246:. A few members of the group managed to negotiate the lower stream passage before it sumped and reached the surface. The others remained with Moni until local rescue agencies could mobilize and attempt a rescue. Rescue teams spent hours waiting for the water levels in the cave to recede enough to attempt an extraction. When teams finally reached Moni, he had been exposed to frigid water for over 12 hours. Rescue teams risked drowning themselves and Moni while traversing the flooded lower cave. 18 hours after his fall Gerald was returned to the surface alive.
405:
20:
193:. A subsequent three-day effort to retrieve Mitchell was aborted after repeated failures and a collapse. The cave was abandoned and blasted shut, essentially making the cave a tomb. Mitchell's death made headlines again forty-one years later when a group returned to the cave and successfully recovered his remains.
272:
when a part of the rescue rope system failed, dropping him fully back into the wedge. It was after this that he became too weak to help the rescuers in their efforts and he died shortly thereafter. Following this, it was decided by the family and landowner to leave his body in place and seal the cave permanently.
448:
communications deep into a cave difficult. Another, more advanced type of communication, are low frequency radios, which eliminate the need for thousands of feet of com line in a cave. Low frequency radios can communicate through thousands of feet of solid rock, making them ideal for use deep into caves.
293:
and Jason
Mallinson to recover the bodies. After diving to the site, they deemed the operation too difficult. A diving ban was later given for the cave. However, the involved Finnish divers returned later without official authorisation and recovered the bodies. Their recovery expedition was filmed as
143:
in August 1952. During the ascent, Loubens's harness broke off leading to him subsequently plunging down the 1,135-foot (346 m) entrance shaft. Members of
Loubens's expedition spent over 24 hours attempting unsuccessfully to haul their friend back to the surface. Despite the efforts of the team
71:
Cave rescues are slow, deliberate operations that require both a high level of organized teamwork and good communication. The extremes of the cave environment (air temperature, water, vertical depth) dictate every aspect of a cave rescue. Therefore, the rescuers must adapt skills and techniques that
271:
in
November 2009. Jones, an inexperienced caver, had become wedged in an unmapped portion of Ed's Push at a 170-degree downward angle with his feet over his head, complicating rescue. After over 24 hours rescuers had been able to move him 2 feet (0.61 m) upward, and lower down food and water,
131:
was called in to control the carnival-like atmosphere surrounding the cave. Despite the heroic efforts of volunteers who attempted to dig a parallel shaft to free
Collins, he was found dead, buried to his shoulders in debris. One 25-pound (11 kg) rock had jammed Collins' foot, preventing his
388:
cave rescue team averages between 15 and 20 active members. Due to the excessive amount of manpower required for a large-scale cave rescue, it is not uncommon for multiple cave rescue units from various regions to assist another in extensive underground operations. Because organized cave rescue
67:
techniques but has also developed its own special techniques and skills for performing work in conditions that are almost always difficult and demanding. Since cave accidents, on an absolute scale, are a very limited form of incident, and cave rescue is a very specialized skill, normal emergency
241:
caused the situation in the cave to become extremely hazardous. While attempting to negotiate a pit being inundated with a high flow of water, Gerald mistakenly grabbed only one of two ropes necessary to descend the pit. The resultant fall to a ledge part way down the drop resulted in a broken
447:
responsible for creating and maintaining communications between the teams in the cave and the
Incident Commander. A common means of communications on a cave rescue are military field phones. Military phones are reliable but heavy, and the need for abundant amounts of com-line can make running
383:
are generally city/county funded volunteer squads, composed mainly of seasoned, local cavers. A pioneer organization in cave rescue in the 1960s was the CRCN (Cave Rescue
Communications Network). Although it was not, itself, a rescue unit, it served to organize communications and coordinate
425:
usually responsible for implementation of the plan provided by the incident commander. The underground manager assigns and monitors vital tasks including rigging, medical, patient packaging and transport, and communications with the IC on the surface. The underground manager is also usually
434:
a small unit of first responders. The task of the IRT is to travel through the cave to the patient and evaluate the situation with the purpose of reporting back to the appropriate manager. The IRT usually includes the medical personnel so medical intervention can begin early if
401:(ICS). Originally devised for wildland fire teams, today the ICS is used by a variety of agencies throughout North America. The ICS can be modified by each agency depending on the nature of their emergencies. Below is an example of a typical cave rescue Incident Command System.
103:. Like all UK cave rescue groups, it is composed of volunteer cavers and funded entirely by donations. In the UK, regional groups have 'callout lists' containing the details of over 1,000 cavers around the country who can be contacted in case of an emergency. Since 1967, the
454:
responsible for one or more stations in a cave that require the rigging of ropes or systems to safely transport the patient and emergency personnel through the cave. In a large scale rescue, many rigging teams could be scattered throughout a cave, assigned with multiple
127:, in 1925. Likely the first high-profile cave rescue in history. Collins' desperate situation in the depths of Sand Cave made headlines across America. Over 10,000 spectators flocked to Sand Cave in the week following the news of Floyd's predicament. The
204:
when a flash flood inundated the system. A major rescue attempt was made, but the men were discovered to have perished in the flood. It remains the worst caving disaster in the UK. Their remains were retrieved and buried further in the system four years
369:
in Turkey by a team of 196 people from 8 countries (Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Poland, Albania, and the United States). Nine days after the rescue call, having been transfused for blood loss and fed intravenously, he was evacuated on a
144:
doctor, Loubens died 36 hours into his rescue attempt. After his death the remaining members aborted their recovery attempt. Loubens's body remained in the cave for two more years before cavers returned him to the surface in 1954. The
418:
is responsible for all activities, including the development and implementation of strategic decisions during the course of an incident. The IC monitors all aspects of an operation including planning, logistics, communications and
471:
responsible for the logging of all personnel entering and leaving a cave. In some cases the
Entrance Control could also be assigned the duty of logging all gear entering and leaving the cave. This is an important task on any cave
393:
are relatively small compared to other common wilderness rescues. The average number of reported cave related incidents is usually 40 to 50 per year. In most years, approximately 10 percent of reported accidents result in death.
68:
staff are rarely employed in the underground elements of the rescue. Instead, this is usually undertaken by other experienced cavers who undergo regular training through their organizations and are called up at need.
338:
province alerted authorities of the missing boys after seeing their unclaimed belongings at the entrance to the cave. The team was located, alive, on 2 July 2018 by
British divers
771:"Injured Explorer Is Carried From Cave : Rescue: The woman is in good condition as she awaits surgery on her broken leg. More than 200 people helped bring her to the surface"
389:
teams are quite rare, it is also quite common for local units to cover regions that extend far beyond the area they are nominally responsible for. The number of cave rescues in
219:
in 1991. More than 200 people worked over four days to bring her to the surface after her leg was broken. This was the deepest and most remote cave rescue in
American history.
640:
252:
in 2004. Several
British military personnel on a recreational expedition were trapped in a cave in Mexico after flooding. They were rescued after nine days underground by
1128:
441:
varies in size and level of the medics ability from agency to agency. The medical team rarely participates in any other rescue function other than managing patient care.
185:
after becoming stranded on rope in a 75-foot (23 m) pit with a frigid waterfall. Initial efforts to recover Mitchell's body failed. A rescue team was flown from
384:
contacting experienced cavers in the area to facilitate a rescue. The CRCN nominally operated out of Washington, DC, and covered the mid-Atlantic area. The typical
132:
escape. Collins remained trapped in Sand Cave for another two months until a crew of German engineers finished the digging of the shaft and extracted his body.
1967:
1007:
827:
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made up of rescue personnel that are not already assigned to rigging, communications, medical or management positions. The responsibility of the
230:
1915:
1100:
1942:
975:
1662:
1900:
1747:
83:
712:
346:; they were assisted later by Jason Mallinson. More than 1,000 people were involved in the rescue operation, including teams from
1935:
408:
Members of the Chattanooga/Hamilton County Cave Team haul a critically injured patient from a 50-foot pit using a guiding line.
1135:
744:
598:
569:
237:
in 1997. Moni and his group entered McBrides Cave in flood stage attempting a pull-down trip to the cave's lower entrance. A
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after prolonged efforts to free him. Rescuers were unable to free Moss and the family asked that his body remain in the cave.
128:
1840:
1742:
516:
1957:
1952:
1504:
482:
1947:
1712:
208:
Eight amateur cavers were found alive by divers after two days trapped in a Kentucky cave after flooding in 1983.
181:
in 1965. Mitchell was a 23-year-old chemist whose death made national headlines in February 1965 when he died of
1962:
1930:
1880:
803:
308:
in 2014. Johann Westhauser was hit on the head by a boulder 1,148 metres (3,766 ft) below the entrance of
88:(UIS). Most international cave rescue units are listed with contacts for use in the event of a cave incident.
1387:
1657:
365:
In September 2023, Mark Dickey, an instructor with the US National Cave Rescue Commission, was rescued from
1920:
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561:
339:
286:
253:
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1925:
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104:
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27:
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92:
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296:
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319:
305:
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56:
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1860:
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1825:
1809:
1121:
1008:"What to know about a major rescue underway to bring a US researcher out of a Turkish cave"
8:
2043:
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327:
249:
2065:
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1311:
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given to Loubens by the team doctor was likely the first subterranean care of its kind.
1983:
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174:
151:
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1321:
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212:
197:
186:
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860:
80:
A network of international cave rescue units is organised under the banner of the
2113:
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1331:
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385:
309:
201:
140:
2033:
2028:
2023:
1732:
1722:
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343:
290:
163:
100:
64:
882:
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explorers are medically treated and extracted from various cave environments.
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2018:
2008:
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390:
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278:
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136:
116:
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334:. A search was immediately commenced when a ranger of the National Park in
1988:
1850:
1804:
1717:
1616:
1296:
1207:
641:"Mossdale Caverns tragedy commemorated 50 years after the pothole disaster"
52:
2070:
2055:
1993:
1737:
1667:
1626:
1604:
1544:
1195:
487:
465:
Team is the packaging and safe transport of the patient through the cave.
282:
238:
182:
155:
60:
23:
404:
107:(BCRC) has coordinated cave rescue organizations in the United Kingdom.
2082:
1855:
1697:
1347:
1291:
1247:
1170:
366:
335:
216:
38:
30:
Cave Rescue Team transporting an injured caver with a dislocated ankle
1998:
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359:
223:
120:
96:
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1301:
1232:
1217:
886:
331:
124:
906:
281:, Norway. Norwegian authorities summoned an international team of
1905:
1830:
1777:
1514:
1469:
1284:
1175:
351:
316:. 728 people were involved in his evacuation, which took 11 days.
313:
234:
159:
19:
841:
Field Producer: Benjy von Cramon (December 2004). "Cave Flood".
2013:
1549:
1534:
1519:
1444:
1254:
1212:
1180:
1080:
1056:
907:"The Finns' fateful cave dive in Norway was a ghastly struggle"
323:
41:
1113:
1499:
1259:
347:
243:
509:
Race Against Time: a History of the Cave Rescue Organisation
1574:
1279:
1202:
355:
268:
45:
1033:"Mark Dickey: US man trapped in Turkey cave nears surface"
426:
responsible for the safety of the entire underground team.
162:
in 1959. Trapped in a narrow tunnel, he was suffocated by
1085:
222:
A diving instructor was trapped in a cave air pocket in
72:
are as dynamic as the environment they must operate in.
1090:
1105:
881:
Hollenhorst, John; Dallof, Sarah (November 27, 2009).
713:"8 Explorers Are Found Alive in Flooded Kentucky Cave"
976:"In Germany, Ordeal Ends for Physicist Hurt in Cave"
667:
University of Leeds Speleological Association Review
326:
team, aged 11â17, and one coach were trapped in the
1968:
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
745:"Explorer's Rescue Is Pressed in Deepest U.S. Cave"
1067:Manual of U.S. Cave Rescue Techniques, 2nd Edition
665:Brook, Dave (July 1971). "Mossdale Caverns 1971".
397:Organized Cave Rescue Teams generally utilize the
322:in 2018. Twelve members of the Moo Pa (Wild Boar)
926:"The cave divers who went back for their friends"
883:"Officials halt efforts to remove body from cave"
880:
533:"About Cave Rescue â British Cave Rescue Council"
300:. The diving ban was overturned on 31 March 2014.
226:in 1992 and later rescued by two American divers.
2100:
1129:
556:Murray, Robert K.; Brucker, Roger W. (1982).
555:
506:
826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
615:"Spelunker's remains removed after 41 years"
277:In February 2014 two Finnish divers died in
81:
1943:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
1916:History of hard rock miners' organizations
1136:
1122:
1061:
1901:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
1748:North American Aerospace Defense Command
403:
91:The world's first cave rescue team, the
18:
899:
584:
374:
2101:
923:
110:
16:Specialized field of wilderness rescue
1117:
802:Staff, Mike Thomas, of The Sentinel.
664:
638:
256:and Jason Mallinson from the British
1091:National Cave Rescue Commission, USA
973:
680:
678:
676:
558:Trapped! The Story of Floyd Collins
507:Eyre, Jim; Frankland, John (1988).
379:Organized cave rescue units in the
84:Union Internationale de Spéléologie
13:
1841:Journey to the Center of the Earth
1743:Naples underground geothermal zone
861:"British cavers rescued in Mexico"
710:
585:Jackson, Donald Dale (June 1985).
51:Cave rescue borrows elements from
44:in which injured, trapped or lost
14:
2125:
1958:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
1953:International Union of Speleology
1086:European Cave rescue association
1074:
801:
673:
483:List of cave rescue organizations
137:Gouffre de la Pierre-Saint-Martin
37:is a highly specialized field of
1106:Croatian Mountain Rescue Service
751:. Associated Press. 2 April 1991
684:
362:, the UK, and the United States.
1948:Institution of Mining Engineers
1713:Underground Great Wall of China
1143:
1101:U.S. Cavers Forum - Cave Rescue
1050:
1025:
1000:
967:
939:
917:
874:
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1963:Society of Economic Geologists
1931:National Speleological Society
1881:Wonderland (fictional country)
924:Kremer, William (2016-05-09).
704:
658:
632:
607:
578:
549:
525:
500:
95:(CRO), was founded in 1935 in
1:
1388:Subterranean rivers of London
639:White, Clive (17 June 2017).
589:. Planet Earth. Vol. 6.
493:
1921:National Mine Map Repository
1363:Jewel Cave National Monument
974:Eddy, Melissa (2014-06-19).
687:"5 Cave Rescues That Worked"
562:University Press of Kentucky
196:In 1967, six cavers were in
7:
1926:National Mining Association
1753:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
1081:British Cave Rescue Council
847:National Geographic Channel
476:
105:British Cave Rescue Council
75:
10:
2130:
1866:Tunnels in popular culture
1708:Underground City, Montreal
1703:Underground City (Beijing)
1648:816 Nuclear Military Plant
1378:Mammoth Cave National Park
1976:
1893:
1818:
1797:
1790:
1673:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
1640:
1417:
1410:
1340:
1158:
1151:
1057:American Caving Accidents
1012:Santa Rosa Press Democrat
2039:Underground construction
1911:Cave Research Foundation
258:Cave Rescue Organisation
211:Emily Davis Mobley from
93:Cave Rescue Organisation
1525:Missile launch facility
1398:Wind Cave National Park
947:"Opphever Plura-forbud"
843:Expeditions to the Edge
399:Incident Command System
297:Diving into the Unknown
169:James G. Mitchell from
1678:Chicago Tunnel Company
1317:Subterranean waterfall
409:
320:Tham Luang cave rescue
306:Riesending cave rescue
171:Schroeder's Pants Cave
82:
31:
1693:KĆbĂĄnya cellar system
1683:Houston tunnel system
1663:Almadén Mercury Mines
1658:The Caves of ĂgissĂĂ°a
1096:NSS Cave Rescue Forum
537:www.caverescue.org.uk
431:Initial response team
407:
263:John Edward Jones in
57:confined space rescue
22:
2088:Subterranean warfare
1861:Subterranea (comics)
1846:Moria (Middle-earth)
1826:Allegory of the cave
1810:Subterranean fiction
375:In the United States
135:Marcel Loubens from
2044:Tunnel construction
1768:Subterranean Toledo
1763:Subterranean London
1653:Caves of Maastricht
808:OrlandoSentinel.com
444:Communications team
422:Underground manager
328:Tham Luang Nang Non
250:Alpazat cave rescue
111:Historical examples
2066:Mining engineering
2051:Underground living
1876:Underland (Narnia)
1791:Fictional features
1570:Underground hangar
1312:Subterranean river
1307:Subterranean fauna
980:The New York Times
749:The New York Times
717:The New York Times
691:The New York Times
587:Underground Worlds
511:. Lyon Equipment.
414:Incident commander
410:
285:including Britons
32:
2096:
2095:
1984:Cave conservation
1889:
1888:
1786:
1785:
1632:Ventilation shaft
1411:Man-made features
1406:
1405:
911:Helsingin Sanomat
775:Los Angeles Times
711:Ap (1983-04-26).
600:978-0-8094-4320-8
571:978-0-8131-0153-8
229:Gerald Moni from
146:blood transfusion
2121:
2061:Mine exploration
1836:Greek Underworld
1795:
1794:
1773:Turda Salt Mines
1758:Shanghai tunnels
1622:Smuggling tunnel
1565:Underground base
1560:Underground city
1475:Dugout (shelter)
1425:Air raid shelter
1415:
1414:
1373:Lechuguilla Cave
1353:Castellana Caves
1322:Underground lake
1156:
1155:
1152:Natural features
1138:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1068:
1065:
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619:Associated Press
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523:
522:
504:
468:Entrance control
294:the documentary
265:Nutty Putty Cave
213:Lechuguilla Cave
198:Mossdale Caverns
187:Washington, D.C.
87:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
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2120:
2119:
2118:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
1972:
1885:
1814:
1782:
1688:Kosvinsky Kamen
1636:
1495:Fallout shelter
1465:Crypt Mausoleum
1402:
1393:Veryovkina Cave
1383:Reed Flute Cave
1336:
1243:Solutional cave
1191:Communal burrow
1147:
1142:
1111:
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955:. 31 March 2014
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621:. June 25, 2006
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386:Southeastern US
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340:Richard Stanton
310:Riesending Cave
287:Richard Stanton
254:Richard Stanton
202:North Yorkshire
141:French Pyrenees
113:
78:
28:Hamilton County
17:
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2029:Tunnel network
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2024:Tunnel warfare
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1977:Related topics
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1989:Cave dweller
1851:Nome Kingdom
1805:Hollow Earth
1718:Maginot Line
1617:Storm cellar
1435:Burial vault
1297:Rock shelter
1208:Glacier cave
1110:
1063:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1039:. 2023-09-11
1036:
1027:
1016:. Retrieved
1014:. 2023-09-11
1011:
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991:. Retrieved
979:
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863:. 2004-03-25
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694:. Retrieved
690:
685:Ives, Mike.
669:(8): 24, 25.
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623:. Retrieved
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451:Rigging team
438:Medical team
419:information.
396:
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90:
79:
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53:firefighting
50:
34:
33:
2109:Cave rescue
2071:Mole people
2056:Mine rescue
2004:Cave rescue
1994:Cave diving
1738:Mogao Caves
1668:Coober Pedy
1627:Spider hole
1605:Septic tank
1545:Root cellar
1196:Paleoburrow
1145:Subterranea
959:17 December
755:31 December
488:Mine rescue
458:Litter team
283:cave divers
239:flash flood
183:hypothermia
156:Peak Cavern
61:rope rescue
35:Cave rescue
24:Chattanooga
2103:Categories
2083:Speleology
2076:in fiction
1856:Pellucidar
1698:Kome Caves
1348:Balve Cave
1292:Pit crater
1248:Talus cave
1171:Ant colony
1043:2023-09-12
1018:2023-09-12
993:2019-04-22
932:2018-07-03
928:. BBC News
892:2011-09-26
867:2019-04-22
813:2019-04-22
788:2019-04-22
730:2019-04-22
625:2011-09-26
542:2018-07-04
494:References
435:necessary.
370:stretcher.
367:Morca cave
336:Chiang Rai
217:New Mexico
39:wilderness
1999:Cave gate
1871:Underdark
1819:Exemplars
1641:Exemplars
1580:Wine cave
1455:Catacombs
1341:Exemplars
1238:Show cave
1228:Lava tube
1223:Lava cave
988:0362-4331
952:Rana Blad
804:"TRAPPED"
783:0458-3035
725:0362-4331
591:Time-Life
360:Australia
224:Venezuela
152:Neil Moss
121:Sand Cave
97:Yorkshire
1612:Stepwell
1600:Sewerage
1510:Hypogeum
1490:Erdstall
1480:Dry well
1460:Casemate
1440:Borehole
1430:Basement
1302:Sinkhole
1233:Pit Cave
1218:Ice cave
1037:BBC News
887:KSL News
822:cite web
477:See also
332:Thailand
330:cave in
179:New York
125:Kentucky
76:Overview
1906:Bergamt
1831:Batcave
1778:Yaodong
1515:Manhole
1505:Foxhole
1470:Dungeon
1176:Aquifer
913:. 2014.
696:10 July
650:25 June
472:rescue.
352:Myanmar
314:Germany
235:Alabama
175:Manheim
160:England
139:in the
2114:Rescue
2014:Caving
1936:Grotto
1550:Tunnel
1535:Quarry
1445:Bunker
1332:Warren
1255:Cenote
1213:Grotto
1181:Burrow
1166:Alcove
986:
781:
723:
597:
568:
515:
463:Litter
455:tasks.
324:soccer
205:later.
42:rescue
1798:Types
1500:Fogou
1418:Types
1260:Karst
1159:Types
348:China
312:, in
244:femur
189:, on
119:from
1575:Well
1520:Mine
1280:Nest
1203:Cave
984:ISSN
961:2016
828:link
779:ISSN
757:2016
721:ISSN
698:2018
652:2017
595:ISBN
566:ISBN
513:ISBN
356:Laos
342:and
269:Utah
63:and
46:cave
1285:Bee
267:in
233:in
215:in
200:in
173:in
154:in
2105::
1035:.
1010:.
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978:.
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820:{{
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260:.
26:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
