594:
779:
802:, and this species must mate to produce fertile eggs. Mating tends to be concentrated in late spring and early summer, though it can continue through the autumn. The snails may store the sperm they receive from their partner for some time, and individual broods can have mixed paternity. In Britain it lays clutches of 30â50 (in France 40â80) oval eggs between June and August (in France MayâOctober, in W France until November). The size of the egg is 3.1 Ă 2.6 mm or egg diameter can be 2.3â3.0 mm. Juveniles hatch after 15â20 days.
86:
630:
431:
415:
606:
35:
61:
642:
618:
661:
1991:
Giffard, B.; Winter, S.; Guidoni, S.; Nicolai, A.; Castaldini, M.; Cluzeau, D.; Coll, P.; Cortet, J.; Le Cadre, E.; dâErrico, G.; Forneck, A.; Gagnarli, E.; Griesser, M.; Guernion, M.; Lagomarsino, A.; Landi, S.; Le
Bissonnais, Y.; Mania, E.; Mocali, S.; Preda, C.; Priori, S.; Reineke, A; Rusch, A.;
988:
Silvertown, J.; Cook, L.; Cameron, R.; Dodd, M.; McConway, K.; Worthington, J.; Skelton, P.; Anton, C.; Bossdorf, O.; Baur, B.; Schilthuizen, M.; Fontaine, B.; Sattmann, H.; Bertorelle, G.; Correia, M.; Oliveira, C.; Pokryszko, B.; OĆŒgo, M.; StalaĆŸs, A.; Gill, E.; Rammul, Ă.; SĂłlymos, P.; FĂ©her, Z.;
1468:
OĆŒgo, M.; Cameron, R.A.D.; HorsĂĄk, M.; Pokryszko, B.; ChudaĆ, M.; Cichy, A.; Kaczmarek, S.; Kobak, J.; Marzec, M.; Mierzwa-Szymkowiak, D.; Parzonko, D.; Pyka, G.; Rosin, Z.; Skawina, A.; Soroka, M.; Sulikowska-Drozd, A.; Surowiec, T.; Szymanek, M.; Templin, J.; UrbaĆska, M.; ZajÄ
c, K.; Zielska, J.;
352:
is highly variable; it ranges from brown, through pink, to yellow or even whitish, with or without one to five dark-brown bands. Names for many colour variants were coined in the nineteenth century but this system has been replaced by an independent scoring of shell colour and the presence/absence
755:
Starting in 1857, there have been multiple introductions to North
America, where it now occurs widely in Canada (from British Columbia to Newfoundland; in Ontario it is a pest of vineyards) and in the north-eastern part of the US, with further occurrences further south (e.g. California, Colorado,
805:
This snail is comparatively slow-growing, taking 1 to 3 years to develop from an egg to a breeding adult. The life-span for this species is up to seven or eight years, with the annual survival rate of adults about 50% (= 3% over five years, older adults suffer higher mortalities). In winter, the
664:
529:
in shell colour and banding. The background colour of the shell varies along a continuum from brown through pink to yellow and sometimes almost white. Additionally the shells can be with or without dark bands. The bands vary in intensity of colour, in width and in number, from zero to five. The
786:
This is a very common and widespread species in
Western Europe, occupying a wide range of habitats from coastal dunes to woodlands with full canopy cover, including gardens and abandoned land. In Eastern Europe, where it is a new arrival, it has turned up particularly in urban areas and other
663:
668:
667:
662:
669:
666:
1764:
790:
This species feeds mainly on dead or senescent plants. It prefers broad-leaved plants over grasses. Although mostly not a pest of crops, it can be a nuisance in vineyards because it is inadvertently picked with the grapes.
787:
disturbed habitats. It can be found up to an altitude of 1600 m in the Alps, 1800 m in the
Pyrenees, 900 m in Wales, 600 m in Scotland. Density of adults is often of the order of 2 per square metre.
665:
549:
or climatic selection: paler, more reflective colours in sunny environments reduce water loss and overheating. Climatic selection can also explain why yellow shells are more common in the south.
681:
is from
Western and Northern Europe to Central Europe, but it has been spreading eastwards especially over the last few decades. Thus it is known from most of the Iberian Peninsula,
568:
develops a 'search image' for the commonest morph, so that the rarer morphs are less likely to be predated. Natural selection would then favour a diversity of
867:
per regna tria naturĂŠ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.
1469:Ć»bikowska, E.; Ć»oĆÄ
dek, J. (17 April 2019). "Cepaea nemoralis (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Poland: patterns of variation in a range-expanding species".
713:, Hungary, Bosnia, Croatia, and the northern half of Italy. In Central and Eastern Europe it has spread particularly along the Baltic coast (e.g. in
593:
2339:
710:
2154:
694:
2404:
564:
pressures in different areas with mixing by migration, and balanced polymorphism. Balanced polymorphism could arise when a predator like the
2458:
686:
552:
Another question is why the variation persists, usually even within a locality. Researchers have variously argued that the cause is random
702:
1440:
2313:
2365:
1732:Äejka, T. (3 August 2020). "The terrestrial molluscan fauna in the Slovak part of the Danubian Lowland: an annotated checklist".
1255:
European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification = Bestimmungsbuch fĂŒr europĂ€ische Land- und SĂŒsswassermollusken
722:
706:
698:
690:
348:
is among the largest and, because of its bright colouration, one of the best-known snails in
Western Europe. The colour of the
2468:
1864:
718:
714:
682:
1944:
Chang, H.-W.; Emlen, John M. (1 April 1993). "Seasonal variation of microhabitat distribution of the polymorphic land snail
2478:
2370:
356:
The thickened and slightly out-turned apertural lip of adults is usually dark brown, but can be white in some regions. The
2115:
1117:
545:. For instance, in stable habitats shells tend to be darker in woodland than in open habitats. The explanation might be
360:
is closed in adults but narrowly open in juveniles. The shell surface is semi-glossy. An adult shell consists of 4Âœâ5Âœ
1992:
Schroers, H.-J.; Simoni, S.; Steiner, M.; Temneanu, E.; Bacher, S.; Costantini, E.A.C.; Zaller, J.; Leyer, I. (2022).
2039:
1643:
1505:
1262:
2292:
1449:
2003 BCPC Symposiumproceedings No. 80: Slugs & snails: agricultural, veterinary & environmental perspectives
2430:
2409:
2305:
201:
2095:
2053:
1889:
1287:
2145:
2473:
1833:
1521:
JuĆiÄkovĂĄ, L.; HorsĂĄk, M.; Beran, L. (2001). "Check-list of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech
Republic".
2352:
2235:
470:
2240:
2203:
1880:
Turner, H.; Kuiper, J.G.J.; Thew, N.; Bernasconi, R.; RĂŒetschi, J.; WĂŒthrich, M.; Gosteli, M. (1998).
381:. They share much the same habitat and exhibit a similar range of shell colours and banding patterns.
2435:
1905:
Williamson, P.; Cameron, R.A.D.; Carter, M.A. (February 1977). "Population dynamics of the landsnail
497:
485:
481:
386:
1701:(Gastropoda: Helicidae) in Eastern Europe: spreading history and the shell colouration variability"
1140:"The scoring of polymorphic colour and pattern variation and its genetic basis in molluscan shells"
85:
2396:
842:
This article includes public domain text from the reference and CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference
629:
909:
818:
732:
is rare and scattered in northern
Scotland, where it has been introduced. It is not found in the
573:
385:
tends to grow larger, but usually the species can most easily be recognised by the colour of the
939:
879:
721:, Estonia, southern Finland, the east coast of Sweden) but also now elsewhere in Poland, and in
2344:
2165:
725:, Belarus and Russia. In Slovakia it was still known only from a single garden centre by 2020.
617:
526:
991:"Citizen science reveals unexpected continental-scale evolutionary change in a model organism"
853:
2013 IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Cited 28 December 2013.
778:
1994:"Vineyard management and its impacts on soil biodiversity, functions, and ecosystem services"
1695:
Gural-Sverlova, N.; Egorov, R.; Kruglova, O.; Kovalevich, N.; Gural, R. (27 September 2021).
759:
Both in
America and Eastern Europe it is known that some introductions have been deliberate.
641:
605:
180:
2383:
1583:"Deep structure, longâdistance migration and admixture in the colour polymorphic land snail
2261:
2212:
2133:
1550:(Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in the Czech Republic with comments on other land snail immigrants"
267:
8:
2217:
476:
357:
330:
50:
2030:
1741:
1405:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
1185:
2463:
2077:
1973:
1926:
1837:
1791:
1745:
1611:
1582:
1425:
1396:
1335:
1304:
1227:
1200:
1066:
1041:
1017:
990:
749:
445:
In areas where lip colour is variable, dissection is necessary. A cross-section of the
376:
210:
80:
2248:
2035:
1965:
1885:
1860:
1749:
1639:
1616:
1501:
1340:
1283:
1258:
1232:
1071:
1022:
569:
561:
2081:
1977:
1841:
1795:
1763:
Layton, K.K.S.; Warne, C.P.K.; Nicolai, A.; Ansart, A.; deWaard, J.R. (April 2019).
1139:
2069:
2005:
1957:
1918:
1829:
1783:
1737:
1712:
1672:
1606:
1598:
1561:
1478:
1420:
1412:
1375:
1330:
1320:
1222:
1212:
1181:
1061:
1053:
1012:
1002:
2253:
1813:
1040:
Kerstes, N.A.G.; Breeschoten, T.; Kalkman, V.J.; Schilthuizen, M. (19 July 2019).
517:
2417:
2149:
1042:"Snail shell colour evolution in urban heat islands detected via citizen science"
1007:
864:
557:
361:
349:
334:
137:
1482:
530:
genetics underlying this variation is extensively understood and is shared with
2300:
2287:
326:
1566:
1541:
1325:
1305:"Discrete or indiscrete? Redefining the colour polymorphism of the land snail
1201:"Shooting darts: co-evolution and counter-adaptation in hermaphroditic snails"
1057:
2452:
2378:
2188:
2010:
1993:
799:
745:
553:
287:
197:
70:
65:
2357:
2073:
1677:
1660:
1380:
1359:
1969:
1620:
1416:
1344:
1236:
1217:
1075:
1026:
2124:
taxonomy,short description, distribution, biology,status (threats), images
2102:. International Veterinary Information Service. Accessed 24 November 2009.
1787:
1765:"Molecular evidence for multiple introductions of the banded grove snail (
1717:
1696:
1634:
Koivunen, A.; Malinen, P.; Ormio, H.; Terhivuo, J.; Valovirta, I. (2014).
2391:
2326:
2197:
827:
565:
2422:
2227:
430:
414:
34:
2318:
2121:
1961:
1125:
546:
263:
127:
1694:
1602:
2331:
2274:
1039:
807:
795:
538:
446:
273:
270:
147:
97:
2159:
2127:
1930:
1303:
Davison, A.; Jackson, H.J.; Murphy, E.W.; Reader, T. (August 2019).
2279:
2182:
2054:"Variation in growth rate as an ecological factor in the landsnail
741:
733:
457:
has bifurcated blades. The mucous gland has 3 or fewer branches in
117:
2138:
1540:
PeltanovĂĄ, Alena; DvoĆĂĄk, Libor; JuĆiÄkovĂĄ, Lucie (1 April 2012).
1922:
1659:
OĆŒgo, M.; Ărstan, A.; Kirschenstein, M.; Cameron, R. (May 2016).
1280:
A field guide to the land snails of Britain and north-west Europe
542:
276:
259:
1168:
Jones, J.S.; Leith, B.H.; Rawlings, P. (1977). "Polymorphism in
488:, and they have fine growth ridges on the shell whereas in both
2266:
737:
364:, with a width of 18â25 mm and a height of 12â22 mm.
283:
157:
107:
1658:
1636:
Suomen kotilot ja etanat : opas maanilviÀisten maailmaan
1581:
RamosâGonzalez, D.; Saenko, S.V.; Davison, A. (August 2022).
1633:
282:
It is one of the most common large species of land snail in
1990:
1580:
2155:
Life & Environment, University of the West of Scotland
1879:
1467:
1302:
987:
537:
The polymorphism has also been intensely studied for its
1834:
10.3101/1098-7096(2006)66[82:CNGHTI]2.0.CO;2
1762:
1539:
1904:
1884:. NeuchĂątel: CentreSuisse de cartographie de la faune.
576:. Most probably, the polymorphism has multiple causes.
393:
consistently has a dark-brown lip to its shell, whilst
1498:
Caracoles y babosas de la PenĂnsula IbĂ©rica y Baleares
1248:
1246:
1690:
1688:
1128:, last modified 6 February 2011, accessed 1 May 2011.
1859:. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
1520:
1364:(L.): interrogating the Evolution Megalab database"
1243:
1882:Atlas der Mollusken der Schweiz und Liechtensteins
1685:
1167:
810:, but can become active again during warm spells.
581:Different coloration and banding of the shells of
453:shows a cross with simple blades, whereas that of
389:of adult shells. In a high proportion of regions,
496:is distinct in having a small blunt tooth in its
2450:
1439:DvoĆĂĄk L., HonÄk A. & MartĂnkovĂĄ Z. (2003).
1198:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
504:lies noticeably closer to the columella than in
353:and fusion of individual bands numbered 1 to 5.
1252:
500:, whilst the lowest brown band on the shell of
1898:
1857:Land snails and slugs of the Pacific Northwest
1807:
1805:
1495:
1199:Koene, J.M.; Schulenburg, H. (30 March 2005).
770:but extends further north and less far south.
2096:"Canine Angiostrongylosis (French Heartworm)"
1818:(Gastropoda, Helicidae): The invited invader"
1277:
962:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1802:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1357:
1351:
1296:
2139:Evolution MegaLab was an online survey of
2051:
1943:
1822:Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science
1271:
59:
33:
2009:
1716:
1676:
1610:
1565:
1471:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1424:
1379:
1334:
1324:
1226:
1216:
1154:
1065:
1016:
1006:
816:is known experimentally to be a host for
2100:Companion and Exotic Animal Parasitology
1661:"Dispersal of land snails by sea storms"
1454:
1388:
1358:Cameron, R.A.D.; Cook, L.M. (May 2012).
1174:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
777:
659:
1811:
1445:(L.) populations in the Czech Republic"
1360:"Habitat and the shell polymorphism of
1172:: a problem with too many solutions?".
701:, Denmark, southern Sweden and Norway,
480:both have a lip that is brown near the
2451:
2018:
1278:Kerney, M.P.; Cameron, R.A.D. (1979).
773:
511:
2164:
2163:
1854:
1731:
1257:. Göttingen: Planet Poster Editions.
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
2306:cba91759-90d4-4c12-8453-4d03b11fc37a
2052:Oosterhoff, L. M. (1 January 1976).
1394:
1137:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
744:. It seems to have been affected by
2459:IUCN Red List least concern species
2031:The biology of terrestrial molluscs
1186:10.1146/annurev.es.08.110177.000545
13:
1998:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
728:At the northern edge of its range,
468:Two superficially similar species
14:
2490:
2109:
1742:10.22541/au.159620996.68925423/v2
1496:Cadevall, J.; Orozco, A. (2016).
1082:
367:
321:is the type species of the genus
869:pp. , 1-824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
640:
628:
616:
604:
592:
518:Cepaea § Shell polymorphism
429:
413:
84:
2143:polymorphism (no longer online)
2088:
2045:
1984:
1937:
1873:
1848:
1756:
1725:
1652:
1627:
1591:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1574:
1533:
1514:
1489:
1433:
1192:
655:
2062:Netherlands Journal of Zoology
1812:Whitson, M. (September 2005).
1395:Cook, L.M. (29 October 1998).
1253:Welter-Schultes, F.W. (2012).
1131:
1033:
932:
902:
872:
856:
847:
340:
1:
2034:. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK,
1911:The Journal of Animal Ecology
837:
286:, and has been introduced to
2469:Gastropods described in 1758
1665:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1368:Journal of Molluscan Studies
1008:10.1371/journal.pone.0018927
492:species it is smooth. Also,
7:
2479:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2094:Conboy G.A. (30 May 2000).
1776:Canadian Journal of Zoology
950:. Flanders Marine Institute
920:. Flanders Marine Institute
890:. Flanders Marine Institute
756:Texas and South Carolina).
677:The native distribution of
471:Caucasotachea vindobonensis
10:
2495:
2028:. In: Barker G. M. (ed.).
1705:Malacologica Bohemoslovaca
1542:"The spread of non-native
989:Juan, X. (27 April 2011).
752:in some parts of England.
515:
484:becoming pale towards the
310:Cepaea nemoralis nemoralis
2172:
2098:. In: Bowman D. D. (Ed.)
2042:. 1-146, cited page: 428.
1567:10.2478/s11756-012-0020-2
1483:10.1093/biolinnean/blz029
1326:10.1038/s41437-019-0189-z
1058:10.1038/s42003-019-0511-6
623:Yellow with several bands
220:Cepaea (Cepaea) nemoralis
216:
209:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
41:
32:
23:
2011:10.3389/fevo.2022.850272
1205:BMC Evolutionary Biology
912:Cepaea nemoralis etrusca
766:mostly overlaps that of
673:Snail traversing a leaf.
407:, cross sections on left
302:Cepaea nemoralis etrusca
2074:10.1163/002829677X00072
2026:Life History Strategies
1909:L.: a six-year study".
1697:"Introduced land snail
1397:"A twoâstage model for
819:Angiostrongylus vasorum
574:antipredator adaptation
1417:10.1098/rstb.1998.0311
1218:10.1186/1471-2148-5-25
1046:Communications Biology
783:
674:
647:Reddish-brown unbanded
375:is closely related to
1788:10.1139/cjz-2018-0084
1718:10.5817/MaB2021-20-75
1678:10.1093/mollus/eyv060
1638:. Helsinki: Tibiale.
1523:Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem
1381:10.1093/mollus/eyr052
1118:"Species summary for
798:land snails, it is a
781:
672:
2474:Gastropods of Europe
2301:Fauna Europaea (new)
2134:Encyclopedia of Life
1855:Burke, T.E. (2013).
1500:. Barcelona: Omega.
914:(RossmÀssler, 1835)"
862:Linnaeus C. (1758).
599:A diversity of forms
570:colours and patterns
24:Lemon or Grove snail
16:Species of gastropod
1769:) in North America"
1411:(1375): 1577â1593.
1282:. London: Collins.
1138:Cain, A.J. (1988).
774:Biology and ecology
512:Colour polymorphism
477:Macularia sylvatica
461:, but 4 or more in
331:ecological genetics
305:(RossmÀssler, 1835)
51:Conservation status
2148:2019-07-06 at the
2024:Heller J. (2001).
1962:10.1007/BF00328957
1548:Monacha cartusiana
784:
750:soil acidification
675:
325:. It is used as a
246:brown-lipped snail
2446:
2445:
2166:Taxon identifiers
1866:978-0-87071-685-0
1603:10.1111/jeb.14060
884:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
832:Turdus philomelos
670:
635:Yellow mid-banded
397:has a white lip.
314:
306:
262:of air-breathing
238:
237:
232:
224:
172:C. nemoralis
74:
2486:
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2413:
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2256:
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2231:
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2221:
2220:
2218:Cepaea_nemoralis
2208:
2207:
2206:
2204:Cepaea nemoralis
2193:
2192:
2191:
2174:Cepaea nemoralis
2161:
2160:
2129:Cepaea nemoralis
2117:Cepaea nemoralis
2103:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2056:Cepaea nemoralis
2049:
2043:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1946:Cepaea nemoralis
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1935:
1934:
1907:Cepaea nemoralis
1902:
1896:
1895:
1877:
1871:
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1846:
1845:
1816:Cepaea nemoralis
1809:
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1773:
1767:Cepaea nemoralis
1760:
1754:
1753:
1729:
1723:
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1699:Cepaea nemoralis
1692:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1597:(8): 1110â1125.
1585:Cepaea nemoralis
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1544:Cepaea nemoralis
1537:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1465:
1452:
1443:Cepaea nemoralis
1437:
1431:
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1428:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1362:Cepaea nemoralis
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1307:Cepaea nemoralis
1300:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1135:
1129:
1120:Cepaea nemoralis
1115:
1080:
1079:
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1037:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1010:
985:
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897:
895:
882:Cepaea nemoralis
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948:MolluscaBase
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918:MolluscaBase
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888:MolluscaBase
887:
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823:
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767:
764:C. hortensis
763:
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679:C. nemoralis
678:
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656:Distribution
582:
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551:
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531:
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494:M. sylvatica
493:
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462:
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458:
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454:
451:C. nemoralis
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2392:NatureServe
2327:iNaturalist
2198:Wikispecies
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1144:Malacologia
944:Held, 1838"
828:song thrush
806:snails may
703:Switzerland
693:, Belgium,
566:song thrush
527:polymorphic
341:Description
268:terrestrial
250:lemon snail
242:grove snail
2453:Categories
2132:images at
2122:Animalbase
1917:(1): 181.
1891:2884140131
1451:: 99-102.
1289:000219676X
1126:AnimalBase
1052:(1): 264.
838:References
547:camouflage
525:is highly
337:projects.
294:Subspecies
264:land snail
128:Gastropoda
2464:Helicidae
1950:Oecologia
1750:242206099
1711:: 75â91.
1211:(1): 25.
808:hibernate
796:pulmonate
794:Like all
562:selection
539:evolution
482:columella
447:love dart
358:umbilicus
274:gastropod
271:pulmonate
166:Species:
148:Helicidae
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
2397:2.107314
2345:10235748
2225:BioLib:
2183:Wikidata
2146:Archived
2082:55537228
1978:22594544
1970:28313817
1842:86005518
1796:91897997
1734:Authorea
1621:35830483
1554:Biologia
1529:: 25â40.
1345:30804571
1313:Heredity
1237:15799778
1076:31341963
1027:21556137
995:PLOS ONE
954:23 April
924:23 April
894:23 April
742:Shetland
734:Hebrides
498:aperture
211:Synonyms
198:Linnaeus
144:Family:
118:Mollusca
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2319:2294280
2189:Q114893
1612:9541890
1426:1692378
1336:6629550
1228:1080126
1150:: 1â15.
1067:6642149
1018:3083392
723:Ukraine
707:Austria
699:Germany
691:Ireland
543:ecology
277:mollusc
260:species
258:) is a
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
2436:235792
2384:156896
2358:113097
2293:426306
2280:CEPANE
2267:449909
2141:Cepaea
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782:Mating
738:Orkney
719:Latvia
715:Poland
709:, the
683:France
572:as an
506:Cepaea
490:Cepaea
486:suture
405:Cepaea
362:whorls
323:Cepaea
284:Europe
159:Cepaea
2431:WoRMS
2410:28835
2371:77910
2340:IRMNG
2332:48586
2241:28635
2078:S2CID
2058:(L.)"
1974:S2CID
1927:JSTOR
1838:S2CID
1792:S2CID
1772:(PDF)
1746:S2CID
350:shell
2423:7720
2405:NCBI
2379:IUCN
2366:ITIS
2314:GBIF
2275:EPPO
2254:SBY4
2236:BOLD
2228:2977
2036:ISBN
1966:PMID
1931:3955
1886:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1617:PMID
1546:and
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1341:PMID
1284:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1233:PMID
1072:PMID
1023:PMID
956:2023
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748:and
556:and
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474:and
266:, a
240:The
202:1758
2353:ISC
2262:EoL
2249:CoL
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2120:at
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2006:doi
1958:doi
1948:".
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1830:doi
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740:or
449:of
387:lip
329:in
248:or
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