837:
646:
509:
1183:
657:
490:
1261:
1232:
1217:
1198:
1164:
56:
1247:
498:
568:. These chieftains wielded militaristic authority over their country (even over the Brahmin temples and settlements in the nadu). The udaiyavar chieftains were liable to serve the Chera Perumal in battles (against invading Pandyas and Cholas) and the chiefdoms functioned as revenue collection units for the Chera kingdom. The Chera Perumal only held direct authority over the country that extended from Palakkad to Vembanad Lake, including the port of
2178:
4873:
3993:
543:"A naval campaign led to the conquest of the Maldive Islands, the Malabar Coast, and northern Sri Lanka, all of which were essential to the Chola control over trade with Southeast Asia and with Arabia and eastern Africa. These were the transit areas, ports of call for the Arab traders and ships to Southeast Asia and China, which were the source of the valuable spices sold at a high profit to Europe."
531:(a departure from the early historic system of clan-based societies). It is speculated that there was little economic pressure on the Kerala rulers for territorial conquest, the region being naturally rich and obtaining income from the trade with the Middle East. The Perumal kingdom had alternating friendly or hostile relations with the
447:"The Cera kingdom was not a strong, absolute monarchy by any means, but rather a confederation of lords and powerful Brahmin communities under the mantle of the Perumal...Therefore, the portrayal of the post Cera period as a time of major political decentralization attributes a false centrality to the Cera period itself..."
463:). His kingship was only ritual and remained nominal compared with the power that local chieftains (the udaiyavar) exercised politically and militarily. Brahmins also possessed huge authority in religious and social subjects ('ritual sovereignty combined with a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy').
856:
An earlier version of conventional Kerala historiography had believed that the kings of the "Second/Later Chera Empire", or "Kulasekhara Empire" borne the specific abhisekanama "Kulasekhara" (hence "Kulasekhara dynasty"). However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s offered a major
781:
were the personal protection guards of the udaiyavar. They functioned as the 'companions of honour' of the udaiyavar. Prakrithi was a body of non-Brahmin or
Vellala notables assisting the udaiyavar. The Adhikarar were the temple or royal servants involved in management and collection of dues or a
425:
An earlier version of conventional Kerala historiography had believed that the "Second/Later Chera Empire", or "Kulasekhara Empire" was a highly centralized monarchy (unitary or imperial state model, emphasizing centralized administration). Modern scholars have accused early Kerala historians of
433:
However, critical research in the late 1960s and early 1970s offered a major corrective to this (a monarchy supported by a
Brahmin oligarchy). The theories of a Chera "empire", propounded by the early writers, were rejected. It was also discovered that the Chera kings did not bear the specific
437:
Suggestions pointing to the other extreme, that the king at
Kodungallur had only a "ritual sovereignty" and the actual political power rested with "a bold and visible Brahmin oligarchy" has also emerged. It describes "a fragmented array of local chiefdoms ... held in check by a loose
393:(early historic) south India. The exact relationship between the medieval Chera rulers of present-day Kerala and that of western Tamil country is not known to scholars. The Chera Perumals are often described as the members of Surya Vamsa (the Solar Race). The
1143:
Both
Rajasimha and Raja Raja, from the Pandya inscriptions at Ambasamudram, were categorically identified as Chera Perumals by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972). This was confirmed in a recent book edited by Kesavan Veluthat (2014). The claim is disputed by Daud Ali
2108:
434:
abhisekanama "Kulasekhara". Some recent scholarship also proposes a gradual transition from 'a monarchy' to a 'ritual monarchy'. They question the general inclination to treat the three centuries of Chera
Perumal rule as a "single historical block".
774:
was the military organisation of each chiefdom (this body had no defined limits of territorial jurisdiction). The
Hundred multiple generally indicated the number of households in the nadu that could join the militia. The Shadow or the
553:
The
Perumal kingship remained nominal compared with the power that local chieftains, the so-called "nattu-udaiyavar" or "nadu-vazhumavar", exercised politically and militarily. Chiefdoms under Chera Perumal rule, known as
4720:
790:
Through the analysis of the medieval Kerala inscriptions relating to the Chera
Perumal period, scholars have substantiated the existence of several chieftaincies. From north to south, they are as follows: Kolla-desam
397:
had multiple branches, one of which was known as the Chera
Perumals, who ruled from the city of Makotai (modern-day Kodungallur) in Kerala. The Chera Perumals, like other Chera rulers, are often associated with the
1231:
524:(early historic) south India. There are clear indications as to how different branches of the Chera family managed different centres of power in Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the early Tamil poems.
409:, in the kingdom, was a major point in overseas India trade to the West and the East Asia. Settlements of agriculturally rich areas (fertile wet land) were another major source of support to
4931:
768:). They functioned as the 'companions of honour' of the Perumal. Padai-nayakar or Padai-nair was the commander of the armed forces of the kingdom or a chiefdom. The Hundred or the
795:
Kolathu-nadu (proposed name), Purakizha-nadu, Kurumporai-nadu, Erala-nadu, Valluva-nadu, Kizhmalai-nadu (the
Eastern Hill Country), Vempala-nadu, Munji-nadu, Nanruzhai-nadu and
416:. The Cheraman Perumals are known for employing a single script (Vattezhuthu with Grantha characters) and language (early form of Malayalam) in all of their records in Kerala.
656:
539:. The kingdom was attacked, and eventually forced into submission, by the Cholas in the early 11th century CE (in order to break the monopoly of trade with the Middle East).
302:
288:
274:
249:
611:
had also established themselves as traders in the kingdom. Merchant guilds such as manigramam, and anjuvannam were active in the Perumal kingdom. The origin of the
1216:
4725:
806:
was probably formed under the influence of the Perumals during the early 9th century. The Perumal held direct authority over the country that extended from
2194:
1182:
55:
1163:
4936:
1260:
4921:
1197:
475:. This general catalogue lists records discovered till 1972 (some of the recently discovered inscriptions remain unreported and undeciphered).
4163:
4712:
836:
4101:
1692:
1641:
1354:
Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
405:
The Chera Perumal kingdom derived most of its wealth from maritime trade relations (the spice trade) with the Middle East. The port of
622:
In the 12th century, the Perumal kingdom was dissolved into several local powers. The Perumal dynasty was succeeded in south Kerala (
17:
4839:
4819:
2839:
828:
were present as militaristic/revenue units (with members of martial families serving the Perumal king appointed as the Udayaivar).
4028:
1381:"Cheraman Parambu - the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals of Chera dynasty| Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam"
4510:
2181:
645:
599:, founder of the Vedanta advaita, is also traced to 8th century Kerala. Copper-plate charters of the Perumals show grants to
4436:
4789:
4896:
4168:
1691:'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds),
1651:
668:
Koyil Adhikarikal or Ala Koyil was the Chera royal appointed to a chiefdom. This prince collected regular dues (the
4206:
2167:
2111:." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, vol. 70, no. 3, 2007, pp. 487–509.
1246:
508:
2852:
4262:
2867:
2847:
1290:
1222:
649:
684:
temples around Kodungallur, known as the Nalu Thali, acted as Chera Perumal's permanent council or ministers.
4849:
4799:
4211:
4183:
765:
4794:
489:
471:
An index of most of the so-called Chera Perumal inscriptions can be found in 'Perumals of Kerala' (1972) by
3308:
2872:
2862:
4916:
4906:
4732:
4178:
4173:
4155:
4021:
2857:
2216:
2208:
1296:
1188:
1169:
860:
It was also discovered that the Chera Permal kings did not bear the specific abhisekanama "Kulasekhara".
4234:
3669:
1441:, eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.
857:
corrective to this. The theories of a Chera "empire", propounded by the early writers, were rejected.
4327:
4312:
4292:
1673:, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp. 111–119. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.
1237:
925:
803:
796:
1640:
Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State".
459:
According to the third model, the power of the Perumal was restricted to the capital Mahodayapuram (
4926:
4911:
4287:
4229:
3458:
3383:
2882:
2799:
2779:
2441:
1203:
936:
717:
588:
512:
Fragmentary laterite walls, outside Thrikulasekharapuram Temple, Kodungallur (10th-11th centuries)
4396:
2226:
1252:
1173:
873:
708:
572:. Koyil Adhikarikal/Al Koyil, the Chera royal present in a chiefdom, collected regular dues (the
501:
2145:
4901:
4485:
4347:
4014:
2945:
2499:
2309:
616:
1736:
1537:
Veluthat, Kesavan. "History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala."
4239:
4201:
4196:
4076:
3979:
3895:
3433:
3020:
2589:
453:
4844:
4829:
4707:
4500:
4317:
4151:
2729:
2494:
2354:
2160:
4759:
2177:
8:
4737:
4451:
4368:
4355:
4282:
4254:
4191:
4136:
4066:
2684:
2329:
2319:
2261:
1613:, ed., Sheldon Pollock. Berkeleyand Los Angeles: University of California Press. 444-445.
841:
615:
is also dated to the Chera Perumal period in Kerala. Temple architecture style known as "
561:
484:
254:
2109:
The Service Retinues of the Chola Court: A Study of the Term Veḷam in Tamil Inscriptions
664:, with legend "Uttama Chola", showing the Chera emblem (Bow, left to the Sitting Tiger).
4764:
4638:
4628:
4456:
4272:
4244:
4131:
4106:
4086:
4071:
2824:
2669:
2649:
2349:
2281:
2266:
2246:
2231:
2199:
1669:
Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. 'The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala', in
1380:
915:
869:
612:
472:
4809:
4804:
4784:
4769:
4751:
4490:
4468:
4446:
4416:
4378:
4351:
4332:
4277:
4141:
4121:
4048:
3964:
3840:
3760:
3674:
3488:
3175:
2754:
2629:
2359:
2344:
2314:
2304:
2256:
2251:
2236:
1647:
1240:(1225 CE) or Syrian Christian copper plates of Kottayam (Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya)
898:
731:
592:
267:
145:
1706:
Gurukkal, Rajan. "Classical Indo-Roman Trade: A Historiographical Reconsideration."
4566:
4426:
4126:
3947:
3910:
3604:
3388:
3363:
2679:
2364:
2324:
2271:
1285:
1267:
1207:
1111:
1067:
661:
157:
802:
Kolathu-nadu came under the influence of the Perumals during the 11th century and
497:
402:
language and culture. They are mentioned in ancient Tamil texts and inscriptions.
4658:
4643:
4633:
4111:
4040:
3969:
3303:
3130:
2554:
2391:
2339:
2334:
2291:
2276:
2241:
2221:
2153:
819:
521:
412:
390:
295:
1970:
George Spencer, 'Ties that Bound: Royal Marriage Alliance in the Chola Period',
4681:
4648:
4505:
4495:
4480:
4388:
4267:
3710:
3644:
3428:
3393:
3205:
3170:
3145:
3135:
3125:
2985:
2749:
2719:
2579:
2549:
2544:
2431:
2407:
2383:
2299:
1051:
1033:
596:
536:
439:
399:
366:. Initially, their influence appeared limited to the area between present-day
4890:
4337:
4297:
4081:
4061:
4056:
3957:
3952:
3865:
3830:
3800:
3795:
3700:
3589:
3323:
3100:
3085:
2925:
2744:
2734:
2694:
2584:
2534:
2514:
2474:
1595:
Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala.
1125:
811:
565:
532:
517:
427:
394:
386:
96:
28:
3929:
4877:
4779:
4686:
4556:
4546:
4441:
4401:
4322:
4307:
3997:
3915:
3900:
3850:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3755:
3659:
3614:
3609:
3594:
3534:
3483:
3443:
3423:
3333:
3328:
3268:
3200:
3110:
3075:
3030:
3015:
2960:
2804:
2769:
2709:
2674:
2644:
2609:
2594:
2574:
2539:
2524:
2509:
2464:
604:
320:
86:
876:(1963) Recent corrections (2014 and 2020) on Narayanan are also employed.
4854:
4602:
4597:
4541:
4515:
4411:
4116:
4096:
3937:
3855:
3845:
3725:
3584:
3574:
3468:
3463:
3448:
3313:
3288:
3278:
3215:
3185:
3150:
3095:
3070:
3045:
3005:
2970:
2794:
2659:
2624:
2619:
2569:
962:
815:
569:
460:
359:
351:
516:
The Chera Perumals of Makotai claimed that they were descended from the
493:
Remains of the Thillaisthanam inscription (9th century CE, Aditya Chola)
4670:
4551:
4373:
3974:
3885:
3875:
3805:
3740:
3720:
3715:
3664:
3639:
3599:
3569:
3564:
3513:
3503:
3438:
3398:
3338:
3220:
3195:
3190:
3180:
3080:
3050:
3000:
2995:
2935:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2654:
2639:
2529:
2484:
1931:
Veluthat, Kesavan. "The Temple and the State in Medieval South India."
948:
626:) by the Kulasekhara dynasty (whose kings were also known as the Cheras
426:
inventing a "Second Chera Empire" to rival the glories of the imperial
363:
4834:
4623:
4607:
4531:
4221:
3705:
3695:
3679:
3634:
3624:
3554:
3418:
3403:
3353:
3343:
3273:
3105:
3040:
3025:
2990:
2980:
2955:
2940:
2930:
2920:
2900:
2699:
2664:
2614:
2604:
2559:
2504:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2423:
994:
845:
696:
681:
680:) from the chiefdoms for the Chera Perumal. The managers of the four
630:
379:
375:
119:
4363:
4302:
3905:
3835:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3780:
3770:
3730:
3629:
3619:
3544:
3529:
3413:
3408:
3373:
3358:
3348:
3318:
3298:
3263:
3225:
3165:
3140:
3115:
3090:
3065:
3035:
3010:
2975:
2915:
2910:
2819:
2789:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2689:
2634:
2599:
2415:
909:
807:
371:
109:
91:
1972:
Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies
1791:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1724:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1517:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1504:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1491:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1368:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
1324:, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300.
4859:
4814:
4691:
4676:
4561:
4536:
4431:
4421:
3942:
3890:
3880:
3870:
3825:
3750:
3745:
3735:
3654:
3649:
3559:
3493:
3453:
3378:
3368:
3293:
3283:
3258:
3235:
3160:
3155:
3055:
2895:
2829:
2814:
2739:
2454:
2399:
2175:
608:
600:
355:
281:
126:
71:
4006:
4824:
4666:
4592:
4406:
4037:
3765:
3579:
3549:
3539:
3508:
3498:
3230:
3120:
3060:
2965:
2809:
2519:
2185:
528:
406:
367:
347:
1087:
Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya.
527:
The Chera/Perumal dynasty introduced rule through kingship in
385:
The medieval Cheras claimed that they were descended from the
4774:
4582:
4383:
4091:
3860:
3473:
3210:
2950:
2905:
2890:
2564:
2459:
2449:
1920:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1804:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1778:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1765:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1417:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.
1072:
Contemporary to Chola viceroy Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya
634:
623:
764:
protection guards of the Chera Perumal king (related to the
4587:
3478:
761:
4932:
States and territories disestablished in the 12th century
1437:
Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
823:
776:
769:
675:
669:
629:). In other parts of Kerala, chieftains of Kolathunad,
579:
573:
555:
60:
Chera Perumal Kingdom with respect to the Chola Kingdom
2127:
Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 73-74 and 467-70.
2085:
Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 71-72 and 464-66.
2065:
Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 72-73 and 466-67.
1090:
Contemporary to Chola viceroy Maravarman Chola-Pandya.
1457:
Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 89-90 and 92-93.
595:
are generally identified as Perumal kings of Kerala.
584:) from the chiefdoms for the Perumal at Kodungallur.
560:", are roughly comparable to the "rashtra" under the
346:
844 CE–1124 CE) were a ruling dynasty in present-day
1329:
27:
For early historic Chera rulers of south India, see
1151:
4726:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)
1806:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 124-25.
1780:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 161-62.
1767:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 136-37.
1419:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
4888:
1974:(Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1982), 723.
1694:Irreverent History: Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan
4721:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)
1922:New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143.
1893:, (Kottayam, 1955 Second Ed. 1963), pp. 152-4.
1609:Freeman, Rich (2003), 'Genre and Society', in
1075:Probably identical with king Ravi Goda (above)
987:Probably identical with king Goda Goda (above)
640:
466:
4022:
2161:
1948:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 437-438.
1838:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 118-119.
760:The Thousand or the Ayiram were the personal
354:. Mahodayapuram, or Makotai, the seat of the
2047:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 461-62.
1961:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 442-43.
1867:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 234-36.
1851:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 189-90.
1822:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 161-63.
961:Married off his two daughters to Chola king
863:
2098:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 70-72.
2021:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 68-69.
2005:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 67-68.
1992:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 65-67.
1906:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 79-80.
1880:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-73.
1646:. Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
1473:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 80-81.
4029:
4015:
2168:
2154:
1671:State and Society in Premodern South India
840:Depiction of "Cherman Perumal" Nayanar in
831:
724:Mel-thali or Thrikkulasekharapuram Temple
54:
2140:Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 470.
1710:, vol. 40, no. 2, Dec. 2013, pp. 181–206.
1639:
958:Married the daughter of king Kulasekhara.
4840:List of tourist attractions in Kozhikode
1286:The last Chera Perumal: Rama Kulasekhara
835:
655:
644:
619:" can be seen from the 11th century CE.
507:
496:
488:
4937:12th-century disestablishments in India
607:merchants of West Asia. The West Asian
222:50,000 km (19,000 sq mi)
14:
4922:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India
4889:
2119:
2117:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2013:
2011:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1935:, vol. 4, no. 1, June 2017, pp. 15–23.
1914:
1912:
1859:
1857:
1814:
1812:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1605:
1603:
1597:Indian Historical Review, 36(1), 3–21.
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1541:, vol. 5, no. 1, June 2018, pp. 13–31.
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
785:
4713:Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam
4010:
2149:
1830:
1828:
1759:
1757:
1718:
1716:
1665:
1663:
1643:The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1465:
1463:
1449:
1447:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1362:
1360:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
2114:
2088:
2068:
2050:
2024:
2008:
1995:
1977:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1909:
1896:
1854:
1809:
1783:
1676:
1616:
1600:
1522:
24:
3938:Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)
1825:
1754:
1713:
1660:
1544:
1460:
1444:
1422:
25:
4948:
4036:
1476:
1398:
1357:
1309:
1124:Elder contemporary to Chola king
419:
358:, is identified with present-day
4871:
4795:Places of Interest in Malappuram
3991:
2176:
1889:Pillai Elamkulam, P. N. Kunhan.
1697:, Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014.
1259:
1245:
1230:
1215:
1196:
1181:
1162:
1152:Chera Perumal epigraphic records
300:
286:
272:
247:
4810:Tourist attractions of Palakkad
4235:2001 Kadalundi Train derailment
2130:
2101:
1964:
1883:
1870:
1841:
1796:
1770:
1729:
1700:
1509:
1496:
1137:
851:
688:Four Temples (the Nalu Thali)
4263:Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve
1373:
1291:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
1223:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
749:Chingapuram/Sringapuram Thali
709:Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple
650:Jewish copper plates of Cochin
502:Thiruvanchikkulam Shiva Temple
374:, but later extended to up to
13:
1:
4850:Tourism in Thiruvananthapuram
4800:Tourist attractions in Kannur
1891:Cila Keralacaritra Prasnangal
1303:
1225:(Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya)
766:Kodungallur Bhagavathi Temple
411:Mahodayapuram kingdom in the
1726:Penguin Books, 2002. 368-69.
1611:Literary Cultures in History
1519:Penguin Books, 2002. 379-80.
1506:Penguin Books, 2002. 382-83.
1493:Penguin Books, 2002. 364-65.
1370:Penguin Books, 2002. 326-27.
1326:Penguin Books, 2002. 331-32.
1016:Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya
822:). Within this country, the
7:
4733:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen
1933:Studies in People's History
1539:Studies in People's History
1297:Quilon Syrian copper plates
1279:
1189:Quilon Syrian copper plates
1170:Quilon Syrian copper plates
1066:Contemporary to Chola king
1050:Contemporary to Chola king
1032:Contemporary to Chola king
908:Contemporary to Chola king
824:
777:
770:
676:
670:
641:Organs of the Perumal state
580:
574:
556:
504:(northern entrance gateway)
467:Index to Chera inscriptions
10:
4953:
482:
478:
337:Chera Perumals of Makotai,
333:Perumal dynasty of Kerala,
26:
4897:Kodungallur Chera kingdom
4868:
4750:
4700:
4657:
4616:
4575:
4524:
4476:
4467:
4457:colleges and universities
4346:
4313:Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
4253:
4220:
4150:
4047:
3988:
3928:
3688:
3522:
3251:
3244:
2881:
2838:
2440:
2373:
2290:
2207:
2192:
1793:Penguin Books, 2002. 368.
1238:Viraraghava copper plates
1044:
974:
888:Regnal years (tentative)
329:Cheraman Perumal dynasty,
316:
226:
216:
211:
207:
197:
187:
183:
175:
167:
163:
151:
139:
135:
125:
115:
105:
79:
65:
53:
48:
40:Chera Perumals of Makotai
38:
18:Chera/Perumals of Makotai
4288:Eravikulam National Park
4240:2016 Paravur temple fire
2217:Thiruvananthapuram KL-01
1918:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1802:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1776:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1763:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1741:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1708:Indian Historical Review
1415:Noburu Karashmia (ed.),
1204:Vazhappally copper plate
937:Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
935:Probably identical with
914:Probably identical with
880:Lists of Chera Perumals
718:Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
637:succeeded the Perumals.
589:Cheraman Perumal Nayanar
153:• 1089-1124 (Last)
4397:Saint Thomas Christians
4207:United Democratic Front
1385:www.muzirisheritage.org
1293:(early 11th century CE)
1253:Tiruvalla copper plates
1174:Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara
1104:Adityan Kota Ranaditya
899:Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara
864:Chera Perumal genealogy
832:Chera Perumal genealogy
378:in north Kerala and to
141:• 844-870 (first)
4701:Organisations/Agencies
4525:Dance / Drama / Cinema
4308:Nelliampathi Mountains
2946:Chittur-Thathamangalam
2840:Municipal corporations
1593:Ganesh, K. N. (2009).
874:E. P. N. Kunjan Pillai
848:
665:
653:
551:
520:who flourished in pre-
513:
505:
494:
457:
389:who flourished in pre-
199:• Disestablished
4202:Left Democratic Front
4137:Perumpadapu Swaroopam
4077:Chovvanur burial cave
3021:Kothamangalam, Kerala
1439:South-Indian Horizons
1266:Perunna inscription (
1006:Indu/Indesvaran Goda
839:
659:
648:
564:and "padi" under the
541:
511:
500:
492:
452:Donald R. Davis Jr.,
445:
80:Common languages
4845:Estuaries of Paravur
4830:Muzhappilangad Beach
4820:Tourism in Kasaragod
4708:Nair Service Society
4230:1988 Perumon tragedy
4179:Legislative Assembly
4097:Kingdom of Cannanore
2227:Pathanamthitta KL-03
2136:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2123:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2094:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2081:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2061:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2043:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2017:Narayanan, M. G. S.
2001:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1988:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1957:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1944:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1902:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1876:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1863:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1847:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1834:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1818:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1469:Narayanan, M. G. S.
1453:Narayanan, M. G. S.
799:or Kupaka (Kollam).
4738:Syro-Malabar Church
4192:Saptakakshi Munnani
4067:Ariyannur Umbrellas
2138:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2125:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2096:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2083:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2063:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2045:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2019:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
2003:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1990:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1959:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1946:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1904:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1878:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1865:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1849:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1836:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1820:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1471:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1455:Perumāḷs of Kerala.
1121:Crowned in 1089 CE.
881:
842:Brihadisvara Temple
786:Major chieftaincies
689:
660:Chola coin of king
485:Kongu Chera dynasty
255:Kongu Chera dynasty
189:• Established
4917:Kingdoms of Kerala
4907:Dynasties of India
4765:Athirappilly Falls
4639:Suriyani Malayalam
4629:Malayalam calendar
4273:Kavvayi Backwaters
4245:2018 Kerala floods
4132:Vaikom Satyagraham
4107:Battle of Kulachal
4087:Zamorin of Calicut
4072:Kudakkallu Parambu
3930:Historical regions
2848:Thiruvananthapuram
2780:Thiruvananthapuram
2200:Thiruvananthapuram
879:
870:M. G. S. Narayanan
849:
782:local arbitrator.
687:
666:
654:
652:(plate I, side I).
613:Malayalam language
514:
506:
495:
473:M. G. S. Narayanan
331:also known as the
4884:
4883:
4805:Islands of Kollam
4785:Kerala Backwaters
4770:Beaches in Kerala
4746:
4745:
4511:Triumvirate poets
4417:Jainism in Kerala
4333:Sasthamcotta Lake
4142:Malabar Migration
4122:Anglo-Mysore Wars
4004:
4003:
3980:Travancore–Cochin
3924:
3923:
1133:
1132:
1023:
916:Kulasekhara Alvar
794:
758:
757:
732:Kulasekhara Alvar
682:Nambudiri-Brahmin
593:Kulasekhara Alvar
376:Chandragiri river
356:Cheraman Perumals
326:
325:
312:
311:
308:
307:
268:Kingdom of Cochin
260:
259:
146:Sthanu Ravi Varma
16:(Redirected from
4944:
4878:India portal
4876:
4875:
4874:
4567:Cinema of Kerala
4474:
4473:
4437:Scheduled Tribes
4127:Battle of Quilon
4031:
4024:
4017:
4008:
4007:
3998:India portal
3996:
3995:
3994:
3911:Thalayolaparambu
3670:Sreekrishnapuram
3605:Sreemoolanagaram
3249:
3248:
2262:Malappuram KL-10
2180:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2066:
2059:
2048:
2041:
2022:
2015:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1637:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1542:
1535:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1474:
1467:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1435:
1420:
1413:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1327:
1320:
1299:(9th century CE)
1268:Rama Kulasekhara
1263:
1249:
1234:
1219:
1208:Rama Rajasekhara
1200:
1185:
1166:
1145:
1141:
1112:Rama Kulasekhara
1021:
926:Rama Rajasekhara
882:
878:
827:
792:
780:
773:
716:Associated with
707:Nediya-thali or
690:
686:
679:
673:
583:
577:
559:
549:
455:
304:
303:
290:
289:
276:
275:
264:
263:
251:
250:
244:
243:
228:
227:
158:Rama Kulasekhara
58:
36:
35:
21:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4927:Medieval Kerala
4912:Hindu dynasties
4887:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4872:
4870:
4864:
4742:
4696:
4653:
4644:Judeo-Malayalam
4634:Arabi Malayalam
4612:
4571:
4520:
4463:
4354:
4350:
4342:
4328:Protected areas
4293:Flora and fauna
4249:
4216:
4169:Chief Ministers
4154:
4146:
4112:Arakkal kingdom
4092:Venad Swaroopam
4043:
4035:
4005:
4000:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3970:Venad (kingdom)
3920:
3684:
3518:
3384:Kottappadi Part
3240:
2877:
2834:
2436:
2392:Indian elephant
2369:
2286:
2282:Kasaragod KL-14
2267:Kozhikode KL-11
2247:Ernakulam KL-07
2232:Alappuzha KL-04
2203:
2188:
2174:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2025:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1690:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1638:
1617:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1545:
1536:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1477:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1436:
1423:
1414:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1330:
1321:
1310:
1306:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1264:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1167:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1138:
866:
854:
834:
788:
752:Iringalakkudai
643:
550:
548:Romila Thapar,
547:
487:
481:
469:
456:
451:
422:
301:
296:Venad (kingdom)
287:
273:
248:
219:
200:
190:
154:
142:
101:
61:
44:
43:Perumal dynasty
41:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4950:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4882:
4881:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4682:Panchari melam
4679:
4674:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4649:Irula language
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4506:Sarpam Thullal
4503:
4498:
4496:Kalarippayattu
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4268:Ashtamudi Lake
4265:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4160:
4158:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3711:Chirayinkeezhu
3708:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3645:Vadakkencherry
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Muzhappilangad
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3394:Padinharethara
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:Thrippunithura
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Sreekandapuram
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3146:Perinthalmanna
3143:
3138:
3136:Pathanamthitta
3133:
3128:
3126:Parappanangadi
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Karunagappalli
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2883:Municipalities
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:Sultan Bathery
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2730:Perinthalmanna
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Karunagappalli
2547:
2545:Karthikappally
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:Chirayinkeezhu
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2432:Papilio buddha
2429:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2384:Great hornbill
2381:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Palakkad KL-09
2254:
2252:Thrissur KL-08
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Kottayam KL-05
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2129:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2067:
2049:
2023:
2007:
1994:
1976:
1963:
1950:
1937:
1924:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1869:
1853:
1840:
1824:
1808:
1795:
1789:Thapar, Romila
1782:
1769:
1753:
1728:
1722:Thapar, Romila
1712:
1699:
1675:
1659:
1652:
1615:
1599:
1543:
1521:
1515:Thapar, Romila
1508:
1502:Thapar, Romila
1495:
1489:Thapar, Romila
1475:
1459:
1443:
1421:
1397:
1372:
1366:Thapar, Romila
1356:
1328:
1322:Thapar, Romila
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1000:
997:
991:
990:
989:
988:
983:
982:Kerala Kesari
979:
978:
976:
973:
969:
968:
967:
966:
959:
954:
951:
945:
944:
943:
942:
931:
928:
922:
921:
920:
919:
912:
904:
901:
895:
894:
891:
886:
885:Chera Perumal
865:
862:
853:
850:
833:
830:
820:Periyar Valley
787:
784:
756:
755:
753:
750:
746:
745:
743:
740:
736:
735:
728:
725:
721:
720:
714:
711:
704:
703:
700:
694:
642:
639:
617:Kerala-Dravida
597:Shankaracharya
587:Bhakti saints
545:
480:
477:
468:
465:
449:
444:
443:
435:
431:
421:
420:Historiography
418:
413:Periyar Valley
382:in the south.
324:
323:
318:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
298:
292:
291:
284:
278:
277:
270:
261:
258:
257:
252:
240:
239:
234:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
83:
81:
77:
76:
75:
74:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
49:844 CE–1124 CE
46:
45:
42:
39:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4949:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:Chera dynasty
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4879:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4338:Vembanad Lake
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Nilgiri Hills
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Malabar Coast
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:Aikya Munnani
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Kerala school
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4062:Edakkal Caves
4060:
4058:
4057:Sangam period
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4009:
3999:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3958:South Malabar
3956:
3954:
3953:North Malabar
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Kanjirappally
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Vadasserikara
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Balaramapuram
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Lakkidi-Perur
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Chottanikkara
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Kunnamangalam
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:North Paravur
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3086:Neyyattinkara
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Changanassery
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:North Paravur
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:Neyyattinkara
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Kothamangalam
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Kanjirappally
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Changanassery
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Wayanad KL-12
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2091:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1737:"The Rajputs"
1732:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1653:9781108494571
1649:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
986:
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
971:
970:
964:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
941:
938:
934:
933:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
917:
913:
911:
907:
906:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
892:
890:
887:
884:
883:
877:
875:
871:
868:Corrected by
861:
858:
847:
843:
838:
829:
826:
821:
817:
813:
812:Vembanad Lake
809:
805:
800:
798:
783:
779:
772:
767:
763:
754:
751:
748:
747:
744:
742:Airanikkalam
741:
738:
737:
733:
729:
726:
723:
722:
719:
715:
712:
710:
706:
705:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
685:
683:
678:
672:
663:
658:
651:
647:
638:
636:
632:
628:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
582:
576:
571:
567:
563:
558:
544:
540:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
510:
503:
499:
491:
486:
476:
474:
464:
462:
454:
448:
441:
436:
432:
429:
424:
423:
417:
415:
414:
408:
403:
401:
396:
395:Chera dynasty
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
322:
319:
317:Today part of
315:
299:
297:
294:
293:
285:
283:
280:
279:
271:
269:
266:
265:
262:
256:
253:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
225:
221:
215:
210:
206:
202:
196:
192:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
168:Establishment
166:
162:
159:
156:
150:
147:
144:
138:
134:
130:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
98:
97:Old Malayalam
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
82:
78:
73:
72:Mahodayapuram
70:
69:
68:
64:
57:
52:
47:
37:
34:
30:
29:Chera dynasty
19:
4780:Chembra Peak
4687:Panchavadyam
4557:Ottamthullal
4547:Mohiniyattam
4486:Architecture
4442:Kerala model
4402:Kerala Iyers
4369:Namboothiris
4348:Demographics
4323:Palakkad Gap
4184:
3916:Kaduthuruthy
3901:Kuravilangad
3851:Ambalappuzha
3791:Kozhencherry
3786:Kulathupuzha
3776:Pathanapuram
3756:Sasthamkotta
3660:Puthunagaram
3610:Nedumbassery
3595:Udayamperoor
3535:Vandiperiyar
3484:Vellarikundu
3444:Pappinisseri
3424:Anjarakkandy
3334:Thiruvambady
3329:Thamarassery
3269:Puthanathani
3201:Thrikkakkara
3076:Muvattupuzha
3031:Kottarakkara
3016:Kuthuparamba
2961:Irinjalakuda
2825:Vellarikundu
2805:Udumbanchola
2770:Thamarassery
2710:Pathanapuram
2675:Muvattupuzha
2670:Mukundapuram
2650:Manjeshwaram
2645:Mananthavady
2610:Kozhencherry
2595:Kottarakkara
2465:Ambalappuzha
2310:Demographics
2277:Kannur KL-13
2242:Idukki KL-06
2222:Kollam KL-02
2198:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2107:Ali, Daud. "
2103:
2095:
2090:
2082:
2062:
2044:
2018:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1971:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1903:
1898:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1872:
1864:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1819:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1772:
1764:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:
1731:
1723:
1707:
1702:
1693:
1670:
1642:
1610:
1594:
1538:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1470:
1454:
1438:
1416:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1375:
1367:
1323:
1139:
1025:
1020:
940:
889:
872:(1972) from
867:
859:
855:
852:Abhisekanama
801:
789:
759:
727:Muzhikkalam
667:
627:
621:
586:
562:Rashtrakutas
552:
542:
526:
515:
470:
458:
446:
410:
404:
384:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
321:Kerala,India
237:Succeeded by
236:
231:
218:• Total
87:Middle Tamil
33:
4855:Vallam kali
4603:Eid al-Adha
4598:Eid al-Fitr
4542:Koodiyattam
4516:Vallam kali
4412:Cochin Jews
4374:Ambalavasis
4212:Politicians
4117:Lakshadweep
3896:Puthuppally
3856:Mararikulam
3846:Charummoodu
3726:Chathannoor
3585:Malayattoor
3575:Kunnathunad
3469:Cheruvathur
3464:Thrikaripur
3449:Kalliasseri
3314:Vallikkunnu
3289:Kuttippuram
3279:Angadipuram
3245:Other towns
3216:Tirurangadi
3186:Taliparamba
3151:Perumbavoor
3096:Nileshwaram
3071:Mavelikkara
3046:Kunnamkulam
3006:Kodungallur
2971:Kalamassery
2800:Tirurangadi
2755:Taliparamba
2660:Mavelikkara
2625:Kunnathunad
2620:Kunnamkulam
2570:Kodungallur
2408:Golden rain
816:Kodungallur
814:(including
739:Kizh-thali
730:Founded by
699:settlement
570:Kodungallur
461:Kodungallur
362:in central
360:Kodungallur
352:South India
232:Preceded by
4891:Categories
4671:Thayambaka
4552:Margamkali
4501:Literature
4427:Dravidians
4278:Backwaters
4152:Government
3975:Travancore
3886:Karukachal
3876:Mundakayam
3806:Mallapally
3741:Neendakara
3721:Parippally
3716:Kilimanoor
3665:Malampuzha
3640:Chelakkara
3600:Varappuzha
3570:Puthencruz
3565:Kolenchery
3514:Manjeshwar
3504:Mangalpady
3439:Cherukunnu
3399:Meenangadi
3339:Kodencheri
3221:Valanchery
3196:Thodupuzha
3191:Thiruvalla
3181:Thalassery
3081:Nedumangad
3051:Malappuram
3001:Kayamkulam
2996:Kattappana
2936:Chengannur
2785:Thodupuzha
2775:Thiruvalla
2765:Thalassery
2760:Thalapilly
2680:Nedumangad
2655:Mannarkkad
2640:Mallapally
2530:Kanayannur
2485:Chengannur
2355:Government
1390:1 February
1304:References
1116:1089—1122
1097:Ravi Rama
1082:Raja Raja
1061:Rajasimha
1045:1021—1089
1042:Ravi Goda
972:Goda Goda
949:Vijayaraga
483:See also:
442:hegemony".
116:Government
4835:Peruvanam
4760:Alappuzha
4717:Samastha
4624:Malayalam
4617:Languages
4608:Christmas
4576:Festivals
4532:Kathakali
4452:Education
4379:Samanthas
4364:Malayalis
4283:Districts
4255:Geography
4222:Incidents
4187:elections
4185:Panchayat
4174:Governors
3761:Kunnathur
3706:Kattakada
3696:Parassala
3680:Thrithala
3635:Pavaratty
3625:Puthukkad
3555:Devikulam
3419:Dharmadom
3404:Panamaram
3354:Nadapuram
3344:Balussery
3274:Kottakkal
3106:Ottapalam
3041:Koyilandy
3026:Kottakkal
2991:Kasaragod
2981:Kanhangad
2956:Guruvayur
2941:Cherthala
2931:Chavakkad
2921:Chalakudy
2901:Alappuzha
2853:Kozhikode
2700:Ottapalam
2665:Meenachil
2630:Kunnathur
2615:Kozhikode
2605:Koyilandy
2560:Kattakada
2555:Kasaragod
2505:Devikulam
2490:Cherthala
2480:Chavakkad
2470:Chalakudy
2424:Jackfruit
2330:Geography
2320:Education
2209:Districts
1191:(plate 6)
1026:959–1025
1019:962–1021
995:Goda Ravi
963:Parantaka
846:Thanjavur
671:attaikkol
631:Kozhikode
605:Christian
575:attaikkol
380:Nagercoil
120:Oligarchy
106:Religion
4432:Adivasis
4389:Mappilas
4356:Religion
4303:Marayoor
4164:Agencies
4156:Politics
3906:Uzhavoor
3836:Parumala
3821:Kulanada
3816:Aranmula
3811:Kumbanad
3781:Thenmala
3771:Kadakkal
3731:Kottiyam
3630:Manaloor
3620:Kodakara
3545:Rajakkad
3530:Peermade
3434:Azhikode
3414:Peravoor
3409:Pulpally
3374:Chundale
3359:Kuttiady
3349:Perambra
3319:Olavanna
3299:Areekode
3264:Thavanur
3226:Vatakara
3166:Shoranur
3141:Payyanur
3116:Palakkad
3091:Nilambur
3066:Mattanur
3036:Kottayam
3011:Kondotty
2976:Kalpetta
2916:Attingal
2911:Angamaly
2868:Thrissur
2820:Vatakara
2790:Thrissur
2725:Peermade
2720:Payyanur
2715:Pattambi
2705:Palakkad
2690:Nilambur
2635:Kuttanad
2600:Kottayam
2580:Kondotty
2416:Karimeen
2350:Wildlife
1280:See also
1068:Rajendra
1052:Rajendra
1034:Rajendra
1009:943–962
999:905–943
975:895—905
953:883–895
930:870–883
910:Aditya I
903:844–870
808:Palakkad
771:Nutruvar
713:Paravur
662:Rajendra
546:—
535:and the
450:—
372:Quilandy
110:Hinduism
92:Sanskrit
4860:Wayanad
4815:Kovalam
4752:Tourism
4692:Sopanam
4677:Kolkali
4562:Theyyam
4537:Kolkali
4491:Cuisine
4469:Culture
4447:Tourism
4422:Pulayar
4407:Ezhavas
4393:Thiyyas
4352:Economy
4049:History
3948:Malabar
3943:Zamorin
3891:Pampady
3881:Vazhoor
3871:Erumely
3826:Omallur
3751:Oachira
3746:Chavara
3736:Kundara
3655:Nemmara
3650:Alathur
3560:Adimali
3523:Central
3494:Karadka
3489:Parappa
3459:Alakode
3454:Irikkur
3379:Meppadi
3369:Vythiri
3364:Lakkidi
3309:Vengara
3304:Wandoor
3294:Karipur
3284:Mankada
3259:Edappal
3236:Varkala
3161:Punalur
3156:Ponnani
3131:Paravur
3056:Manjeri
2896:Anthoor
2830:Vythiri
2815:Varkala
2740:Punalur
2735:Ponnani
2515:Hosdurg
2500:Chittur
2455:Alathur
2400:Coconut
2374:Symbols
2360:Tourism
2345:History
2315:Economy
2305:Culture
2195:Capital
1746:10 July
1144:(2007).
1126:Vikrama
818:in the
697:Brahmin
693:Temple
677:arantai
609:Muslims
581:arantai
537:Pandyas
522:Pallava
479:History
391:Pallava
282:Zamorin
203:1124 CE
176:History
127:Perumal
66:Capital
4825:Munnar
4790:Kollam
4667:Chenda
4593:Pooram
4041:topics
4038:Kerala
3965:Cochin
3841:Mannar
3766:Anchal
3580:Kalady
3550:Munnar
3540:Kumily
3509:Uppala
3499:Kumbla
3389:Muttil
3231:Vaikom
3121:Panoor
3061:Maradu
2966:Iritty
2873:Kannur
2863:Kollam
2810:Vaikom
2575:Kollam
2540:Kannur
2525:Iritty
2520:Idukki
2510:Eranad
2442:Taluks
2428:Insect
2404:Flower
2388:Animal
2365:Sports
2292:Topics
2186:Kerala
1650:
893:Notes
804:Venadu
797:Venadu
778:Nizhal
702:Notes
601:Jewish
566:Cholas
533:Cholas
529:Kerala
518:Cheras
428:Cholas
407:Kollam
387:Cheras
368:Quilon
364:Kerala
348:Kerala
193:844 CE
179:
171:844 CE
131:
4775:Bekal
4659:Music
4583:Vishu
4384:Nairs
4082:Chera
3861:Aroor
3801:Ranni
3796:Konni
3689:South
3474:Bekal
3252:North
3211:Tirur
3176:Tanur
2951:Eloor
2906:Aluva
2891:Adoor
2858:Kochi
2795:Tirur
2745:Ranni
2585:Konni
2565:Kochi
2460:Aluva
2450:Adoor
2420:Fruit
2340:Ports
2335:Roads
2182:State
825:nadus
635:Kochi
624:Venad
557:nadus
440:Tamil
400:Tamil
4588:Onam
4481:Arts
3615:Mala
3479:Udma
3111:Pala
2412:Fish
2396:Tree
2380:Bird
2325:Film
2300:Arts
1748:2020
1648:ISBN
1392:2023
1022:(or)
793:(or)
762:Nair
674:and
633:and
603:and
591:and
578:and
370:and
212:Area
2184:of
810:to
341:fl.
335:or
4893::
2197::
2116:^
2070:^
2052:^
2026:^
2010:^
1979:^
1911:^
1856:^
1827:^
1811:^
1756:^
1739:.
1715:^
1678:^
1662:^
1618:^
1602:^
1546:^
1524:^
1478:^
1462:^
1446:^
1424:^
1400:^
1383:.
1359:^
1331:^
1311:^
844:,
734:.
350:,
344:c.
4673:)
4669:(
4030:e
4023:t
4016:v
2169:e
2162:t
2155:v
1750:.
1656:.
1394:.
1270:)
1210:)
1206:(
1176:)
1172:(
1054:.
965:.
939:.
918:.
554:"
430:.
339:(
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
