533:
The
Kadambas are described as the arch enemies of the kuttuvan. The kuttuvan was able to defeat them in the battle of Idumbil, Valayur (Viyalur). The "fort" of Kotukur in which the Kadamba warriors took shelter was stormed. Later the Kadambas (helped by the Yavanas) attacked kuttuvan by sea, but the
644:
princes led by Kanaka, Vijaya and allied princes Uttara, Vichitra, Rudra, Bhairava, Chitra Singha, Dhanuttara and Sveta encountered the forces of
Senguttuvan with a huge army. After a long battle, the Arya alliance was defeated. Kanaka and Vijaya were caught and brought back to Magadha, where
490:"Kuttuvan of the gold garland, whose army destroyed the beauty of many lands, till the noise rose loud of the drums used in numerous battles with the monarchs of the country between Kumari (Cape Comorin) on the south and Himalayas, the mountain that rises high as the northern boundary."
618:
Chera king
Senguttuvan's wife Illango Venmal was moved by Kannagi's tragic story and wanted her to be worshipped as a goddess of chastity. Senguttuvan agreed and asked his court at Vanji for advice, which suggested to carve out a stone block from the Himalayas for the
606:, the royal astrologer at the court of Cera king predicted that (the younger prince) Ilanko would succeed the king, which angered the elder prince Senguttavan. Ilanko at once chose to renounce his claims to the throne and live a life of a
645:
Senguttuvan honoured the warriors of the battle. Two-and-half months after his departure
Senguttuvan victoriously returned to Vanchi, where the temple for Kannagi (Pattini) was consecrated with the
559:
decad V mentions Ilanko Atikal and the expedition of
Cenkuttuvan to north India to bring a stone from which to carve the Pattini idol (scholars are of the opinion that the
482:"Kuttuvan not finding an enemy worthy to fight with became angry, with martial might besieged the sea and with magnificent spear drove back the sea whose wave rose high".
719:
Despite its dependency on numerous conjectures, the method is considered as the sheet anchor for the purpose of dating the events in the early historic Tamil texts.
421:). Kuttanadu in Kerala is after his name, which was one of his major capitals. The base of major ancient temples in land of Kerala was established by Chenguttuvan.
530:
on the Cola throne. The rivals of Killi were defeated in the battle of
Nerivayil, Uraiyur (leading to the death of nine other contenders to the throne).
636:
to inquire about the needs of the Chera king for the campaign to the
Himalayas. Senguttuvan responded, that he needed ships to travel through the
986:, pp. 37–39: The opinion that the Gajabahu Synchronism is an expression of genuine historical tradition is accepted by most scholars today
640:. With Sanjcharya's ships the army sailed to Magadha, where they were received by the Magadha king. The expedition ended at Uttarai, where the
340:
1090:
679:(text proper, canto 30:160), severals neighbouring kings were invited by Cenkuttuvan to the installation of Kannaki-Pattini at
1071:
526:
Kuttuvan successfully intervened in a succession dispute in the Cola territory and established his relative (brother-in-law)
541:. Kuttuvan defeated a warrior called Pazhaiyan Mokur Mannan (one of the Cera's allies was Arukai, an enemy of the Mokurs) (
794:
1048:
716:
171/73 - 193 CE). In this context, Cenkuttuvan can be dated to either the first or last quarter of the 2nd century CE.
628:
Senguttuvan first moved to the
Nilgiris mountains of Odisha by sea, where he was welcomed by Sanjcharya, a general of
1095:
585:(literally the Junior Prince), who appears in the work as the younger brother of Cenkuttuvan Cera. The third part of
409:
mariners) ― attacked the kuttuvan by sea, but the Chera ruler destroyed their fleet. He is said to have defeated the
818:
Zvelebil, Kamil. ''The Smile of
Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India''. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1973. 52–53.
654:
478:, which translates as "One who Lagged the Sea Behind". Paranar praised the kuttuvan for his naval powers -
424:
Military achievements of
Senguttavan are described in an exaggerated manner in the medieval Tamil epic poem
333:
623:. The king then ordered the march to the Himalayas by the royal sword and umbrella pointing northwards.
269:
243:
435:, based on text proper, canto 30:160 of the epic, is used by scholars to date Chenkuttavan Chera to
393:
anthology (early Tamil texts). The Kuttuvan successfully intervened in a succession dispute in the
273:
705:
413:
and a warrior called Mokur Mannan. Under his reign, the Chera territory included Kollimalai near
326:
136:
1061:
959:
554:
453:
383:
513:
Warriors of the Kuttuvan used bull-hide shields to protect themselves from the enemy darts (
1100:
873:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 99–101.
666:
467:
343 refers to the hill products and sea products, mainly pearls, of Cenkuttuvan and to the
432:
8:
199:
1034:
1012:
633:
1067:
1044:
1022:
610:
ascetic. He shifted to a monastery on the outskirts of Vanci, where he composed epic
496:
406:
263:
257:
111:
78:
934:
314:
1038:
1016:
398:
657:, in Kodungallur, Kerala, is claimed to be the Kannaki temple thus consecrated.
675:
587:
577:
426:
410:
181:
503:). The wife of Cenkuttuvan was Illanko Venmal (the daughter of a Velir chief).
359:(c. 2nd century CE), literally 'the Alluring Kuttuvan Chera', identified with
1084:
1026:
582:
500:
394:
367:
97:
68:
36:
474:
The kuttuvan's mastery over the sea might have led to the often used title
371:
228:
122:
527:
459:
389:
709:
701:
693:
669:
is used by some scholars to date Cenkuttuvan Cera to 2nd century CE.
596:
591:(the Vanci Kantham) deals with Cenkuttuvan's expedition to bring the
288:
745:
ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 50–51. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
629:
607:
448:
402:
378:
63:
637:
468:
418:
417:
in the east and Vanchi, Tondi and Mantai on the western coast (
247:
397:
country and established his relative on the Chola throne. The
743:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
680:
641:
414:
203:
977:
1063:
The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India
841:
839:
632:. Sanjcharya informed Senguttuvan, that he was sent by
370:
ruler of the early land of Tamilnadu in early historic
989:
567:
836:
913:
Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature
826:
824:
486:Paranar also praised kuttuvan's military prowess -
506:Cenkuttuvan ruled the Cera country for 55 years (
1082:
821:
471:gold that reached ashore by boats, in exchange.
741:Subbarayalu, Y. 2014. 'Early Tamil Polity', in
16:2nd century Chera dynasty ruler in south India
960:"Silappathikaram | Tamil epic poem by Adikal"
935:"Silappathikaram | Tamil epic poem by Adikal"
334:
1021:. Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society.
1043:(2007 ed.). Kerala, India: D C Books.
660:
341:
327:
1059:
995:
983:
868:
667:Gajabahu synchronism/Triple Synchronism
495:Kuttuvan was the son of the Cera ruler
433:Gajabahu Synchronism/Triple Synchronism
1083:
563:is a later interpolation to the text).
1033:
1011:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
888:. Kottayam: DC books. pp. 24–25.
883:
845:
830:
814:
812:
789:
787:
785:
771:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
737:
735:
733:
581:is traditionally ascribed to prince
537:Kuttuvan defeated the Kongu people (
442:
13:
918:
809:
782:
14:
1112:
892:
877:
851:
748:
730:
534:Cera ruler destroyed their fleet.
777:Chera Kings of the Sangam Period
686:the Arya kings Kanaka and Vijaya
599:for an idol of Kannaki/Pattini.
1005:
952:
236:Kerala Kesari Adhirajarajadeva
141:Kudakko Illam Cheral Irumporai
123:Kadal Pirakottiya Chenguttuvan
1:
1091:People from the Chera kingdom
1066:. Brill Academic Publishers.
886:Kerala History and its Makers
799:Economic and Political Weekly
723:
447:The kuttuvan is eulogized by
377:The Kuttuvan is eulogized by
233:Vira Kerala Amarabhujangadeva
119:Kalangai Kanni Narmudi Cheral
884:Menon, A. Sreedhara (1987).
795:"Classical Indo-Roman Trade"
602:According to the patikam of
539:Cilappatikaram, XXV, 152-53)
296:Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya
127:Adu Kottu Pattu Cheral Athan
7:
116:Palyani Chel Kezhu Kuttuvan
10:
1117:
1040:A Survey of Kerala History
1018:A Survey of Kerala History
130:Chelva Kadumko Valia Athan
244:Chera/Perumals of Makotai
161:Perum Kadungo (Irumporai)
158:Ko Athan Cheral Irumporai
84:
74:
62:
54:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
1096:3rd-century Indian Jains
1060:Zvelebil, Kamil (1973).
915:, Leiden, 1992. 110-111.
661:Dating Senguttavan Chera
366:was the most celebrated
311:Adithyan Goda Ranadithya
274:Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
164:Ilam Kadungo (Irumporai)
964:Encyclopedia Britannica
939:Encyclopedia Britannica
869:Shulman, David (2016).
451:in the fifth decade of
381:in the fifth decade of
779:, London, 1937. 21-23.
692:Kayavaku, the king of
651:
625:
492:
484:
137:Perum Cheral Irumporai
88:Uraiyur Chola Nalconai
805:(26–27). 5 June 2015.
700:Kayavaku,the king of
626:
616:
568:Senguttavan Chera in
499:and Nalconai (of the
488:
480:
911:Zvelebil, Kamil V.,
689:Kongu king of Kutaku
293:Indu/Indesvaran Goda
30:Katal Pirakottiyavan
1035:Menon, A. Sreedhara
1013:Menon, A. Sreedhara
704:is identified with
649:from the Himalayas.
431:A method, known as
364:Vel Kezhu Kuttuvan,
200:Kongu Chera dynasty
133:Kanaikkal Irumporai
871:Tamil: A Biography
775:K.G. Sesha Aiyar,
665:A method known as
155:Kadummipudha Chera
112:Nedum Cheral Athan
1073:978-90-04-03591-1
848:, pp. 67–68.
501:Cholas of Uraiyur
497:Nedum Cheralathan
476:Katal Pirakottiya
443:Early Tamil texts
361:Katal Pirakottiya
351:
350:
264:Kulasekhara Alvar
92:
91:
79:Nedum Cheralathan
1108:
1077:
1054:
1030:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
931:
916:
909:
890:
889:
881:
875:
874:
866:
849:
843:
834:
828:
819:
816:
807:
806:
791:
780:
773:
746:
739:
655:Bhagavati Temple
439:2nd century CE.
401:― helped by the
343:
336:
329:
315:Rama Kulasekhara
270:Rama Rajasekhara
94:
93:
21:
20:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1051:
1008:
1003:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
968:
966:
958:
957:
953:
943:
941:
933:
932:
919:
910:
893:
882:
878:
867:
852:
844:
837:
829:
822:
817:
810:
793:
792:
783:
774:
749:
740:
731:
726:
663:
573:
445:
347:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1114:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1050:978-8126415786
1049:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
988:
976:
951:
917:
891:
876:
850:
835:
820:
808:
781:
747:
728:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
717:
698:
697:
696:
690:
687:
676:Silappatikaram
662:
659:
634:Nuruvar Kannar
612:Silappatikaram
604:Silappatikaram
588:Silappatikaram
578:Silappatikaram
575:Authorship of
572:
570:Silappatikaram
566:
565:
564:
546:
535:
531:
524:
511:
504:
444:
441:
427:Cilappatikaram
407:Greek or Roman
349:
348:
346:
345:
338:
331:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
286:
283:
280:
277:
267:
260:
252:
251:
240:
239:
238:
237:
234:
231:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
208:
207:
196:
195:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
182:Kuttuvan Kotai
179:
173:
172:
168:
167:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
150:
149:
145:
144:
143:
142:
139:
134:
131:
128:
125:
120:
117:
114:
106:
105:
101:
100:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
58:Illanko Venmal
56:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1113:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1009:
998:, p. 38.
997:
996:Zvelebil 1973
992:
985:
984:Zvelebil 1973
980:
965:
961:
955:
940:
936:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
914:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
887:
880:
872:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
847:
842:
840:
832:
827:
825:
815:
813:
804:
800:
796:
790:
788:
786:
778:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
744:
738:
736:
734:
729:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:
685:
684:
682:
678:
677:
673:According to
672:
671:
670:
668:
658:
656:
650:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
624:
622:
615:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
583:Ilanko Atikal
580:
579:
571:
562:
558:
556:
551:
547:
544:
543:Patitrupattu,
540:
536:
532:
529:
525:
523:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
440:
438:
434:
430:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:
386:
385:
380:
375:
373:
369:
368:Chera dynasty
365:
362:
358:
355:
344:
339:
337:
332:
330:
325:
324:
322:
321:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:Kerala Kesari
284:
281:
278:
275:
271:
268:
265:
262:Kulasekhara (
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
253:
249:
245:
242:
241:
235:
232:
230:
227:
224:
222:Vira Narayana
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
210:
209:
205:
201:
198:
197:
191:
189:Kol-Irumporai
188:
185:
183:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
170:
169:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
147:
146:
140:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
124:
121:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:Chera dynasty
96:
95:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
1062:
1039:
1017:
1006:Bibliography
991:
979:
967:. Retrieved
963:
954:
942:. Retrieved
938:
912:
885:
879:
870:
802:
798:
776:
742:
713:
674:
664:
652:
646:
638:River Ganges
627:
620:
617:
611:
603:
601:
592:
586:
576:
574:
569:
560:
555:Patitrupattu
553:
549:
542:
538:
522:
518:
515:Patitrupattu
514:
508:Patitrupattu
507:
489:
485:
481:
475:
473:
464:
458:
454:Patitrupattu
452:
446:
436:
425:
423:
411:Kongu people
388:
384:Patitrupattu
382:
376:
363:
360:
357:Chenkuttuvan
356:
353:
352:
216:Kanthan Ravi
192:Sa Irumporai
104:Early Cheras
46:c. 188 – 243
29:
18:
1101:Chera kings
969:16 November
545:44 and 49).
463:anthology.
372:South India
258:Sthanu Ravi
229:Vira Kerala
186:Kollippurai
37:Chera ruler
24:Cenkuttuvan
1085:Categories
944:4 February
846:Menon 2007
831:Menon 1967
724:References
708:, king of
706:Gajabahu I
647:virakkallu
621:virakkallu
593:virakkallu
465:Purananuru
279:Vijayaraga
225:Vira Chola
1027:555508146
710:Sri Lanka
597:Himalayas
595:from the
460:Ettutokai
405:(perhaps
390:Ettutokai
308:Ravi Rama
305:Raja Raja
302:Rajasimha
299:Ravi Goda
289:Goda Ravi
282:Goda Goda
219:Vira Goda
213:Ravi Goda
178:Mak-kotai
1037:(2007).
1015:(1967).
399:Kadambas
630:Magadha
561:patikam
550:patikam
457:of the
449:Paranar
403:Yavanas
387:of the
379:Paranar
1070:
1047:
1025:
681:Vanchi
469:Yavana
419:Kerala
354:Cheran
248:Kerala
85:Mother
75:Father
55:Spouse
702:Lanka
694:Lanka
528:Killi
415:Karur
395:Chola
204:Karur
69:Chera
64:House
43:Reign
1068:ISBN
1045:ISBN
1023:OCLC
971:2018
946:2020
712:(r.
653:The
642:Arya
608:Jain
548:The
517:, 45
552:to
1087::
962:.
937:.
920:^
894:^
853:^
838:^
823:^
811:^
803:48
801:.
797:.
784:^
750:^
732:^
714:c.
683:.
614:.
510:).
437:c.
374:.
1076:.
1053:.
1029:.
973:.
948:.
833:.
557:,
521:.
519:)
429:.
342:e
335:t
328:v
276:)
272:(
266:)
250:)
246:(
206:)
202:(
171:-
148:-
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