220:
303:
473:. Once the covering is tight, rib-stitching is again used for heavier or faster aircraft. Cosmetic finish coats are usually applied, except in the case of Oratex which normally receives no coatings. A side effect of using modern covering materials on wooden structured aircraft is that due to the much longer life the structure remains covered and un-inspected for much longer time periods, this has resulted in special periodic inspections being mandated by aviation regulatory bodies.
132:
31:
425:
411:(STC), Canadian STCs, and a US STC. Oratex differs from previous systems, which all require the application of many layers of special coatings (many of them toxic) along with the time, skill, equipment and safety precautions necessary to apply them. Oratex6000 is simply glued to the airframe and then shrunk tight and does not require any coatings.
876:
171:'s first machines, even used paper as a covering material. Until the development of cellulose based dope in 1911 a variety of methods of finishing the fabric were used. The most popular was the use of rubberised fabrics such as those manufactured by the "Continental" company. Other methods included the use of
905:
378:
developed the Hipec system in 1964 for use with Dacron fabric. It uses a special Hipec Sun
Barrier that adheres fabric directly to the aircraft structure in one step, eliminating the need for the riveting, rib-stitching and taping used in traditional fabric processes. The final paint is then applied
443:
airfoils to ensure that the fabric follows the aircraft structure. The distance between stitches is reduced in areas affected by the propeller wash. The covering would then be treated with tautening dope to remove wrinkles and increase structural strength, finish coats often containing aluminium
299:. This new fabric could be glued to the airframe instead of sewn and then heat-shrunk to fit. Grade A cotton would typically last six to seven years when the aircraft was stored outside, whereas Ceconite, which does not rot like cotton, can last over 20 years.
314:
Early attempts to use these modern fabrics with butyrate dope proved that the dope did not adhere at all and peeled off in sheets. Nitrate dope was resurrected as the initial system of choice instead, although it was supplanted by new materials too.
247:
had a fabric covered fuselage, and they also had fabric covered wings until 1939. Many transports, bombers and trainers still used fabric, although the flammable nitrate dope was replaced with butyrate dope instead, which burns less readily. The
393:
Many ultralight aircraft are covered with pre-sewn envelopes of 3.9 oz Dacron that are simply screwed, bolted or laced into place. These are produced in a wide variety of colours and patterns and are commonly flown untreated or with an
175:
starch. The advent of cellulose dopes such as "Emaillite" was a major step forward in the production of practical aircraft, producing a surface that remained taut (eliminating the need for frequent re-covering of the flying surfaces)
464:
Modern covering methods follow the traditional method with minor differences. Synthetic materials are used, covering is adhered to the structure using dedicated glues. The shrinking process is achieved by applying an
334:-based chemicals. Ceconite 101 is a certified 3.5 oz/yd (119 g/m) fabric while Ceconite 102 is a 3.16 oz/yd (107 g/m) fabric. There is also an uncertified light Ceconite of 1.87 oz/yd (63 g/m) intended for
192:
that were vulnerable to fire due to the flammable properties of the cloth covering and nitrocellulose dope. National insignia painted on the fabric were often cut from downed aircraft and used as
452:
to ease access to the internal structure for maintenance. Some disadvantages compared to modern methods are the relatively short service life of the covering due to biological effects such as
934:
338:. This method requires physical attachment of the fabric to the airframe in the form of rib-stitching, rivets or capstrips, which are then usually covered with fabric tapes.
439:. Once the aircraft structure is prepared by sanding, the material is applied using dope as an adhesive. Rib-stitching is used on faster aircraft types and especially on
330:, plus fabric glue for attaching to the airframe (Poly-Tak), fabric preparation sealer resin (Poly-Brush) and paint (Poly-Tone). This system is not dope and instead uses
1159:
476:
With both methods of covering it is normal for the aircraft to be re-weighed after renewal of the fabric to determine any change in mass and centre of gravity.
200:
is considered one of the pioneers of metal aircraft; his designs started the move away from fabric covering. The highly flammable mixture of fabric, dope and
960:
1090:
985:
836:
1186:
92:
dope for adhesive. Modern methods are often used in the restoration of older types that were originally covered using traditional methods.
287:
With the development of modern synthetic materials following World War II, cotton fabrics were replaced in civil aircraft applications by
1763:
1409:
45:
is a term used for both the material used and the process of covering aircraft open structures. It is also used for reinforcing closed
502:-on fabric or prepared iron-on fabric (using heat from a clothes iron for adhesion and shrinkage) can be used for a covering material.
219:
386:
and Blue River (Ceconite 7600). These two systems use the same certified dacron materials as other systems, but do not use high
1803:
786:
1758:
1703:
1568:
404:
introduced a new process in 2001 manufactured in
Germany under the trade name Oratex6000. Oratex has received a European
1823:
1179:
1074:
611:
562:
1593:
1120:
271:
glider. This homebuilt aircraft, intended as a means of escape, employed prison bedding as its covering material;
1055:
930:
815:
747:
1793:
1391:
964:
811:
722:
698:
674:
650:
626:
408:
319:
2086:
2076:
1917:
1172:
1121:"Doping at the Science Museum: The Conservation Challenge of Doped Fabric Aircraft in the Flight Gallery"
1798:
1753:
1444:
387:
288:
840:
1984:
1828:
1778:
726:
495:
654:
1768:
1321:
17:
1060:
Acceptable
Methods, Techniques and Practices-Aircraft Inspection and Repair, AC43.13.1A, Change 3.
2096:
2071:
1833:
1813:
1738:
1628:
1598:
1573:
1439:
1404:
185:
35:
702:
390:, using water as a carrier instead, making them safer to use and less environmentally damaging.
2137:
2111:
1912:
1808:
1633:
1449:
630:
2091:
2009:
1999:
1504:
1216:
1005:. The specialists' series. Vol. 2. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons. pp. 339–344
440:
395:
249:
50:
2056:
1859:
1653:
1464:
1419:
383:
240:
860:
8:
2035:
1942:
1658:
1366:
1195:
1092:
Avoiding that
Shrinking Feeling: Adopting a Chemically Unstable Material for Conservation
678:
335:
205:
1062:
U.S Department of
Transportation, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 1988.
448:. Large fabric panels of the World War I era aircraft were often laced together through
364:-based products with flex agents added. These finishes produce very high gloss results.
1743:
1723:
1718:
1692:
1603:
1544:
1316:
490:
445:
346:
307:
257:
224:
341:
In addition to Poly-Fiber, a number of other companies produce covering processes for
2051:
1788:
1733:
1713:
1643:
1638:
1623:
1311:
1070:
979:
607:
371:
261:
168:
1101:
302:
110:
To cover other non-lifting parts of an aircraft to reduce drag, sometimes forming a
2106:
1989:
1663:
1558:
1281:
1256:
1199:
1132:
901:
872:
342:
244:
111:
81:
1164:
2116:
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1932:
1853:
1818:
1783:
1578:
1226:
1000:
401:
152:
148:
58:
1484:
1351:
2101:
1961:
1678:
1236:
1231:
790:
606:, AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, page 31-34. BAI Communications.
1882:
2131:
2030:
1969:
1773:
1708:
1346:
1326:
1241:
1119:
Regel, Ben; Langfeldt, Jannicke; Burden, Louisa; Ryan, Mary (5 August 2016).
499:
485:
367:
272:
144:
77:
2066:
1994:
1957:
1937:
1927:
1902:
1867:
1648:
1618:
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1554:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1489:
1424:
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361:
360:
Superflite and Air-Tech systems use a similar fabric, but the finishes are
268:
197:
156:
2014:
1897:
1613:
1469:
429:
331:
239:, although fabric-covered control surfaces were still used on early mark
151:
used cotton-covered flying surfaces for their manned glider designs. The
525:
2004:
1892:
1887:
1843:
1838:
1673:
1608:
1583:
1539:
1514:
1499:
1434:
1296:
1286:
1103:
The
Conservation of Doped-Fabric Aircraft at the Science Museum, London
775:, Kitplanes June 2001 pages 70-74. Belvoir Publications. ISSN 0891-1851
253:
193:
131:
861:
European
Aviation Safety Agency Supplemental Type Certificate 10045970
2061:
1979:
1907:
1872:
1728:
1509:
1494:
1474:
1429:
1414:
1371:
1356:
1341:
1276:
1246:
326:. This uses three weights of Dacron fabric sold as by the brand name
232:
73:
54:
1137:
1974:
1947:
1922:
1688:
1668:
1529:
1459:
1376:
1301:
1271:
1207:
470:
382:
Newer systems were developed and distributed by
Stewart Systems of
350:
318:
One fabric system, developed by Ray Stits in the United States and
236:
201:
189:
89:
104:
To provide a light airproof skin for lifting and control surfaces.
1748:
1399:
1381:
1306:
751:
466:
449:
354:
267:
An interesting case of ingenuity under wartime adversity was the
208:
140:
46:
53:
is an example of this technique, as are the pioneering all-wood
1454:
1361:
1336:
1266:
929:
453:
436:
375:
276:
231:
By the World War II era many aircraft designs were using metal
85:
69:
57:
fuselages of certain World War I German aircraft like the
349:. Randolph Products and Certified Coatings Products both make
1877:
1479:
1331:
810:
721:
697:
673:
649:
625:
164:
435:
Traditional covering methods use organic materials, such as
107:
To provide structural strength to otherwise weak structures.
30:
405:
172:
160:
424:
27:
Material and method used to cover open aircraft structures
1118:
100:
The purposes of the fabric covering of an aircraft are:
569:. Vol. 3, no. 32. 12 August 1911. p. 707
428:
Laced panels and stitched undercambered airfoil of a
279:
were also used by the prisoners in its construction.
816:"Covering Material - Ultralight Sails - Quicksilver"
1194:
456:and the labour required to achieve the end result.
282:
167:being commonly used. Some early aircraft, such as
159:. Other early aircraft used a variety of fabrics,
1002:Aircraft and Automobile Materials of Construction
2129:
748:"The Modern Method for Covering & Finishing"
1015:Specifically, either grade A or grade B cotton.
784:
778:
444:powder would serve to protect the surface from
524:Rathbun, John B. (1919). "Wing Construction".
379:over the sun barrier to complete the process.
68:Early aircraft used organic materials such as
1180:
958:
952:
745:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
310:covered using Ceconite and the Hipec process.
264:which offered good combat damage resistance.
900:
871:
834:
828:
80:; modern fabric-covered designs usually use
984:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
117:To protect the structure from the elements.
38:showing rib stitching and inspection rings.
1187:
1173:
581:
322:in 1965, is marketed under the brand name
1136:
935:"Supplemental Type Certificate SA03898NY"
357:-based dopes for use with Dacron fabric.
235:structures due to their higher operating
227:showing burnt and missing fabric covering
727:"Covering Material - Certified Coatings"
423:
301:
218:
130:
29:
703:"Covering Material - Randolph Coatings"
621:
619:
523:
188:were mainly fought with fabric-covered
95:
14:
2130:
1088:
1069:, London: Universal Books Ltd., 1990.
419:
204:gas was a factor in the demise of the
179:
1168:
1099:
998:
804:
739:
414:
765:
715:
691:
667:
643:
616:
527:Aeroplane Construction and Operation
135:A Lillienthal flying machine replica
771:Hunt, Adam & Ruth Merkis-Hunt:
550:British Aviation: The Pioneer Years
252:is an example of a fabric-covered (
65:plywood strip and fabric covering.
24:
1082:
25:
2149:
1153:
1106:(Thesis). Imperial College London
1100:Regel, Benjamin M. (March 2019).
1095:. Big Stuff. Canberra, Australia.
604:Aircraft Fabrics - Wrapping it up
459:
679:"Covering Material - Poly-Fiber"
530:. Chicago: Stanton and Van Vliet
283:Introduction of modern materials
155:also used cotton to cover their
1056:Federal Aviation Administration
1048:
1036:
1027:
1018:
992:
931:Federal Aviation Administration
923:
894:
865:
854:
214:
196:. The German aircraft designer
2097:In-flight entertainment system
1794:Horizontal situation indicator
563:"Some Notes on Fabric Varnish"
555:
542:
517:
13:
1:
812:Aircraft Spruce and Specialty
723:Aircraft Spruce and Specialty
699:Aircraft Spruce and Specialty
675:Aircraft Spruce and Specialty
651:Aircraft Spruce and Specialty
627:Aircraft Spruce and Specialty
506:
409:Supplemental Type Certificate
398:finish to resist sun damage.
2077:Environmental control system
1125:Science Museum Group Journal
126:
7:
906:"NICO: Certificate SP 0003"
877:"NICO: Certificate SA 1468"
746:Falconar Avia (July 2008).
479:
10:
2154:
1754:Course deviation indicator
1445:Electro-hydraulic actuator
1160:Fabric covering techniques
552:London: Putnam, 1967 p.323
388:volatile organic compounds
291:, known by the trade-name
289:polyethylene terephthalate
275:and dope made from boiled
186:air battles of World War I
121:
2044:
2023:
1985:Conventional landing gear
1956:
1852:
1687:
1553:
1390:
1206:
999:Judge, Arthur W. (1921).
496:Radio-controlled aircraft
1769:Flight management system
1024:FAA AC.43.13, pp. 81-94.
785:Stewart Systems (2010).
511:
256:) plywood aircraft. The
43:Aircraft fabric covering
2072:Emergency oxygen system
1834:Turn and slip indicator
1629:Leading-edge droop flap
1599:Drag-reducing aerospike
1574:Adaptive compliant wing
1569:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1089:Pearce, Andrew (2004).
36:de Havilland Tiger Moth
2112:Passenger service unit
1913:Self-sealing fuel tank
1809:Multi-function display
959:Lanitz-Prena2 (2013).
432:
311:
228:
136:
39:
2092:Ice protection system
2010:Tricycle landing gear
2000:Landing gear extender
1217:Aft pressure bulkhead
1042:FAA AC.43.13, p. 243.
835:Lanitz-Prena (2013).
427:
396:ultraviolet radiation
305:
243:and other types. The
222:
134:
51:de Havilland Mosquito
34:Fabric covering of a
33:
2057:Auxiliary power unit
1465:Flight control modes
1033:FAA AC.43.13, p. 84.
773:Finishing With Hipec
384:Cashmere, Washington
96:Purpose/requirements
2036:Escape crew capsule
1943:War emergency power
1814:Pitot–static system
1659:Variable-sweep wing
1367:Vertical stabilizer
631:"Poly-Fiber Fabric"
420:Traditional methods
336:ultralight aircraft
260:used fabric over a
180:World War I/Postwar
82:synthetic materials
1744:Attitude indicator
1724:Airspeed indicator
1719:Aircraft periscope
1067:The Lore of Flight
1065:Taylor, John W.R.
939:www.airweb.faa.gov
498:, on which either
491:Homebuilt aircraft
446:ultra-violet light
433:
415:Covering processes
347:homebuilt aircraft
312:
308:Ultraflight Lazair
258:Vickers Wellington
229:
225:Vickers Wellington
137:
40:
2125:
2124:
2052:Aircraft lavatory
1789:Heading indicator
1734:Annunciator panel
1714:Air data computer
1624:Leading-edge cuff
933:(20 March 2017).
787:"Stewart Systems"
602:Goldenbaum, Jon:
372:Edmonton, Alberta
262:geodesic airframe
16:(Redirected from
2145:
2107:Navigation light
2087:Hydraulic system
2062:Bleed air system
1990:Drogue parachute
1664:Vortex generator
1282:Interplane strut
1189:
1182:
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1010:
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990:
989:
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972:
963:. Archived from
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
910:wwwapps.tc.gc.ca
902:Transport Canada
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
881:wwwapps.tc.gc.ca
873:Transport Canada
869:
863:
858:
852:
851:
849:
848:
839:. Archived from
832:
826:
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823:
822:
808:
802:
801:
799:
798:
789:. Archived from
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776:
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750:. Archived from
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548:Penrose, Harald
546:
540:
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521:
245:Hawker Hurricane
49:structures. The
21:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2117:Ram air turbine
2082:Flight recorder
2040:
2019:
1952:
1933:Thrust reversal
1857:
1848:
1819:Radar altimeter
1784:Head-up display
1694:
1683:
1579:Anti-shock body
1561:
1549:
1410:Artificial feel
1392:Flight controls
1386:
1252:Fabric covering
1202:
1198:components and
1193:
1156:
1143:
1141:
1138:10.15180/160605
1109:
1107:
1085:
1083:Further reading
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1028:
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961:"Lanitz-Prena2"
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402:Lanitz Aviation
285:
217:
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153:Wright brothers
149:Otto Lilienthal
129:
124:
98:
61:in its wrapped
59:LFG Roland C.II
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2102:Landing lights
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2024:Escape systems
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2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
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1966:
1964:
1962:arresting gear
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1918:Splitter plate
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1237:Cruciform tail
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1232:Crack arrestor
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1154:External links
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837:"Lanitz-Prena"
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460:Modern methods
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118:
115:
108:
105:
97:
94:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2150:
2139:
2138:Aircraft skin
2136:
2135:
2133:
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2110:
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2047:
2045:Other systems
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Ejection seat
2029:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
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2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
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1975:Arrestor hook
1973:
1971:
1970:Aircraft tire
1968:
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1774:Glass cockpit
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1709:Air data boom
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1498:
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1490:Rudder pedals
1488:
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1348:
1347:Trailing edge
1345:
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1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Stressed skin
1325:
1323:
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1126:
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1105:
1104:
1098:
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1087:
1086:
1076:
1075:0-9509620-1-5
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1004:
1003:
995:
987:
981:
967:on 2013-12-03
966:
962:
955:
940:
936:
932:
926:
911:
907:
903:
897:
882:
878:
874:
868:
862:
857:
843:on 2013-12-02
842:
838:
831:
817:
813:
807:
793:on 2010-07-27
792:
788:
781:
774:
768:
754:on 2009-03-26
753:
749:
742:
728:
724:
718:
704:
700:
694:
680:
676:
670:
656:
652:
646:
632:
628:
622:
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613:
612:0-9636409-4-1
609:
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568:
564:
558:
551:
545:
529:
528:
520:
516:
501:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:Aircraft dope
484:
483:
477:
474:
472:
468:
467:electric iron
457:
455:
451:
447:
442:
441:undercambered
438:
431:
426:
412:
410:
407:
403:
399:
397:
391:
389:
385:
380:
377:
373:
369:
368:Falconar Avia
365:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
309:
304:
300:
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294:
290:
280:
278:
274:
273:homemade glue
270:
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246:
242:
238:
234:
226:
221:
212:
210:
207:
203:
199:
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187:
177:
174:
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166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:George Cayley
142:
133:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
102:
101:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2067:Deicing boot
1995:Landing gear
1938:Townend ring
1928:Thrust lever
1903:NACA cowling
1868:Autothrottle
1860:fuel systems
1858:devices and
1649:Stall strips
1619:Krueger flap
1589:Channel wing
1535:Wing warping
1525:Stick shaker
1520:Stick pusher
1440:Dual control
1425:Centre stick
1292:Leading edge
1262:Flying wires
1251:
1222:Cabane strut
1142:. Retrieved
1128:
1124:
1108:. Retrieved
1102:
1091:
1066:
1059:
1049:Bibliography
1038:
1029:
1020:
1007:. Retrieved
1001:
994:
969:. Retrieved
965:the original
954:
942:. Retrieved
938:
925:
913:. Retrieved
909:
896:
884:. Retrieved
880:
867:
856:
845:. Retrieved
841:the original
830:
819:. Retrieved
806:
795:. Retrieved
791:the original
780:
772:
767:
756:. Retrieved
752:the original
741:
730:. Retrieved
717:
706:. Retrieved
693:
682:. Retrieved
669:
658:. Retrieved
645:
634:. Retrieved
603:
571:. Retrieved
566:
557:
549:
544:
532:. Retrieved
526:
519:
475:
463:
434:
400:
392:
381:
366:
362:polyurethane
359:
340:
327:
323:
320:FAA-approved
317:
313:
296:
292:
286:
269:Colditz Cock
266:
230:
215:World War II
198:Hugo Junkers
194:war trophies
183:
157:Wright Flyer
138:
99:
67:
62:
42:
41:
2015:Tundra tire
1898:Intake ramp
1829:Transponder
1614:Gurney flap
1555:Aerodynamic
1470:Fly-by-wire
1352:Triple tail
430:Sopwith Pup
139:Pioneering
63:Wickelrumpf
2005:Oleo strut
1893:Inlet cone
1888:Gascolator
1854:Propulsion
1844:Yaw string
1839:Variometer
1695:instrument
1674:Wing fence
1609:Gouge flap
1584:Blown flap
1540:Yaw damper
1515:Stabilator
1500:Side-stick
1435:Dive brake
1322:Stabilizer
1297:Lift strut
1287:Jury strut
971:2013-11-15
944:4 February
915:4 February
886:4 February
847:2013-11-15
821:2009-08-08
797:2010-07-14
758:2009-08-08
732:2009-08-08
708:2009-08-08
684:2009-08-08
660:2009-08-08
655:"Ceconite"
636:2009-08-08
507:References
324:Poly-Fiber
254:madapollam
206:Hindenburg
1980:Autobrake
1908:NACA duct
1883:Fuel tank
1873:Drop tank
1856:controls,
1739:Astrodome
1729:Altimeter
1594:Dog-tooth
1559:high-lift
1510:Spoileron
1495:Servo tab
1475:Gust lock
1430:Deceleron
1415:Autopilot
1372:Wing root
1357:Twin tail
1342:Tailplane
1277:Hardpoint
1247:Empennage
1210:structure
343:certified
241:Spitfires
237:airspeeds
233:monocoque
127:Early use
74:cellulose
55:monocoque
2132:Category
1948:Wet wing
1923:Throttle
1669:Vortilon
1530:Trim tab
1460:Flaperon
1450:Elevator
1405:Airbrake
1377:Wing tip
1302:Longeron
1272:Fuselage
1208:Airframe
1196:Aircraft
980:cite web
814:(2009).
725:(2009).
701:(2009).
677:(2009).
653:(2009).
629:(2009).
480:See also
471:heat gun
351:butyrate
328:Ceconite
297:Ceconite
250:Mosquito
223:Damaged
202:hydrogen
190:biplanes
169:A.V. Roe
143:such as
141:aviators
90:butyrate
84:such as
76:nitrate
18:Ceconite
1958:Landing
1749:Compass
1697:systems
1689:Avionic
1679:Winglet
1562:devices
1505:Spoiler
1400:Aileron
1382:Wingbox
1307:Nacelle
1257:Fairing
1200:systems
1144:5 March
1110:5 March
450:eyelets
355:nitrate
209:airship
122:History
112:fairing
47:plywood
1693:flight
1654:Strake
1485:Rudder
1455:Elevon
1420:Canard
1362:V-tail
1337:T-tail
1267:Former
1227:Canopy
1073:
1009:20 May
610:
573:20 May
567:Flight
534:20 May
454:mildew
437:cotton
376:Canada
293:Dacron
277:millet
86:Dacron
70:cotton
1878:FADEC
1764:EICAS
1639:Slats
1480:HOTAS
1332:Strut
1131:(6).
512:Notes
500:doped
394:anti-
332:vinyl
165:linen
1960:and
1824:TCAS
1804:ISIS
1759:EFIS
1704:ACAS
1691:and
1644:Slot
1604:Flap
1557:and
1545:Yoke
1317:Spar
1242:Dope
1146:2021
1112:2021
1071:ISBN
1011:2021
986:link
946:2019
917:2019
888:2019
608:ISBN
575:2021
536:2021
406:EASA
353:and
345:and
184:The
173:sago
163:and
161:silk
147:and
88:and
78:dope
72:and
1799:INS
1779:GPS
1634:LEX
1312:Rib
1133:doi
469:or
370:of
306:An
295:or
2134::
1127:.
1123:.
1058:,
982:}}
978:{{
937:.
908:.
904:.
879:.
875:.
618:^
583:^
565:.
374:,
211:.
1188:e
1181:t
1174:v
1148:.
1135::
1129:6
1114:.
1077:.
1013:.
988:)
974:.
948:.
919:.
890:.
850:.
824:.
800:.
761:.
735:.
711:.
687:.
663:.
639:.
577:.
538:.
114:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
