Kahnawake - Knowledge

875: 1052: 1310:. While the Mohawks' cars were being searched by the provincial police force, a crowd of hundreds gathered on the Montreal side of the highway; many in the crowd threw rocks and chairs at the cars and yelled ethnic slurs. Many windows were broken and some Mohawk were hit by rocks and cut by glass. Thirteen people were arrested. Blame has fallen on the provincial government for letting the convoy pass; on the Sûreté du Québec for holding the cars for so long, and for mostly not stopping people from throwing rocks; on the lack of police or army or riot squad; and on local radio stations that broadcast the location of the convoy. 898: 1076:, and other major skyscrapers in New York City, as well as many bridges. They brought their families with them, and most Mohawk from Kahnawake lived in Brooklyn. They called their neighbourhood "Little Caughnawaga" after their homeland. While the men worked on skyscrapers, the women created a strong community for their families. Many also worked outside the home. In the summers, the families would return to Kahnawake to stay with relatives and renew connections. Some of the people who grew up in Brooklyn as children still have the local New York accent, although they have long lived in Kahnawake. 87: 120: 70: 1346: 1029: 863:, and Tuscarora; and/or French, English, Anglo-American, Scots and Irish. By the 1790s and early 19th century, visitors often described the visible "great mixture of blood" at Kahnawake. They noted that many children who appeared to be of European ancestry were being brought up culturally as Mohawk. At times there has been more tension about the relations of full-blood and mixed-race members of the tribe, both in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In other areas of Canada, particularly the 944: 61: 1167:, criticized the MCK. She said their actions did not represent the traditional inclusiveness of Mohawk communities, which had historically assimilated adoptees and marriage partners. She criticized the council for interfering in the private lives of persons who had chosen non-Native partners. She noted the Mohawk had long been successful at integrating people within their communities, and have still preserved their language and culture over the centuries. 909:

showed the French did not trust the locals. In the mid-1720s, the community evicted the Desaulnier sisters, traders who were garnering profits formerly earned by members of Kahnawake. In 1771, twenty-two Mohawk pressed British officials to help them prevent two local families from bringing French families to settle "on lands reserved for their common use". In 1812, many were opposed to specific types of "mixed" marriages. In 1822, Nicolas Doucet, an

3014: 2887: 686: 2933: 1211:. First Nations people are over-represented in it and in prisons. They believe this is in part due to the imposition of the Canadian justice system on traditional ways, by which the government has tried to assimilate the First Nations into European-based culture. The Canadian government has gradually favoured "indigenization" of the system. Kahnawake used section 107 of the Indian Act to nominate community members as 2954: 2925: 1127:, said that the issue dated back to 1973. At that time, when non-Native people with no ties in the community were asked to leave, they were harassed and even physically attacked. Bonspiel thought the council's 2010 threat to publish the names of people ineligible to live on the reserve was inappropriate as a means to use public pressure and potentially physical threat against them. Coverage of this issue by the 2908: 2778: 127: 94: 1231:

system is intended for use before any arrest of an affected party under the Canadian system. It has procedures to be used by the victim and offender, and their supporters. With assistance by trained facilitators to resolve issues, the process is intended to restore peace and harmony, rather than to be an adversarial process. In contrast to the Canadian system of adversarial justice it,

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relationship to the river have had profound effects on Kahnawake. The people had been sited there for hundreds of years, and their identities were related to a profound knowledge of the river, from the time they were children through adulthood. One effect of the losses was to make the community determined not to suffer more encroachment. They drew together and became stronger.

741: 885:, such as Beauvais, D'Ailleboust, de La Ronde Thibaudière, Delisle, de Lorimier, Giasson, Johnson, Mailloux, McComber, McGregor, Montour, Phillips, Rice, Stacey, Tarbell, and Williams, represent the evidence of tribal members' adoption of and intermarriage with non-Natives. Tarbell ancestors, for instance, were John and Zachary, brothers captured as young children from 1215:, and in 1974 Justice Sharron was appointed as the first justice of the peace at the reserve. Many of the cases have dealt with traffic and parking violations, but her scope is wider, as the JP has jurisdiction over Criminal Code offences related to the following four areas: cruelty to animals, common assault, breaking and entering, and vagrancy. The 1118:

reserve for 10 years or more and contributed to the community. The council said they were responding to complaints from residents about limited housing and land being occupied by non-Natives. The eviction resolution, endorsed by all 12 chiefs of the MCK, caused an uproar within and beyond the community, attracting national press attention.

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full-blood Mohawk should be allowed to own so much land. The Mohawk Council asked members of the Giasson, Deblois, Meloche, Lafleur, Plante and de Lorimier families to leave, as all were of partial European ancestry. Some, like the de Lorimier brothers, gradually sold their properties and pursued their lives elsewhere. Others, such as

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Under the Walbank Survey, the national government surveyed and subdivided the land of the reserve, allotting some plots individually to each head of household eligible to live in Kahnawake. The violence stopped as the new form of privatisation of land was instituted, but antagonism toward some community members did not.

756:, a 40,320-acre (163.2 km) territory which the French Crown granted in 1680 to the Jesuits to "protect" and "nurture" those Mohawk newly converted to Catholicism. When the seigneury was granted, the government intended the territory to be closed to European settlement. But the Jesuits assumed rights as 913:

reported that the community was growing frustrated by marriages in which white husbands acquired rights over the lives and properties of their Mohawk wives according to British Canadian laws. This was in opposition to Iroquois culture, which had a matrilineal kinship system, with descent and property

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Kahnawake was settled by a variety of historic indigenous peoples, although the Mohawk became by far the majority. They and other tribes had a practice of adopting captives into the tribe, often to replace people lost to illness or warfare. They generally chose to adopt young women and children taken

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The bridge blockade affected the commute of many locals throughout the summer, leading to rioting and the burning of effigies, and to the "Whiskey Trench" episode. On August 28, 1990 a convoy of 50 to 75 cars, bearing mostly women, children and elders, left Kahnawake in fear of a possible advance by

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The initiative has challenges, for instance, gaining the support of Peacekeepers and community members who may not be familiar with these traditional cultural principles. But, it is an important means of re-education into principles that offer an alternative to the current Canadian system, and helps

1199:) had a long tradition of justice administered within the clan and council system. The clan would govern the behaviour of clan members, and conflict between members of clans would be settled by consensus of the council. Clan mothers as well as chiefs had roles in this system. The goal was to quickly 917:

Abuse of alcohol was a continuing problem. In 1828, the village expelled white traders who were "poisoning" the Iroquois "with rum and spirituous liquors". Tensions rose at the time of the 1837-38 Lower Canada Rebellion. The Mohawk had suffered incursions on their land, including non-Natives' taking

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Historic sources document the sometimes strained relations between Mohawk and ethnic Europeans at Kahnawake, usually over property and competition for limited resources. In 1722, community residents objected to the garrison of French soldiers because they feared it would cause "horrible discord" and

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During the 17th and early 18th centuries, the English and French were competing in North America and in Europe. Together with allied First Nations or Native American tribes, they conducted raids along the undefined border between the territories of New France and New England. Captives were sometimes

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to the community and control behaviour that threatened it. The system was based on the four principles of reason, persuasion, satisfaction and compensation, with both wrongdoer and victim as part of the process. It was intended to achieve "ue compensation and condolence, and a promise of agreement"

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for the tribe. Social unrest increased, with young men attacking houses, barns and farm animals of people they resented. In May 1878 an arson fire killed Osias Meloche, the husband of Charlotte-Louise Giasson (daughter of Charles Gédéon Giasson, noted above), and their home and barn were destroyed.

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Despite repeated complaints by the Mohawk, many government agents continued to allow non-Native encroachment, and mismanaged the lands and rents. Surveyors were found to have modified some old maps at the expense of the Kahnawake people. From the late 1880s until the 1950s, the Mohawk were required

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While the media has had a field day with this story and some have used the word 'racist,' we will, once again, state the issue isn't about anyone's feelings towards non-natives, it is simply an issue of residency and our right to determine who can and cannot live on the 13,000 acres we call home,"

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When the national government decided to pass the Saint Lawrence Seaway canal cut through the village, the people and buildings of Kahnawake were permanently separated from the natural river shore. The loss of land and access to the river, the demolition of houses, and the change in the community's

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of 1884, which prohibited traditional chiefs and required Canadian-style elections, split the community and added to tensions. Some young Mohawk men wanted a chance to advance independently to being chiefs; other people wanted to keep the traditional, hereditary seven life chiefs selected from the

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there (who formed liaisons with local women and had children by them). Shopkeepers also formed families, and through the 18th century, many marriages occurred between European men and Indian women. Multiracial children born to Mohawk mothers were readily assimilated into the mother's family, clan,

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In February 2010, the issue was renewed when the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake elected to evict 35 non-Natives from the reserve. While the action was legal according to the membership laws, critics believed the council was acting specifically against some individuals. These persons had lived on the

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The policy is based on a 1981 community moratorium on non-Native residency, which Kahnawake enacted into law in 1984. All couples who had a non-Mohawk partner were sent eviction notices regardless of how long they had lived on the reserve. The only exemption was for those of such couples who had

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those Mohawk who marry outside of the nation lose the right to live in the homeland. The MCK said that its policy was to preserve the people's cultural identity. In the 21st century, they did not want non-Natives living at the reserve, even if a person had adopted the Mohawk language or culture.

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With continuing late 20th-century conflicts over who could reside at the reserve, the elected chiefs of the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake (MCK) passed laws regulating membership or eligibility for residence at Kahnawake. In 1981 they passed a law that non-natives could not reside in the community;

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process, as developed by the First Nation, or "reintroduced" according to its principles. The Justice Committee of the MCK and representatives of the Longhouse jointly presented the initiative to the community. Based on wrongdoing that has taken place within the geographic area of Kahnawke, the

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Some residents who received eviction notices agreed to leave; others proved they spend only limited time in the community, so were permitted as visitors. The council said it would send second notices to people who did not respond, and then would publish their names. The governing band council

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The inequalities in landownership among Kahnawake residents led to resentment of the wealthy. For instance, in 1884, the multiracial sons of the late George de Lorimier were the largest and wealthiest landowners in the community. Some Kahnawake residents questioned whether people who were not

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and taken to Canada. Adopted by Mohawk families in Kahnawake, the boys became assimilated: they were baptized as Catholic and renamed, learned the Mohawk ways and were also given Mohawk names, married women who were daughters of chiefs, reared children with them, and became chiefs themselves.

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located within the territory, hosts and manages many Internet gambling websites, and provides high-tech employment to its people. MIT is the closest and fastest source for "legally hosted" gambling websites for North American players. Established in 1998, MIT by 2006 had become a "remarkably

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would allow the parties to personalize the process of addressing wrongdoing and in so doing provides the parties with a "new and different choice" to resolve disputes based on traditional principles that the parties can initiate on their own without the involvement of the criminal justice

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in raids, as these were believed to be more amenable to assimilation. Individual families adopted such captives, and made them full members of their clan and tribe. The practice preceded European encounter, but later some European captives were also assimilated as Mohawk. The Mohawk had a

844:; they were forced overland to Montreal and Kahnawake. The minister of Deerfield was ransomed, but his teenage daughter was kept by a Mohawk family. She ultimately married a Mohawk man and had a family with him, choosing to stay with her new family rather than return to Deerfield. 1062:

The Mohawk success on major high-rise construction projects inspired the legend that Native American men had no fear of working at heights. Numerous Kahnawake men continued as iron and steelworkers in Canada. Thirty-three Kahnawake (Mohawk) died in the collapse of the

1374:(2008), about the families from Kahnawake who migrated to work in New York. It focused on the early 20th-century community created by the women where they settled in Brooklyn, while the men worked on steel skyscrapers and bridges. It was later released in the US as 928:), and whether he should be evicted. Although his mother was Mohawk and native to Kahnawake, because of his father's and his own connections to the European community, George de Lorimier became a controversial figure in Kahnawake, even after his death in 1863. 1146:

It is important for people to realize that whether I like the decisions or not, these are decisions made by First Nations people on their own land (...) It is not for me to make those decisions, or the Government, and we are not going to be making those

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Many Kahnawake ironworkers went to New York City to work during the first half of the 20th century. Its building boom stimulated construction of notable skyscrapers and bridges. For more than a generation, many Kahnawake men participated in building the

748:- portion claimed by the Indians. Also, with the words "Vraie ligne de la seigneurie Sauvage" - true boundary of the Indian Seigneury, the surveyor highlights that the original boundary of the Iroquois seigneury is situated in the Seigneury of LaPrairie. 924:, largely over the issue of preserving their land and expressing their collective identity. Before and after the Rebellions, the community was fiercely divided regarding the rights of mixed-race residents, such as Antoine-George de Lorimier (the son of 579:

residents originally spoke the Mohawk language, and some learned French when trading with and allied with French colonists. Together with most of four Iroquois nations, including the Mohawk, they allied with the British government during the

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flew the Kahnawake Mohawk flag. The Kahnawake Mohawk nation is the only indigenous American sovereign nation to have deep-sea foreign-going vessels flying its flag. Since December 2007, the Sea Shepherd vessels have been registered in the

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is held every summer on the second weekend of July at the Kateri Tekakwitha Island. It is a social event open to everyone to share the Native American culture such as traditional foods, hand made crafts, singing and traditional dancing.

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As a result, Kahnawake today has only 13,000 acres (5,300 ha). In the late 20th century, the Mohawk Nation was pursuing land claims with the Canadian government to regain lost land. The modern claim touches the municipalities of

807:. Led by the Mohawk Council of Kahnawake and the reserve's Inter-governmental Relations Team, the community has filed claims with the government of Canada. It is seeking monetary compensation and symbolic recognition of its claim. 840:

held for ransom, and European families and communities worked to buy them back. In some cases, families of the indigenous communities kept captives for adoption. For instance, more than 100 captives were taken during the 1704

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The election of council chiefs began in 1889, but the influence of Kahnawake's shadow government of traditional clan chiefs persisted. This lasted into the 1920s, when the traditional seven-clan system became absorbed in the

705:, also related to the rapids). This term refers to their village being located along the natural rapids of the St. Lawrence. But in the mid-20th century, the path of the river was changed with construction of the 963:

Because the Indian Department did not provide adequate support to the reserve, the community continued to struggle financially. At one point, the Kahnawake chiefs suggested selling the reserve to raise money for

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In September 2014, the council revived the issue of non-Native residents, announcing community meetings for discussion and plans to issue a new regulation. It barred non-Kahnawake residents from the meeting.

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in 1907, one of the worst construction failures of all time. The small community was devastated by the loss of so many men. They erected crosses of steel girders at both ends of the reserve to honour them.

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is explored. Deer lived the crisis as a child and show it through the eyes of a preteen girl named Tekehentahkhwa (nicknamed "Beans"). Beans’ perspective on life is radically changed by these events.

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In the 1870s and 1880s, land and resource pressures renewed local concern about ethnic Europeans living at Kahnawake. In addition, the national government's passage of legislation, from

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D. McDonald, "All bets are off: A tsunami hit the online gambling industry this month and it washed right up to the doors of a building on Highway 138 on the Kahnawake Mohawk reserve"

1589:(Mohawk/Algonquian, 1656–1680), born in a village in New York, but lived in Kahnawake later in life. She was canonized as the first Native American Catholic saint on October 21, 2012. 732:

to administer to local Mohawk and other First Nations. This was also a base for those missionary priests who were sent to the west. Jesuit records give a settlement date of 1719.

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descendants of European trappers and indigenous women, gradually developed what has become a separate, recognized ethnic group, based on a distinct hunting and trading culture.

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As a result of this history, many Kahnawake people have been of mixed ancestry but identify as Mohawk. Backgrounds may include ancestry of other Iroquois tribes, such as the

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Kahnawake's territory totals an area of 48.05 km (18.55 sq mi). Its resident population numbers slightly above 8,000, with a significant number living off

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in what is today central New York. When converted Catholic Mohawk moved to the Montréal area, they named the new settlement after their former one. The proximity of the

2233: 936: 3161: 1097:(MCK) have generally established predominance in governing the reserve. This elected government is the only body with which the Canadian government will deal. 779:

by the government to make numerous land cessions to enable construction of railway, hydro-electric, and telephone company industrial projects along the river.

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While working to strengthen their culture and language, the people of Kahnawake have generally not had the political turmoil of the nearby, smaller

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Martin Patriquin, "Inside the Kahnawake Evictions: Editor of Kahnawake newspaper explains the Mohawk Council decision to evict non-natives"

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Gerald F. Reid, "It is Our Custom - The Persistence of Kahnawake’s Council of Chiefs in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries"

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Sault-Saint-Louis seigneury, 1829. The surveyor (McCarty) identifies the portion of land that is claimed by the people of Kahnawake as

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in present-day New York, where they protected other parts of the confederacy to the west against invasion by tribes from present-day

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married before the 1981 moratorium. Although some concerned Mohawk citizens contested the racially exclusive membership policy, the

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Kahnawake is one of several self-governing Kanien’kehá:ka territories of the Mohawk Nation within the borders of Canada, including

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to Montreal, which had an access road through their reserve. The Kanesatake reserve had been blockaded and isolated by the

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ruled that the Mohawk Kahnawake government may adopt policies it deems necessary to ensure the survival of its people.

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Confederacy) and are known as the "Keepers of the Eastern Door". They controlled territory on both sides of the

3632: 3242: 3105: 2163: 1537:(born 1957), Kahnawá:ke Mohawk Olympic canoeist and kayaker, won a gold medal in canoe/kayak for Canada at the 1488: 1478: 1227: 1111: 643: 3620: 2830: 2817: 2503: 2485: 2467: 2443: 2325: 1313:

After some time, Kahnawake negotiated separately with the armed forces to remove the blockade to the bridge.

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Many at Kahnawake and other First Nations communities believe their people are not being well served by the

3703: 2995: 1521:, Olympic water polo player, member of the Canadian women's water polo team, which won a Gold Medal at the 1500: 1434: 1010: 760:

of the Sault, and permitted French and other European colonists to settle there and collected their rents.

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Although people of European descent traditionally refer to the residents of Kahnawake as Mohawk, their

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and took over their territory east of the Mississippi River in New France. The new British governor,

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Susan Haslip, "The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: 'Beyond Indigenization'"

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Heeding the Voices of Our Ancestors: Kahnawake Mohawk Politics and the Rise of Native Nationalism

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To Right Certain Wrongs: A Report on Research into Lands Known as the Seigneury of Sault St-Louis

1522: 1487:(Mohawk/Oneida, 1911–1996), champion of Native Women's rights, she played a major role in having 1014: 1013:. The masonry work was done by Reid & Fleming, and the steel superstructure was built by the 828: 651: 518: 3227: 2738: 1896: 3662: 3626: 3595: 3471: 3414: 3408: 3332: 3300: 3289: 3073: 3063: 2943: 2155: 897: 804: 784: 585: 2018:

Travels through the United-States and Upper and Lower Canada during the years 1795, 1796, 1797

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Sea Shepherd – Sea Shepherd Receives the Flag of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy

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Fifty men from Kahnawake volunteered to fight with the United States armed forces during the

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The Jesuits managed the seigneury until April 1762, after the British defeated France in the

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land because of its proximity to the Saint Lawrence River. The reserve is criss-crossed by

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in the Mohawk Valley of New York). There are 17 European spelling variations of the Mohawk

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Karihwanoron Mohawk Immersion School, elementary school with Mohawk-language immersion

868: 3610: 3538: 3362: 2405: 2159: 2110: 2000: 1868: 1621: 1586: 1389: 1046: 986: 920: 841: 832: 772: 729: 599:(the "People of the Flint"). Another meaning is "those who speak Kanien'kéha"). The 545: 385: 2666: 1768: 3697: 3690: 3600: 3499: 3367: 2143: 1746: 1669: 1592: 1506: 1370:

Reaghan Tarbell, a native of Kahnawake, wrote and directed a one-hour documentary,

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Kahnawake high steel workers in New York were the subject of the 1966 documentary

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The (Re)Introduction of Restorative Justice in Kahnawake: "Beyond Indigenization"

852: 800: 658: 506: 489: 212: 3560: 3053: 2756: 3533: 3528: 3391: 3043: 2822: 2798: 2635:"Echoes Of A Proud Nation – Renewing Our Spirits Through The Power Of The Drum" 2029: 1858: 1659:, a bi-weekly informational program produced by The Mohawk Council of Kahnawake 1559: 1425:(b. 1952), conductor, first Indigenous Canadian to conduct a symphony orchestra 1416: 1350: 1002: 943: 918:

valuable firewood. The Kahnawake cooperated with the British Crown against the

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There was some European settlement after the reserve land was "donated" by the

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Kahnawake: Factionalism, Traditionalism, And Nationalism In A Mohawk Community

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Chief Electoral Officer of Québec - 40th General Election Results: CHÂTEAUGUAY

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narrows. The territory is described in the native language as "on, or by the

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Historically, the federal and Quebec governments have often located large

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said there was nothing illegal about the band's eviction of non-members:

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on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River northwest of Montreal;

3373: 3211: 2761:Éducation des adultes Premières Nations First Nations Adult Education 1543: 977:, which was based on three clans. This was strong through the 1940s. 701:" (of the Saint Lawrence River) (in French, it was originally called 647: 635: 376: 2621:"Tekakwitha Island - Kahnawake Pow Wow - Kahnawake Mohawk Territory" 2345:"Eastern Door editor Steve Bonspiel kicked out of Kahnawake meeting" 2061:, McGill University, Master's Thesis in Anthropology, 1999: p. 82-85 1171:

defended its right to ask non-Natives to leave the small community:

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Vol. 9 No. 1 (March 2002), Murdoch University, accessed 3 June 2011

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The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Lower-Canadian Rebellions, 1837-1838

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Graeme Hamilton, "Mohawk evictions legal: Indian Affairs Minister"

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build a future especially for the young people of the community.

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Kahnawake Learning Center, general education centre, high school

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Mohawk skywalkers constructing Rockefeller Center, 1928, photo

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Mariages de Saint-François-Xavier du Sault St-Louis, 1735-1972

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Rosenburg, Dan, 1999: "Land claims issue dragging its heels",

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FNRAEC (First Nations Adult Education Center), Adult Education

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in a conflict over use of lands the Mohawk considered sacred.

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Step By Step Child and Family Center, early learning/nursery

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that year resulted in the council reversing their decision.

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Steve Bonspiel, publisher and editor of Kahnawake newspaper

740: 472: 2648: 2591:"Singer Tom Wilson faces his voice and his story in memoir" 2295:"Kahnawake Weekly Wins Top Honors for Community Journalism" 1786:

Riding history for Châteauguay–Saint-Constant, Quebec

1558:, former professional ice hockey player who played for the 821: 2807:- A private club which leases land from the Mohawk Council 1100: 2720: 2069: 2067: 2005:

The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America

1812:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (13 March 2007).

831:

in the mid-17th century. The French government stationed

824:

of the mother and deriving their status from her family.

1611:, rock musician, parents were both Mohawk from Kahnawake 989:

projects benefiting the southern Quebec economy through

2375:

Dir. Alanis Obomsawin. National Film Board, 2000. Film.

2305: 2303: 2125: 2123: 1642:

Mohawk Radio, an Internet-based radio station (Defunct)

820:

kinship system, with children considered born into the

2816:, documentary aired 2 November 2009, PBS, produced by 2064: 1465:, which ran on CBC for five seasons from 2014 to 2017. 1413:(born 1964), Kahnawà:ke Mohawk, professor and activist 1323: 960:, were finally given permanent status at the reserve. 693:

Kahnawake is located on the southwest shore where the

1988:, Montréal: Société généalogique canadienne-française 981:

Effects of construction projects in/through community

638:, which straddles the borders of Quebec, Ontario and 2300: 2120: 1811: 3758:

Quebec populated places on the Saint Lawrence River

2486:

Caughnawaga Mission / Mission of St-François-Xavier

1195:

Before European contact, the Iroquois Confederacy (

2147: 1491:implemented in Canada, and received major honours. 752:Kahnawake was created under what was known as the 603:were historically the most easterly nation of the 588:. They have since become mostly English speaking. 2799:"The Revival of the Mohawk Language in Kahnawake" 1222:Since 2000, Kahnawake has started to reintroduce 74:Location of Kahnawake, outside of Roussillon RCM. 3739: 2852: 2393: 2335:, CBC, Canada, 11 Feb 2010, accessed 21 Feb 2020 2096:, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, p.? 1737:Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837–38 1364: 1085:, as seen through the story of Harold McComber. 947:An article on European-Mohawk conflict from the 1894: 1864:Native American placenames of the United States 1088: 709:canal and the people lost access to the river. 2210: 2208: 2150:Don Owen: Notes on a Filmmaker and His Culture 3243: 2996: 2838: 2088: 2086: 1653:Kahnawake's first community channel (Defunct) 1290:reserve. In support of Kanesatake during its 1025:hundreds of feet above the water and ground. 2030:Darren Bonaparte, "The History of Akwesasne" 1867:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 84. 1814:"Statistics Canada: 2006 Community Profiles" 1273:Mohawk Internet Technologies (MIT), a local 878:Charles-Gédéon Giasson & Agathe McComber 2205: 2051: 2049: 1980: 1978: 1404: 1294:in 1990, people from Kahnawake blocked the 810: 3250: 3236: 3003: 2989: 2845: 2831: 2524:"Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back" 2142: 2136: 2083: 1848:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999 1633:89.9 FM known as 89.9 KiC Country Montreal 1497:, quilter, beadwork artist, textile artist 2813:Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back 2703:"mohawk immersion karihwanoron kahnawake" 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 1851: 1711:Karonhianonhnha School, elementary school 642:across the Saint Lawrence River; and the 2721:"Welcome to Kahnawà:ke Education Center" 2399: 2254:"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve" 2217:"Evicting 26 non-natives splits reserve" 2046: 2020:, Volume 2. New York: Augustus M. Kelley 1996: 1994: 1975: 1447:-winning filmmaker, for her documentary 1372:Little Caughnawaga: To Brooklyn and Back 1344: 1050: 1027: 1021:. Kahnawake men worked as bridgemen and 942: 896: 873: 739: 735: 684: 3020:Roussillon Regional County Municipality 2521: 2251: 2214: 1946:, Kahnawake: Kahnawake Seigneury Office 1101:Membership and residency on the reserve 724:(later Montreal) and placed a military 677:also influenced their naming decision. 29:First Nations reserve in Quebec, Canada 14: 3740: 2649:"Step By Step Child and Family Center" 2564: 2442: 2326:"Kahnawake issues 2nd eviction notice" 2252:Brennan, Richard (February 21, 2010). 2182: 2131:To Brooklyn and Back: A Mohawk Journey 1857: 1766: 1723:Kahnawake Survival School, high school 1376:A Mohawk Journey: To Brooklyn and Back 1190: 1040: 911:agent of the British Indian Department 720:as part of a southwestern defence for 500: 54:Kahnawake First Nations Reserve No. 14 3231: 2984: 2826: 2544: 2538: 2526:. National Film Board of Canada (NFB) 2154:. Indiana University Press. pp. 2078:Kahnawake Branch of the Mohawk Nation 1991: 1888: 1805: 1626:Kahnawake has several media outlets: 1328:In 2007, two vessels operated by the 1176:said Mohawk Chief Michael Delisle Jr. 904:(Major de Lorimier), sketch, c. 1810. 689:Historic photo of Kahnawake, ca. 1860 329:50.41 km (19.46 sq mi) 2860: 2685:"Karonhianonhnha School - Kahnawake" 2653:Step By Step Child and Family Center 2509:Canadian Register of Historic Places 2491:Canadian Register of Historic Places 2473:Canadian Register of Historic Places 1984:Faribault-Beauregard, Marthe, 1993: 1714:Indian Way School, elementary school 926:Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier 902:Claude-Nicolas-Guillaume de Lorimier 3728:Does not belong to the Montreal CMA 2515: 2363:, 28 Oct 2006, accessed 16 Feb 2010 1686: 1639:103.7 FM branded as K1037 Kahnawake 1324:International use of Kahnawake flag 24: 3119:Regional County Municipalities in 2316:, 9 Feb 2010, accessed 21 Feb 2010 2109:(Indiana University Press (2001), 1959:, Toronto: Oxford University Press 1901:ICIHRP Roots of Resilience Project 1832:"Indigenous communities in Quebec" 1749:Jesuit missionary to the Kahnawake 1253: 746:"Morceau réclamé par les Sauvages" 25: 3784: 2771: 2297:, Indian Country TMN, 19 May 2011 2007:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994 1742:List of Indian reserves in Quebec 1646:Mohawk TV/Loud Spirit Productions 1359:National Historic Sites of Canada 1349:Kahnawake, Presbytery (1719) and 1340: 1330:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 126: 93: 3283:Urban agglomeration of Longueuil 3012: 2952: 2931: 2923: 2906: 2885: 2776: 1708:Kateri School, elementary school 1453:(2008). She also made the short 457: 448: 439: 125: 118: 92: 85: 68: 59: 3768:Catholic missions of New France 3276:Urban agglomeration of Montreal 2749: 2731: 2713: 2695: 2677: 2659: 2641: 2627: 2613: 2602: 2583: 2497: 2479: 2461: 2436: 2418: 2404:. Hellgate Press. p. 597. 2378: 2366: 2350: 2338: 2319: 2288: 2272: 2245: 2227: 2215:Brennan, Richard (2010-02-21). 2099: 2023: 2010: 1962: 1949: 1936: 1767:Kahnawá:ke, Mohawk Council of. 1531:, actress, writer, and director 914:invested in the maternal line. 754:Seigneurie du Sault-Saint-Louis 2757:"First Nation Adult Education" 1915: 1838: 1824: 1794: 1779: 1769:"Mohawk Council of Kahnawá:ke" 1760: 1595:, professional wrestler, actor 1479:American Wrestling Association 1228:alternative dispute resolution 1112:Canadian Human Rights Tribunal 644:Six Nations of the Grand River 494:Territoire Mohawk de Kahnawake 13: 1: 2953: 2907: 2818:National Film Board of Canada 2347:, CBC News, 17 September 2014 1923:Kahnawake: Historique Foncier 1895:Kahentonni Phillips, Morgan. 1753: 1365:Representation in other media 1266:sites for poker, casino, and 1219:wanted further improvements. 728:there. The Jesuits founded a 657:The name is derived from the 2932: 2924: 2853:Places adjacent to Kahnawake 2545:Dunne, Susan (14 May 2010). 2400:Morrison, Wilbur H. (2001). 1846:Tuscarora English Dictionary 1481:champion as Chief Don Eagle. 1469:Marion Konwanénhon Delaronde 1435:Esther Louise Georgette Deer 1089:Late 20th century to present 1032:Kahnawake seen from Montreal 1011:Saint-Laurent Railway Bridge 548:, it has also been known as 229:Within RCM, but unassociated 106:Location in southern Quebec. 7: 3648:Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu 2512:. Retrieved 18 March 2012. 2494:. Retrieved 18 March 2012. 2476:. Retrieved 18 March 2012. 1730: 1281: 1260:Kahnawake Gaming Commission 1095:Mohawk Council of Kahnawake 680: 550:Seigneury Sault du St-Louis 109:Show map of Southern Quebec 10: 3789: 3722:Does not belong to the CMM 3591:Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-Perrot 3162:Les Jardins-de-Napierville 2402:The Elephant and the Tiger 1699: 1619: 1044: 582:American Revolutionary War 525:on the south shore of the 3748:Mohawk reserves in Quebec 3717: 3470: 3299: 3270: 3114: 3098: 3082: 3026: 2858: 2522:Tarbell, Reaghan (2021). 1529:Kawennáhere Devery Jacobs 1357:Kahnawake contains three 468: 435: 423: 409: 392: 375: 365: 357: 346: 338: 333: 325: 320: 301: 282: 274: 266: 261: 249: 234: 218: 206: 194: 186: 151: 79: 67: 58: 53: 44: 34: 3658:Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil 3448:Sainte-Marthe-sur-le-Lac 2389:Retrieved March 19, 2016 2373:Rocks at Whiskey Trench. 1955:Alfred, Gerald R. 1995: 1682:Mohawk Princess Pictures 1615: 1471:, director and puppeteer 1405:Notable Kahnawake people 1278:profitable" enterprise. 1181:Michael Delisle Jr., CBC 1007:Canadian Pacific Railway 811:Multi-cultural community 275: • Grand Chief 235:Electoral Districts 3443:Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines 1523:1999 Pan American Games 1264:Internet-based gambling 1209:Canadian justice system 1015:Dominion Bridge Company 669:near the rapids of the 652:Seven Nations of Canada 623:and the coastal areas. 3258:Municipalities of the 3147:La Vallée-du-Richelieu 3018: Subdivisions of 2805:The Kanawaki Golf Club 2504:Caughnawaga Presbytery 2361:The Gazette (Montreal) 2105:Middleton, William D. 2092:Gerald F. Reid, 2004: 2080:, accessed 22 Feb 2010 1556:Robert (Bobby) Simpson 1503:, woodcarver, sculptor 1354: 1247: 1184: 1158: 1136:Federal Indian Affairs 1059: 1033: 958:Charles Gédéon Giasson 952: 937:Indian Advancement Act 905: 879: 833:French colonial troops 749: 690: 586:Lower Canada Rebellion 533:, Canada, across from 493: 358: • Dwellings 347: • Pop 278:Kahsennenhawe Sky-Deer 3773:Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke 3621:Saint-Basile-le-Grand 3358:L'Épiphanie (V)¹ 3353:L'Épiphanie (P)¹ 3199:Urban Agglomerations: 3172:Marguerite-D'Youville 3157:Le Haut-Saint-Laurent 3132:Beauharnois-Salaberry 2785:at Wikimedia Commons 2689:monecole-myschool.com 2580:, September 16, 2020. 2387:Warrior Publications. 2043:, accessed 1 Feb 2010 2041:The Wampum Chronicles 1942:Gerald Alfred, 1995: 1897:"Kahnawa:ke (Quebec)" 1790:Library of Parliament 1501:Donald "Babe" Hemlock 1348: 1296:Honoré Mercier Bridge 1233: 1213:justices of the peace 1204:between the parties. 1173: 1144: 1074:Empire State Building 1054: 1031: 946: 900: 887:Groton, Massachusetts 877: 743: 736:Historical land claim 712:The French colony of 707:Saint Lawrence Seaway 688: 523:Mohawks of Kahnawá:ke 502:[ɡahnaˈwaːɡe] 394: • Summer ( 283: • Federal 47:First Nations reserve 3704:Vaudreuil-sur-le-Lac 3638:Saint-Jean-Baptiste² 2877:Saint Lawrence River 2801:, Brandon University 2599:, November 18, 2017. 2577:The Georgia Straight 2385:"Oka Crisis, 1990." 2177:High Steel Don Owen. 2107:The Bridge at Québec 1431:, librarian, scholar 1351:Saint Francis Xavier 867:region in the west, 695:Saint Lawrence River 646:in Ontario north of 527:Saint Lawrence River 302: • Quebec 3606:Pointe-des-Cascades 3433:Saint-Joseph-du-Lac 3192:Vaudreuil-Soulanges 2056:Matthieu Sossoyan: 2016:Weld, Isaac, 1807: 1903:. McGill University 1818:www12.statcan.gc.ca 1573:, ice hockey player 1485:Mary Two-Axe Earley 1262:offers licenses to 1224:Skenn:en A'onsonton 1191:Restorative justice 1041:Working in New York 167: / 3685:Terrasse-Vaudreuil 3586:Mont-Saint-Hilaire 2430:2007-12-17 at the 2331:2011-07-14 at the 2239:2011-07-28 at the 2035:2011-10-08 at the 1929:2011-07-06 at the 1834:. 15 October 2021. 1519:Waneek Horn-Miller 1419:, fashion designer 1355: 1060: 1034: 1019:Island of Montreal 975:Longhouse Movement 953: 906: 883:Kahnawake surnames 880: 750: 691: 339: • Total 142:Show map of Quebec 139:Kahnawake (Quebec) 18:Caughnawaga Mohawk 3735: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3571:Les Coteaux¹ 3225: 3224: 3152:Le Haut-Richelieu 2978: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2811:Reaghan Tarbell, 2781:Media related to 2450:. 29 October 2007 2144:Gravestock, Steve 2129:Reaghan Tarbell, 1874:978-0-8061-3598-4 1773:www.kahnawake.com 1622:Media in Montreal 1587:Kateri Tekakwitha 1509:, activist, model 1047:Mohawk skywalkers 987:civil engineering 842:Raid on Deerfield 773:Indian Department 703:Sault du St-Louis 537:. Established by 478: 477: 473:www.kahnawake.com 350: 326: • Land 267: • Type 230: 171:45.417°N 73.683°W 16:(Redirected from 3780: 3763:Greater Montreal 3726: 3720: 3698:Vaudreuil-Dorion 3673:Sainte-Catherine 3490:Calixa-Lavallée² 3262:and/or Montreal 3252: 3245: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3209:Native Reserves: 3177:Pierre-De Saurel 3142:La Haute-Yamaska 3137:Brome-Missisquoi 3069:Sainte-Catherine 3017: 3016: 3005: 2998: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2956: 2955: 2940:Sainte-Catherine 2935: 2934: 2927: 2926: 2910: 2909: 2889: 2861: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2795: 2794: 2792:Official website 2780: 2765: 2764: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2617: 2611: 2609:The Eastern Door 2606: 2600: 2589:Deborah Dundas, 2587: 2581: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2551:Hartford Courant 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2519: 2513: 2501: 2495: 2483: 2477: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2444:"Neptune's Navy" 2440: 2434: 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Brian Deer 1427: 1424: 1423:John Kim Bell 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1360: 1352: 1347: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1308:Canadian Army 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1251: 1244: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1201:restore peace 1198: 1197:Haudenosaunee 1188: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161:Ellen Gabriel 1155: 1154:National Post 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1107: 1098: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1075: 1069: 1066: 1065:Quebec Bridge 1058: 1053: 1048: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:hydroelectric 996: 992: 988: 978: 976: 970: 967: 961: 959: 950: 945: 941: 940:seven clans. 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 922: 915: 912: 903: 899: 895: 892: 888: 884: 876: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 837: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 793:Saint-Mathieu 790: 786: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 747: 742: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 687: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 607:(Six Nations 606: 605:Haudenosaunee 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 578: 574: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 544: 541:in 1719 as a 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519:First Nations 516: 512: 508: 503: 495: 491: 487: 485: 474: 471: 467: 464: 455: 446: 438: 434: 431: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 412: 408: 404: 401: 397: 391: 387: 383: 380: 378: 374: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 345: 341: 337: 332: 328: 324: 319: 315: 311: 310:Pierre Moreau 308: 305: 300: 296: 292: 289: 286: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 257: 254: 252: 248: 245: 241: 239: 233: 226: 223: 221: 217: 214: 211: 209: 205: 202: 199: 197: 193: 189: 185: 180: 152:Coordinates: 150: 121: 88: 78: 71: 66: 62: 57: 52: 48: 43: 33: 27: 19: 3727: 3721: 3696: 3689: 3679:Sainte-Julie 3677: 3643:Saint-Lazare 3625: 3616:Saint-Amable 3553: 3549:L'Île-Perrot 3519:Contrecoeur² 3511: 3504: 3459: 3452: 3420: 3413: 3396: 3379: 3372: 3348:L'Assomption 3320: 3308: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3216: 3208: 3198: 3118: 2928: 2875: 2864: 2812: 2775: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2707:karihwanoron 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2629: 2615: 2604: 2596:Toronto Star 2594: 2585: 2575: 2566: 2554:. 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Retrieved 1863: 1853: 1845: 1840: 1826: 1817: 1807: 1796: 1781: 1772: 1762: 1690: 1676: 1668: 1662: 1657:Kwatokent TV 1656: 1650: 1645: 1625: 1547: 1535:Alwyn Morris 1462:Mohawk Girls 1460: 1456:Mohawk Girls 1454: 1448: 1445:Gemini Award 1375: 1371: 1356: 1327: 1315: 1312: 1304: 1285: 1272: 1257: 1248: 1242: 1234: 1223: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1185: 1174: 1169: 1159: 1153: 1145: 1140:Chuck Strahl 1133: 1129:Eastern Door 1128: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1093:The elected 1092: 1080: 1078: 1070: 1061: 1035: 990: 984: 971: 962: 954: 948: 930: 919: 916: 907: 881: 846: 838: 836:and nation. 829:French Crown 826: 814: 781: 777: 762: 751: 745: 721: 717: 711: 702: 692: 671:Mohawk River 662: 656: 634:in Ontario; 625: 617:Hudson River 613:Mohawk River 604: 600: 596: 590: 576: 566: 561: 553: 549: 510: 481: 479: 270:Band council 26: 3513:Châteauguay 3480:Beauharnois 3472:South Shore 3343:Kanesatake¹ 3328:Charlemagne 3301:North Shore 3039:Châteauguay 2918:Châteauguay 1599:Derek White 1525:in Winnipeg 1450:Club Native 1443:, two-time 1441:Tracey Deer 1392:, the 1990 1383:Tracey Deer 1335:Netherlands 1318:Vietnam War 1275:data centre 1023:ironworkers 995:power lines 818:matrilineal 769:Thomas Gage 722:Ville-Marie 667:Caughnawaga 621:New England 554:Caughnawaga 511:Kahnawáˀkye 256:Châteauguay 174: / 39:Caughnawaga 3742:Categories 3539:Kahnawake¹ 3461:Terrebonne 3398:Repentigny 3363:Lavaltrie¹ 3322:Boisbriand 3310:Blainville 3182:Roussillon 3121:Montérégie 3049:La Prairie 2454:2008-01-18 2223:. Toronto. 2165:0968913245 2001:John Demos 1844:Rudes, B. 1754:References 1620:See also: 1609:Tom Wilson 1565:Skawennati 1398:Kanesatake 1394:Oka Crisis 1387:drama film 1292:Oka Crisis 1288:Kanesatake 1268:sportsbook 1165:Kanesatake 1147:decisions. 1082:High Steel 1057:Lewis Hine 1045:See also: 714:New France 663:kahnawà:ke 632:Tyendinaga 628:Kanesatake 573:Indian Act 498:pronounced 482:Kahnawake 334:Population 262:Government 251:Provincial 244:La-Prairie 225:Roussillon 213:Montérégie 3709:Verchères 3611:Richelieu 3374:Mascouche 3217:Kahnawake 3212:Akwesasne 2929:Kahnawake 2783:Kahnawake 2260:. Toronto 1788:from the 1677:Mohawk TV 1663:Iorì:wase 1544:Alex Rice 1515:, actress 1489:Bill C-31 1475:Don Eagle 1138:Minister 991:Kahnawake 966:annuities 921:Patriotes 865:Red River 758:seigneurs 718:Kahnawake 648:Lake Erie 636:Akwesasne 577:Kahnawake 562:Kahnawake 556:(after a 515:Tuscarora 486:Territory 425:Area code 403:UTC−04:00 382:UTC−05:00 377:Time zone 349:2006-2011 133:Kahnawake 100:Kahnawake 36:Kahnawake 3691:Varennes 3601:Pincourt 3500:Carignan 3404:Rosemère 3368:Lorraine 3187:Rouville 3099:Parishes 2895:Montreal 2428:Archived 2329:Archived 2283:Macleans 2258:The Star 2237:Archived 2221:The Star 2146:(2005). 2033:Archived 1927:Archived 1880:11 April 1861:(2004). 1731:See also 1549:Twilight 1282:Politics 1239:— 1179:— 1150:— 1003:railways 1001:plants, 853:Onondaga 726:garrison 681:Location 640:New York 609:Iroquois 584:and the 535:Montreal 436:Highways 196:Province 3581:Mercier 3506:Chambly 3495:Candiac 3485:Beloeil 3381:Mirabel 3059:Mercier 3034:Candiac 2891:LaSalle 2739:"Index" 2667:"Index" 2556:7 March 2530:7 March 1700:Schools 1637:CKRK-FM 1631:CKKI-FM 1477:, 1950 1378:(2010). 1236:system. 935:to the 801:Candiac 730:mission 593:autonym 569:reserve 546:mission 517:) is a 505:in the 469:Website 367:Demonym 238:Federal 187:Country 162:73°41′W 159:45°25′N 3753:Mohawk 3534:Hudson 3529:Delson 3044:Delson 3027:Cities 2871:Dorval 2408: 2200:E Law, 2171:4 June 2162: 2113: 1871: 1693:powwow 1605:driver 1603:NASCAR 1583:driver 1581:NASCAR 1552:films. 861:Seneca 857:Cayuga 849:Oneida 797:Delson 699:rapids 659:Mohawk 552:, and 543:Jesuit 531:Quebec 490:French 484:Mohawk 417:J0L1B0 208:Region 201:Quebec 190:Canada 3338:Gore¹ 3290:Laval 3127:Acton 2158:–43. 1616:Media 1390:Beans 997:from 869:Métis 716:used 661:word 463:R-207 454:R-138 445:R-132 405:(EDT) 342:7,965 3561:Léry 3054:Léry 2884:to: 2558:2021 2532:2021 2406:ISBN 2266:2010 2173:2017 2160:ISBN 2111:ISBN 1972:8(4) 1909:2023 1882:2011 1869:ISBN 1691:The 1306:the 1258:The 1134:The 951:1907 822:clan 803:and 480:The 321:Area 3725:— ² 3387:Oka 3264:CMA 3260:CMM 2234:TVO 1396:at 1385:’s 1381:In 1009:'s 595:is 529:in 513:in 430:450 396:DST 386:EST 361:N/A 353:N/A 314:PLQ 306:(s) 304:MNA 287:(s) 220:RCM 3744:: 2759:. 2741:. 2723:. 2705:. 2687:. 2669:. 2651:. 2593:. 2574:. 2549:. 2506:. 2488:. 2470:. 2446:. 2359:, 2312:, 2302:^ 2281:, 2256:. 2219:. 2207:^ 2198:, 2184:^ 2175:. 2156:41 2122:^ 2085:^ 2076:, 2066:^ 2048:^ 2039:, 2003:, 1993:^ 1977:^ 1899:. 1816:. 1771:. 1601:, 1579:, 1337:. 1320:. 859:, 855:, 851:, 799:, 795:, 791:, 787:, 775:. 654:. 564:. 509:, 496:, 492:: 295:BQ 285:MP 3719:¹ 3251:e 3244:t 3237:v 3123:: 3004:e 2997:t 2990:v 2897:) 2893:( 2846:e 2839:t 2832:v 2763:. 2745:. 2727:. 2709:. 2691:. 2673:. 2655:. 2637:. 2623:. 2560:. 2534:. 2457:. 2414:. 2268:. 1933:, 1911:. 1884:. 1820:. 1775:. 488:( 398:) 388:) 384:( 316:) 312:( 297:) 293:( 20:)

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