618:
400:
467:
827:
694:) of Armenia in 451, putting an end to the persecution of non-Zoroastrians in Armenia and allowing religious freedom in the country. This would have been an unlikely decision to have been made by a religious fanatic. Indeed, according to the modern historian Scott McDonough, the Zoroastrian faith was perhaps a "test of personal loyalty" for Yazdegerd II. He also targeted Zoroastrian aristocrats, dismantling their advantage of entry to the court and castrated men in his field armies to generate
46:
731:, with the Sasanians emerging victorious. Nine generals, including Vardan Mamikonian, were killed, with a large number of the Armenian nobles and soldiers meeting the same fate. The Sasanians, however, had also suffered heavy losses due to the resolute struggle by the Armenian rebels. Although Yazdegerd II put an end to the persecutions in the country afterward, tensions continued until 510 when a kinsman of Vardan Mamikonian,
669:
presume that the ways in which my father behaved towards you, maintaining you close to him, and bestowing upon you all that bounty, are incumbent upon all the kings that come after him ... each age has its own customs." Yazdegerd II, however, was still fully aware of the longstanding conflict between the crown and the nobility and priesthood, which had culminated in the murder of several
Sasanian monarchs.
891:
673:
785:). However, the favorable account of Yazdegerd II is due to his policy of persecuting non-Zoroastrians within the empire, which appeased the Iranian aristocracy and especially the Zoroastrian priesthood, which sought to use the Sasanian Empire to impose their authority over the religious and cultural life of its people. This is the opposite of the policy of his grandfather and namesake,
805:
to fend off incursions from the north. An inscription on one of its walls report that the tribute paid by the Romans was used for the renewal of the fortress. Near the city, he founded the fortified settlement of
Shahristan-i Yazdegerd (present-day ruins of Torpakh-kala), which became the main hub of
668:
Yazdegerd II had originally continued his father's policies of appeasing the magnates. However, after some time, he turned away from them and started a policy of his own. When the magnates told him that his new policies had offended the people, he disagreed, saying that: "it is not correct for you to
434:
against nomadic attacks. The Romans helped in the defense of the
Caucasus by paying the Iranians roughly 500 lbs (226 kg) of gold at irregular intervals. While the Romans saw this payment as political subsidies, the Iranians saw it as tribute, which proved that Rome was the deputy of Iran.
698:
more dutiful to him than to their own families. However, Yazdegerd II's policy of integrating the
Christian nobility into the bureaucracy still had problematic consequences; before the appointment of Adhur-Hormizd, Armenia had been plunged into a major rebellion. The cause of the rebellion was the
648:
sources describe him as a religious fanatic. The latter aspect is often stressed in modern historiography. The unsteadiness of the empire was ever-increasing under
Yazdegerd II, who had an uneasy relationship with the aristocracy and was facing a great challenge by the Kidarite in the east. At the
921:
receiving the heartland of the empire, Iran. Accordingly, influenced by the texts about the
Kayanians, Yazdegerd II may believed to be the heir of the Fereydun and Iraj, thus possibly deeming not only Roman domains in West as belonging to Iran, but also the eastern domains of the Huns. Thus the
772:
Yazdegerd II was an astute and well-read ruler whose motto was "Question, examine, see. Let us choose and hold that which is best." He is generally praised in
Persian sources, and is described as a compassionate and benevolent ruler. He is commended for abandoning his father's overindulgence in
687:
Yazdegerd II's primary goal throughout his reign was thus to combat the internal and external issues posing a danger to country by strengthening the royal centralisation of the bureaucracy, which demanded the cooperation of the aristocracy. The justification behind this is later apparent when
544:
of the
Iranian accounts or the marauding barbarians of the Roman historians, the Hun kingdoms of post-Iranian Central Asia were city-based, tax-raising, ideologically innovative states the kings of kings found themselves hard pressed to unseat." Hard-pressed by the Huns, Iran fought an almost
860:. This is due to a shift in the political perspective of the Sasanian Empire−originally disposed towards the West, was now changed to the East. This shift, which had already started under Yazdegerd I and Bahram V, reached its zenith under Yazdegerd II and his son and successor
973:
in northern Iran, while Peroz fled to the northeastern part of the empire and began raising an army in order to claim the throne for himself. The empire thus fell into a dynastic struggle and became divided. The mother of the two brothers,
789:(known as the "sinner"), who is the subject of hostility in Persian sources due to his tolerant policy towards his non-Zoroastrian subjects, and his refusal to comply with the demands of the aristocracy and priesthood.
871:). It may have been triggered due to the advent of hostile tribes on the eastern front of Iran. The war against the Hunnic tribes may have awakened the mythical rivalry existing between the
560:), Bahram V, and/or Yazdegerd II to pay them tribute. Although this did not trouble the Iranian treasury, it was nevertheless humiliating. Yazdegerd II eventually refused to pay tribute.
545:
uninterrupted war with them on its northern and northeastern marches, notably under Bahram V and
Yazdegerd II, who both attempted to regain Tokharistan, but only succeeded in preserving
649:
beginning of
Yazdegerd II's reign, he suffered several defeats at the hands of the Kidarites, for which he put the blame on the Christians, due to much of his cavalry consisting of
536:
evidence demonstrates the Huns ruled a realm just as refined as that of the Sasanians. They swiftly adopted Iranian imperial symbolism and titulature. Their coins also imitated
581:
in charge of the Sasanian Empire. He spent many years at war against the Kidarites. His forces initially suffered a severe defeat, but fighting continued. According to the
2066:
937:
flanked by two attendants, now imitates them in a more venerated manner. This presumably further demonstrates Yazdegerd II's fealty to Zoroastrianism. The provinces of
707:
variant of Zoroastrianism in Armenia. His intentions differed from those of Yazdegerd II. As a result, many of the Armenian nobles (but not all) rallied under
901:
Likewise, it was most likely during this period that legendary and epic texts were collected by the Sasanians, including the legend of the Iranian hero-king
2197:
2004:
Gadjiev, Murtazali (2020b). "The Mission of Bishop Israyel in the Context of the Historical Geography of Caucasian Albania". In Hoyland, Robert (ed.).
601:
province. After he managed to secure the eastern portion of his empire against the Kidarite incursions, Yazdegerd II shifted his focus on Armenia and
1850:
Choksy, Jamsheed K. (2020). "Yazd: a "Good and Noble City" and an "Abode of Worship"". In Durand-Guédy, David; Mottahedeh, Roy; Paul, Jürgen (eds.).
665:
and Armenia. Yazdegerd II's persecutions of non-Zoroastrians generally seem to have been limited, with the aristocracy being the primary target.
2991:
717:) of Armenia. The Armenian rebels tried to appeal to the Romans for help, but to no avail. Meanwhile, another faction of Armenians, led by the
591:
and turned it into a strong border post against the Kidarites. It was sometime during this period that Yazdegerd II created the province of
583:
883:. It may have thus been as a result of the conflict between Iran and its eastern enemies, that resulted in the adoption of the title of
567:, raiding and capturing forts and cities, which resulted in the accumulation of many captives and riches. In 453, he moved his court to
2374:
67:
2103:
454:, personally to Yazdegerd II's camp. In the ensuing negotiations in 440, both empires promised not to build any new fortifications in
2471:
1807:
2379:
2108:
1812:
2981:
756:
were also the subject of persecution under Yazdegerd II; he is said to have issued decrees prohibiting them from observing the
2388:
2264:
2157:
2117:
1861:
1821:
602:
2480:
430:, had since their peace treaty with Iran in 387 agreed that both empires were obligated to cooperate in the defense of the
2431:
2304:
2089:
2036:. Translated by Nosson Dovid Rabinowich. Jerusalem: Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press - Ahavath Torah Institute Moznaim.
2017:
1994:
1885:
1840:
36:
764:
publicly retaliating by flaying two Zoroastrian priests alive, leading in turn to more persecutions against the Jews.
258:
in the east, as well as by his efforts and attempts to strengthen royal centralisation in the bureaucracy by imposing
2356:
2285:
2228:
2209:
2138:
1943:
961:
Yazdegerd II died in 457; he had reportedly not designed a successor and instead—according to the medieval historian
440:
2245:
2167:
Payne, Richard (2016). "The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity".
922:
Sasanians may have sought to symbolically assert their rights over those lands by assuming the Kayanian title of
2986:
2464:
2148:
Payne, Richard (2015b). "The Reinvention of Iran: The Sasanian Empire and the Huns". In Maas, Michael (ed.).
2031:
942:
2256:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
2649:
1935:
1118:, a cadet branch of the imperial Sasanian family that ruled in the East before being supplanted by the
458:
and that the Sasanian Empire would get some payment in order to protect the Caucasus from incursions.
2008:
From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE)
1985:
From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE)
953:
provided the most in the east, undoubtedly to support the Sasanians in their wars on the two fronts.
798:
2457:
2314:
760:
openly, and ordered executions of several Jewish leaders. This resulted in the Jewish community of
1981:
Gadjiev, Murtazali (2020a). "The Chronology of the Arsacid Albanians". In Hoyland, Robert (ed.).
593:
312:
210:
2996:
887:, used by the very same Iranian mythical kings in their war against the Turanians in the East.
2079:
2050:
617:
2971:
2275:
2130:
A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity
2128:
1957:
2081:
The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
549:. The Sasanian efforts were disrupted in the early 5th century by the Kidarites, who forced
773:
hunting, feasting, and having long audience sessions. According to the medieval historians
399:
251:
2449:
1068:. His exact relation with Yazdegerd II is uncertain, he was either a son or nephew of his.
905:(Frēdōn in Middle Persian), who split up his kingdom among his three sons; his eldest son
466:
8:
2976:
2849:
2331:
1921:
2234:
2184:
1931:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
933:
A new design also appeared on the reverse of the Sasanian coins, where the traditional
451:
838:
The reign of Yazdegerd II marks the start of a new inscription on the Sasanian coins;
45:
2384:
2352:
2300:
2281:
2260:
2224:
2205:
2188:
2153:
2134:
2113:
2085:
2037:
2013:
1990:
1953:
1939:
1881:
1857:
1836:
1817:
1115:
1065:
826:
778:
728:
708:
681:
641:
363:
275:
271:
128:
2318:
2238:
1909:
1896:
2176:
2062:
1969:
906:
851:
633:
537:
288:
267:
2869:
2484:
2406:
2344:
2254:
2099:
1929:
1925:
1875:
962:
910:
732:
662:
645:
573:
471:
348:
278:
in 451. Nevertheless, religious freedom was subsequently allowed in the country.
218:
71:
50:
661:
in Mesopotamia. He later shifted his focus towards the Christian aristocracy of
1871:
880:
876:
846:-worshipping majesty, the king"), which displays his fondness of the legendary
657:. Persecutions of Christians first started in 446 with the Christian nobles of
533:
525:
334:
327:
259:
190:
162:
1973:
945:
provided the most mints for Yazdegerd II in the west, whilst the provinces of
2965:
2909:
2769:
2041:
927:
774:
436:
221:
1769:
2809:
2027:
1054:
564:
513:
from Shapur II and his Kushano-Sasanian clients, and eventually Kabul from
494:
427:
404:
149:
2295:
Schindel, Nikolaus (2013). "Sasanian Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
2180:
965:—entrusted the task to the elite. Civil war soon followed; his eldest son
571:
in Abarshahr to face the threat from the Kidarites and left his minister (
2859:
2829:
2679:
2629:
2599:
2579:
2441:
1110:
1009:
966:
872:
856:
843:
786:
721:
700:
578:
550:
455:
443:
against the Romans, which had ultimately little success for either side.
341:
296:
287:("king"), which evidently associates him and the dynasty to the mythical
283:
133:
99:
587:("The Provincial Capitals of Iran"), Yazdegerd II fortified the city of
2929:
2889:
2879:
2819:
2779:
2759:
2749:
2609:
2569:
2549:
2499:
934:
894:
540:. The modern historian Richard Payne states: "Far from the destructive
529:
514:
426:) died, and was succeeded by Yazdegerd II. His western neighbours, the
263:
806:
the soldiers stationed in the region, whose leader held the title of "
2919:
2739:
2639:
2619:
2589:
2539:
2519:
1851:
1119:
1038:, Sasanian prince, who tried to claim the throne by rebelling in 485.
979:
970:
938:
831:
704:
654:
650:
546:
502:
498:
483:
255:
2006:
1983:
597:("Iran, glory of Yazdegerd"), which was in the northern part of the
270:, culminating in a large-scale rebellion led by the military leader
2799:
2659:
2529:
2509:
2424:
2280:. London and New York: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–336.
1114:("king") had already been in use at least 100 years earlier by the
950:
946:
902:
713:
622:
598:
568:
510:
475:
431:
416:
370:
237:
172:
89:
563:
In 450, he launched an expedition into deep Kidarite territory in
2939:
2789:
2729:
2709:
2689:
1072:
1022:
861:
802:
757:
740:
690:
677:
588:
506:
450:, causing Theodosius II to ask for peace and send his commander,
447:
300:
281:
Yazdegerd II was the first Sasanian ruler to assume the title of
157:
137:
1924:(1983). "The political history of Iran under the Sasanians". In
493:), Iran had to deal with nomadic invaders in the east known as "
2719:
2699:
2559:
1041:
999:, an Iranian princess, possibly from the royal Sasanian family.
847:
761:
695:
629:
628:
The policies of Yazdegerd II have been a matter of discussion;
381:
292:
141:
54:
978:, temporarily ruled as regent of the empire from its capital,
605:
to defend the Caucasus with the Romans against the increasing
322:"made", and thus stands for "God-made", comparable to Iranian
2899:
2839:
1456:
1454:
1035:
996:
975:
914:
890:
672:
658:
637:
145:
121:
295:. His death led to a dynastic struggle between his two sons
2479:
2219:
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity".
1691:
1679:
1655:
918:
815:
753:
606:
446:
The Romans were invaded in their southern provinces by the
439:'s unwillingness to continue the payment made Yazdegerd II
408:
233:
227:
1757:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1451:
1099:
Also spelled "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians".
1071:
Unnamed daughter, who married the Caucasian Albanian king
909:
receiving the empire of the West, Rome; the second eldest
797:
In the 440s, Yazdegerd II had a mudbrick defensive system
688:
Yazdegerd II appointed Adhur-Hormizd as the new governor (
1958:"Construction Activities of Kavād I in Caucasian Albania"
1786:
1784:
1359:
1245:
1155:
1153:
58:
2277:
Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia
1565:
1478:
1376:
1374:
1337:
1335:
1286:
1284:
1165:
333:. The name of Yazdegerd is known in other languages as;
1730:
1703:
1582:
1580:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1269:
1182:
1180:
262:
on the non-Zoroastrians within the country, namely the
2221:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
1781:
1631:
1619:
1553:
1524:
1522:
1466:
1398:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1747:
1745:
1667:
1643:
1609:
1607:
1410:
1371:
1347:
1332:
1296:
1281:
1257:
930:" was generally missing from Yazdegerd II's coinage.
303:
for the throne, with the latter emerging victorious.
1577:
1534:
1507:
1490:
1422:
1308:
1177:
225:
26:
1519:
1386:
1320:
1135:
821:
2005:
1982:
1742:
1604:
1592:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1122:and the imperial Sasanians in the mid 4th-century.
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
834:illustration of Yazdegerd II seated on his throne
810:of Chol." According to the New Persian chronicle
236:from 438 to 457. He was the successor and son of
2963:
2202:Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity
2152:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–299.
274:, who was ultimately defeated and killed at the
1877:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
818:in central Iran was refounded by Yazdegerd II.
2223:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256.
2204:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–538.
1192:
311:The name of Yazdegerd is a combination of the
16:Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 438 to 457
2465:
2200:. In Mass, Michael; Di Cosmo, Nicola (eds.).
2198:"Sasanian Iran and its northeastern frontier"
727:On 2 June 451, the Sasanian and rebel forces
640:and hostility towards the aristocracy, while
2351:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–1021.
2252:
2150:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila
2133:. Univ of California Press. pp. 1–320.
1775:
1763:
1460:
2175:(1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 4–41.
1835:. New York: Gorgias Press. pp. 1–406.
1012:, seventeenth shah of the Sasanian Empire (
2472:
2458:
2098:
1559:
1044:, nineteenth shah of the Sasanian Empire (
1025:, eighteenth shah of the Sasanian Empire (
781:, he was known as "Yazdegerd the Gentle" (
44:
2218:
2055:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5
1697:
1275:
1251:
814:("History of Yazd") of 1441, the city of
250:His reign was marked by wars against the
2342:
2329:
2313:
2294:
2071:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 1
2003:
1980:
1790:
1736:
1724:
1685:
1661:
1586:
1159:
1144:
889:
825:
671:
616:
465:
398:
2380:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
2372:
2109:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
2048:
1952:
1894:
1870:
1813:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1805:
1637:
1528:
1416:
1404:
1392:
956:
897:minted during the reign of Yazdegerd II
2964:
2147:
2126:
2061:
1849:
1830:
1673:
1649:
1547:
1513:
1380:
1353:
1341:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1186:
1171:
969:ascended to the throne at the city of
879:enemies, which is demonstrated in the
724:allied themselves with the Sasanians.
394:
2453:
2336:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
2273:
2195:
2166:
1501:
1484:
1445:
1365:
1326:
1263:
2259:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
2026:
1920:
1571:
1239:
461:
214:
27:
2383:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2349:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
2297:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
2112:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2077:
2012:. Gorgias Press. pp. 101–120.
1907:
1816:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1751:
1625:
1613:
1598:
1472:
1227:
612:
13:
2432:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
2366:
913:receiving the empire of the East,
37:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
14:
3008:
2992:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
1989:. Gorgias Press. pp. 29–35.
926:. The traditional titulature of "
792:
1778:, pp. 75–76 (see note 371).
822:Coin mints and imperial ideology
2253:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
2033:The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon
1102:
1077:
1059:
1046:
1027:
1014:
866:
745:
636:sources emphasize his personal
555:
519:
509:). They seized Tokharistan and
497:" and made up of Hephthalites,
488:
421:
242:
2377:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
2106:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1880:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240.
1810:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1808:"Avarayr, Battle of (Awarayr)"
1093:
767:
1:
2982:5th-century Sasanian monarchs
2347:. In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
2345:"Sasanian political ideology"
1129:
854:, who also used the title of
2375:"Yazdegerd II (MP Yazdgird)"
2330:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005).
990:
739:by Yazdegerd II's grandson,
306:
7:
2954:usurpers or rival claimants
2343:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2017).
2299:. Oxford University Press.
2127:Payne, Richard E. (2015a).
1856:. Brill. pp. 217–252.
53:of Yazdegerd II, minted at
10:
3013:
1936:Cambridge University Press
1799:
875:Kayanian rulers and their
2952:
2494:
2438:
2429:
2421:
2400:
2196:Potts, Daniel T. (2018).
2169:Journal of Late Antiquity
1974:10.1163/1573384X-20170202
985:
711:, the supreme commander (
538:Sasanian imperial coinage
186:
178:
168:
156:
127:
117:
109:
105:
95:
85:
77:
66:
43:
34:
23:
2373:Daryaee, Touraj (2018).
2274:Sauer, Eberhard (2017).
1895:Daryaee, Touraj (2000).
1831:Bonner, Michael (2020).
1086:
1003:
680:miniature depicting the
2051:"Ērān-Xwarrah-Yazdgerd"
1853:Cities of Medieval Iran
1833:The Last Empire of Iran
1806:Avdoyan, Levon (2018).
594:Eran-Khwarrah-Yazdegerd
584:Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr
226:
2049:Gyselen, Rika (1998).
898:
835:
684:
625:
479:
412:
2323:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2246:registration required
2181:10.1353/jla.2016.0011
2078:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1968:(2). Brill: 121–131.
1962:Iran and the Caucasus
1914:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1901:Encyclopaedia Iranica
893:
829:
675:
620:
469:
402:
318:- "divine being" and
2987:Shahnameh characters
2239:10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8
1574:, pp. 115, 117.
1368:, pp. 291, 294.
957:Death and succession
291:commemorated in the
266:. This backfired in
254:in the west and the
252:Eastern Roman Empire
2850:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
2315:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
1688:, pp. 836–837.
1664:, pp. 113–114.
1628:, pp. 282–283.
1487:, pp. 192–193.
1475:, pp. 281–282.
1174:, pp. 296–298.
917:; and the youngest
482:Since the reign of
395:War with the Romans
2332:"Sasanian dynasty"
1954:Gadjiev, Murtazali
1700:, pp. 79, 83.
899:
836:
729:clashed at Avarayr
685:
626:
480:
435:The Roman emperor
413:
2959:
2958:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2824:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2489:
2448:
2447:
2439:Succeeded by
2390:978-0-19-866277-8
2266:978-1-84511-645-3
2159:978-1-107-63388-9
2119:978-0-19-866277-8
1908:Daryaee, Touraj.
1863:978-90-04-43433-2
1823:978-0-19-866277-8
1776:Pourshariati 2008
1764:Pourshariati 2008
1461:Pourshariati 2008
1266:, pp. 7, 11.
1254:, pp. 85–87.
1116:Kushano-Sasanians
1066:Caucasian Albania
779:Hamza al-Isfahani
709:Vardan Mamikonian
682:Battle of Avarayr
603:Caucasian Albania
462:War with the Huns
276:Battle of Avarayr
272:Vardan Mamikonian
196:
195:
3004:
2945:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2815:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2770:Bahram VI Chobin
2765:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2487:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2422:Preceded by
2417:
2407:Sasanian dynasty
2398:
2397:
2394:
2362:
2339:
2326:
2310:
2291:
2270:
2249:
2242:
2215:
2192:
2163:
2144:
2123:
2100:Nersessian, Vrej
2095:
2074:
2058:
2045:
2023:
2011:
2000:
1988:
1977:
1949:
1926:Yarshater, Ehsan
1917:
1904:
1891:
1867:
1846:
1827:
1794:
1788:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1123:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1081:
1079:
1063:
1061:
1050:
1048:
1031:
1029:
1018:
1016:
870:
868:
783:Yazdegerd-e Narm
749:
747:
735:, was appointed
613:Religious policy
559:
557:
523:
521:
492:
490:
425:
423:
289:Kayanian dynasty
246:
244:
231:
216:
48:
30:
29:
21:
20:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2878:
2870:Farrukh Hormizd
2868:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2678:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2558:
2548:
2538:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2490:
2485:Sasanian Empire
2478:
2444:
2435:
2427:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2391:
2369:
2367:Further reading
2359:
2307:
2288:
2267:
2243:
2231:
2212:
2160:
2141:
2120:
2092:
2020:
1997:
1946:
1888:
1872:Daryaee, Touraj
1864:
1843:
1824:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1560:Nersessian 2018
1558:
1554:
1546:
1535:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1193:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1076:
1058:
1045:
1026:
1013:
1006:
993:
988:
959:
865:
840:mazdēsn bay kay
824:
795:
770:
744:
733:Vard Mamikonian
676:A 15th-century
615:
574:wuzurg framadar
554:
518:
487:
464:
420:
397:
309:
241:
148:
144:
140:
136:
72:Sasanian Empire
62:
61:between 439-447
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3010:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2786:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2716:
2706:
2696:
2686:
2676:
2666:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2596:
2586:
2576:
2566:
2556:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2357:
2340:
2327:
2311:
2306:978-0199733309
2305:
2292:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2250:
2229:
2216:
2210:
2193:
2164:
2158:
2145:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2096:
2091:978-1610693912
2090:
2075:
2059:
2057:. p. 537.
2046:
2024:
2019:978-1463239886
2018:
2001:
1996:978-1463239886
1995:
1978:
1950:
1944:
1918:
1910:"Yazdegerd II"
1905:
1892:
1887:978-0857716668
1886:
1868:
1862:
1847:
1842:978-1463206161
1841:
1828:
1822:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1754:, p. 248.
1741:
1739:, p. 837.
1729:
1727:, p. 807.
1702:
1698:Rezakhani 2017
1690:
1678:
1676:, p. 225.
1666:
1654:
1652:, p. 118.
1642:
1640:, p. 122.
1630:
1618:
1616:, p. 283.
1603:
1601:, p. 282.
1591:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1533:
1518:
1506:
1504:, p. 193.
1489:
1477:
1465:
1450:
1448:, p. 192.
1421:
1409:
1407:, p. 537.
1397:
1385:
1383:, p. 119.
1370:
1358:
1356:, p. 100.
1346:
1344:, p. 287.
1331:
1319:
1307:
1305:, p. 286.
1295:
1293:, p. 285.
1280:
1276:Rezakhani 2017
1268:
1256:
1252:Rezakhani 2017
1244:
1242:, p. 146.
1232:
1191:
1189:, p. 298.
1176:
1164:
1162:, p. 809.
1149:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1080: 415–440
1069:
1062: 485–510
1052:
1049: 484–488
1039:
1033:
1030: 459–484
1020:
1017: 457–459
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
992:
989:
987:
984:
958:
955:
881:Younger Avesta
869: 459–484
823:
820:
794:
793:Fortifications
791:
769:
766:
748: 488–531
703:to impose the
614:
611:
558: 399–420
534:sigillographic
526:Archaeological
522: 383–388
491: 309–379
463:
460:
424: 420–438
396:
393:
308:
305:
260:Zoroastrianism
245: 420–438
215:𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩
211:Middle Persian
201:(also spelled
194:
193:
191:Zoroastrianism
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
163:House of Sasan
160:
154:
153:
131:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
64:
63:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:𐭩𐭦𐭣𐭪𐭥𐭲𐭩
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3009:
2998:
2997:City founders
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2951:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2910:Yazdegerd III
2907:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2402:Yazdegerd II
2399:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2358:9780190668662
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:"Yazdegerd I"
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2287:9781474401029
2283:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:9781474400305
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2211:9781316146040
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2140:9780520961531
2136:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2104:"Persarmenia"
2101:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2073:. p. 32.
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2028:Gaon, Sherira
2025:
2021:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1945:0-521-20092-X
1941:
1937:
1934:. Cambridge:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:"Mehr-Narseh"
1893:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1793:, p. 32.
1792:
1791:Gadjiev 2020a
1787:
1785:
1777:
1772:
1766:, p. 71.
1765:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1738:
1737:Schindel 2013
1733:
1726:
1725:Shayegan 2017
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1686:Schindel 2013
1682:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1662:Gadjiev 2020b
1658:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1588:
1587:Shahbazi 2005
1583:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1550:, p. 32.
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1516:, p. 46.
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1463:, p. 70.
1462:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1419:, p. 23.
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1329:, p. 18.
1328:
1323:
1317:, p. 45.
1316:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1278:, p. 96.
1277:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1160:Shayegan 2017
1156:
1154:
1146:
1145:Shahbazi 2003
1141:
1139:
1134:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:The title of
1105:
1096:
1092:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1024:
1021:
1011:
1008:
1007:
998:
995:
994:
983:
981:
977:
972:
968:
964:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
928:King of Kings
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
896:
892:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
863:
859:
858:
853:
850:dynasty, the
849:
845:
841:
833:
830:16th-century
828:
819:
817:
813:
812:Tarikh-i Yazd
809:
804:
800:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:Ibn al-Balkhi
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
720:
716:
715:
710:
706:
702:
697:
693:
692:
683:
679:
674:
670:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
624:
619:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:
590:
586:
585:
580:
576:
575:
570:
566:
561:
552:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
485:
477:
473:
468:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
437:Theodosius II
433:
429:
418:
415:In 438, shah
410:
406:
401:
392:
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
346:
343:
339:
336:
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
239:
235:
230:
229:
223:
222:King of Kings
220:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
42:
39:
38:
33:
22:
19:
2972:Yazdegerd II
2810:Ardashir III
2670:Yazdegerd II
2669:
2430:
2413:
2405:
2378:
2348:
2335:
2322:
2296:
2276:
2255:
2220:
2201:
2172:
2168:
2149:
2129:
2107:
2084:. ABC-CLIO.
2080:
2070:
2054:
2032:
2007:
1984:
1965:
1961:
1930:
1913:
1900:
1876:
1852:
1832:
1811:
1771:
1759:
1732:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1638:Gadjiev 2017
1633:
1621:
1594:
1567:
1555:
1529:Avdoyan 2018
1509:
1480:
1468:
1417:Daryaee 2014
1412:
1405:Gyselen 1998
1400:
1393:Daryaee 2000
1388:
1361:
1349:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1167:
1109:
1104:
1095:
1055:Vachagan III
963:al-Tha'alibi
960:
932:
923:
900:
884:
855:
839:
837:
811:
807:
796:
782:
771:
752:
736:
726:
718:
712:
689:
686:
667:
627:
592:
582:
572:
565:Central Asia
562:
541:
495:Iranian Huns
481:
470:5th-century
445:
414:
388:
384:
377:
373:
366:
359:
355:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
319:
316:yazad yazata
315:
310:
282:
280:
249:
206:
202:
199:Yazdegerd II
198:
197:
150:Vachagan III
35:
24:Yazdegerd II
18:
2943:(pretender)
2933:(pretender)
2923:(pretender)
2860:Azarmidokht
2830:Khosrow III
2733:(498/9–531)
2723:(496–498/9)
2680:Hormizd III
2630:Yazdegerd I
2600:Ardashir II
2580:Adur Narseh
2442:Hormizd III
1922:Frye, R. N.
1674:Choksy 2020
1650:Bonner 2020
1548:Hewsen 1987
1514:Payne 2015a
1381:Bonner 2020
1354:Bonner 2020
1342:Payne 2015b
1315:Payne 2015a
1303:Payne 2015b
1291:Payne 2015b
1187:Payne 2015b
1172:Payne 2015b
1064:), king of
1010:Hormizd III
967:Hormizd III
799:constructed
787:Yazdegerd I
768:Personality
722:Vasak Siwni
701:Mihr Narseh
699:attempt of
621:Map of the
579:Mihr Narseh
551:Yazdegerd I
456:Mesopotamia
441:declare war
403:Map of the
345:Yazd(e)gerd
342:New Persian
331:Theoktistos
313:Old Iranian
297:Hormizd III
217:), was the
134:Hormizd III
100:Hormizd III
86:Predecessor
2977:457 deaths
2966:Categories
2930:Bahram VII
2890:Khosrow IV
2880:Hormizd VI
2820:Shahrbaraz
2780:Khosrow II
2760:Khosrow II
2750:Hormizd IV
2610:Shapur III
2570:Hormizd II
2550:Bahram III
2500:Ardashir I
2063:Hewsen, R.
1502:Sauer 2017
1485:Sauer 2017
1446:Sauer 2017
1366:Potts 2018
1327:Payne 2016
1264:Payne 2016
1130:References
935:fire altar
895:Gold dinar
530:numismatic
515:Shapur III
389:Isdigerdes
385:Yazdeijerd
264:Christians
228:shahanshah
68:Shahanshah
2920:Peroz III
2913:(632–651)
2903:(631–632)
2893:(630–636)
2883:(630–632)
2873:(630–631)
2863:(630–631)
2813:(628–630)
2793:(591–596)
2783:(591–628)
2773:(590–591)
2753:(579–590)
2743:(531–579)
2740:Khosrow I
2713:(488–496)
2703:(484–488)
2693:(459–484)
2683:(457–459)
2673:(438–457)
2663:(420–438)
2640:Shapur IV
2633:(399–420)
2623:(388–399)
2620:Bahram IV
2613:(383–388)
2603:(379–383)
2593:(309–379)
2590:Shapur II
2573:(303–309)
2563:(293–303)
2543:(274–293)
2540:Bahram II
2533:(271–274)
2523:(270–271)
2520:Hormizd I
2513:(240–270)
2503:(224–242)
2488:(224–651)
2189:156673274
2067:"Avarayr"
2042:923562173
1572:Gaon 1988
1240:Frye 1983
1120:Kidarites
991:Marriages
980:Ctesiphon
943:Khuzistan
939:Asoristan
852:Kayanians
832:Shahnameh
705:Zurvanite
655:Armenians
547:Abarshahr
503:Chionites
499:Kidarites
484:Shapur II
452:Anatolius
352:Yazdegerd
338:Yazdekert
307:Etymology
256:Kidarites
96:Successor
2800:Kavad II
2660:Bahram V
2530:Bahram I
2510:Shapur I
2436:438–457
2425:Bahram V
2317:(2003).
2102:(2018).
2065:(1987).
2030:(1988).
1956:(2017).
1874:(2014).
1752:Kia 2016
1626:Kia 2016
1614:Kia 2016
1599:Kia 2016
1473:Kia 2016
903:Fereydun
877:Turanian
714:sparapet
678:Armenian
651:Iberians
642:Armenian
623:Caucasus
609:threat.
569:Nishapur
511:Gandhara
476:Kidarite
432:Caucasus
417:Bahram V
411:frontier
387:; Greek
371:Talmudic
364:Armenian
360:Yazdeger
356:Izdegerd
238:Bahram V
219:Sasanian
207:Yazdgird
203:Yazdgerd
187:Religion
173:Bahram V
90:Bahram V
2940:Narsieh
2790:Vistahm
2730:Kavad I
2710:Kavad I
2690:Peroz I
2650:Khosrow
2483:of the
1928:(ed.).
1800:Sources
1228:Daryaee
1073:Aswagen
1023:Peroz I
873:Iranian
862:Peroz I
848:Avestan
808:marzban
803:Derbent
758:Sabbath
741:Kavad I
737:marzban
719:marzban
696:eunuchs
691:marzban
634:Persian
589:Damghan
507:Alkhans
472:drachma
448:Vandals
409:Iranian
374:Izdeger
367:Yazkert
335:Pahlavi
324:Bagkart
301:Peroz I
268:Armenia
182:Sapinud
138:Peroz I
118:Consort
81:438–457
70:of the
51:Drachma
2720:Jamasp
2700:Balash
2560:Narseh
2481:Rulers
2412:
2387:
2355:
2303:
2284:
2263:
2237:
2227:
2208:
2187:
2156:
2137:
2116:
2088:
2040:
2016:
1993:
1942:
1884:
1860:
1839:
1820:
1042:Balash
986:Family
947:Gurgan
842:("The
762:Spahan
663:Iberia
646:Syriac
630:Arabic
599:Gurgan
542:xyonan
532:, and
428:Romans
382:Arabic
358:, and
349:Syriac
320:-karta
293:Avesta
179:Mother
169:Father
142:Balash
55:Gurgan
2900:Boran
2853:(630)
2843:(630)
2840:Boran
2833:(630)
2823:(630)
2803:(628)
2763:(590)
2653:(420)
2643:(420)
2583:(309)
2553:(293)
2414:Died:
2235:JSTOR
2185:S2CID
1087:Notes
1036:Zarer
1004:Issue
997:Denag
976:Denag
915:Turan
844:Mazda
659:Karkh
638:piety
478:ruler
474:of a
405:Roman
378:Azger
328:Greek
232:) of
158:House
146:Zarer
129:Issue
122:Denag
78:Reign
2385:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2206:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2038:OCLC
2014:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1818:ISBN
951:Marw
949:and
941:and
919:Iraj
907:Salm
816:Yazd
777:and
754:Jews
653:and
644:and
632:and
505:and
376:and
326:and
299:and
234:Iran
205:and
110:Died
2416:457
2177:doi
1970:doi
1111:kay
971:Ray
924:kay
911:Tur
885:kay
857:kay
801:at
750:).
607:Hun
524:).
284:kay
247:).
152:(?)
113:457
59:Qom
57:or
2968::
2334:.
2321:.
2233:.
2183:.
2171:.
2069:.
2053:.
1966:21
1964:.
1960:.
1938:.
1912:.
1899:.
1783:^
1744:^
1705:^
1606:^
1579:^
1536:^
1521:^
1492:^
1453:^
1424:^
1373:^
1334:^
1283:^
1194:^
1179:^
1152:^
1137:^
1082:).
1078:r.
1060:r.
1051:).
1047:r.
1032:).
1028:r.
1019:).
1015:r.
982:.
867:r.
746:r.
577:)
556:r.
528:,
520:r.
501:,
489:r.
422:r.
391:.
380:;
369:;
362:;
354:,
347:;
340:;
243:r.
213::
209:;
2473:e
2466:t
2459:v
2393:.
2361:.
2338:.
2325:.
2309:.
2290:.
2269:.
2248:)
2244:(
2241:.
2214:.
2191:.
2179::
2173:9
2162:.
2143:.
2122:.
2094:.
2044:.
2022:.
1999:.
1976:.
1972::
1948:.
1916:.
1903:.
1890:.
1866:.
1845:.
1826:.
1589:.
1562:.
1531:.
1395:.
1230:.
1147:.
1075:(
1057:(
864:(
743:(
553:(
517:(
486:(
419:(
407:-
240:(
224:(
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