943:...Karabagh had been in ancient and medieval times part of the kingdom of the Caucasian Albanians. This ethoreligious group, now long extinct, had converted to Christianity in the 4th century and drew close to the Armenian church. Over time its upper classes were effectively Armenized. When the Seljuks invaded Transcaucasia in the 11th century, a process of Islamization began that resulted in the conversion of the peoples of the plain to the east of Karabagh to Islam. These people, the direct ancestors of present-day Azerbaijanis, adopted the Turkic language of their conquerors and adopted the Shi'a branch of Islam dominant in neighboring Iran. The mountains remained largely Christian, and in time the Karabagh Albanians merged with the Armenians. The central seat of the Albanian church at Gandzasar became one of the bishoprics of the Armenian church, and the memory of the once-independent national religion was preserved in the stature of the local primate, who was called Catholicos.
473:
484:
769:
576:, as did the queen-consort of Caucasian Albania, Spram, the wife of Varaz-Tiridates I. In 688, with Spram's help, Nerses managed to be appointed as Patriarch, planning to bring the country in line with Chalcedonian practice. Many members of the ruling class and clergy accepted his ideas, whereas those that remained loyal to the original teachings of the Church (including Israel, Bishop of Mets Kolmanķ), became subject to repression. The growth of Chalcedonism was contrary to the interests of the
356:
157:, lead their church. St. Gregoris had been ordained bishop of Caucasian Albania and Iberia at age 15 and traveled through those lands preaching Christianity. He built Caucasian Albania's third known church in the city of Tsri, in Utiķ. During his stay in the land of the Maskout in northeast Caucasian Albania, St. Gregoris was attacked by an angry mob of idol worshipers, tied to a horse and dismembered. His remains were buried near the
278:
converts offered him to establish and lead a patriarchate there through a special request sent by Alp
Iluetuer to Eliezer, Catholicos of Caucasian Albania. The request was turned down due to Israel already having been assigned a congregation in Mets Kolmanķ. Despite Israel maintaining further contact with the Huns, Christianity probably did not survive among the latter for long.
559:
churches. Specifically, at this council the Church of
Caucasian Albania rejected both Nestorianism and the legitimacy and conditions of the Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon. As of the late 6th century, both Nestorian and Chalcedonian beliefs were popular enough in Caucasian Albania to provoke a
546:
Nevertheless, in 491, Caucasian
Albanian bishops, along with Armenian Catholicos Babgen I and Georgian bishops at Vagharshapat, decided to reject the Council of Chalcedon. It was not so much the dogmatic formula of Chalcedon which was the problem, the creed was accepted, but the rules on celibacy and
237:
in
Caucasian Albania and discouraged Zoroastrianism. Those who propagated idol worship were physically punished, enslaved, or ostracized. King Vachagan would personally arrange for their children to be taken to schools and raised Christian. He took an active part in Christianizing Caucasian Albanians
629:
in Egypt by
Georgian historian Zaza Aleksidze. Towards the abolition of the Church's autocephaly, it was increasingly becoming linguistically Armenized. Among the factors that might have contributed to that are constant raids of the Khazars and the "lawless" who burned churches and with them much of
620:
in 506, Babgen I, Catholicos of
Armenia, stated that all three churches of the Caucasus were ideologically united despite each having its own language. That Caucasian Albanians probably used their own national language as a liturgical language in their church is suggested by a bilingual Georgian-Old
564:
were actively promoting
Chalcedonian practices in Caucasian Albania. Indeed, it is likely that because of such advocacy and possible coercive pressure, dioceses of the Church of Caucasian Albania located in Jerusalem had already accepted Chalcedonian practices and had begun promoting them back home.
176:
In probably the early 5th century, a local bishop by the name of Jeremy translated the Holy Bible into the language of the
Caucasian Albanians, i.e. the Old Udi language. The earliest extant excerpts of translations of parts of the Bible into Old Udi come from the 7th century, and were based mostly
286:
After the overthrow of Nerses in 705, the
Caucasian Albanian elite decided to reestablish the tradition of having their Catholicoi ordained through the Patriarch of Armenia, as was the case before 590. This event is generally regarded as the abolition of the Church of Caucasian Albania through the
277:
to put an end to military actions, as the people of
Caucasian Albania could not be held responsible for a deed committed "by the hand of one treacherous and vile man." During his stay in the land of Huns in 681—682, Israel condemned their pagan beliefs and practices, and preached Christianity. His
804:
The existing church building cannot be dated to the times of St. Elishe, but the archaeological evidence demonstrates that the church is located on an ancient cultic site. It is very unlikely that St. Elishe built in Kish a church in the modern understanding of this word. Even if the person did
201:
for the purpose of compelling their conversion to Zoroastrianism. Prior to going, representatives from all three nations vowed to each other that they would never relinquish their faith. Although while in Ctesiphon the nobles relented, were showered with gifts, and sent back to their lands
221:, the King of Persia from 457 to 484, offered Vache II peace and the right to remain a Christian, but only if Vache would allow his mother and wife, who were both Persian and Zoroastrian by birth, to return to their homeland. Vache complied, and lived the rest of his life in solitude.
713:
to sit on the throne and continued to rule until 343 AD. Urnayr had converted into Christianity in the hands of Gregory the Illuminator. Lineage continued until 1836 when it was abolished by the Russian authorities and the position of metropolitan established from that date on.
202:
accompanied by Zoroastrian priests to establish the religion in their respective nations, upon returning home these nobles were spurred by popular sentiment to hold more firmly to their Christian faith and rebel against King Yazdegerd II under the leadership of Armenian General
269:'s rule (635–669), they maintained friendly relations with Caucasian Albania. Javanshir's assassination in 669 provoked the Huns to launch raids into the country in retaliation for their ally's death. The new ruler Varaz-Tiridates I, who was Javanshir's nephew, delegated
647:(possibly present-day Derbent, Russia) had originally been chosen to be the See of the Church of Caucasian Albania. However, in 551, due to plundering raids of "Khazars" (Kutrigurs) on Caucasian Albania, the seat of the archbishop was transferred to
812:
church. Excavations revealed that the church represented two different periods of use, with two different corresponding floor levels. According to Storfjell, since the architecture of the apse of the original church in Kish suggests a diophysite
112:
north of Shaki, present day Azerbaijan. The church became the "spiritual center and the place of enlightenment of people of the East". On his way from Gis St. Elishe was killed near the pagan altar in the small Zerguni valley by unknown people.
642:
until 590, when Caucasian Albania proclaimed its own locally ordained patriarchy. In general, the seat of the Catholicos was passed down from uncle to nephew. This continued until the abolition of the Church's autocephaly in 706. The city of
817:, and since the Georgian Church was the only diophysite church existing in the Caucasus in the late medieval period, it seems reasonable to suggest that the Kish church was built as a Georgian church and was later taken over by
788:
for the archaeological research and restoration of the church of Kish. Vilayat Karimov of Baku's Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography served as the director of excavations, and the archaeological advisor for the project was
560:
letter of concern, dated sometime between the years 568 and 571, from Armenian Catholicos Hovhannes addressed to Bishop Vrtanes and Prince Mihr-Artashir of Syunik province. Around the same time, representatives of the
565:
By probably the first decade of the 7th century, though, the Church of Caucasian Albania had already come back into communion with the Armenian Apostolic Church as a fellow non-Chalcedonian Oriental Orthodox Church.
547:
other elements which appeared to assert Roman hegemony were a concern for Christians living under Sassanid and then Arabic rule. Later the Second Synod of Dvin held in 551 also condemned the Council of Chalcedon.
584:
by the early 8th century, because although affirming Christ's humanity, which the Arabs welcomed, Chalcedonism was still Roman in essence and thus ratifying it was associated with territorial aspirations of the
550:
At the First Council of Dvin held in 506, without ratifying Chalcedon, the Caucasian Albanian, Armenian, and Georgian churches all declared doctrinal unity with each other, as well as with the dyophysite
704:
Lineage was established by St. Elisæus the Apostle also known as Yeghishe (dies c. 79) and considered the father of the Church of Caucasian Albania. Lineage continued with St. Grigoris, the grandson of
245:. During the council, a twenty-one paragraph codex formalizing and regulating the important aspects of the Church's structure, functions, relationship with the state, and legal status was adopted.
616:, which likely were in fact the same language. Caucasian Albania was mentioned by Movses Kaghankatvatsi as having its own literary tradition starting from the 5th century. In his letter to
597:
notifying him of the political threat that Chalcedonianism was posing to the region. Abd al-Malik arranged for the arrest of Nerses and Spram, who were then bound in fetters and exiled.
785:
217:
due to Persian influence. The return to Christianity resulted in a war between Persia and Caucasian Albania, during which Vache II lost his heir. Neither side won; eventually
287:
loss of its autocephaly, and the lowering of its hierarchical status to that of a subordinate body within Armenian Apostolic Church; namely, the Catholicosate of Aghvank.
600:
In light of the fact that leaders of the modern Caucasian Albanian Church are considering sending potential clergy to study in Russia, its future may be with dyophysite
760:
since the early 1990s. Even as late as 1997, the churches in Udi-populated locales were still closed as a result of the Bolshevik anti-religious campaign of the 1930s.
290:
The Arab conquest and the Chalcedonian crisis led to severe disintegration of the Church. Starting from the 8th century, some of the local population underwent mass
790:
298:, and Shaki, cities that had been centers of Caucasian Albanian Christianity. Caucasian Albanians that converted to Islam were over time assimilated into the
781:
502:
was registered in the Azerbaijan State Committee for Religious Organizations. An estimated 4,500 out of the 10,000 Udis worldwide live in Azerbaijan.
801:
of the church dates to about 3000 B.C., while the construction of the existing church building dates to about the 12th century (990–1160 A.D.)
472:
417:
churches underwent severe persecution during the 17th and 18th centuries and much of the tribes converted to Islam, by the 19th century the
238:
and appointing clergy to monasteries throughout his kingdom. On his orders, the site of St. Gregoris' burial was discovered and venerated.
1818:
1772:
J. Bjornar Storfjell, Ph.D. "The Church in Kish. Carbon Dating Reveals its True Age." Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:1 (Spring 2003)
229:
Christianity reached its golden age in the late 5th century under Vachagan the Pious (ruled 487–510), who launched a campaign against
1325:. Vol. 3. Lec. 9: Transcaucasia and the Adjacent States between Iran and Rome. Christianization of Transcaucasia. Nauka. Moscow: 1983
17:
869:
believed to be the place of St. Bartholomew's martyrdom. The chapel was demolished in the Soviet times, in 1936, in the heat of the
722:
In the last chapter of book two, Movses Kaghankatvatsi lists monasteries that were established by Caucasian Albanians in Jerusalem.
324:, a Transcaucasian province bordering the Georgian state of Kakheti, under influence the Georgian Orthodox Church, was converted to
853:
alive and crucified head down on orders from the pagan king Astyages. The remains of St. Bartholomew were secretly transferred to
210:
in 451; however, at least part of the Caucasian Albanian nation has remained Christian to some degree even through modern times.
332:, Queen of Hereti in the 10th century. The religious affairs of this small principality were now officially administered by the
1613:
1673:
1098:
1067:
932:
777:
699:
561:
1953:
1771:
270:
638:
The archbishop was considered the head of the Church of Caucasian Albania, and he had traditionally been ordained by the
108:, arrived to a place called Gis (Գիս), where he built a church and recited a liturgy, today commonly believed to be the
89:
495:
626:
483:
325:
1128:
M.L. Chaumont, "Albania," Encyclopædia Iranica, I/8, pp. 806–810; an updated version is available online at
1481:
Kleinbauer, W. Eugene (September 1972). "Zvart'nots and the Origins of Christian Architecture in Armenia".
1059:
612:
The liturgical language of the Church was likely one of the local tribal tongues, most likely Gargarian or
572:
decrees in Caucasian Albania. According to Kaghankatvatsi, Nerses was the Bishop of Gardman who adhered to
437:, and the Islamized villages Kish, Faizit, Partez, Kungut (Bash and Chshlagh), Turkish-Orban. Many of the
993:
639:
1784:
Official website of Baku eparchy of Russian Orthodox Church. Architectural heritage of Caucasian Albania
845:. St. Bartholomew managed to convert even members of the local royal family who had worshipped the idol
882:
1869:
749:
430:
414:
375:
166:
135:
69:
50:
1888:
The Relations between the Armenian and Georgian Churches: According to the Armenian Sources, 300–610
924:
593:
Nerses and his supporters. Elias, Catholicos of Armenia, followed up by writing a letter to Caliph
333:
31:
1465:
1129:
858:
830:
772:
Objects found on the site of the church dating to the end of 4000 B.C. and beginning of 3000 B.C.
706:
644:
594:
552:
139:
805:
exist, it appears likely that he built only the altar or used an existing pagan cult structure.
197:
ordered the highest nobles in Caucasian Albania, Armenia, and Georgia to come to his capital in
887:
49:
church established in the 5th century. In 705, it fell under the religious jurisdiction of the
1895:
Gippert, Jost; Schulze, Wolfgang (2007). "Some Remarks on the Caucasian Albanian Palimsests".
1088:
1053:
918:
241:
In 488, King Vachagan convoked the Council of Aghuen in his summer residence near present-day
1148:
833:
was preaching Christianity in the city of Albana or Albanopolis, associated with present-day
768:
556:
154:
143:
85:
1921:
1815:
1444:
1322:
1117:
101:
1890:. Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia, Antelias, Lebanon: Kevork Melidi Netsi Literary Award.
1019:
829:
According to the 6th-century archbishop and historian St. Sophronius of Cyprus, in 71, St.
573:
536:
100:
According to local folk lore, Christianity entered Caucasian Albania in the 1st century AD
1713:
973:
8:
1595:
1455:Սամվել Կարապետյան, «Բուն Աղվանքի հայերեն վիմագրերը», Երևան, ««Գիտություն»», 1997 – 132 էջ
1052:
Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2002).
866:
329:
170:
65:
1424:
1408:
1031:
914:
794:
625:
manuscript dating back to no later than the 7th century that was discovered in 1997 in
524:
520:
516:
337:
299:
105:
206:. The united Christian nations of Caucasian Albania, Armenia, and Georgia lost at the
72:, which continued to exist until 1828 (or 1836) when it was formally abolished by the
1850:
1783:
1094:
1063:
1035:
1007:
928:
865:, a chapel was built at the site of an old Caucasian Albanian church in Baku, by the
648:
601:
442:
418:
367:
345:
207:
203:
54:
1908:
1904:
1494:
1490:
1416:
1023:
985:
808:
Bjørnar Storfjell stated that there's clear evidence that this church was built as
797:
of various objects found on the site showed that the cultic site found beneath the
757:
589:. In 705, the anti-Chalcedonian clergy of Caucasian Albania convoked a council and
586:
341:
242:
162:
158:
1838:
1803:
1670:
1822:
1677:
659:
655:
617:
499:
488:
477:
303:
441:
villages faced massacres in 1918–1920 and migrated to the village of Sabatlo in
892:
862:
446:
434:
406:
402:
398:
386:
311:
307:
258:
214:
213:
In the mid-5th century, under King Vache II, Caucasian Albania shortly adopted
109:
73:
1027:
1947:
1912:
1725:
1318:
1055:
The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the sixth to the eighteenth century
818:
528:
177:
upon Armenian translations. These translations were commissioned probably by
81:
744:
Four other unnamed monasteries repossessed by Arabs at Kaghankatvatsi's time
371:
1104:
1073:
938:
687:
683:
679:
613:
569:
540:
532:
410:
364:
291:
274:
230:
194:
385:
rule There were 200,000 Christian Caucasian Albanians in the provinces of
314:
ethnic groups, whereas those that remained Christian gradually became the
1523:
Christian Caucasia between Byzantium and Iran: New Light from Old Sources
854:
842:
814:
675:
153:'s death, the Caucasian Albanians requested that St. Gregory's grandson,
46:
1177:
662:(temporary transferred over from the Armenian Apostolic Church in 590),
1682:
1428:
809:
753:
752:, the Armenian Apostolic Church has not had official representation in
667:
622:
461:
450:
438:
426:
340:. Eventually in the early 12th century, these lands became part of the
234:
1794:
The Works of Sophronius, Archbishop of Cyprus (1911). Tiflis. p.397.30
294:. By the 11th century there already were prominent mosques in Partav,
121:
870:
577:
458:
355:
349:
315:
266:
198:
178:
1420:
568:
In the late 7th century, Catholicos Nerses attempted to install the
1714:
Materials for the Study of the Aghvan (Caucasian Albanian) Alphabet
846:
590:
581:
262:
190:
77:
58:
1051:
1345:
Materials for Description of Territory and Tribes of the Caucasus
1204:
850:
838:
671:
422:
382:
336:. In 1010, Hereti became absorbed into the neighbouring Georgian
295:
218:
127:
57:, a region spanning present-day northern Azerbaijan and southern
710:
454:
390:
321:
150:
131:
95:
1130:
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/albania-iranian-aran-arm
130:
adopted Christianity as its state religion (301 AD), the King
76:, following the forced cession of the last territories in the
1627:
1228:
1216:
1118:
Movses Kaghankatvatsi. History of Albania. Book 1, Chapter VI
798:
515:
The Church of Caucasian Albania was represented in the early
834:
690:
are listed as dioceses of the Church of Caucasian Albania.
663:
394:
254:
1532:
1445:
http://udilang.narod.ru/papers/Schulze_History-of-Udi.pdf
1090:
Highlanders: a journey to the Caucasus in quest of memory
421:
church was completely extinct with the exception of some
68:
served as the See of the Catholicosate of Aghvank of the
1556:
1544:
1411:(July–August 1988). "What Happened in Soviet Armenia?".
693:
1506:
1504:
1240:
467:
363:
The Caucasian Albanian tribes were divided between the
273:, Bishop of Mets Kolmanķ, to persuade the Hunnic ruler
184:
1012:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
193:
Vardapet, in the year 450 the Sassanid King of Persia
169:) built by his grandfather in the canton of Haband in
1568:
1389:
1648:
1501:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1192:
1466:
Azerbaijan: an Islamist Threat to Religious Harmony
1440:
1438:
782:
Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University
318:of Shaki and Vartashen (Oğuz) through assimilation
122:
Initial Spread of Christianity in Caucasian Albania
1872:. The Baku Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.
1614:"Udins Today Ancestors of the Caucasian Albanians"
857:. At the beginning of the 19th century, when the
1945:
1435:
920:Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in modern history
189:According to the 5th century Armenian historian
1929:International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics
1894:
1688:
1633:
1234:
1222:
1210:
487:Detail from the Udi church in the village of
248:
27:Ancient church established in the 5th century
1149:History of Christianity in Caucasian Albania
654:In various sources, the dioceses of Partav,
281:
96:Origins of Christianity in Caucasian Albania
53:as the Catholicosate of Aghvank centered in
1767:
1765:
1140:
1138:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
1480:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1047:
1045:
505:
1611:
630:Caucasian Albanian religious literature.
1762:
1671:Caucasian Albanian Scriptures Discovered
1135:
1006:
948:
767:
709:. Grigoris was invited by Albanian king
539:in 451, which was viewed as a return to
482:
471:
354:
1919:
1777:
1395:
1163:
1042:
562:Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
409:was established in the region both the
370:North centered around the bishopric of
14:
1946:
1885:
1654:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1510:
1355:
1353:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1198:
984:
909:
907:
763:
537:Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon
1086:
778:Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
738:Monastery of St. Theotokos of Artsakh
700:List of Caucasian Albanian Catholicoi
694:List of Caucasian Albanian Catholicoi
1407:
1180:. The Eastern Orthodox Encyclopædia.
978:
913:
732:Monastery of St. Theotokos of Partav
468:Modern Caucasian Albanian-Udi Church
185:Struggle with Persian Zoroastrianism
1415:(153, Islam and the State): 37–40.
1350:
904:
531:and propagating the dual nature of
90:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
24:
849:, but was later martyred by being
824:
741:Monastery of St. Gregory of Amaras
257:had established themselves in the
25:
1965:
1806:. The Parish of Upper Coquetdale.
786:Norwegian Humanitarian Enterprise
1612:Konanchev, Zurab (August 2003).
604:rather than Oriental Orthodoxy.
496:Albanian-Udi Christian Community
348:finalizing the process of their
1878:
1860:
1844:
1832:
1809:
1797:
1788:
1753:
1744:
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1703:
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1605:
1589:
1580:
1516:
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1458:
1449:
1401:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1337:
1328:
1309:
1300:
1183:
1154:
780:funded a joint project between
580:who had taken over most of the
359:Side view of the Church of Kish
1495:10.1080/00043079.1972.10789382
1122:
1111:
1080:
1000:
861:had established itself in the
523:, it generally did accept the
445:. In the region of Vartashen (
13:
1:
1730:The Meliks of Eastern Armenia
1700:Kaghankatvatsi, II. VII, XXIV
1147:Hieromonk Alexei (Nikonorov)
898:
602:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
224:
1816:Evidence of the Resurrection
1323:History of the Ancient World
1060:Wayne State University Press
633:
543:by other Oriental Churches.
138:to receive baptism from St.
7:
1954:Church of Caucasian Albania
1804:Bartholomew — Some Thoughts
1586:Kaghankatvatsi, III.III–VII
1386:Kaghankatvatsi, III.VIII–XI
1334:Kaghankatvatsi, I.XVIII-XIX
994:University of Chicago Press
990:Armenia: A Historical Atlas
876:
873:campaign against religion.
748:As a result of the ongoing
627:Saint Catherine's Monastery
510:
453:villages left, much of the
10:
1970:
1922:"Towards a History of Udi"
1920:Schulze, Wolfgang (2005).
1903:(2). Leiden, Netherlands:
1689:Gippert & Schulze 2007
1634:Gippert & Schulze 2007
1235:Gippert & Schulze 2007
1223:Gippert & Schulze 2007
1211:Gippert & Schulze 2007
1093:. Macmillan. p. 384.
883:Christianity in Azerbaijan
697:
607:
521:Oriental Orthodox churches
253:In the 6th century AD the
249:Proselytism among the Huns
116:
29:
1821:24 September 2008 at the
1691:, pp. see generally.
1132:(accessed on 17 May 2014)
1028:10.1017/S0041977X00111462
750:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
735:Monastery of Kalankatouyk
717:
376:Armenian Apostolic Church
282:Decline and Subordination
167:Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
136:Armenian Apostolic Church
80:maintained under Iranian
70:Armenian Apostolic Church
51:Armenian Apostolic Church
43:Albanian Apostolic Church
18:Caucasian Albanian Church
1913:10.1163/157338407X265441
1368:Kaghankatvatsi, II.XXXVI
1347:. N.Tiblen: 1856; p. 431
1010:(1953). "Caucasica IV".
925:Indiana University Press
334:Georgian Orthodox Church
142:, the founder and first
45:was an ancient, briefly
32:Albanian Orthodox Church
30:Not to be confused with
1827:Christian Evidence Room
1529:, Vol. 10, (1954): 139.
859:Russian Orthodox Church
831:Bartholomew the Apostle
707:Gregory the Illuminator
527:(a doctrine condemning
506:Structure of the Church
405:. After the Khanate of
140:Gregory the Illuminator
134:went to the See of the
64:In medieval times, the
1886:Babian, Gorun (2001).
1759:Kaghankatvatsi, II.LII
1750:Kaghankatvatsi, II.VII
1676:20 August 2009 at the
1645:Kaghankatvatsi, II.III
1359:Kaghankatvatsi, I.XXVI
996:. pp. 40, 72, 80.
888:Religion in Azerbaijan
841:, both located by the
773:
491:
480:
360:
1897:Iran and the Caucasus
1741:Kaghankatvatsi, II.IV
1189:Kaghankatvatsi, I.XIV
1087:Karny, Yo'av (2000).
771:
486:
475:
358:
144:Catholicos of Armenia
86:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1905:Koninklijke Brill NV
1870:History of a Holiday
1160:Kaghankatvatsi, I.XI
1020:University of London
795:Radiocarbon analysis
791:J. Bjørnar Storfjell
574:Council of Chalcedon
381:At the beginning of
1596:Kirakos Gandzaketsi
1541:, pp. 111–114.
1525:, Cyril Toumanoff,
1464:Sergei Markedonov.
1377:Kaghankatvatsi, XLV
1306:Kaghankatvatsi, I.X
1213:, pp. 201–212.
915:Suny, Ronald Grigor
764:Research and dating
640:Armenian Catholicos
517:ecumenical councils
330:Ishkhanik of Hereti
74:Russian authorities
66:Gandzasar monastery
1855:Orthodoxy in China
1565:, pp. 125–26.
1553:, pp. 123–24.
1413:Middle East Report
1008:Minorsky, Vladimir
774:
729:Monastery of Mrouv
618:Persian Christians
614:Caucasian Albanian
525:Chalcedonian Creed
492:
481:
361:
338:Kingdom of Kakheti
161:(presently in the
106:Thaddeus of Edessa
1600:The Brief History
1178:Caucasian Albania
1100:978-0-374-22602-2
1069:978-0-8143-3023-4
986:Hewsen, Robert H.
934:978-0-253-20773-9
776:In 2000–2003 the
726:Monastery of Pand
535:) adopted at the
519:and unlike other
457:population being
419:Georgian Orthodox
368:Georgian Orthodox
346:David the Builder
326:Eastern Orthodoxy
265:. At the time of
261:, in what is now
208:Battle of Avarayr
204:Vardan Mamikonyan
195:King Yazdegerd II
55:Caucasian Albania
39:Church of Albania
16:(Redirected from
1961:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1916:
1891:
1873:
1868:
1864:
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1848:
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1751:
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1733:
1723:
1717:
1712:Igor Kuznetsov.
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1669:Zaza Aleksidze.
1668:
1664:
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1483:The Art Bulletin
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1256:
1250:
1249:, p. 56-57.
1244:
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997:
982:
976:
971:
967:
946:
945:
911:
758:Nagorno-Karabakh
587:Byzantine Empire
553:Eastern Orthodox
449:) there were 13
429:villages of the
425:. There were 17
342:Georgian Kingdom
163:Martuni Province
159:Amaras Monastery
104:, a disciple of
21:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1924:
1881:
1876:
1866:
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1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1823:Wayback Machine
1814:
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1678:Wayback Machine
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1421:10.2307/3012134
1409:Suny, Ronald G.
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1144:
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1136:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1101:
1085:
1081:
1070:
1062:. p. 169.
1050:
1043:
1005:
1001:
983:
979:
972:Igor Kuznetsov.
969:
968:
949:
935:
927:. p. 193.
912:
905:
901:
879:
827:
825:St. Bartholomew
766:
720:
702:
696:
636:
610:
513:
508:
470:
431:Armenian Church
401:, Mingechavur,
350:Georgianization
284:
251:
227:
187:
124:
119:
98:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1967:
1957:
1956:
1941:
1940:
1917:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1843:
1839:Martyrs Mirror
1831:
1808:
1796:
1787:
1776:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1718:
1702:
1693:
1681:
1659:
1647:
1638:
1636:, p. 210.
1626:
1604:
1588:
1579:
1577:, p. 246.
1567:
1555:
1543:
1531:
1515:
1500:
1473:
1457:
1448:
1434:
1400:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1349:
1336:
1327:
1308:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1237:, p. 209.
1227:
1225:, p. 201.
1215:
1203:
1191:
1182:
1162:
1153:
1134:
1121:
1110:
1099:
1079:
1068:
1041:
999:
977:
947:
933:
902:
900:
897:
896:
895:
893:Church of Kish
890:
885:
878:
875:
863:South Caucasus
826:
823:
765:
762:
746:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
719:
716:
698:Main article:
695:
692:
635:
632:
609:
606:
557:Roman Catholic
512:
509:
507:
504:
476:Udi church of
469:
466:
283:
280:
259:North Caucasus
250:
247:
226:
223:
215:Zoroastrianism
186:
183:
179:King Javanshir
126:Shortly after
123:
120:
118:
115:
110:Church of Kish
97:
94:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1966:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1914:
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1791:
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1768:
1766:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1726:Robert Hewsen
1722:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1663:
1657:, p. 94.
1656:
1651:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1597:
1592:
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1576:
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1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1513:, p. 98.
1512:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1398:, p. 23.
1397:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1343:Ivan Shopen.
1340:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1319:Igor Diakonov
1312:
1303:
1297:, p. 61.
1296:
1291:
1285:, p. 59.
1284:
1279:
1273:, p. 58.
1272:
1267:
1261:, p. 57.
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1201:, p. 50.
1200:
1195:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1139:
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1125:
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1096:
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1029:
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1021:
1017:
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991:
987:
981:
975:
966:
964:
962:
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958:
956:
954:
952:
944:
940:
936:
930:
926:
922:
921:
916:
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908:
903:
894:
891:
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884:
881:
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874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
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822:
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816:
811:
806:
802:
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792:
787:
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779:
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761:
759:
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743:
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734:
731:
728:
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723:
715:
712:
708:
701:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
641:
631:
628:
624:
619:
615:
605:
603:
598:
596:
592:
591:anathematized
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
563:
558:
554:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:monophysitism
526:
522:
518:
503:
501:
497:
494:In 2003, the
490:
485:
479:
474:
465:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
378:of the south
377:
373:
369:
366:
357:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
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319:
317:
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288:
279:
276:
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268:
264:
260:
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222:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
200:
196:
192:
182:
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174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
114:
111:
107:
103:
93:
91:
87:
84:rule per the
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:autocephalous
44:
40:
33:
19:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1879:Bibliography
1867:(in Russian)
1862:
1854:
1846:
1834:
1826:
1811:
1799:
1790:
1779:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1710:(in Russian)
1705:
1696:
1684:
1667:(in Russian)
1662:
1650:
1641:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1607:
1602:. Chapter X.
1599:
1591:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1412:
1403:
1396:Schulze 2005
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1344:
1339:
1330:
1316:(in Russian)
1311:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1185:
1175:(in Russian)
1156:
1145:(in Russian)
1124:
1113:
1105:Google Books
1103:– via
1089:
1082:
1074:Google Books
1072:– via
1054:
1015:
1011:
1002:
989:
980:
970:(in Russian)
942:
939:Google Books
937:– via
919:
867:Maiden Tower
828:
819:monophysites
807:
803:
775:
747:
721:
703:
653:
637:
611:
599:
595:Abd al-Malik
570:Chalcedonian
567:
549:
545:
541:Nestorianism
533:Jesus Christ
514:
493:
411:Chalcedonian
380:
365:Chalcedonian
362:
320:
292:Islamization
289:
285:
275:Alp Iluetuer
252:
240:
231:idol worship
228:
212:
188:
175:
155:St. Gregoris
148:
125:
99:
63:
42:
38:
36:
1907:: 201–211.
1655:Babian 2001
1619:30 December
1575:Babian 2001
1563:Babian 2001
1551:Babian 2001
1539:Babian 2001
1511:Babian 2001
1295:Babian 2001
1283:Babian 2001
1271:Babian 2001
1259:Babian 2001
1247:Babian 2001
1199:Babian 2001
1151:. Part VII.
1022:: 504–529.
992:. Chicago:
855:Mesopotamia
843:Caspian Sea
815:Christology
1489:(3): 261.
899:References
810:Diophysite
754:Azerbaijan
623:palimpsest
451:Miaphysite
439:Miaphysite
427:Miaphysite
235:witchcraft
225:Golden Age
102:St. Elishe
1851:25 August
1732:, p. 317.
1036:246637768
871:Bolshevik
668:Balasakan
634:Hierarchy
498:based in
459:Islamized
387:Vartashen
316:Armenians
267:Javanshir
243:Mardakert
199:Ctesiphon
1948:Category
1819:Archived
1728:(1972).
1674:Archived
1527:Traditio
1321:. (ed.)
988:(2001).
917:(1993).
877:See also
847:Astaroth
784:and the
756:outside
680:Kabalaka
582:Caucasus
511:Theology
433:left in
415:Armenian
399:Zaqatala
374:and the
263:Dagestan
191:Yeghishe
88:and the
78:Caucasus
59:Dagestan
1841:. p. 88
1470:Memo.ru
1429:3012134
839:Derbent
688:Kolmanķ
672:Gardman
608:Liturgy
443:Georgia
423:Ingiloy
383:Safavid
312:Tsakhur
308:Lezgian
304:Iranian
296:Chabala
219:Peroz I
171:Artsakh
165:of the
128:Armenia
117:History
41:or the
1934:4 July
1427:
1097:
1066:
1034:
931:
851:flayed
718:Legacy
711:Urnayr
686:, and
660:Syunik
656:Amaras
649:Partav
455:Muslim
391:Qabala
344:under
322:Hereti
310:, and
271:Israel
151:Urnayr
149:After
132:Urnayr
1925:(PDF)
1425:JSTOR
1032:S2CID
1018:(3).
799:altar
684:Hasho
676:Shaki
645:Chola
578:Arabs
447:Oghuz
435:Shaki
407:Shaki
403:Shaki
300:Azeri
82:Qajar
1936:2012
1621:2012
1095:ISBN
1064:ISBN
974:Udis
929:ISBN
835:Baku
664:Utik
621:Udi
555:and
500:Nizh
413:and
395:Qakh
372:Kish
255:Huns
233:and
37:The
1909:doi
1491:doi
1417:doi
1024:doi
837:or
489:Nij
478:Nij
462:Udi
328:by
1950::
1927:.
1901:11
1899:.
1853:.
1825:.
1764:^
1598:.
1503:^
1487:54
1485:.
1468:.
1437:^
1423:.
1352:^
1165:^
1137:^
1058:.
1044:^
1030:.
1016:15
1014:.
950:^
941:.
923:.
906:^
821:.
793:.
682:,
678:,
674:,
670:,
666:,
658:,
651:.
464:.
397:,
393:,
389:,
306:,
302:,
181:.
173:.
146:.
92:.
61:.
1938:.
1915:.
1911::
1857:.
1829:.
1774:.
1716:.
1623:.
1497:.
1493::
1431:.
1419::
1107:.
1076:.
1038:.
1026::
352:.
34:.
20:)
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