European TV series, Cesare is portrayed by
1423:, a 2011 American TV series, Cesare is portrayed by
1983:
1935:
1933:
798:by the near-unanimous vote of the cardinals in the
732:, and had them strangled. In 1503 he conquered the
564:
Portrait traditionally said to depict Cesare Borgia
552:, Cesare accompanied the king in his entrance into
231:. His fight for power was a major inspiration for
210:(13 September 1475 â 12 March 1507) was an Italian
2304:
2078:
2076:
904:in northern Spain, set on one of the stops on the
853:on 3 December 1506, and was much welcomed by King
1859:File:Roma, alessandro VI, 5 ducati, 1492-1503.jpg
868:, which had been in the hands of forces loyal to
786:, supported Cesare Borgia and reconfirmed him as
360:Cesare was initially groomed for a career in the
2668:
1986:GuĂa de la conquista de Navarra en 12 escenarios
1930:
2398:
2073:
1679:
1677:
809:Cesare Borgia, who was facing the hostility of
806:, after occupying the republic for six months.
1988:. Donostia: Txertoa Argitaletxea. p. 10.
1658:(in Italian). 5 September 2014. Archived from
2239:. Pamplona-IruĂąa: Pamiela. pp. 164â165.
2159:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
2021:Moret, JosĂŠ de; AlesĂłn, Francisco de (1891).
924:
2380:The Artist, the Philosopher, and the Warrior
1766:] (in French). Perpignan: Ultima Necat.
1674:
1184:. The arrangement was part of a plan by the
2837:Italian military personnel killed in action
2334:
2020:
1952:
1835:. Catholic Under the Hood. 17 August 2010.
1705:, University of Chicago Press, p. 33,
1699:Machiavelli, Niccolò (15 May 2010), "VII",
1698:
1342:The Artist, The Philosopher and the Warrior
220:(mercenary leader), an illegitimate son of
2762:Illegitimate children of Pope Alexander VI
2424:
2234:
1223:Character discussed in works of philosophy
31:
2377:
1820:The Meddlesome Friar and the Wayward Pope
1683:
1293:
1164:Learn how and when to remove this message
544:. Louis XII invaded Italy in 1499; after
520:Learn how and when to remove this message
446:") indicating his birth in XĂ tiva in the
37:Profile portrait of Cesare Borgia in the
2354:
2146:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946
2051:"Borgia 3 â The Quest For Cesare's Tomb"
1896:
1757:
1725:
1723:
1513:, a historical fiction novel created by
1022:
743:
739:
558:
335:
273:
198:
2802:People of the Italian Wars of 1499â1504
2368:
2325:
2302:
2261:"Cesare Borgia | Biography & Facts"
2007:
2005:
1979:
1977:
1646:
1644:
1368:
1309:Cesare Borgia: The Machiavellian Prince
967:and you do not need to go any farther.
631:, who resumed his campaign in Romagna.
2732:Cardinals created by Pope Alexander VI
2669:
2394:Cesare Borgia, Encyclopedia Britannica
2345:
2293:
1908:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
1453:about the lives of the Borgia family.
1085:
2110:
2083:"The rehabilitation of Cesare Borgia"
1984:Bustillo Kastrexana, Joxerra (2012).
1946:
1729:Herfried MĂźnkler and Marina MĂźnkler,
1720:
1623:
1614:
1601:
1380:, a 1947 historical fiction novel by
715:returned to Urbino and Camerino, and
2002:
1974:
1764:66 Little Stories of Catalan Country
1760:66 petites histoires du Pays Catalan
1641:
1493:Cesare: Il Creatore che ha distrutto
1180:(1480 â 11 March 1514), a sister of
1146:adding citations to reliable sources
1117:
502:adding citations to reliable sources
473:
415:, wife of Cesare's younger brother,
2408:. classicreader.com. Archived from
2271:from the original on 25 August 2018
1652:"Cesare Borgia, detto Il Valentino"
1557:His other titles included: Duke of
1192:. They were parents to a daughter,
637:, first husband of Cesare's sister
384:at the age of 15 and archbishop of
13:
2812:Sapienza University of Rome alumni
2061:from the original on 28 April 2017
2031:from the original on 28 April 2016
1868:
1839:from the original on 2 August 2014
1028:A Glass of Wine with Caesar Borgia
813:, was betrayed while in Naples by
699:by treason. He planned to conquer
14:
2853:
2807:Italian people of Spanish descent
2387:
2180:from the original on 3 March 2019
2113:"CĂŠsar Borgia no descansa en paz"
1603:[ËtĘeËzareËbÉrdĘa,ËtĘÉË-]
1449:, the cast performed a parody of
1388:of the story, he is portrayed by
963:if you would praise the worthiest
749:Cesare Borgia leaving the Vatican
2827:Italian people imprisoned abroad
2348:Cesare Borgia the Elegant Tyrant
2202:, 3rd edn (London:Stanley Paul,
1876:"Mister CĂŠsar de Borja (Borgia)"
1122:
1113:
478:
331:
2832:Escapees from Spanish detention
2432:. Encyclopedia World Biography.
2253:
2228:
2192:
2162:
2149:
2136:
2123:
2111:GalĂĄn, Lola (27 January 2007).
2043:
2014:
1958:The Borgias: The Hidden History
1921:
1851:
1825:
1812:
1800:
1733:, Munich: Beck, 2000, pp. 43ff.
1611:
1352:The Borgias: The Hidden History
1284:The Philosophy of the Encounter
1176:On 10 May 1499, Cesare married
1133:needs additional citations for
1090:Cesare Borgia briefly employed
767:. While he was convalescing in
489:needs additional citations for
2772:Captains General of the Church
2702:15th-century Italian cardinals
2640:Francesco Maria I della Rovere
2296:Cesare Borgia, Duca di Romagna
1788:
1751:
1739:
1692:
1688:(in Italian). Milano: Rizzoli.
1592:
1551:
106:Iglesia de Santa MarĂa (Viana)
1:
2630:Captain General of the Church
2335:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1532).
2011:Bustillo Kastrexana, J. p. 11
1956:(2014). "Chapter 21: Alone".
1634:
1587:Captain General of the Church
1411:Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood
1335:(1981) by Sarah Bradford and
1056:Machiavelli's Collected Works
1018:
777:September 1503 papal conclave
398:abbey of Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa
354:Captain-General of the Church
263:
42:
2782:Military personnel from Rome
2717:University of Perugia alumni
2437:Diario de los Borja (Borgia)
1960:. Bantam. pp. 384â408.
1034:. From left: Cesare Borgia,
815:Gonzalo FernĂĄndez de CĂłrdoba
657:surrendered, its young lord
372:, Cesare studied law at the
278:Cesare as a boy, painted by
7:
2742:Princes of the Papal States
2235:Adot Lerga, Ălvaro (2005).
2024:Anales del reino de Navarra
1833:"Today in Catholic History"
1758:CĂĄrdenas, Fabricio (2014).
1684:Sacerdote, Gustavo (1950).
1527:
1362:Cesare Borgia in a Nutshell
961:of worthy things to praise,
951:Here lies in a little earth
800:October 1503 papal conclave
661:being later drowned in the
469:
378:Sapienza University of Rome
297:, and his Italian mistress
10:
2858:
2131:The Chief Works and Others
1569:, Count of Dyois, Lord of
1395:In the 1981 BBC TV series
1013:Fernando SebastiĂĄn Aguilar
908:. In the 16th century the
887:
876:'s conspiratorial ally in
267:
224:and member of the Spanish-
2722:University of Pisa alumni
2659:Guidobaldo da Montefeltro
2655:
2649:Gonfalonier of the Church
2646:
2636:
2627:
2619:
2609:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2579:Guidobaldo da Montefeltro
2575:
2566:
2562:Guidobaldo da Montefeltro
2558:
2548:
2538:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2502:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2369:Spinosa, Antonio (1999).
2361:The Life of Cesare Borgia
2200:The Life of Cesare Borgia
1507:Cesare is a character in
1401:, Cesare is portrayed by
1374:Cesare is a character in
1364:(2016) by Samantha Morris
1300:The Life of Cesare Borgia
965:then your path stops here
959:Oh, you who go in search
930:el que la paz y la guerra
872:, the count of LerĂn and
709:Guidobaldo da Montefeltro
602:Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
380:). He was made bishop of
326:
187:
166:
130:
120:
110:
102:
75:
52:
30:
23:
2697:16th-century condottieri
2692:15th-century condottieri
2378:Strathern, Paul (2009).
2326:Johnson, Marion (1981).
2294:Alvisi, Edoardo (1878).
1818:Michael de la Bedoyere,
1715:– via Google books
1544:
1457:portrayed Cesare Borgia.
1182:King John III of Navarre
953:he whom everyone feared,
938:si tĂş loas lo mĂĄs digno,
926:AquĂ yace en poca tierra
753:Giuseppe Lorenzo Gatteri
713:Giovanni Maria da Varano
540:), in the course of the
148:Camilla Lucrezia Borgia
2842:Deaths by blade weapons
2747:Archbishops of Valencia
2346:Nanami, Shiono (1970).
2265:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
2222:14 October 2013 at the
2174:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
1731:Lexikon der Renaissance
1616:[ËsÉzaÉžËbÉÉždĘa]
1315:A Triptych of Poisoners
641:, was soon ousted from
2603:Archbishop of Valencia
2587:Catholic Church titles
2303:Cloulas, Ivan (1989).
1881:Catholic-Hierarchy.org
1625:[ËθesaÉžËβoÉžxa]
1620:
1599:Italian pronunciation:
1294:Non-fiction literature
1102:for many years, until
1047:
942:no cures de mĂĄs andar.
934:Oh tĂş que vas a buscar
925:
874:Ferdinand II of Aragon
811:Ferdinand II of Aragon
755:
734:Republic of San Marino
629:Oliverotto Euffreducci
597:(mother of the Medici
570:
546:Gian Giacomo Trivulzio
364:. Following school in
357:
282:
204:
2524:Pandolfo IV Malatesta
2506:Pandolfo IV Malatesta
2155:Harvey C. Mansfield,
2144:The Myth of the State
2088:24 March 2018 at the
1808:I capitani di ventura
1504:in the original cast.
1263:Twilight of the Idols
1026:
989:Vicente Blasco IbĂĄĂąez
955:he whom peace and war
936:dignas cosas de loar:
792:Giuliano Della Rovere
747:
740:Later years and death
562:
339:
299:Vannozza dei Cattanei
277:
202:
179:Vannozza dei Cattanei
2752:Dukes of Valentinois
2534:Astorre III Manfredi
2476:Antonio II Ordelaffi
2213:5 March 2016 at the
2157:Machiavelli's Virtue
1539:Route of the Borgias
1369:Fictional portrayals
1311:(1942) by Carlo Beuf
1252:Beyond Good and Evil
1142:improve this article
940:aquĂ pare tu camino,
932:en su mano la tenĂa.
928:el que todo le temĂa
819:Castle of Chinchilla
659:Astorre III Manfredi
548:had ousted its duke
498:improve this article
344:of Cesare Borgia as
2552:Astorre IV Manfredi
2400:Niccolò Machiavelli
2095:The Daily Telegraph
1382:Samuel Shellabarger
1268:Friedrich Nietzsche
1257:Friedrich Nietzsche
1246:Friedrich Nietzsche
1235:Niccolò Machiavelli
1178:Charlotte of Albret
1108:Francis I of France
1104:Louis XII of France
1086:Borgia and Leonardo
1051:Niccolò Machiavelli
993:A los pies de Venus
982:Bishop of Calahorra
910:Bishop of MondoĂąedo
855:John III of Navarre
760:Niccolò Machiavelli
703:next. However, his
617:Gian Paolo Baglioni
538:John III of Navarre
464:bishop consecration
448:Kingdom of Valencia
428:Duke of Valentinois
424:Louis XII of France
346:Duke of Valentinois
323:of 1 October 1480.
303:Kingdom of Valencia
239:Niccolò Machiavelli
125:Charlotte of Albret
115:Duke of Valentinois
2797:Resigned cardinals
2371:La saga dei Borgia
2092:by Malcolm Moore,
1796:La saga dei Borgia
1662:on 1 December 2017
1446:Horrible Histories
1217:Micheletto Corella
1213:University of Pisa
1186:Navarrese monarchs
1048:
914:Antonio de Guevara
906:Camino de Santiago
864:Borgia recaptured
859:Castilian invasion
821:de MontearagĂłn in
771:from an attack of
769:Castel Sant'Angelo
756:
669:to his new lands.
647:Pandolfo Malatesta
613:Vitellozzo Vitelli
571:
534:Charlotte d'Albret
404:at the age of 18.
358:
307:Pope Callixtus III
283:
205:
2665:
2664:
2656:Succeeded by
2637:Succeeded by
2610:Succeeded by
2576:Succeeded by
2549:Succeeded by
2521:Succeeded by
2473:Succeeded by
2198:Rafael Sabatini,
2098:, 23 January 2007
1884:. David M. Cheney
1773:978-2-36771-006-8
1451:The Addams Family
1174:
1173:
1166:
1092:Leonardo da Vinci
1040:Pope Alexander VI
973:
972:
957:held in his hand.
870:Louis de Beaumont
827:Castle of La Mota
606:Papal Gonfalonier
530:
529:
522:
313:Stefano Infessura
295:Pope Alexander VI
222:Pope Alexander VI
197:
196:
174:Pope Alexander VI
56:13 September 1475
2849:
2822:Italian escapees
2777:Clergy from Rome
2757:Cardinal-nephews
2620:Preceded by
2593:Preceded by
2559:Preceded by
2531:Preceded by
2503:Preceded by
2458:Ottaviano Riario
2455:Preceded by
2449:Italian nobility
2445:
2444:
2441:
2433:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2356:Sabatini, Rafael
2351:
2342:
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2299:
2281:
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2232:
2226:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2142:Ernst Cassirer,
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2121:
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2099:
2080:
2071:
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2068:
2066:
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2018:
2012:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1950:
1944:
1943:, 2017, p. 1511.
1937:
1928:
1927:Rendina, p. 250.
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1605:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1555:
1502:Akinori Nakagawa
1169:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1126:
1118:
944:
919:
918:
849:, he arrived in
831:Medina del Campo
686:Fabrizio Colonna
568:Altobello Melone
525:
518:
514:
511:
505:
482:
474:
413:Sancha of Aragon
142:Girolamo Borgia
82:
47:
44:
35:
21:
20:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2792:Lords of Faenza
2787:Lords of Pesaro
2767:Lords of Rimini
2737:Bishops of Elna
2727:Dukes of Urbino
2712:House of Borgia
2667:
2666:
2661:
2652:
2642:
2633:
2625:
2623:Giovanni Borgia
2615:
2606:
2598:
2581:
2572:
2564:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2489:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2439:
2430:"Cesare Borgia"
2415:
2413:
2390:
2319:
2285:
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2254:
2247:
2233:
2229:
2224:Wayback Machine
2215:Wayback Machine
2197:
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2183:
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2124:
2109:
2102:
2090:Wayback Machine
2081:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2057:. 9 July 2014.
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1995:978-84-71484819
1982:
1975:
1968:
1951:
1947:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1912:
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1902:
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1897:
1887:
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1874:
1873:
1869:
1863:Crown of Aragon
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1831:
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1826:
1817:
1813:
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1649:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1534:Rocca di Borgia
1530:
1443:In series 4 of
1425:Francois Arnaud
1386:film adaptation
1377:Prince of Foxes
1371:
1304:Rafael Sabatini
1296:
1288:Louis Althusser
1225:
1202:Lucrezia Borgia
1170:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1139:
1127:
1116:
1100:Ludovico Sforza
1088:
1036:Lucrezia Borgia
1021:
997:Charles Yriarte
969:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
946:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
890:
742:
720:imprisoned his
635:Giovanni Sforza
595:Caterina Sforza
550:Ludovico Sforza
526:
515:
509:
506:
495:
483:
472:
452:Crown of Aragon
350:Duke of Romagna
334:
329:
272:
270:House of Borgia
266:
229:House of Borgia
183:
162:
98:
84:
80:
71:
57:
48:
45:
39:Palazzo Venezia
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2855:
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2834:
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2644:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2599:
2596:Rodrigo Borgia
2594:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2569:Duke of Urbino
2565:
2560:
2556:
2555:
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2522:
2519:
2509:
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2500:
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2480:
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2474:
2471:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2426:Sarah Bradford
2422:
2412:on 6 July 2008
2396:
2389:
2388:External links
2386:
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1967:978-0345526922
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1505:
1496:is a manga by
1489:
1469:
1458:
1455:Mathew Baynton
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1428:
1415:
1406:
1393:
1384:. In the 1949
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1348:
1346:Paul Strathern
1339:
1330:
1328:Sarah Bradford
1321:
1312:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1279:Theodor Adorno
1274:Minima Moralia
1270:
1259:
1248:
1241:The Antichrist
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1221:
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866:Viana, Navarre
796:Pope Julius II
782:The new pope,
741:
738:
680:, defended by
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527:
486:
484:
477:
471:
468:
333:
330:
328:
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317:Pope Sixtus IV
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46: 1500â10
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2817:French abbots
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2677:Cesare Borgia
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2318:9780531151013
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2256:
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2246:84-7681-443-7
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1712:9780226500508
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1657:
1656:Studia rapido
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1516:The Godfather
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1403:Oliver Cotton
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1324:Cesare Borgia
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1214:
1209:
1205:
1204:(the elder).
1203:
1197:
1196:(1500â1553).
1195:
1194:Louise Borgia
1191:
1187:
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1165:
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1147:
1143:
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1136:
1131:This section
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1114:Personal life
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1498:Fuyumi Soryo
1491:
1486:dark fantasy
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81:(1507-03-12)
64:Papal States
18:
2687:1507 deaths
2682:1475 births
2613:Juan Borgia
2328:The Borgias
2307:The Borgias
2184:25 February
1954:G. J. Meyer
1865:(now Spain)
1843:29 December
1735:(in German)
1621:CĂŠsar Borja
1619:; Spanish:
1612:Cèsar Borja
1583:Gonfalonier
1420:The Borgias
1398:The Borgias
1357:G. J. Meyer
1333:The Borgias
1319:Jean Plaidy
722:condottieri
717:Fossombrone
705:condottieri
674:condottieri
599:condottiero
593:, ruled by
246:condottiero
217:condottiero
2671:Categories
2653:1500â1503
2634:1500â1503
2607:1492â1498
2573:1502â1503
2546:1501â1503
2518:1500â1503
2490:1499â1503
2470:1499â1503
2416:6 December
2405:The Prince
2338:The Prince
2035:13 October
1702:The Prince
1635:References
1521:Mario Puzo
1510:The Family
1482:You Higuri
1474:Cantarella
1438:Mark Ryder
1355:(2013) by
1344:(2009) by
1326:(1976) by
1317:(1958) by
1302:(1912) by
1286:(2006) by
1277:(1951) by
1266:(1889) by
1255:(1886) by
1244:(1895) by
1233:(1532) by
1230:The Prince
1154:April 2019
1080:Lord Acton
1069:The Prince
1061:The Prince
1030:(1893) by
1019:Evaluation
1008:cardinal.
804:San Marino
751:(1877) by
726:Senigallia
672:While his
510:March 2012
460:priesthood
450:under the
440:Valentinus
376:(nowadays
321:papal bull
268:See also:
264:Early life
234:The Prince
1806:Rendina,
1794:Spinosa,
1782:893847466
1608:Valencian
839:Santander
823:La Mancha
444:Valencian
436:Valencian
250:Louis XII
248:for King
226:Aragonese
41:in Rome,
2540:Lord of
2512:Lord of
2484:Lord of
2464:Lord of
2358:(1912).
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1837:Archived
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1571:Piombino
1528:See also
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1076:Macaulay
894:John III
882:syphilis
851:Pamplona
847:Gipuzkoa
773:malarial
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682:Prospero
667:Piombino
639:Lucrezia
470:Military
456:laicised
409:Giovanni
402:Cardinal
386:Valencia
382:Pamplona
212:cardinal
155:9 others
131:Children
2494:To the
2288:Sources
2117:El PaĂs
1747:Diarium
1567:Venafro
1559:Romagna
1519:author
1044:Borgias
902:Navarre
888:Remains
878:Navarre
843:Durango
835:Segovia
833:, near
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167:Parents
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60:Subiaco
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651:Rimini
643:Pesaro
621:Giulio
579:Marche
442:("The
434:("The
362:Church
327:Career
192:Borgia
188:Family
121:Spouse
2486:Imola
2466:ForlĂŹ
2275:9 May
2208:p.291
1762:[
1545:Notes
1484:is a
1478:manga
1466:KAITO
1058:. In
991:, in
898:Viana
678:Capua
663:Tiber
649:lost
625:Paolo
591:ForlĂŹ
587:Imola
566:, by
554:Milan
291:Lazio
111:Title
95:Spain
93:(now
87:Viana
68:Italy
66:(now
2418:2005
2313:ISBN
2277:2019
2241:ISBN
2204:n.d.
2186:2019
2067:2017
2037:2014
1990:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1915:2022
1890:2022
1845:2012
1778:OCLC
1768:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1668:2020
1585:and
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1471:The
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1078:and
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