1413:, in which higher earnings are taxed at higher rates. Some early centre-left groups supported gradual reform toward socialism, but this position is not supported by the centre-left in the 21st century. The modern centre-left distinguishes between just and unjust capitalism, advocating for welfare state policies to create what it considers to be just capitalism. Through the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the centre-left has been more likely to benefit electorally during periods of economic growth and suffer electorally in economic downturn.
1617:
1844:
741:
1026:, where it was the predominant ideology from 1945 to 1973. Sweden in particular has historically been closely associated with social democracy, as it was the first country to be led by a social democratic party, and social democrats in Sweden continued to be relevant even after the ideology lost influence in other countries during the 1970s. Social democracy also became a popular ideology in many African governments after the
1420:, has largely been achieved within many economies, with further policies seeking to merely reform or improve upon this system. These may include measures to reduce poverty or to support lower-wage workers. One common dispute within the centre-left is the extent to which centre-left parties should reform markets versus regulating pre-existing markets. Centre-left parties in Europe and the United States have supported
1929:
1608:, manifesting as calls for reform. It developed as a political movement in the late-19th and early-20th centuries as it was adopted by social liberal and social democratic parties. Unlike later social democratic movements, social democracy in the 19th century held socialist society as an eventual goal. The first social democratic party was established in Germany in 1863.
1593:" ("marriage") for its opportunist characteristics. Liberalism was typically associated with the centre-right in the late 19th century, but liberal parties in France, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom adopted left liberal policies through coalitions of middle and working class voters that survived until
1710:
formed among policymakers in
Western Europe that rejected both classical liberalism and democratic socialism in favour of social democratic ideals. With the end of fascism, countries in Western Europe adopted social democracy and liberal democracy. Social democracy was widely adopted and implemented
1118:
politics. It is typically associated with the centre-left ideologies of social liberalism and social democracy, though communist and centrist ideologies have sometimes been involved in progressive politics. There is great divergence within the progressive movement, with disagreement in what reforms
1355:
Though positions on environmentalism are not consistent across centre-left parties, they are more likely to support environmentalist policies than centre-right parties. Centre-left parties are popularly associated with environmental policies in the minds of voters, which earns them support in good
1264:
political philosophy. Though most enduring
Christian democratic parties are centrist, those in Latin America have historically ranged across the political spectrum, with centre-left and centre-right variants both being common. Christian democrats often support the welfare state, and social justice
971:
and occasionally favour limited state intervention. As with all political alignments, the exact boundaries of centre-left versus far-left or centrist politics are not clearly defined and can vary depending on context. Centre-left ideologies are common in stable political systems, which typically
1787:
in the 1980s and 1990s. Similar movements developed elsewhere, including in
Germany and New Zealand. Centre-left parties in Latin America also shifted from social democracy to social liberalism in a pragmatic attempt to reach voters. The most prominent adoption of Third Way politics was that of
1351:
voters to restrict immigration to prevent competition over jobs and public services. Other centre-left policies can also be negatively impacted by immigration, as a large increase in low-skilled workers can raise concerns about the increased price of public services, prompting spending cuts and
1681:
in the 1930s, social democracy became a viable alternative to other left-wing ideologies, and state intervention saw popular support throughout the western world. It was also seen as a potential means to counteract rising far-right movements that were developing in Europe. The centre-left was
1389:
and their working class constituency were closely associated with social democratic and labour parties, especially in
Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, and former British colonies in the Pacific. These associations generally lessened by the end of the century as union membership declined and
1735:
Centre-left politics were historically unpopular in Latin
America, and left-wing candidates were kept out of power through both right-wing dictatorships and through conservative victories in fair elections. In the mid-20th century, centre-left politics supported state-led development and
1759:, historically a prominent voter group for social democratic parties, contributed to the limited success of centre-left politics in the 1980s. Furthermore, centre-left policies faced new challenges that necessitated a reconsideration of the welfare state, including
1880:
to be less viable. These rapid developments in society during the turn of the century caused distress among voters, including increased perceptions of social inequality and fear of change, causing voters to move away from traditional centre-left ideologies toward
1834:
period, which had been dominated by far-left politics. Most post-colonial
African political parties adopted some form of socialism or social democracy, though social democratic policies have seen limited success due to the unstable nature of democracy in Africa.
1904:
parties. The centre-left's stance on immigration in Europe was one of multiculturalism, further pushing working class voters from the centre-left to the far-right. In some cases, centre-left and centre-right politics in these countries became less distinct as
1672:
parties. The centre-left and the centre-right in this period were primarily divided by their stance on trade unions, with social democracy advocating greater powers for unions in collective bargaining. In
Western Europe, the centre-left supported the
1648:
left, arguing that societal improvements within capitalist democracy would better serve the working class. This philosophy became widely popular among the
European left after World War I, which had convinced many contemporary leftists that
1338:
The immigration policies of centre-left groups vary depending on the political circumstances of a given country, and they may seek to greatly expand or greatly restrict immigration. In principle, centre-left parties generally believe in
1153:
while rejecting traditional political philosophy and organization. Definitions of the scope of green politics may vary; it may be limited to explicitly environmentalist parties, or it may broadly cover political movements descended from
1736:
industrialization in the region, which allowed redistributive and socially inclusive policies to be implemented. In East Asia, interventionism and developmental policy were adopted by right-wing parties rather than centre-left parties.
1276:
all have implications for centre-left politics. The welfare state of East Asian countries such as Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan are sometimes described as
Confucian. These welfare systems have been influenced by Confucian
1185:
Green politics developed from various left-wing ideologies, including social democracy and
Marxism, in the 1970s. It was initially developed in Australia and New Zealand, and it first gained influence in Germany as a response to the
1044:
Social liberalism, or left liberalism, overlaps significantly with social democracy. This form of liberalism argues in favour of capitalism and the benefits it provides for society, but it also advocates regulations to reduce
1723:
became the mainstream in Western Europe during the 1950s and 1960s, while the social market economy was developed by social democrats in Germany at the same time. As social democracy became influential in Europe, the
1855:
By the beginning of the 21st century, the centre-left had almost entirely overtaken further left groups in politics globally, with other forms of left-wing politics seeing little support in democratic nations.
1002:
while rejecting the Marxist position of aligning specifically with the working class. Liberty under social democracy is defined as a collective concept based in equality rather than an individualist concept.
1823:. Liberalism in Latin America has historically been conservative and oligarchic rather than a centre-left liberalism of progressivism or egalitarianism. Several centre-left parties supported reforms toward
1376:
has historically seen support among the centre-left. This is an interventionist economic philosophy that emphasizes income rather than pricing. These ideas have since declined in popularity in favour of
1390:
centre-left parties shifted toward Third Way politics, which introduced elements of neoliberalism into centre-left politics, increasing the focus on free markets. Labour-government relations and the
1222:
is a variation of social democratic politics that gained prominence in the 1990s after the decline of traditional social democracy. It advocates reform of the social democratic model to emphasize
1265:
has been a frequent theme among Christian democracy parties in Latin America. Christian democracy in Europe is not usually associated with the centre-left, instead favouring the centre-right.
1892:
exacerbated this trend, bringing significant challenges to the rule of centre-left parties, particularly those with social democratic leanings. In Europe, this brought about a period of
1293:
in society. Centre-left groups are more likely to prioritize issues of long-term or abstract importance than other ideological groups. These include environmentalism, the arts, science,
1194:. The presence of green politics in national government is mostly limited to Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, though green political parties briefly held influence during the
1628:
Social democracy had developed as a major political movement in Europe by the early 20th century as a response to the strength of capitalism. Challenging the idea that capitalism was
2391:
1747:. The centre-left parties that had held power to that point received much of the blame for the economic crises, and support for the centre-left declined in favour of conservative
1080:. The identification of centre-left ideologies as "liberal" is most common to the United States. Liberalism is less common in regions such as Africa and Asia, where there is no
1198:
period of Eastern Europe. Green political parties have been most successful in Belgium, Finland, France, and Germany, where they integrated into the national party system.
1435:
such as Denmark and Sweden are often upheld by proponents of centre-left economic policies as successful applications of these policies. These economies heavily emphasize
1827:
in line with those supported by their right-wing counterparts, in some cases leading to backlash that saw incumbent centre-left leaders replaced by far-left populists.
1711:
in much of Europe, both by centre-left and by traditionally centre-right parties. Social liberalism was developed in the United Kingdom by liberal politicians such as
896:. Early progressivism and left liberalism evolved in the late-19th and early-20th centuries in Western Europe and the United States, while social democracy split from
1600:
Progressivism developed as a school of thought within British and American centre-left politics in the mid-19th century. Early progressive thought developed from
1272:
invoke ideas that are associated with the centre-left in Western countries. Promotion of general welfare, supporting members of the family, and the ideal of the
1214:. It was historically seen as a centre-left position, and may sometimes be described as such, but modern democratic socialism is typically considered
1807:
in Latin America in the late 1990s. Early centre-left politics and progressivism in Latin America has focused heavily on the inclusion of previously
1123:
policies are a common theme within progressivism. Progressivism first developed in the United Kingdom and the United States during the 19th century.
4165:"The Political Dynamic of Redistribution in Unequal Democracies: The Center-Left Governments of Chile and Uruguay in Comparative Perspective"
3726:
The making of the German post-war economy : political communication and public reception of the social market economy after World War II
1206:
In addition to the most common centre-left ideologies, other ideologies are sometimes described as centre-left or have centre-left variants.
1876:
careers, class is not a unifying or significant aspect of personal identity. In particular, this shift has caused People's Parties based on
4784:
4531:
Rethinking European Social Democracy and Socialism: The History of the Centre-Left in Northern and Southern Europe in the Late 20th Century
2383:
1551:
893:
716:
4703:
1682:
particularly strong in Sweden, which was the only country at the time to have ruling party that was explicitly social democratic, the
1022:
Social democracy has influenced the politics of nearly every major democracy, though it has historically been most successful in the
994:
that supports the modification of capitalist economies rather than their total abolition. It seeks to regulate capitalism to protect
3617:"The Political Paradox of Finance Capitalism: Interests, Preferences, and Center-Left Party Politics in Corporate Governance Reform"
1320:
909:
769:
3317:"Politics and Paradigm Preferences: The Implicit Ideology of International Relations Scholars1: Politics and Paradigm Preferences"
1668:
in Europe, advocating government regulation and intervention in opposition to the passive policies of the predominant Marxist and
931:
politics emerged as a centrist variant of social democracy in Europe, and centre-left politics spread to Latin America during the
1356:
economic conditions but loses them support in poor economic conditions. Environmentalism is a major component of green politics.
1323:, and progressivism. Liberal internationalists seek cooperation between nations, often including support for common security and
3751:
4721:
4641:
4600:
4558:
4539:
4498:
3734:
3707:
2877:
3396:
3349:
1542:
twice (in 1836 and 1840), but he then lost the king's favour, and the centre-left rapidly fell. The centre-left during the
1305:
groups such as the elderly, the handicapped, and the unemployed. Measures to this effect include financial assistance and
3114:"Harmony, Hierarchy and Conservatism: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Confucian Values in China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan"
1967:
1820:
1316:
1120:
721:
5202:
3798:
Léon Say et le centre gauche: 1871-1896 : la grande bourgeoisie libérale dans les débuts de la Troisième République
5112:
1779:
Third Way politics developed as a prominent form of centre-left politics, beginning with the Australian governments of
1621:
5097:
4753:
4692:
4673:
4579:
4440:
4419:
4380:
4359:
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1381:
and low government spending. Closely related to centre-left politics are concepts of the welfare state and regulated
885:
4777:
3757:
1729:
1687:
1066:
726:
1864:
altered the objectives and demographics of the centre-left, as the working class has been largely subsumed by the
372:
1771:. Green political parties first became prominent in the 1980s when they became influential in European politics.
1683:
39:
4571:
Liberalism, Fascism, Or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe
1686:. Other European countries with social democratic governments included Denmark, Norway, and Czechoslovakia. The
939:, the subsumption of the lower class into the middle class in developed nations, and an increase in support for
888:
in 18th and 19th century France, where the centre-left included those who supported transfer of powers from the
1574:
2265:
5272:
377:
1755:
prompted support for centre-left politics among these countries in the 1970s. A decline in the relevance of
3283:"It's not easy being green: Why voters punish parties for environmental policies during economic downturns"
1914:
762:
165:
5267:
5262:
5122:
4770:
4685:
The Political Ideology of Green Parties: From the Politics of Nature to Redefining the Nature of Politics
1328:
1076:
Social liberalism was developed in the United Kingdom in the mid-20th century, where it took the form of
17:
1694:, as a lack of ties to socialist groups allowed for a stronger centre-left relative to other countries.
3350:"Ideas do not float freely: transnational coalitions, domestic structures, and the end of the cold war"
708:
3182:
2897:
1402:
1343:
and support high immigration. The key issue of centre-left immigration policy is the balance between
1077:
1053:
seeks to harm or exploit members of society, instead arguing that these are unintentional effects of
689:
5237:
2872:. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Internat. Policy Analysis, Division for Internat. Dialogue. p. 3.
1934:
1831:
1739:
Keynesian economics declined in popularity after the end of the post-war consensus, spurred by the
1535:
1488:
1369:
1312:
1257:
1027:
913:
842:
822:
426:
357:
2141:
1896:
in which social democratic parties saw large declines during the 2010s, largely being replaced by
4035:"Center-Left Parties and Developmental Regimes in Latin America: Assessing the Role of Democracy"
3282:
1972:
1744:
1559:
1511:
1306:
1243:
1210:
supports the abolition of capitalism in favour of socialism, though it opposes the creation of a
920:
897:
755:
381:
35:
2578:
5067:
3113:
3066:
2743:
1796:
at this time. Third Way politics lost support among the centre-left after the early 2000s, and
1764:
1637:
1543:
1246:
such as education, healthcare, and pensions. The Third Way may be defined as centre-left or as
617:
2091:
1301:. Advocates of centre-left politics typically support laws and government programs to support
5142:
5137:
4824:
3987:
3003:
2986:
2531:
1942:
1819:. Income inequality also became a major focus, and centre-left parties in the region promote
1555:
1480:
1448:
1417:
1167:
838:
659:
598:
553:
516:
367:
352:
313:
141:
121:
4034:
4480:
3616:
2755:
2153:
1957:
1848:
1547:
1523:
1476:
1421:
1207:
846:
654:
446:
253:
3641:
2636:
8:
5022:
4932:
4861:
4829:
3229:
1906:
1901:
1824:
1740:
1720:
1712:
1436:
1373:
1253:
1227:
1159:
1016:
905:
694:
684:
679:
664:
644:
501:
323:
308:
183:
131:
3230:"The evolution of family policy in South Korea: From Confucian familism to Neo-familism"
2759:
2157:
2092:"How (Not) to Form a Progressive Alliance: Lessons from the History of Left Cooperation"
5197:
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5062:
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4015:
3654:
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3210:
3151:
3094:
2925:
2779:
2664:
2559:
2471:
2293:
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2119:
2067:
1861:
1793:
1707:
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1085:
1058:
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814:
649:
608:
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461:
273:
146:
76:
67:
3724:
3697:
1624:
is a social-democratic party in the centre-left political position in German politics.
1531:
935:. In the 21st century, centre-left politics are challenged by the developments of the
908:
positions. Social democracy became the dominant ideology in Western Europe during the
5257:
5212:
5167:
5002:
4851:
4804:
4749:
4717:
4688:
4669:
4637:
4596:
4575:
4554:
4535:
4494:
4436:
4430:
4415:
4376:
4355:
4198:
4186:
4062:
4050:
4019:
4007:
3761:
3730:
3703:
3658:
3646:
3428:
3416:
3381:
3369:
3333:
3316:
3214:
3202:
3143:
3098:
3086:
3008:
2929:
2917:
2873:
2783:
2771:
2668:
2656:
2598:
2563:
2551:
2475:
2463:
2297:
2285:
2181:
2169:
2123:
2111:
2071:
2059:
1897:
1877:
1869:
1760:
1716:
1669:
1650:
1506:
and in the response to early capitalism. In France, the early centre-left was led by
1503:
1484:
1391:
1290:
1223:
1146:
1046:
1039:
956:
854:
850:
806:
466:
441:
86:
51:
3298:
3155:
2864:
5232:
5207:
5177:
5092:
4922:
4881:
4871:
4709:
4486:
4176:
4042:
3999:
3636:
3628:
3408:
3361:
3328:
3294:
3241:
3194:
3133:
3125:
3078:
2998:
2909:
2763:
2648:
2590:
2543:
2455:
2277:
2161:
2103:
2049:
1952:
1873:
1808:
1797:
1678:
1633:
1582:
1539:
1527:
1460:
1452:
1398:
1382:
1340:
1331:
in Europe during the Cold War, but it has become less prominent due to the rise of
1327:
between nations to facilitate peace. The centre-left, along with the centre-right,
1302:
1215:
1191:
1171:
1012:
981:
952:
830:
826:
802:
794:
603:
548:
530:
511:
496:
263:
198:
116:
3198:
2913:
2054:
2037:
1868:
in developed nations due to increased living standards and the establishment of a
1851:, an international organisation comprising mostly of centre-left political parties
5182:
5117:
5052:
4987:
4743:
4663:
4631:
4590:
4569:
4529:
4399:
Roberts, Kenneth M. "Parties and Party Systems in Latin America's Left Turn". In
4370:
4033:
da Silva, Pedro Perfeito; Bandeira, Julia Veiga Vieira Mancio (9 February 2023).
3780:
2165:
1889:
1752:
1665:
1629:
1586:
1578:
1519:
1410:
1378:
1294:
1239:
1211:
1004:
995:
889:
745:
674:
669:
589:
563:
558:
538:
476:
436:
431:
58:
4633:
Christian Democracy in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts
4372:
Legacies of the Left Turn in Latin America: The Promise of Inclusive Citizenship
2459:
1732:
plan that would facilitate social democratic governments in developing nations.
1644:, and social democrats established themselves as a reformist alternative to the
5162:
5147:
5107:
5057:
4972:
4003:
2547:
1947:
1893:
1725:
1641:
1616:
1507:
1344:
1332:
1150:
1132:
1023:
968:
964:
818:
810:
471:
421:
362:
228:
213:
4490:
4046:
3412:
3365:
3129:
3082:
2767:
2594:
1565:
Elsewhere in Europe, centre-left movements appeared from the 1860s, mainly in
1502:
The centre-left is descended from left-wing politics, which originated in the
1137:
Green politics is an ideological movement that advocates a political focus on
5251:
5217:
5187:
5157:
5032:
4856:
4592:
Why the Left Loses: The Decline of the Centre-Left in Comparative Perspective
4190:
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4164:
4054:
4011:
3650:
3632:
3420:
3373:
3206:
3147:
3090:
3012:
2921:
2775:
2660:
2602:
2555:
2467:
2289:
2173:
2115:
2063:
1917:
supported ideals often associated with social democracy and the centre-left.
1857:
1748:
1645:
1464:
1365:
1348:
1235:
1195:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1081:
1062:
1054:
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960:
924:
874:
870:
834:
798:
342:
258:
248:
4432:
What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times
2652:
2443:
2107:
4937:
4651:
Sigmund, Paul E. "The Transformation of Christian Democratic Ideology". In
1865:
1816:
1784:
1703:
1444:
1432:
1425:
1406:
1324:
1281:, which shifts some of the burden of welfare from the state to the family.
1269:
1231:
1162:
ideas. Besides environmentalism, green politics often includes support for
1115:
577:
456:
416:
411:
347:
328:
193:
4713:
4390:
Cameron, Maxwell A. "Liberalism and Its Competitors in Latin America". In
1792:
in the United Kingdom. Centre-left politics remained unpopular in much of
1515:
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5172:
5152:
5102:
5047:
4982:
4977:
4942:
1910:
1812:
1756:
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that followed, allowing socialists to participate in electoral politics.
1594:
1456:
1386:
1298:
1278:
1179:
1163:
1142:
1070:
1050:
999:
451:
401:
337:
333:
303:
238:
173:
2866:
Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?
2744:"Between Ecotopia Disillusionment: Green Parties in European Government"
740:
5037:
4927:
3245:
3183:"East Asian welfare regime: obsolete ideal-type or diversified reality"
2281:
1843:
1789:
1768:
1654:
1440:
1107:
862:
858:
790:
298:
233:
223:
4459:
Jenson, Jane. "European Center-Left Parties and New Social Risks". In
4412:
Beyond Liberal Democracy: Political Thinking for an East Asian Context
2323:
2321:
2319:
1702:
Centre-left ideas proliferated rapidly after the Great Depression and
1573:. In Italy, the centre-left was born as coalition between the liberal
5072:
5027:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4886:
4876:
4762:
4551:
Social Democracy: A Comparative Account of the Left-Wing Party Family
3729:. Internet Archive. London; New York : Tauris Academic Studies.
3138:
3112:
Zhang, Yan Bing; Lin, Mei-Chen; Nonaka, Akihiko; Beom, Khisu (2005).
1977:
1962:
1804:
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1601:
1219:
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932:
928:
901:
878:
866:
786:
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506:
278:
268:
188:
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1690:
in the United States also implemented centre-left policies with the
5227:
5222:
4997:
4992:
4866:
4819:
4352:
Left-of-Centre Parties and Trade Unions in the Twenty-First Century
3949:
2316:
1882:
1751:. At the same time, the end of several right-wing dictatorships in
1691:
1605:
1247:
1187:
1175:
1155:
940:
318:
243:
218:
208:
101:
4745:
Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior
4450:
Berman, Sheri. "Social Democracy's Past and Potential Future". In
3512:
1719:, who advocated market restrictions to the benefit of the public.
1657:, which would render Marxism unviable. This was reinforced by the
1268:
Though it is often associated with conservatism, some elements of
5042:
4947:
4907:
4619:
Cuperus, René. "Social democracy and the populist challenge". In
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3964:
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1138:
203:
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3910:
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4952:
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3895:
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2716:
1830:
Ideological diversity developed in Africa after the end of the
1405:, with the goal of creating higher employment while avoiding a
406:
31:
30:"Left of centre" redirects here. For the political ideology in
4528:
Granadino, Alan; NygĂĄrd, Stefan; Stadius, Peter, eds. (2022).
4268:
4132:
3961:
3813:
Histoire de l'Europe contemporaine: le XIXe siècle (1815-1919)
3781:
Alice Primi; Sophie Kerignard; VĂ©ronique Fau-Vincenti (2004).
3677:
3596:
3584:
3046:
3034:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1443:
between government, industry, and labour. In post-war Europe,
4241:
4229:
4120:
3907:
3665:
2348:
2142:"Greening the mainstream: party politics and the environment"
1570:
1566:
1416:
The core objective underlying centre-left economic policies,
4479:
Eatwell, John; Milgate, Murray; Newman, Peter, eds. (1991).
4069:
3892:
3572:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2418:
1119:
should be attempted and how they can be implemented, though
1065:, which have been adopted by virtually all liberal nations.
998:, advocating reforms that benefit the entire people and the
4665:
The Resistible Corrosion of Europe's Center-Left After 2008
4429:
Cronin, James E.; Shoch, James; Ross, George, eds. (2011).
3259:
3257:
3255:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2748:
Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development
2704:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2200:
1989:
1347:
and pragmatism. The centre-left often faces pressures from
919:
Centre-left economics declined in popularity following the
4258:
4256:
3810:
1409:. Closely associated with this is the implementation of a
4217:
4110:
4108:
3560:
3536:
3524:
2953:
2951:
2843:
2841:
2637:"Progress and Progressivism: Thoughts on an Elusive Term"
2494:
2482:
1909:
shifted toward populist versus traditional politics. The
4468:
PĂ©rez, Sofia A. "Immigration and the European Left". In
3939:
3937:
3828:
3826:
3435:
3252:
3024:
3022:
2985:
Kalyvas, Stathis N.; van Kersbergen, Kees (1 May 2010).
2963:
2936:
2826:
2675:
2511:
2406:
1803:
Centre-left ideologies were among those uplifted by the
1218:
in nature and distinct from centre-left ideologies. The
1019:
are all major components of social democratic politics.
4731:
Price-Thomas, Gareth. "Green Party Ideology Today". In
4316:
4292:
4253:
3922:
3882:
3880:
3867:
3865:
3162:
2188:
1554:. Thiers restored the centre-left to prominence in the
972:
allow for political debate with an ideological centre.
4527:
4334:
4105:
4081:
3955:
3500:
2948:
2838:
2692:
2327:
2304:
2238:
2236:
2234:
813:. Ideas commonly supported by the centre-left include
4369:
Balán, Manuel; Montambeault, Françoise, eds. (2020).
4205:
4144:
4093:
3934:
3838:
3823:
3019:
2984:
2338:
2336:
967:. Centre-left politics often incorporate elements of
4518:
4509:
4478:
3877:
3862:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3450:
2360:
1924:
1664:
Social democrats made up the centre-left during the
4702:van Haute, Emilie (2016). Van Haute, Emilie (ed.).
3548:
2609:
2231:
1653:was more important to the working class than class
1589:
groupings in Parliament. This alliance was called "
4350:Allern, Elin Haugsgjerd; Bale, Time, eds. (2017).
4304:
4280:
3850:
3111:
2333:
4630:Mainwaring, Scott; Scully, Timothy, eds. (2003).
4400:
4391:
4368:
4138:
3970:
3447:
2038:"The ideological morphology of left–centre–right"
5249:
4652:
4629:
4620:
4611:
4588:
4274:
4032:
3988:"Alternatives to Neoliberalism in Latin America"
3699:The social market economy and monetary stability
3394:
3280:
3052:
3040:
2219:
1518:, but supported a liberal interpretation of the
4469:
4460:
4451:
4428:
4247:
4235:
4126:
4075:
3916:
3901:
3683:
3671:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3518:
3067:"Confucian Ethics and the Critique of Ideology"
2354:
2213:
2014:
1315:is associated with the centre-left through its
884:The centre-left developed with the rest of the
4610:Pierson, Chris. "The end of revisionism?". In
4175:(1). Translated by Margot Olavarria: 152–166.
3749:
4778:
3702:. Internet Archive. London : Economica.
1558:, where it was led by the liberal republican
1394:have been less prominent ideas in East Asia.
763:
4730:
4589:Manwaring, Rob; Kennedy, Paul, eds. (2018).
3614:
3347:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2722:
2710:
1352:roll-backs of centre-left welfare policies.
3281:Abou-Chadi, Tarik; Kayser, Mark A. (2017).
2579:"A defence of liberal democracy for Africa"
1102:Progressivism is the support of continuous
853:. Centre-left politics are contrasted with
833:. Economically, the centre-left supports a
4785:
4771:
4507:
4349:
3542:
3530:
3180:
2505:
2488:
1463:with regulation for social policies and a
951:The ideologies of the centre-left include
770:
756:
4741:
4732:
4701:
4180:
3695:
3640:
3395:Trubowitz, Peter; Burgoon, Brian (2022).
3332:
3263:
3137:
3002:
2847:
2583:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
2517:
2424:
2412:
2194:
2089:
2053:
2035:
1447:established the socioeconomic model of a
865:, or support more extreme positions like
4567:
3943:
3844:
3832:
3753:Tocqueville, Democracy and Social Reform
3722:
3615:Cioffi, John W.; Höpner, Martin (2006).
3004:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.021406.172506
2895:
1842:
1615:
1230:. To accomplish this, it supports heavy
801:. Ideologies of the centre-left include
4682:
4650:
4618:
4609:
4516:
4398:
4389:
4322:
4298:
4262:
4223:
4211:
4150:
4114:
4087:
3795:
3506:
3314:
3028:
2957:
2832:
2698:
2686:
2634:
2529:
2441:
2384:"The state of African social democracy"
2036:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2 January 2023).
1364:Centre-left groups generally support a
14:
5250:
4792:
4458:
4449:
4099:
3985:
3928:
3886:
3871:
3566:
3276:
3274:
3272:
2980:
2978:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2444:"The End of Enlightenment Liberalism?"
2437:
2435:
2433:
2366:
2263:
2242:
2139:
27:Position within the political spectrum
4766:
4548:
4467:
4162:
3981:
3979:
3856:
3811:Serge Berstein; Pierre Milza (1992).
3494:
3482:
3470:
3441:
3310:
3308:
2969:
2942:
2896:McIntyre, Richard (2 November 2022).
2891:
2889:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2741:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2576:
2448:The Journal of Speculative Philosophy
2394:from the original on 20 November 2022
2381:
2377:
2375:
2342:
2310:
2266:"What Happened to the European Left?"
1838:
1763:that threatened pension programs and
1611:
1424:reform to protect the investments of
1201:
4661:
4519:Eatwell, Milgate & Newman (1991)
4510:Eatwell, Milgate & Newman (1991)
4409:
4335:Granadino, NygĂĄrd & Stadius 2022
4310:
4286:
3956:Granadino, NygĂĄrd & Stadius 2022
3783:100 fiches d'histoire du XIXe siècle
3554:
3458:
3181:Abrahamson, Peter (2 January 2017).
3168:
3064:
2615:
2328:Granadino, NygĂĄrd & Stadius 2022
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2225:
2135:
2133:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1774:
1697:
1057:economics. Left liberalism supports
1033:
910:post–World War II economic expansion
4508:Dahrendorf, Ralf. "Liberalism". In
3723:Glossner, Christian Ludwig (2010).
3269:
3234:Asian Social Work and Policy Review
3227:
2975:
2728:
2430:
1968:List of left-wing political parties
1489:Democratic socialism § History
1397:Centre-left politics often involve
1149:and institutions through a lens of
975:
24:
4517:Eatwell, John. "Keynesianism". In
4375:. University of Notre Dame Press.
3976:
3305:
2991:Annual Review of Political Science
2886:
2853:
2621:
2382:Abbey, Michael (7 November 2022).
2372:
1510:, head of the liberal-nationalist
25:
5284:
3750:Michael Drolet (11 August 2003).
2248:
2130:
2078:
2020:
1550:was commonly associated with the
1256:is an ideology that incorporates
1126:
3334:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2012.00749.x
2532:"Liberalism and African Culture"
1927:
1730:New International Economic Order
1581:, the heads respectively of the
1481:Social liberalism § Origins
1091:
739:
4470:Cronin, Shoch & Ross (2011)
4461:Cronin, Shoch & Ross (2011)
4452:Cronin, Shoch & Ross (2011)
4401:Balán & Montambeault (2020)
4392:Balán & Montambeault (2020)
4343:
4156:
4026:
3804:
3789:
3774:
3743:
3716:
3689:
3608:
3388:
3341:
3321:International Studies Quarterly
3299:10.1016/j.electstud.2016.10.009
3221:
3174:
3105:
3058:
2570:
2523:
2042:Journal of Political Ideologies
1684:Swedish Social Democratic Party
1632:, reformist socialists such as
1477:Social democracy § History
1329:implemented this foreign policy
1073:are prioritized by liberalism.
1049:. It rejects the idea that the
900:, which became associated with
5113:Open–closed political spectrum
4653:Mainwaring & Scully (2003)
4621:Manwaring & Kennedy (2018)
4612:Manwaring & Kennedy (2018)
4414:. Princeton University Press.
3642:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-4B42-1
3187:Journal of Asian Public Policy
3118:Communication Research Reports
1575:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1455:economic system that promoted
1238:for the purpose of increasing
912:and it spread to Africa after
13:
1:
5098:Left–right political spectrum
4636:. Stanford University Press.
4568:Luebbert, Gregory M. (1991).
4248:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
4236:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
4139:Balán & Montambeault 2020
4127:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
4076:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
3971:Balán & Montambeault 2020
3917:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
3902:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
3684:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
3672:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
3603:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
3591:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
3579:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
3519:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
3348:Risse-Kappen, Thomas (1994).
3199:10.1080/17516234.2016.1258524
2914:10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726
2355:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
2214:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
2090:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2021).
2055:10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
2015:Cronin, Shoch & Ross 2011
1983:
1493:Green politics § History
1433:economies of Nordic countries
1401:systems, such as welfare and
946:
886:left–right political spectrum
4354:. Oxford University Ptress.
4275:Manwaring & Kennedy 2018
3053:Mainwaring & Scully 2003
3041:Mainwaring & Scully 2003
2166:10.1080/09644016.2013.755391
1915:Middle East and North Africa
1532:rising European nationalisms
1485:Progressivism § History
1359:
1284:
7:
5123:Right-wing authoritarianism
4574:. Oxford University Press.
4169:Latin American Perspectives
4039:Latin American Perspectives
3992:Latin American Perspectives
2460:10.5325/jspecphil.37.1.0081
1920:
1289:Centre-left politics seeks
722:Political parties by region
512:Party convention/conference
10:
5289:
4742:Woshinsky, Oliver (2007).
4004:10.1177/0094582X9702400105
3354:International Organization
2548:10.1177/002193479002100205
2442:Cahoone, Lawrence (2023).
1811:groups in society through
1636:rejected Marxist ideas of
1497:
1474:
1470:
1130:
1095:
1037:
979:
892:to parliament or endorsed
709:Lists of political parties
29:
5130:
5085:
5010:
4960:
4895:
4843:
4800:
4662:Menz, Georg, ed. (2022).
4491:10.1007/978-1-349-21315-3
4435:. Duke University Press.
4163:AntĂa, Florencia (2019).
4047:10.1177/0094582X231153139
3413:10.1017/S1537592720001218
3397:"The Retreat of the West"
3366:10.1017/S0020818300028162
3130:10.1080/00036810500130539
3083:10.1080/09552360020011286
2768:10.1080/00139150209605605
2635:Freeden, Michael (2014).
2595:10.1080/09557579908400270
1767:that heavily altered the
1403:early childhood education
797:and broadly conform with
717:Ruling parties by country
690:National unity government
4748:. Taylor & Francis.
4410:Bell, Daniel A. (2006).
4182:10.1177/0094582X18806827
3696:Tietmeyer, Hans (1999).
3633:10.1177/0032329206293642
3401:Perspectives on Politics
3065:Chan, Alan K.L. (2000).
2742:RĂĽdig, Wolfgang (2002).
2641:Political Studies Review
2577:Teson, Fernando (1999).
2536:Journal of Black Studies
2530:Sindima, Harvey (1990).
1935:Political science portal
1370:economic interventionism
1313:Liberal internationalism
1307:anti-discrimination laws
1258:Catholic social teaching
1028:decolonisation of Africa
843:economic interventionism
841:system, often including
823:liberal internationalism
793:that lean closer to the
727:Banned political parties
427:Leader of the Opposition
395:Leaders and organization
358:Parliamentary opposition
4705:Green Parties in Europe
4683:Talshir, Gayil (2002).
3315:Rathbun, Brian (2012).
2653:10.1111/1478-9302.12042
2108:10.1111/1467-923X.12939
2096:The Political Quarterly
1973:Neoclassical liberalism
1385:. In the 20th century,
1145:. It challenges modern
898:revolutionary socialism
36:Left of Center (Turkey)
5068:Social justice warrior
4687:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4482:The World of Economics
3986:Petras, James (1997).
3621:Politics & Society
3543:Allern & Bale 2017
3531:Allern & Bale 2017
2898:"Democratic Socialism"
2264:Berman, Sheri (2010).
2146:Environmental Politics
1852:
1765:women in the workforce
1638:historical materialism
1625:
1514:. The centre-left was
986:Social democracy is a
894:moderate republicanism
38:. For other uses, see
5143:Democratic transition
5138:Anti-authoritarianism
5013:Political pejoratives
4714:10.4324/9781315585932
2987:"Christian Democracy"
2140:Carter, Neil (2013).
1943:Centre-right politics
1846:
1821:redistributive policy
1800:regained popularity.
1619:
1449:social market economy
1418:democratic capitalism
839:democratic capitalist
660:Confidence and supply
517:Leadership convention
368:Official party status
324:Entrepreneurial party
5273:Centre-left politics
4898:Political ideologies
4549:Keman, Hans (2017).
3228:Lee, Dayoon (2018).
2863:March, Luke (2008).
1958:Green libertarianism
1849:Progressive Alliance
1745:subsequent recession
1630:nearing an implosion
1577:and the progressive
1552:Moderate Republicans
1522:, more power to the
1422:corporate governance
1208:Democratic socialism
1192:environmental issues
1168:ending nuclear power
923:and was replaced by
847:progressive taxation
783:Centre-left politics
665:Consensus government
655:Coalition government
447:Parliamentary leader
254:Classical radicalism
5023:Champagne socialist
4933:Christian democracy
4862:Anti-Stalinist left
4846:Political positions
4735:, pp. 280–297.
4623:, pp. 185–202.
4614:, pp. 169–183.
4521:, pp. 367–370.
4512:, pp. 385–389.
4472:, pp. 265–289.
4463:, pp. 241–264.
4041:: 0094582X2311531.
3569:, pp. 243–244.
3521:, pp. 343–344.
3444:, pp. 265–266.
3171:, pp. 236–237.
2972:, pp. 175–177.
2945:, pp. 171–173.
2760:2002ESPSD..44c..20R
2725:, pp. 281–282.
2427:, pp. 142–143.
2158:2013EnvPo..22...73C
1907:political cleavages
1902:right-wing populist
1825:economic liberalism
1815:and its associated
1741:1970s energy crisis
1721:Keynesian economics
1713:John Maynard Keynes
1534:. Thiers served as
1437:international trade
1374:Keynesian economics
1335:far-right parties.
1254:Christian democracy
1228:equality of outcome
1106:to improve society
1067:Political pluralism
1017:Keynesian economics
921:1973–1975 recession
906:reformist socialist
746:Politics portal
695:Rotation government
685:Minority government
680:Majority government
645:Parliamentary group
502:Leadership election
184:Christian democracy
5268:Political spectrum
5263:Left-wing politics
5198:Anti-establishment
5063:Social imperialism
4968:Buddhist socialism
4963:Religious politics
4794:Political spectrum
4403:, pp. 71–100.
3246:10.1111/aswp.12137
2902:Rethinking Marxism
2282:10.1353/dss.0.0158
1862:Digital Revolution
1853:
1839:Early 21st century
1794:Continental Europe
1708:post-war consensus
1626:
1612:Early 20th century
1274:Harmonious Society
1202:Related ideologies
1086:liberal democratic
1069:and strong social
1059:liberal capitalism
937:Digital Revolution
815:welfare capitalism
650:Divided government
544:Crossing the floor
490:Internal elections
462:Party spokesperson
373:Single-issue party
68:Political Spectrum
5245:
5244:
5213:The Establishment
5168:Identity politics
5003:Religious Zionism
4723:978-1-315-58593-2
4655:, pp. 64–77.
4643:978-0-8047-4598-7
4602:978-1-4473-3268-8
4560:978-1-315-16624-7
4541:978-1-000-51869-6
4500:978-1-349-21315-3
4454:, pp. 29–49.
4394:, pp. 44–68.
4226:, pp. 75–76.
3931:, pp. 36–37.
3736:978-1-4416-7695-5
3709:978-1-902282-06-0
3287:Electoral Studies
2879:978-3-86872-000-6
2835:, pp. 19–20.
2821:Price-Thomas 2016
2809:Price-Thomas 2016
2797:Price-Thomas 2016
2723:Price-Thomas 2016
2711:Price-Thomas 2016
2689:, pp. 33–34.
2313:, pp. 55–56.
1878:mass mobilization
1870:knowledge economy
1775:Late 20th century
1761:population ageing
1717:William Beveridge
1698:Post-war politics
1670:classical liberal
1659:wave of democracy
1651:national identity
1504:French Revolution
1392:right to unionize
1291:equal opportunity
1224:equal opportunity
1147:industrialisation
1047:wealth inequality
1040:Social liberalism
1034:Social liberalism
957:social liberalism
855:far-left politics
851:right to unionize
807:social liberalism
780:
779:
626:
625:
442:Political faction
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
5280:
5233:Radical politics
5208:Communitarianism
5178:Authoritarianism
5093:Horseshoe theory
4923:Social democracy
4882:Radical centrism
4872:Centrist Marxism
4787:
4780:
4773:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4736:
4733:van Haute (2016)
4727:
4698:
4679:
4656:
4647:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4595:. Policy Press.
4585:
4564:
4545:
4522:
4513:
4504:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4425:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4365:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4260:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4184:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4103:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4030:
4024:
4023:
3983:
3974:
3968:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3905:
3899:
3890:
3884:
3875:
3869:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3796:Unknown (1993).
3793:
3787:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3644:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3278:
3267:
3261:
3250:
3249:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3178:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3141:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3071:Asian Philosophy
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3006:
2982:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2860:
2851:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2739:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2673:
2672:
2632:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2087:
2076:
2075:
2057:
2033:
2018:
2012:
1953:Green liberalism
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1874:service industry
1798:neo-Keynesianism
1688:Democratic Party
1679:Great Depression
1634:Eduard Bernstein
1540:Louis Philippe I
1528:manhood suffrage
1461:fair competition
1453:regulated market
1399:transfer payment
1379:balanced budgets
1341:multiculturalism
1160:left-libertarian
1013:public education
982:Social democracy
976:Social democracy
953:social democracy
927:. In the 1990s,
904:, and advocated
831:multiculturalism
827:green capitalism
803:social democracy
795:political centre
785:is the range of
772:
765:
758:
744:
743:
583:
582:
549:Party discipline
531:Party discipline
497:Primary election
353:Opposition party
264:Social democracy
199:Environmentalism
73:
72:
47:
46:
21:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5183:Totalitarianism
5135:
5126:
5118:Pournelle chart
5090:
5081:
5053:Regressive left
5015:
5006:
4988:Christian right
4965:
4956:
4900:
4891:
4848:
4839:
4796:
4791:
4756:
4724:
4695:
4676:
4644:
4603:
4582:
4561:
4542:
4501:
4443:
4422:
4383:
4362:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4133:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4070:
4031:
4027:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3824:
3809:
3805:
3794:
3790:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3545:, pp. 2–3.
3541:
3537:
3533:, pp. 1–2.
3529:
3525:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3393:
3389:
3346:
3342:
3313:
3306:
3279:
3270:
3262:
3253:
3226:
3222:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3110:
3106:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3020:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2869:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2795:
2791:
2740:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2676:
2633:
2622:
2618:, pp. 1–4.
2614:
2610:
2575:
2571:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2506:Dahrendorf 1991
2504:
2495:
2489:Dahrendorf 1991
2487:
2483:
2440:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2262:
2249:
2241:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2138:
2131:
2088:
2079:
2034:
2021:
2013:
1990:
1986:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1890:Great Recession
1841:
1777:
1753:Southern Europe
1728:considered the
1700:
1666:interwar period
1614:
1579:Urbano Rattazzi
1544:Second Republic
1530:and support to
1520:Charter of 1830
1500:
1495:
1473:
1411:progressive tax
1362:
1295:social equality
1287:
1240:economic growth
1212:communist state
1204:
1135:
1129:
1100:
1094:
1042:
1036:
1005:Democratization
996:social equality
984:
978:
949:
776:
738:
733:
732:
731:
711:
701:
700:
699:
675:Hung parliament
670:Grand coalition
639:
638:between parties
628:
627:
622:
613:
594:
580:
570:
569:
568:
564:Party switching
559:Party-line vote
539:Conscience vote
533:
523:
522:
521:
491:
483:
482:
481:
437:Minority leader
432:Majority leader
396:
388:
387:
386:
319:Catch-all party
293:
285:
284:
283:
168:
157:
156:
151:
126:
96:
70:
52:Politics series
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5286:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5163:Green politics
5160:
5155:
5150:
5148:Libertarianism
5145:
5140:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5108:Overton window
5105:
5100:
5095:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5058:Social fascism
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4973:Christian left
4970:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4790:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4722:
4699:
4693:
4680:
4674:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4642:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4616:
4601:
4586:
4580:
4565:
4559:
4546:
4540:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4514:
4499:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4465:
4456:
4441:
4426:
4420:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4396:
4381:
4366:
4360:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4327:
4325:, p. 187.
4315:
4303:
4301:, p. 186.
4291:
4279:
4267:
4265:, p. 190.
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4155:
4143:
4131:
4119:
4117:, p. 176.
4104:
4102:, p. 241.
4092:
4090:, p. 172.
4080:
4068:
4025:
3975:
3960:
3948:
3933:
3921:
3906:
3891:
3876:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3822:
3803:
3800:. p. 196.
3788:
3773:
3766:
3760:. p. 14.
3742:
3735:
3715:
3708:
3688:
3686:, p. 345.
3676:
3664:
3627:(4): 463–502.
3607:
3605:, p. 353.
3595:
3593:, p. 352.
3583:
3571:
3559:
3557:, p. 263.
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3509:, p. 367.
3499:
3497:, p. 268.
3487:
3485:, p. 267.
3475:
3473:, p. 265.
3463:
3446:
3434:
3407:(1): 102–122.
3387:
3360:(2): 185–214.
3340:
3327:(3): 607–622.
3304:
3268:
3266:, p. 143.
3264:Woshinsky 2007
3251:
3220:
3173:
3161:
3124:(2): 107–115.
3104:
3077:(3): 245–261.
3057:
3045:
3033:
3018:
2997:(1): 183–209.
2974:
2962:
2960:, p. 177.
2947:
2935:
2885:
2878:
2852:
2848:van Haute 2016
2837:
2825:
2823:, p. 289.
2813:
2811:, p. 288.
2801:
2799:, p. 286.
2789:
2727:
2715:
2713:, p. 281.
2703:
2701:, p. 268.
2691:
2674:
2620:
2608:
2569:
2542:(2): 190–209.
2522:
2520:, p. 111.
2518:Woshinsky 2007
2510:
2508:, p. 388.
2493:
2491:, p. 389.
2481:
2429:
2425:Woshinsky 2007
2417:
2415:, p. 142.
2413:Woshinsky 2007
2405:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2332:
2315:
2303:
2247:
2230:
2218:
2199:
2197:, p. 112.
2195:Woshinsky 2007
2187:
2129:
2077:
2019:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:Eco-capitalism
1945:
1939:
1938:
1922:
1919:
1894:Pasokification
1872:. Of those in
1840:
1837:
1832:decolonization
1776:
1773:
1726:United Nations
1699:
1696:
1642:class conflict
1613:
1610:
1556:Third Republic
1536:Prime Minister
1512:Movement Party
1508:Adolphe Thiers
1499:
1496:
1472:
1469:
1383:labour markets
1368:with moderate
1361:
1358:
1345:egalitarianism
1333:anti-globalist
1321:constructivism
1286:
1283:
1203:
1200:
1151:social justice
1133:Green politics
1131:Main article:
1128:
1127:Green politics
1125:
1121:redistributive
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1078:new liberalism
1038:Main article:
1035:
1032:
1024:European Union
980:Main article:
977:
974:
969:libertarianism
965:green politics
948:
945:
914:decolonization
819:social justice
811:green politics
778:
777:
775:
774:
767:
760:
752:
749:
748:
735:
734:
730:
729:
724:
719:
713:
712:
707:
706:
703:
702:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
641:
640:
634:
633:
630:
629:
624:
623:
621:
620:
614:
612:
611:
606:
601:
599:Dominant-party
595:
593:
592:
586:
581:
576:
575:
572:
571:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
535:
534:
529:
528:
525:
524:
520:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
484:
480:
479:
474:
472:Shadow cabinet
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
422:Lead candidate
419:
414:
409:
404:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
385:
384:
375:
370:
365:
363:Party of power
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
229:Libertarianism
226:
221:
216:
214:Green politics
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
170:
169:
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
152:
150:
149:
144:
138:
135:
134:
128:
127:
125:
124:
119:
117:Radical Centre
114:
108:
105:
104:
98:
97:
95:
94:
89:
83:
80:
79:
71:
66:
65:
62:
61:
59:Party politics
55:
54:
40:Left of center
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5285:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5239:
5238:Triangulation
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5218:Individualism
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:Revolutionary
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:Progressivism
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5033:Liberal elite
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Ultra-leftism
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4757:
4755:9781135901349
4751:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4708:. Routledge.
4707:
4706:
4700:
4696:
4694:9781403919892
4690:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4675:9781000634532
4671:
4668:. Routledge.
4667:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4628:
4622:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4581:9780198023074
4577:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:. Routledge.
4552:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:. Routledge.
4533:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4442:9780822350798
4438:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4423:
4421:9781400827466
4417:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4382:9780268106607
4378:
4374:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4361:9780192507716
4357:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4336:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4295:
4288:
4283:
4276:
4271:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4214:, p. 46.
4213:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4153:, p. 54.
4152:
4147:
4140:
4135:
4129:, p. 15.
4128:
4123:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4077:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3945:
3944:Luebbert 1991
3940:
3938:
3930:
3925:
3919:, p. 17.
3918:
3913:
3911:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3889:, p. 34.
3888:
3883:
3881:
3874:, p. 33.
3873:
3868:
3866:
3858:
3853:
3846:
3845:Luebbert 1991
3841:
3834:
3833:Luebbert 1991
3829:
3827:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3767:9780230509641
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3674:, p. 14.
3673:
3668:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3575:
3568:
3563:
3556:
3551:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3055:, p. 43.
3054:
3049:
3043:, p. 53.
3042:
3037:
3031:, p. 75.
3030:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2867:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2369:, p. 44.
2368:
2363:
2357:, p. 10.
2356:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2245:, p. 35.
2244:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:Globalization
1850:
1845:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:neoliberalism
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:. During the
1676:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1646:revolutionary
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:Second Empire
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1465:welfare state
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:collaboration
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:mixed economy
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:working class
1346:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:privatization
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1196:postcommunist
1193:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:decentralized
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1112:revolutionary
1109:
1105:
1104:social reform
1099:
1098:Progressivism
1092:Progressivism
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:individualist
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:mixed economy
1060:
1056:
1055:laissez-faire
1052:
1048:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:welfare state
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
983:
973:
970:
966:
962:
961:progressivism
958:
954:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:neoliberalism
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
875:eco-terrorism
872:
871:state atheism
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:mixed economy
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
799:progressivism
796:
792:
788:
784:
773:
768:
766:
761:
759:
754:
753:
751:
750:
747:
742:
737:
736:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
710:
705:
704:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
637:
632:
631:
619:
616:
615:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
591:
588:
587:
585:
584:
579:
578:Party systems
574:
573:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
527:
526:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
487:
486:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
392:
391:
383:
382:International
379:
378:Transnational
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
289:
288:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
259:Republicanism
257:
255:
252:
250:
249:Progressivism
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
167:
161:
160:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
137:
136:
133:
130:
129:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
107:
106:
103:
100:
99:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
82:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
64:
63:
60:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5203:Collectivism
5132:
5087:
5012:
4962:
4938:Conservatism
4897:
4852:Post-leftism
4845:
4825:Centre-right
4814:
4744:
4704:
4684:
4664:
4632:
4591:
4570:
4550:
4530:
4485:. Springer.
4481:
4431:
4411:
4371:
4351:
4344:Bibliography
4337:, p. 7.
4330:
4323:Cuperus 2018
4318:
4313:, p. 8.
4306:
4299:Cuperus 2018
4294:
4289:, p. 1.
4282:
4277:, p. 5.
4270:
4263:Cuperus 2018
4250:, p. 9.
4243:
4238:, p. 4.
4231:
4224:Roberts 2020
4219:
4212:Cameron 2020
4207:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4151:Cameron 2020
4146:
4141:, p. 2.
4134:
4122:
4115:Pierson 2018
4095:
4088:Pierson 2018
4083:
4078:, p. 5.
4071:
4038:
4028:
3998:(1): 80–91.
3995:
3991:
3973:, p. 1.
3958:, p. 3.
3951:
3946:, p. 1.
3924:
3904:, p. 6.
3859:, p. 2.
3852:
3847:, p. 7.
3840:
3835:, p. 2.
3812:
3806:
3797:
3791:
3782:
3776:
3752:
3745:
3725:
3718:
3698:
3691:
3679:
3667:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3598:
3586:
3581:, p. 8.
3574:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3507:Eatwell 1991
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3461:, p. 2.
3437:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3324:
3320:
3290:
3286:
3240:(1): 46–53.
3237:
3233:
3223:
3193:(1): 93–94.
3190:
3186:
3176:
3164:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3029:Sigmund 2003
2994:
2990:
2965:
2958:Pierson 2018
2938:
2905:
2901:
2865:
2850:, p. 1.
2833:Talshir 2002
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2754:(3): 20–33.
2751:
2747:
2718:
2706:
2699:Talshir 2002
2694:
2687:Talshir 2002
2647:(1): 68–74.
2644:
2640:
2611:
2589:(1): 29–40.
2586:
2582:
2572:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2513:
2484:
2454:(1): 81–98.
2451:
2447:
2420:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2387:
2362:
2350:
2345:, p. 1.
2330:, p. 2.
2306:
2276:(3): 23–29.
2273:
2269:
2228:, p. 3.
2221:
2216:, p. 1.
2190:
2152:(1): 73–94.
2149:
2145:
2102:(1): 23–31.
2099:
2095:
2045:
2041:
2017:, p. 3.
1887:
1866:middle class
1854:
1829:
1802:
1785:Paul Keating
1778:
1757:trade unions
1738:
1734:
1704:World War II
1701:
1663:
1627:
1599:
1590:
1564:
1501:
1457:free markets
1445:West Germany
1430:
1426:shareholders
1415:
1407:welfare trap
1396:
1387:trade unions
1363:
1354:
1337:
1325:arms control
1311:
1303:marginalized
1288:
1270:Confucianism
1267:
1252:
1244:public goods
1232:deregulation
1205:
1184:
1136:
1116:conservative
1101:
1075:
1071:institutions
1043:
1021:
990:offshoot of
985:
950:
918:
883:
861:or advocate
857:that reject
782:
781:
618:Non-partisan
457:Party leader
417:Frontbencher
412:Caucus chair
348:Ruling party
329:Ethnic party
309:Cartel party
194:Conservatism
142:Centre-Right
122:Centre-Right
111:
91:
50:Part of the
44:
5193:Reactionary
5173:Corporatism
5153:Syndicalism
5103:Nolan Chart
5048:Red fascist
4983:Muslim left
4978:Jewish left
4943:Nationalism
4815:Centre-left
4100:Jenson 2011
3929:Berman 2011
3887:Berman 2011
3872:Berman 2011
3567:Jenson 2011
2367:Berman 2011
2243:Berman 2011
2048:(1): 1–15.
1911:Arab Spring
1813:citizenship
1675:Plan De Man
1595:World War I
1560:Opportunist
1439:as well as
1299:foreign aid
1279:familialism
1180:immigration
1174:democracy,
1164:disarmament
1143:nonviolence
1110:, opposing
1088:tradition.
1051:upper class
1000:common good
609:Multi-party
452:Party chair
402:Backbencher
338:Minor party
334:Major party
314:Competitive
304:Elite party
239:Nationalism
174:Agrarianism
112:Centre-Left
92:Centre-Left
18:Centre-left
5252:Categories
5038:Loony left
4928:Liberalism
3857:Keman 2017
3495:PĂ©rez 2011
3483:PĂ©rez 2011
3471:PĂ©rez 2011
3442:PĂ©rez 2011
2970:Keman 2017
2943:Keman 2017
2343:Keman 2017
2311:Keman 2017
1984:References
1847:A logo of
1790:New Labour
1769:job market
1655:solidarity
1524:Parliament
1475:See also:
947:Ideologies
863:revolution
859:capitalism
849:, and the
791:ideologies
789:political
636:Coalitions
554:Party line
343:Mass party
299:Bloc party
274:Syncretism
234:Monarchism
224:Liberalism
166:Ideologies
132:Right-Wing
5073:Soft left
5028:Hard left
4918:Socialism
4913:Communism
4903:Anarchism
4887:New Right
4877:Third Way
4835:Far-right
4311:Menz 2022
4287:Menz 2022
4199:149990469
4191:0094-582X
4063:256805880
4055:0094-582X
4020:143597298
4012:0094-582X
3659:154465433
3651:0032-3292
3555:Bell 2006
3459:Menz 2022
3429:216203061
3421:1537-5927
3382:154420496
3374:0020-8183
3215:157114983
3207:1751-6234
3169:Bell 2006
3148:0882-4096
3139:1808/6818
3099:143410352
3091:0955-2367
3013:1094-2939
2930:253291157
2922:0893-5696
2908:: 24–35.
2784:218496440
2776:0013-9157
2669:145271709
2661:1478-9299
2616:Bell 2006
2603:0955-7571
2564:142905098
2556:0021-9347
2476:255049487
2468:1527-9383
2298:144099065
2290:1946-0910
2226:Menz 2022
2182:154065471
2174:0964-4016
2124:229437666
2116:0032-3179
2072:256033370
2064:1356-9317
1978:Soft left
1963:Hard left
1805:pink tide
1781:Bob Hawke
1602:modernism
1562:faction.
1538:for King
1516:Orléanist
1360:Economics
1285:Positions
1220:Third Way
1108:gradually
992:socialism
988:reformist
933:pink tide
929:Third Way
902:communism
879:communism
867:anarchism
787:left-wing
604:Two-party
590:One-party
507:Open list
467:Secretary
279:Third Way
269:Socialism
189:Communism
179:Anarchism
147:Far-Right
77:Left-Wing
5258:Centrism
5228:Populism
5223:Hardline
5133:See also
4998:Islamism
4993:Hindutva
4867:New Left
4805:Far-left
3785:. Bréal.
3758:Springer
3156:33020343
2398:10 April
2392:Archived
1921:See also
1898:far-left
1883:populism
1860:and the
1809:excluded
1743:and the
1692:New Deal
1606:humanism
1591:connubio
1546:and the
1317:idealism
1248:centrist
1242:to fund
1188:Cold War
1176:feminism
1156:New Left
941:populism
890:monarchy
244:Populism
219:Islamism
209:Feminism
87:Far-Left
5078:Wingnut
5043:Moonbat
4948:Fascism
4908:Marxism
3293:: 202.
2756:Bibcode
2270:Dissent
2154:Bibcode
1913:in the
1498:Origins
1471:History
1262:secular
1260:into a
1216:radical
1139:ecology
204:Fascism
5088:Models
5018:Baizuo
4953:Nazism
4820:Centre
4752:
4720:
4691:
4672:
4640:
4599:
4578:
4557:
4538:
4497:
4439:
4418:
4379:
4358:
4197:
4189:
4061:
4053:
4018:
4010:
3817:Hatier
3764:
3733:
3706:
3657:
3649:
3427:
3419:
3380:
3372:
3213:
3205:
3154:
3146:
3097:
3089:
3011:
2928:
2920:
2876:
2782:
2774:
2667:
2659:
2601:
2562:
2554:
2474:
2466:
2296:
2288:
2180:
2172:
2122:
2114:
2070:
2062:
1817:rights
1491:, and
1297:, and
1178:, and
1061:and a
1015:, and
1007:, the
963:, and
829:, and
809:, and
407:Caucus
164:Major
102:Centre
34:, see
32:Turkey
4830:Right
4195:S2CID
4059:S2CID
4016:S2CID
3655:S2CID
3425:S2CID
3378:S2CID
3211:S2CID
3152:S2CID
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