Peroz I - Knowledge

1217: 951: 1065: 1433: 493: 777: 1679:, first used by Peroz's father Yazdegerd II, was due to a shift in the political perspective of the Sasanian Empire. Originally disposed towards the west, this now changed to the east. This shift, which had already started under Yazdegerd I and Bahram V, reached its zenith under Peroz I and his father. It may have been triggered by the aggression of the tribes on the eastern frontier. The war against the Hunnic tribes may have awakened the mythical rivalry existing between the Iranian Kayanian rulers and their Turanian enemies, which is demonstrated in the 692: 920:, the ruler of Kadag in eastern Tokharistan. With their help, he finally vanquished the Kidarites in 466, and brought Tokharistan briefly under Sasanian control, issuing gold coins at Balkh. The style of the gold coin was largely based on the Kidarite coins, and displayed Peroz wearing his second crown. The legend of the coin displayed his name and title in Bactrian. The following year (467), an Iranian embassy journeyed to Constantinople, where the victory over the Kidarites was announced. An Iranian embassy sent to the 867: 46: 1636: 1253:

loose wood, and positioning his forces behind it. Charging at Akhshunwar's forces, Peroz and his army fell into the trench, where they were killed. Their bodies were not recovered by the Iranians. The Iranian dead included many distinguished aristocrats, including four of Peroz's sons or brothers. The site of the battle is uncertain; according to the modern historian Klaus Schippmann, it took place in present-day Afghanistan, possibly near Balkh.

4655: 1727:, received the heartland of the empire, Iran. Influenced by these tales of the Kayanians, the Sasanians may have believed themselves to be the heirs of the Fereydun and Iraj, and so possibly considered both the Byzantine domains in west and the eastern domains of the Hephthalites as belonging to Iran. The Sasanians may therefore have been symbolically asserting their rights over these lands by assuming the title of 1233:

of near mutiny. Peroz left his brother Balash in charge of the empire, launching his Hephthalite campaign at the head of a large army in 484. When Akhshunwar learned of Peroz's campaign, he sent his deputy with the following message "You concluded peace with me in writing, under seal, and you promised not to make war against me. We defined common frontiers not to be crossed with hostile intent by either party."

1553:("the city of Peroz" or "Prosperous Peroz") built. However, this is unlikely as the Kingdom of Caucasian Albania had been abolished by Peroz after a suppressing a revolt by Vache II in the mid-460s. The city was seemingly founded by Peroz himself after the removal of the ruling family in Caucasian Albania. Due to its more secure location, it was made the new residence of the Iranian 1190:. Vahan retreated to the mountains once more, close to the Byzantine border. He hoped that the Iranians would not pursue and attack him there, in order to avoid risking a conflict with the Byzantines. However, after a night march, Zarmihr Hazarwuxt attacked the Armenian camp and managed to capture several princesses. Vahan and most of his men withdrew further into the mountains. 1785:. The story begins with Peroz dreaming about a beautiful woman whom he falls in love with. Peroz then sends one of his relatives who is also a close friend, Mihrfiruz from the Mihran family, to find her. Mihrfiruz finds the woman and discovers her to be the daughter of the Mihranid general Ashtad Mihran. Peroz marries her and, at her request, lays the foundations of the city of 1521: 1687: 1044:, to the Hephthalite court in 482 as a hostage until this balance was paid. Payne notes that "The sums involved were modest in comparison with late antique diplomatic subsidies or state revenues. But rumors of a caravan delivering tribute from the Iranian court to the Huns spread across the Iran and the Mediterranean worlds, as far as 656:, and they subsequently ravaged Albania. The two kings negotiated an accord; Vache II would return his mother (Peroz's sister) and daughter to Peroz, while he would receive the 1,000 families he had originally been given by his father as his share of the inheritance. Vache II abdicated in 462, leaving Albania kingless until 485, when 1292:). Due to Peroz's defeat, a law was allegedly made that forbade pursuit of a withdrawing army. His wars against the Hephthalites have been described as "foolhardy" in both contemporary and modern historiography. His defeat and death introduced a period of political, social and religious tumult. The empire reached its lowest ebb: the 1232:

Against the counsel of the aristocracy and the clergy, Peroz prepared in Gurgan for a third campaign against the Hephthalites. Ghazar highlights the opposition amongst his men towards the campaign, stating that the Iranian forces were demoralised at the prospect of facing the Hepthalites to the point

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to Armenia, while another army led by the Sasanian general Mihran, of the Mihranid family, was sent to Iberia. During the summer, an army led by Shapur Mihran, the son of Mihran, inflicted a defeat on a combined Armenian-Iberian army at Akesga, resulting in the death of Sahak II Bagratuni and Vahan's

977:. However, both sources are marred by errors and oversights. According to Pseudo-Joshua, Peroz fought three wars with the Hephthalites, but he only briefly mentions them. Procopius' report, although detailed, has only two wars. Many modern historians agree that he fought the Hephthalites three times. 915:

After some time Kunkhas found about Peroz's deception, and in turn attempted to trick him, by requesting him to send military experts to strengthen his army. When a group of 300 military experts arrived at the court of Kunkhas at Balaam (possibly Balkh), they were either killed or disfigured and sent

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was now a client of the Hephthalites and was compelled to pay tribute; while the nobility and clergy exerted great influence and authority over the nation, being able to act as king-makers. According to Payne, "No other event in the history of the Sasanian dynasty so clearly vitiated the pretensions

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against nomadic attacks from the northern steppes. The Iranians took the major role in this, while the Byzantines contributed roughly 500 pounds (230 kg) of gold at irregular intervals. The Byzantines saw this payment as a contribution to their mutual defense, but the Iranians saw it as tribute

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of the Iranian accounts or the marauding barbarians of the Roman historians, the Hun kingdoms of post-Iranian Central Asia were city-based, tax-raising, ideologically innovative states the kings of kings found themselves hard pressed to unseat." The loss of the Armenian cavalry contingent after the

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of Iran. Since the foundation of the Sasanian Empire, its rulers had demonstrated the sovereignty and power of their realm through collection of tribute, particularly from the Byzantines. Retaliating for Iran's plot with Ardaburius, Leo stopped the payments. Repeated negotiations failed to resolve

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Unlike his father, Peroz did not attempt to convert the Caucasian Albanians and Armenians to Zoroastrianism. Nevertheless, persecutions of Christians and Jews were reported to have occurred during Peroz's reign. While Jewish accounts claim Iranian fanaticism as the reason behind the persecutions,

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and Michael Bonner prefer the Armenian version, with the latter suggesting that the Persian account may yield some authenticity, with Peroz enlisting Hephthalite aid through the Mihranids. Elishe and Ghazar give two slightly different accounts of Peroz's struggle against Hormizd. According to the

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and three hundred men linked together and dragged it in front of his men, while he walked behind the tower, feigning not to have violated his grandfather's peace treaty. Akhshunwar, unwilling to face Peroz directly, had a large trench dug across the battleground, concealing it with shrubbery and

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in 68 AD, thus in 468). He further adds that the Jews may have expected the country to become Jewish now with the coming of the Messiah. According to the modern historian Eberhard Sauer, Sasanian monarchs only persecuted other religions when it was in their urgent political interests to do so.

907:), and/or Yazdegerd II to pay them tribute. Although this did not trouble the Iranian treasury, it was nevertheless humiliating. Yazdegerd II eventually refused to pay tribute, which would later be used as a justification for the war that the Kidarites declared against Peroz in 1079:—were also dissatisfied with Zoroastrian Sasanian rule. In Armenia, Yazdegerd II's policy of integrating the Christian nobility into the bureaucracy by forcing them to convert to Zoroastrianism had resulted in a large-scale rebellion in 451, led by the Armenian military leader 1599:

oly Trinity, the foundation of this holy church was laid in the twentieth ear of King Pero and was completed fifteen years . God will have mercy on whoever worships here. And God will also have mecy on whoever will pray for Bishop Davit‛, the builder of this holy church.

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464. Peroz lacked enough manpower to fight, and therefore asked for financial aid from the Byzantine Empire, which declined. He then offered peace to the king of the Kidarites, Kunkhas, and offered his sister in marriage, but sent a woman of low status instead.

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to the Sasanian Empire. As a reward for his conversion, he was given the viceroyalty of Albania and a daughter of Peroz in marriage. Espousing his pro-Iranian position, he attempted to force his family to convert to Zoroastrianism, including his first wife

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clients of the Sasanians made incursions into Byzantine territory due to suffering from a two-year drought. The Iranian general Qardag Nakoragan, who was stationed at the frontier, quickly pacificed the Tayy raiders and ensured peace with the Byzantines.

1448:. According to al-Tabari, Peroz "displayed just rule and praiseworthy conduct, and showed piety," which according to Schippmann, indicates that he was most likely amenable to the demands of the Zoroastrian clergy. Under Peroz, the Zoroastrian sect of 1667:("King Peroz") are displayed. One of Peroz's seals demonstrates that the traditional titulature was still used, which indicates that coins do not with certainty display the full formal titulature of the Sasanian monarchs. The use of the mythological 1193:

An unexpected turn of events changed the tide of the war: Peroz's death in 484 during his war with the Hephthalites caused the Iranian army to withdraw from Armenia. Peroz's brother and successor, Balash, made peace with Vahan, and appointed him as

1707:, used by the Iranian mythical kings in their war against the Turanians in the east. It is probable that it was during this period that legendary and epic texts were collected by the Sasanians, including the legend of the Iranian hero-king 980:

With the fall of the Kidarites, their former subjects–the Hephthalites, who were based in eastern Tokharistan–took advantage of the power vacuum, extending their rule over all of Tokharistan. Their capital was most likely near the city of

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Pseudo-Joshua, who portrays Peroz in a hostile manner, proposed that Peroz may have been able to escape from the trench, but subsequently either died of hunger in a cleft in a mountain or was killed and eaten by wild animals in a forest.

1186:, where he fortified himself. In 483, Iranian reinforcements arrived under Zarmihr Hazarwuxt, who laid siege to Dvin. Heavily outnumbered, Vahan mounted a surprise attack on the Iranians, defeating them at the Battle of Nerseapate, near 1052:." After this, Akhshunwar minted coins of himself wearing a winged, triple-crescent crown, which was the third crown of Peroz, indicating that the Hephthalite king considered himself to be the legitimate ruler of Iran. Peroz imposed a 707:

had been secretly corresponding with the Iranian court, urging Peroz to attack the Byzantines, with the promise of military support and presumably also intelligence. Ardaburius's letters were intercepted and given to Byzantine emperor

574:) Kirdir-Warahran, is given the honorific titles of "glorious through Hormizd" and "true to Peroz", which seemingly indicates that he shifted his allegiance between the two brothers. According to the contemporary Armenian historians 1748:, with a moon crescent at the front. The second crown is similar to the first, with the exception that crenellations have been extended to the back of the cap. On the third crown, two wings are added, which is a reference to 682:

aristocrats who had been jailed by his father in the aftermath of the Armenian uprising in 451. The previous year (461), Iran suffered from a severe drought, which caused a large-scale famine that would last until 467.

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was now a client of the Hephthalites and was compelled to pay tribute, while the nobility and clergy exerted great influence and authority over the nation, being able to act as king-makers. The magnates—most notably

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Schindel, Nikolaus (2016). "The Coinages of Paradan and Sind in the Context of Kushan and Kushano-Sasanian Numismatics". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).

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by the Iranian magnates, most notably Sukhra and Shapur Mihran. Order was restored under Kavad I, who reformed the empire and defeated the Hephthalites, reconquering Khorasan. Peroz was avenged by his grandson

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in Iberia is a testimony of the growing Sasanian influence there. It was constructed in 478/479 in the southern part of the country, which had fallen under the local control of the Mihranids of Gugark. The

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before him in exchange for his release. Following the advice of his priests, Peroz met Akhshunwar at dawn and pretended to prostrate before him, while in reality he was doing it before the rising sun, i.e.

1611:, whose construction had started in the late 4th-century. Additional fortifications were later made to the wall, possibly as late as the reigns of Kavad I and Khosrow I. The wall, stretching from the 280:

respectively. Before Peroz could quell the unrest there, he was defeated and killed in his third war with the Hephthalites in 484, who seized the main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of

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quickly raised a new army and prevented the Hephthalites from achieving further success. A member of the House of Karen, Sukhra's family claimed descent from the mythological heroes

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evidence demonstrates that the Huns ruled a realm just as refined as that of the Sasanians. They swiftly adopted Iranian imperial symbolism and titulature, such as imitating

476:), follows the exact same spelling as the Middle Persian original. The name Peroz had already been in use by members of the Sasanian family in the 3rd-century, namely by the 1767:

Nikolaus Schindel has suggested that gold coins were generally not used in daily lives, but instead used as a form of donation given to high-ranking Iranian magnates by the

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back to Iran, with the information that Kunkhas did this due to Peroz's false treaty. Around this time, Peroz allied himself with the Hephthalites and other Huns, such as

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in northern Iran, while Peroz fled to the northeastern part of the empire and began raising an army in order to claim the throne for himself. The brothers' mother, queen

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Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd–24th March, 2017

5724: 1216: 1182:. Shapur Mihran restored Sasanian rule in Armenia, but was summoned to the court in Ctesiphon, resulting in Vahan regaining control of over the Armenian capital of 1024:. He was ransomed by Zeno, who helped him restore good relations between the Sasanians and the Hephthalites. According to Procopius, Akhshunwar demanded that Peroz 5751: 1036:

In the late 470s or early 480s, Peroz launched a second campaign, which ended in his defeat and capture once more; he offered to pay thirty mule packs of silver

1107:, Varsken was born a Christian, but when he travelled to the Iranian court in 470, he converted to Zoroastrianism and shifted his allegiance from the Christian 261:, who possibly had previously helped him to gain his throne. He was defeated and captured twice by the Hephthalites and lost his recently acquired possessions. 241:), eventually seizing the throne after a two-year struggle. His reign was marked by war and famine. Early in his reign, he successfully quelled a rebellion in 763:) in 474, who resumed payment to Iran and also ransomed Peroz from captivity by the Hephthalites. Regardless, war almost erupted in the early 480s, when some 612:. The same account is given by Ghazar, with the exception that the Mihranid is named Ashtad Mihran, and was not the tutor, but rather foster father of Peroz. 1171:. The role of Shapur Mihran in command of the army in Iberia implies that Peroz may have recalled his father, Mihran, to participate in his Hephthalite war. 5165: 1604:

Although the basilica was not commissioned by Peroz, the builders of Bolnisi Sioni might have been inspired by the royal constructions of the Sasanians.

547:. According to eastern sources, Peroz was more worthy for the throne than Hormizd, who they refer to as "unfair". Only the anonymous source known as the 1285:

and his priests, were captured by Akhshunwar. Perozdukht was married to Akhshunwar, and bore him a daughter, who would later marry Peroz's son Kavad I (

1512:. In 484, shortly before Peroz's death, a council took place in Gundeshapur, where Nestorianism was announced as the official doctrine of the church. 1299:

of , and contemporaries were aghast at the foolhardiness of the king of kings." Taking advantage of the weakened Sasanian authority in the east, the

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McDonough, Scott (2011). "The Legs of the Throne: Kings, Elites, and Subjects in Sasanian Iran". In Arnason, Johann P.; Raaflaub, Kurt A. (eds.).

1347:, which Payne calls "in circumstances too similar to those of Peroz's death for the resemblance to be coincidental." According to the Iranologist 723:. Ardaburius's fate is not known. Leo responded to the Iranian activity by reinforcing his borders with them, which included the fortification of 2689:

According to some sources, Hormizd III was pardoned and spared by his brother; this is most likely a legend and is contradicted by other sources.

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suggested that there may be some truth in the Iranian accounts, and that the Jews may had done it due to anticipating the coming of the

1359:('The Book of Kings') were seemingly based on the Hephthalite wars of Peroz and his successors. Peroz's brother, Balash, was elected as 752:, which had been ceded to Iran as part of a treaty in 363. Tensions continued to increase until the accession of the Byzantine emperor 5848: 4397: 1131:), who had him killed and then revolted against Iran in 482. Almost simultaneously, the Armenians rebelled under the leadership of 5756: 4402: 56: 377:), who reformed the empire and defeated the Hephthalites, reconquering Khorasan. By 560, Peroz had been avenged by his grandson 6358: 1056:

on his subjects to raise the ten mule packs of silver, and secured the release of Kavad before he mounted his third campaign.

938:, Mehama was subsequently promoted to the position of "governor of the famous and prosperous king of kings Peroz". However, a 257:. Simultaneously, Iran was suffering from a seven-year famine. He soon clashed with the former subjects of the Kidarites, the 5765: 5740: 5710: 5644: 5623: 5510: 5481: 5460: 5422: 5395: 5362: 5315: 5280: 5252: 5225: 5198: 5177: 5125: 5106: 5085: 5062: 4982: 4961: 4905: 4883: 4854: 4757: 4735: 4713: 4645: 4617: 4590: 4563: 4536: 4501: 4474: 4442: 4411: 1545: 341:. His defeat and death introduced a period of political, social and religious tumult. The empire reached its lowest ebb; the 5857: 1020:. In order to halt the Hephthalite expansion, Peroz attacked them in 474, but was ambushed and captured near the border of 626: 6368: 5808: 4935: 1087:, the impact of the rebellion was still felt, and tensions continued to grow. Meanwhile, in Iberia, Peroz had favoured 593:

This version, however, has been called "legendary" and "somewhat fanciful" by modern historians. The modern historians

36: 934:. They were eventually conquered by the Alkhans in Gandhara, and by the Hephthalites in Sogdia. According to Bactrian 5035: 5006: 4793: 5603: 5559: 5502:

The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature

4388: 562:, along with some of their local vassals, such as the Hephthalites. According to three contemporary letters in the 5135:

Payne, Richard (2016). "The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity".

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Peroz's war with the Hephthalites is reported by two contemporary sources—the account of the Byzantine historian

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Payne, Richard (2015b). "The Reinvention of Iran: The Sasanian Empire and the Huns". In Maas, Michael (ed.).

950: 5670: 4745: 590:, while later Persian sources instead report that Peroz fled to the Hephthalites and enlisted their help. 554:

Both brothers seemingly attempted to gain the support of the powers of the neighbouring eastern region of

515:) died in 457, he had reportedly not designed a successor and instead—according to the medieval historian 5523:(1961). "Introduction to Christian Caucasian History: II: States and Dynasties of the Formative Period". 652:, and with their aid attacked the Iranian army. Peroz responded by allowing the Huns to pass through the 337:

Peroz's wars against the Hephthalites have been described as "foolhardy" in both contemporary and modern

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Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran

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History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750

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Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). "Justinian's First Persian War and the Eternal Peace".

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Alram, Michael (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush".

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This conflict between Iran and its eastern enemies may have resulted in the adoption of the title of

1314: 974: 311: 1619:, was the largest of its time, and the biggest Iranian investment in military infrastructure in the 551:

describes Hormizd as the "braver and better", while describing Peroz as "more learned in religion".

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ruler, with the obverse showing a close imitation of the coinage of Peroz I wearing his third crown

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Peroz is included in a legendary romantic story narrated by the 13th-century Iranian historian

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followed in Tokharistan, which allowed Mehama to gain autonomy, or possibly even independence.

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A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity

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Coins, Art, and Chronology: Essays on the pre-Islamic history of the Indo-Iranian borderlands

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The silver drachms can to this day still be found in thousands in the markets of Afghanistan.

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The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia

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of Armenia. Peace was likewise made in Iberia, where Vakhtang was able to resume his rule.

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revolt of Armenia in 451 weakened Sasanian efforts to keep their eastern enemies in check.

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Iranian accounts accuse the Jews of abusing the Zoroastrian priests. The modern historian

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in ransom, but could only pay twenty. Unable to raise the rest, he sent his youngest son,

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The Sasanian efforts were disrupted in the early 5th century by the Kidarites, who forced

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen

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Peroz depicted himself with three different crowns on his coins. The first consists of a

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by Peroz's grandfather, Bahram V, was destroyed by Peroz. This event is reported by both

1183: 1104: 634: 492: 644:), took advantage of the tumultuous situation and declared independence. He allowed the 5592: 5584: 5548: 5540: 5487: 5286: 5152: 5023:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(2): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods

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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods

4507: 4448: 4377: 1509: 1351:, some of the Iranian–Turanian battles that are described in the medieval Persian epic 1149: 1075:

Besides Caucasian Albania, the two other Iranian provinces in the Caucasus—Armenia and

997: 735: 709: 481: 331: 5325: 5209: 4654: 738:, both empires had agreed that they were obligated to cooperate in the defense of the 691: 5761: 5736: 5706: 5640: 5619: 5596: 5552: 5506: 5477: 5456: 5418: 5391: 5372: 5358: 5345:

Shayegan, M. Rahim (2013). "Sasanian Political Ideology". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).

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King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE – 651 CE)

5491: 5406: 1549:, Peroz ordered his vassal the Caucasian Albanian king Vache II to have the city of 6348: 5720: 5576: 5532: 5350: 5268: 5240: 5144: 5050: 4923: 4842: 4821: 4547: 4489: 4430: 1712: 1668: 1465: 1266: 1132: 1108: 855: 700: 477: 322:, which indicates that the region was lost around the same period. Albeit a devout 281: 273: 265: 4893: 1000:

was probably a title used by the Hephthalite kings, similar to other contemporary

6246: 5861: 5783: 5728: 5698: 5665: 5634: 5520: 5500: 5471: 5450: 5437: 5410: 5385: 5303: 5213: 5021: 5017: 4873: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4703: 4690: 4686: 4635: 4605: 4578: 4551: 4524: 4464: 1720: 1694: 1640: 1459: 1400: 1348: 1076: 970: 954: 866: 781: 744: 583: 579: 516: 497: 269: 216: 201: 60: 5333: 4771: 4601: 5054: 4846: 4682: 4460: 1782: 1680: 1445: 1163: 1145: 851: 843: 753: 728: 720: 431: 401: 338: 172: 142: 5580: 5536: 5290: 4825: 4434: 6342: 6286: 6146: 5682: 5611: 5299: 1822: 1658: 1579: 1529: 1485: 353: 204: 4878:. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. 82–97. 881:

rule in Tokharistan. He is depicted on the obverse, wearing his second crown

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Schindel, Nikolaus (2013b). "Sasanian Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).

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from Shapur II and his Kushano-Sasanian clients, and eventually Kabul from

816: 657: 653: 603: 566:(the language of Tokharistan), the local ruler of the city of Rob (between 505: 327: 258: 220: 152: 45: 5148: 2698:

Armenian soldiers served the Sasanians again in the 6th and 7th-centuries.

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were now under Hephthalite rule. Peroz's retinue, including his daughter

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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XII/5: Homosexuality III–Human migration II

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Peroz's reign marks the latest possible date for the completion of the

1415: 1304: 1282: 1187: 990: 870: 858:. The modern historian Richard Payne states: "Far from the destructive 847: 832: 301: 296:. Taking advantage of the weakened Sasanian authority in the east, the 130: 4556:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/4: Architecture IV–Armenia and Iran IV

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the issue. The Byzantines also appealed for the return of the city of

606:, who in 459 captured and executed Hormizd, and then crowned Peroz as 6296: 6116: 6016: 5996: 5966: 5916: 5896: 5677: 5417:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 465–466. 5310:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 631–632. 5220:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 136–141. 4875:

The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)

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The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

4834: 4422: 1116:(a daughter of Vardan), whom he eventually killed, which made her a 6176: 6036: 5906: 5886: 5193:. London and New York: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–336. 4949: 4666: 1867: 1708: 1575: 1525: 1452:

was seemingly rejected, although he retained the staunch Zurvanite

1385: 1344: 1325:, which indicates that the region was lost around the same period. 1270: 1197: 1069: 1053: 1021: 897: 878: 828: 785: 739: 528: 285: 4998:

The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II, AD 395–527

4165: 3289: 6316: 6166: 6106: 6086: 5265:

The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion

3396: 2651: 2600: 1760: 1560: 1533: 1489: 1094: 1088: 1041: 1007: 989:

calls War-Waliz. The Hephthalite king is often given the name of

824: 749: 649: 555: 522: 367: 137: 126: 118: 3724: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 1174:

Vahan retreated with the rest of his forces to the mountains in

815:), Iran had to deal with nomadic invaders in the east known as " 719:), who had him removed from office and summoned to the capital, 703:. In the mid-460s, the Byzantines discovered that their general 699:

Early in Peroz's reign, tensions began to rise between Iran and

625:

During the dynastic struggle between Peroz and Hormizd III, the

460:

form (Parthian/Middle Persian) and in the New Persian form. The

230:), he disputed the rule of his elder brother and incumbent king 6096: 6076: 5936: 5818: 5735:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 32. 3357: 3355: 2763: 2624: 2204: 1737: 1568: 1469: 1408: 1337: 1329: 1168: 1117: 1100: 1030: 1015: 982: 931: 917: 793: 789: 668: 667:) was installed on the throne by Peroz's brother and successor 575: 357: 349: 122: 88: 5633:

Zeimal, E. V. (1996). "The Kidarite kingdom in Central Asia".

5334:"ARMENIA AND IRAN iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language" 4429:. Ancient Iran Series. Vol. 12. Brill. pp. 203–233. 4345: 4045: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3796: 3470: 2917: 2915: 543:, temporarily ruled as regent of the empire from its capital, 6276: 6216: 4057: 3661: 3659: 3277: 2889: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2741: 2739: 2220: 1644: 1497: 1399:

in southern Iran, due to its convenient position between the

1341: 1333: 1322: 1318: 1300: 1274: 945: 921: 874: 724: 571: 567: 540: 319: 315: 297: 289: 254: 162: 105: 4260: 4258: 4216: 3930: 3352: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2807: 2805: 1768: 1728: 1702: 1672: 1662: 1652: 1554: 1457: 1436:

14th-century illustration of Peroz I questioning a group of

1419: 1360: 1308: 1293: 1211: 1203: 1195: 1153: 1139: 1092: 607: 520: 361: 342: 305: 208: 195: 5856: 4583:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/6: Baḵtīārī tribe II–Banān

4321: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4141: 4021: 3913: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3760: 3712: 3688: 3632: 3620: 3571: 3569: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3189: 3187: 2912: 2847: 2845: 2843: 1786: 1724: 1278: 1237: 1175: 1167:

brother Vasak, while Vakhtang fled to Byzantine-controlled

1120:. Varsken's policies were unacceptable to the Iberian king 1049: 764: 645: 293: 210: 5733:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/1: Ātaš–Awāʾel al-Maqālāt

4297: 3954: 3877: 3700: 3656: 3542: 3121: 3109: 2817: 2736: 2680:

Also spelled "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians".

1723:

received the empire of the east, Turan; and the youngest,

1651:

On Peroz's coinage the traditional Sasanian titulature of

1587:

of the basilica showed Iranian characteristics, while its

1520: 1444:

Peroz, like all other Sasanian rulers, was an adherent of

930:

The Kidarites continued to rule in Gandhara, and possibly

326:, Peroz supported the newly established Christian sect of 5705:. UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies. pp. 1–236. 5218:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XVI/2: Kassites–Kégl, Sándor

4808:"Construction Activities of Kavād I in Caucasian Albania" 4610:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume X/5: Geography IV–Germany VI

4309: 4255: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3246: 3085: 3034: 2993: 2872: 2802: 2775: 2726: 2724: 1686: 1543:

Peroz was notable for founding many cities. According to

1148:

was defeated and killed by Vahan's forces, who installed

620: 558:

in their struggle. The region was then controlled by the

5375:; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw; Tessmann, Anna (2015). 5371: 5190:

Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia

4333: 4270: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4204: 4111: 4081: 4009: 3997: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3837: 3566: 3460: 3458: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3379: 3367: 3342: 3340: 3325: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3199: 3184: 3162: 3160: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2983: 2981: 2862: 2860: 2840: 2751: 5616:

428 AD: An Ordinary Year at the End of the Roman Empire

4602:"Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts with Iranian Languages" 4194: 4192: 4153: 4117: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3748: 3736: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3145: 3022: 2966: 5473:

ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity

5308:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IX/6: Festivals VIII–Fish

4952:. In Bernheimer, Teresa; Silverstein, Adam J. (eds.). 4177: 3671: 3644: 3554: 3133: 3063: 3061: 2944: 2942: 2721: 686: 531:). Civil war soon followed; Yazdegerd II's eldest son 471: 465: 451: 409: 264:

In 482, revolts broke out in the western provinces of

5078:

The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World

4529:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/8: Alafrank–Alp Arslan

4228: 4129: 4033: 3966: 3942: 3901: 3889: 3784: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3530: 3455: 3425: 3337: 3258: 3234: 3211: 3172: 3157: 3097: 3073: 3046: 3005: 2978: 2954: 2927: 2857: 1352: 1221: 1013: 1005: 419: 4956:. London: The Gibb Memorial Trust. pp. 87–127. 4189: 4093: 4069: 3985: 3808: 3506: 3494: 3408: 3313: 2792: 2790: 1083:. Although the Sasanians defeated the rebels at the 425: 26: 4772:"The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians" 3518: 3482: 3301: 3058: 2939: 985:in eastern Tokharistan, which the medieval scholar 441: 435: 5076:. In Campbell, Brian; Tritle, Lawrence A. (eds.). 4640:. Oxford: Archaeopress Publishing. pp. 7–35. 4572: 4423:"Cities and Mint Centers Founded by the Sasanians" 3778: 3593: 3581: 1395:), the Sasanian monarchs had primarily resided in 1265:The main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of 456:, was introduced into Georgian twice; through its 366:. Order would first be restored under Peroz's son 253:, where he issued gold coins with his likeness at 249:in the east, briefly expanding Sasanian rule into 4667:"Some observations on coins of Peroz and Kavad I" 4634:. In Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (eds.). 2787: 519:—entrusted the task to the elite and the leading 6340: 5172:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 287–301. 5170:Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity 5120:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–299. 5049:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 290–321. 1630: 1567:; Ram Peroz near Ray; and Rowshan Peroz between 1059: 5377:The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism 4944: 4744: 4705:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire 4632:"Numismatic evidence and the date of Kaniska I" 3802: 3476: 1407:plain. Due to the increasing importance of the 1228:illustration of the defeat and death of Peroz I 5639:. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 119–134. 5267:. Vol. 5. Oxbow Books. pp. 123–132. 4752:. Translated by Ward, James. New York: Brill. 1236:A tower erected as a boundary marker near the 602:former, Peroz was aided by his Mihranid tutor 404:name, meaning "victorious". It is attested in 5842: 5697:Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). 5324: 5239:. Oxford University Press. pp. 814–840. 5168:. In Mass, Michael; Di Cosmo, Nicola (eds.). 5166:"Sasanian Iran and its northeastern frontier" 4548:"Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period" 2769: 5448: 5118:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 5101:. Univ of California Press. pp. 1–320. 4871: 4327: 3960: 3883: 3706: 3665: 3115: 2811: 2781: 5080:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–783. 1752:, the god of victory. Peroz and Shapur II ( 1661:") is omitted, and only the two aspects of 1336:and Tus, who had saved Iran after its king 1099:) of the Armeno-Iberian frontier region of 5849: 5835: 5297: 5016:Neusner, Jacob (1983). "Jews in Iran". In 4991: 4351: 2906: 2757: 1504:Peroz supported the new Christian sect of 946:First and second war with the Hephthalites 819:" and made up of Hephthalites, Kidarites, 44: 5566: 5519: 5469: 5338:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4–5 5234: 5071: 5044: 5001:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4898:Histoire de l'Arménie des origines à 1071 4835:"The Chronology of the Arsacid Albanians" 4339: 4315: 4264: 4210: 4063: 4051: 3936: 3858: 3575: 3402: 3390: 3361: 3331: 3295: 3283: 3205: 3193: 3151: 3127: 2851: 2730: 1212:Third war with the Hephthalites and death 771: 5431: 5404: 5344: 5261: 5207: 5143:. Johns Hopkins University Press: 4–41. 4892: 4599: 4573:Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). 4545: 4518: 4459: 4291: 4087: 4027: 3924: 3831: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3694: 3638: 3626: 3028: 2972: 2921: 2834: 2745: 1776: 1685: 1634: 1519: 1492:, who was to arrive 400 years after the 1431: 1215: 1063: 949: 865: 775: 690: 491: 16:5th century Sasanian Empire shah of Iran 5757:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 5355:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.013.0043 5245:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733309.013.0013 5074:"Military and Society in Sasanian Iran" 5015: 4832: 4802: 4722: 4701: 4681: 4403:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 4395: 4159: 4147: 4123: 4099: 4003: 3682: 3650: 3560: 3524: 3079: 2933: 877:in 466, shortly after he put an end to 6341: 5632: 5610: 5115: 5094: 4922: 4661: 4483: 4420: 4303: 4249: 4237: 4183: 4112:Stausberg, Vevaina & Tessmann 2015 4075: 3979: 3948: 3907: 3895: 3614: 3536: 3500: 3464: 3442: 3436: 3346: 3271: 3240: 3228: 3178: 3166: 3103: 3091: 3052: 3040: 3016: 2999: 2987: 2960: 2883: 2866: 621:Revolt in Caucasian Albania and famine 5830: 5531:. Cambridge University Press: 1–106. 5186: 5163: 5134: 4626: 4367: 4135: 4039: 4015: 3991: 3512: 3488: 3419: 3373: 3319: 3307: 3252: 3139: 3067: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2525: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2219: 2217: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1812: 1546:The History of the Country of Albania 736:Byzantine–Iranian peace treaty of 387 582:, Peroz was notably supported by the 535:declared himself king at the city of 5575:. Cambridge University Press: 1–33. 5498: 5455:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. 5442:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 5383: 4954:Late Antiquity: Eastern Perspectives 4766: 4695:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 4222: 4198: 4171: 3864: 3790: 3602: 3587: 3548: 2948: 1559:. Peroz also founded Shahram Peroz ( 1515: 1472:) and the epagomenal from the month 1424:was moved to Ctesiphon after Peroz. 188: 27: 5760:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5347:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran 5237:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran 4970: 4406:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2796: 1427: 1381:destroyed the Hephthalites in 560. 687:Relations with the Byzantine Empire 245:in the west, and put an end to the 13: 5809:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran 5654: 5444:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 4697:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 300:subsequently seized the region of 37:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran 14: 6385: 5387:The Making of the Georgian Nation 4841:. Gorgias Press. pp. 29–35. 1715:received the empire of the west, 1377:), who in collaboration with the 743:which established Byzantium as a 695:Map of the Roman-Iranian frontier 388:), who in collaboration with the 5659: 4653: 1773:, seemingly during festivities. 1508:as the official doctrine of the 1494:destruction of the Second Temple 678:). Peroz also freed some of the 487: 5690: 5505:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 5449:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). 4930:. University of Chicago Press. 4425:. In Faghfoury, Mostafa (ed.). 4361: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2630: 2606: 2210: 2187: 2023: 1873: 1754: 1390: 1372: 1287: 1126: 927:in 468 may have done the same. 902: 891: 837: 810: 758: 714: 673: 662: 639: 510: 383: 372: 236: 225: 5754:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). 5618:. Princeton University Press. 5476:. Edinburgh University Press. 4728:History of the Armenian People 4400:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). 4398:"Avarayr, Battle of (Awarayr)" 3779:Chaumont & Schippmann 1988 2674: 2609: 488–496, 498/9–531 1796: 1290: 488–496, 498/9–531 827:. They seized Tokharistan and 430:). Peroz is transliterated in 392:, destroyed the Hephthalites. 375: 488–496, 498/9–531 1: 6359:5th-century Sasanian monarchs 5379:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2714: 1631:Coinage and imperial ideology 1178:, from where they engaged in 1060:Revolts in Armenia and Iberia 908: 450:transliteration of the name, 5701:. In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). 5470:Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). 5432:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). 5405:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2004). 5390:. Indiana University Press. 5384:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). 4174:, p. 182 (see note 52). 1769: 1729: 1703: 1673: 1663: 1653: 1555: 1468:was reformed; the New Year ( 1458: 1420: 1418:, the main residence of the 1361: 1309: 1294: 1260: 1204: 1196: 1154: 1140: 1093: 1014: 1006: 608: 521: 410: 362: 343: 306: 209: 196: 7: 6331:usurpers or rival claimants 5349:. Oxford University Press. 5208:Schindel, Nikolaus (2013). 5095:Payne, Richard E. (2015a). 4928:Armenia: A Historical Atlas 4900:(in French). Paris: Payot. 4833:Gadjiev, Murtazali (2020). 4671:Klimburg-Salter, Deborah E. 4488:. New York: Gorgias Press. 4427:Ancient Iranian Numismatics 1353: 1222: 1158:. Peroz sent an army under 472: 466: 452: 442: 436: 426: 420: 10: 6390: 5298:Schippmann, Klaus (1999). 5055:10.1002/9781444390186.ch13 5028:Cambridge University Press 4847:10.31826/9781463239893-006 4786:Cambridge University Press 4750:Sogdian Traders: A History 588:Seven Great Houses of Iran 356:—elected Peroz's brother, 219:from 459 to 484. A son of 6369:Monarchs killed in action 6329: 5871: 5815: 5806: 5798: 5777: 5581:10.1017/S0362152900010898 5537:10.1017/S0362152900008473 5499:Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). 5164:Potts, Daniel T. (2018). 5137:Journal of Late Antiquity 5072:McDonough, Scott (2013). 4826:10.1163/1573384X-20170202 4435:10.1163/9789004460720_012 3298:, pp. 102, 121, 127. 2770:Schmitt & Bailey 1986 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2419: 2417: 2351: 2349: 2282: 2280: 2272: 2270: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 1948: 1946: 993:, which according to the 975:Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite 856:Sasanian imperial coinage 168: 158: 148: 136: 112: 98: 94: 84: 74: 66: 55: 43: 34: 23: 5671:History of the Armenians 5187:Sauer, Eberhard (2017). 4746:de la Vaissière, Étienne 4702:Daryaee, Touraj (2014). 4546:Chaumont, M. L. (1986). 4519:Chaumont, M. L. (1985). 4484:Bonner, Michael (2020). 4370:The Numismatic Chronicle 3733:, pp. 219, 221–223. 3405:, pp. 126–127, 137. 3116:Greatrex & Lieu 2002 2667: 1510:Iranian Christian church 1476:were moved to the month 1202:(minister) and later as 615: 4600:Chkeidze, Thea (2001). 4486:The Last Empire of Iran 4421:Badiyi, Bahram (2021). 4396:Avdoyan, Levon (2018). 4225:, pp. 19, 39, 251. 1744:in the middle, and the 1340:had been killed by the 395: 5273:10.2307/j.ctvh1dkb6.17 4946:Howard-Johnston, James 4663:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh 4494:10.31826/9781463240516 3551:, pp. 38, 45, 67. 1698: 1648: 1602: 1540: 1441: 1379:First Turkic Khaganate 1229: 1138:In the same year, the 1135:, a nephew of Vardan. 1072: 962: 882: 801: 772:War with the Kidarites 696: 501: 500:in the mid 5th-century 390:First Turkic Khaganate 5750:Zeini, Arash (2018). 5699:"The Sasanian Empire" 5604:registration required 5560:registration required 5149:10.1353/jla.2016.0011 4971:Kia, Mehrdad (2016). 4839:From Albania to Arrān 4820:(2). Brill: 121–131. 4813:Iran and the Caucasus 4669:. In Alram, Michael; 4389:registration required 1777:In Persian literature 1689: 1638: 1597: 1523: 1435: 1307:. Peroz was the last 1303:seized the region of 1219: 1067: 953: 873:of Peroz I minted at 869: 779: 694: 595:Parvaneh Pourshariati 495: 304:. Peroz was the last 6364:Shahnameh characters 5492:10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8 4950:"Late Sasanian army" 4054:, pp. 134, 146. 3803:Howard-Johnston 2012 3477:de la Vaissière 2005 3286:, pp. 102, 121. 3255:, pp. 291, 294. 1719:; the second eldest 1609:Great Wall of Gorgan 1464:). Under Peroz, the 1328:The Iranian magnate 1129: 447/49–502/22 1046:Sidonius Apollinaris 925:Northern Wei dynasty 504:When Peroz's father 6227:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 5683:History of the Wars 5340:. pp. 445–465. 4993:Martindale, John R. 4354:, pp. 974–975. 4306:, pp. 304–305. 4150:, pp. 122–123. 4066:, pp. 302–303. 4030:, pp. 127–130. 4018:, pp. 280–281. 3939:, pp. 128–129. 3927:, pp. 136–141. 3781:, pp. 574–580. 3721:, pp. 221–223. 3697:, pp. 221–222. 3641:, pp. 216–218. 3629:, pp. 418–438. 3376:, pp. 295–296. 3364:, pp. 127–128. 3094:, pp. 127–128. 3043:, pp. 296–298. 3002:, pp. 126–127. 2924:, pp. 806–810. 2909:, pp. 631–632. 2886:, pp. 124–125. 2837:, pp. 465–466. 2772:, pp. 445–465. 2748:, pp. 486–490. 1805: 1105:Mihranids of Gugark 804:Since the reign of 798:kidara kushana shah 556:Tokharistan/Bactria 5434:"Sasanian dynasty" 5373:Stausberg, Michael 5210:"Kawād I i. Reign" 4804:Gadjiev, Murtazali 4730:. Tolosa: Privat. 3769:, p. 223-224. 1801: 1699: 1649: 1595:, mentions Peroz: 1541: 1442: 1230: 1150:Sahak II Bagratuni 1103:. A member of the 1073: 998:Khodadad Rezakhani 963: 883: 802: 697: 502: 482:Peroz I Kushanshah 424:(Arabicized form: 6336: 6335: 6321: 6311: 6301: 6291: 6281: 6271: 6261: 6251: 6241: 6231: 6221: 6211: 6201: 6191: 6181: 6171: 6161: 6151: 6141: 6131: 6121: 6111: 6101: 6091: 6081: 6071: 6061: 6051: 6041: 6031: 6021: 6011: 6001: 5991: 5981: 5971: 5961: 5951: 5941: 5931: 5921: 5911: 5901: 5891: 5881: 5866: 5825: 5824: 5816:Succeeded by 5767:978-0-19-866277-8 5742:978-0-71009-113-0 5721:Hewsen, Robert H. 5712:978-0-692-86440-1 5646:978-92-3-103211-0 5625:978-0-691-15025-3 5512:978-1-4724-2552-2 5483:978-1-4744-0029-9 5462:978-1-84511-645-3 5424:978-0-933273-79-5 5397:978-0-253-20915-3 5364:978-0-19-973330-9 5317:978-0-933273-34-4 5282:978-1-78570-207-5 5254:978-0-19-973330-9 5227:978-1-934283-39-4 5200:978-1-4744-0101-2 5179:978-1-107-09434-5 5127:978-1-107-63388-9 5108:978-0-520-29245-1 5087:978-0-19-049913-6 5064:978-0-470-65557-3 4984:978-1-61069-391-2 4963:978-0-906094-53-2 4924:Hewsen, Robert H. 4907:978-2-228-13570-2 4885:978-0-415-14687-6 4856:978-1-4632-3988-6 4759:978-90-04-14252-7 4737:978-2-7089-6874-5 4715:978-0-85771-666-8 4647:978-1-78491-855-2 4619:978-0-933273-53-5 4592:978-0-71009-118-5 4565:978-0-71009-104-8 4538:978-0-71009-097-3 4503:978-1-4632-0616-1 4476:978-0-7914-4355-2 4444:978-90-04-46072-0 4413:978-0-19-866277-8 4328:Pourshariati 2008 4252:, pp. 97–98. 4006:, pp. 25–26. 3961:Pourshariati 2008 3884:Pourshariati 2008 3870:Ghazar Parpetsi, 3793:, pp. 23–25. 3707:Pourshariati 2008 3666:Pourshariati 2008 3142:, pp. 7, 11. 3130:, pp. 85–87. 2812:Pourshariati 2008 2782:Pourshariati 2008 2665: 2664: 1828: 1827: 1819: 1818: 1695:Ardashir-Khwarrah 1516:Building projects 1456:as his minister ( 1315:unique gold coins 1180:guerrilla warfare 1160:Zarmihr Hazarwuxt 1085:Battle of Avarayr 1081:Vardan Mamikonian 792:. The legend, in 648:into the city of 631:Caucasian Albania 564:Bactrian language 549:Codex Sprenger 30 464:transliteration, 312:unique gold coins 243:Caucasian Albania 194: 178: 177: 6381: 6322: 6319: 6312: 6309: 6302: 6299: 6292: 6289: 6282: 6279: 6272: 6269: 6262: 6259: 6252: 6249: 6242: 6239: 6232: 6229: 6222: 6219: 6212: 6209: 6202: 6199: 6192: 6189: 6182: 6179: 6172: 6169: 6162: 6159: 6152: 6149: 6147:Bahram VI Chobin 6142: 6139: 6132: 6129: 6122: 6119: 6112: 6109: 6102: 6099: 6092: 6089: 6082: 6079: 6072: 6069: 6062: 6059: 6052: 6049: 6042: 6039: 6032: 6029: 6022: 6019: 6012: 6009: 6002: 5999: 5992: 5989: 5982: 5979: 5972: 5969: 5962: 5959: 5952: 5949: 5942: 5939: 5932: 5929: 5922: 5919: 5912: 5909: 5902: 5899: 5892: 5889: 5882: 5879: 5864: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5799:Preceded by 5794: 5784:Sasanian dynasty 5775: 5774: 5771: 5746: 5729:Yarshater, Ehsan 5716: 5650: 5629: 5607: 5600: 5563: 5556: 5521:Toumanoff, Cyril 5516: 5495: 5466: 5445: 5438:Yarshater, Ehsan 5428: 5411:Yarshater, Ehsan 5401: 5380: 5368: 5341: 5321: 5304:Yarshater, Ehsan 5294: 5258: 5231: 5214:Yarshater, Ehsan 5204: 5183: 5160: 5131: 5112: 5091: 5068: 5041: 5018:Yarshater, Ehsan 5012: 4988: 4967: 4941: 4919: 4889: 4868: 4829: 4799: 4776:Yarshater, Ehsan 4768:Frye, Richard N. 4763: 4741: 4719: 4698: 4691:Yarshater, Ehsan 4678: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4623: 4606:Yarshater, Ehsan 4596: 4579:Yarshater, Ehsan 4569: 4552:Yarshater, Ehsan 4542: 4525:Yarshater, Ehsan 4515: 4480: 4456: 4417: 4392: 4385: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4268: 4262: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3835: 3829: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3669: 3663: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3423: 3417: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2910: 2904: 2887: 2881: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2838: 2832: 2815: 2809: 2800: 2794: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2734: 2728: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2634: 2633: 496–498/9 2632: 2610: 2608: 2214: 2212: 2191: 2189: 2027: 2025: 1877: 1875: 1830: 1829: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1772: 1758: 1756: 1732: 1706: 1678: 1666: 1656: 1558: 1466:Iranian calendar 1463: 1428:Religious policy 1423: 1394: 1392: 1376: 1374: 1364: 1358: 1312: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1227: 1207: 1201: 1157: 1143: 1133:Vahan Mamikonian 1130: 1128: 1109:Iberian monarchy 1098: 1019: 1011: 910: 906: 904: 895: 893: 841: 839: 814: 812: 796:letters, reads: 762: 760: 718: 716: 677: 675: 666: 664: 643: 641: 611: 526: 514: 512: 478:Kushano-Sasanian 475: 469: 455: 445: 439: 429: 423: 413: 387: 385: 376: 374: 365: 346: 309: 274:Vahan Mamikonian 240: 238: 229: 227: 214: 199: 193:romanized: 192: 190: 50:Plate of Peroz I 48: 30: 29: 21: 20: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6325: 6315: 6305: 6295: 6285: 6275: 6265: 6255: 6247:Farrukh Hormizd 6245: 6235: 6225: 6215: 6205: 6195: 6185: 6175: 6165: 6155: 6145: 6135: 6125: 6115: 6105: 6095: 6085: 6075: 6065: 6055: 6045: 6035: 6025: 6015: 6005: 5995: 5985: 5975: 5965: 5955: 5945: 5935: 5925: 5915: 5905: 5895: 5885: 5875: 5867: 5862:Sasanian Empire 5855: 5821: 5812: 5804: 5788: 5787: 5780: 5768: 5749: 5743: 5719: 5713: 5696: 5693: 5666:Ghazar Parpetsi 5662: 5657: 5655:Further reading 5647: 5626: 5601: 5557: 5513: 5484: 5463: 5425: 5398: 5365: 5318: 5283: 5255: 5228: 5201: 5180: 5128: 5109: 5088: 5065: 5038: 5009: 4985: 4964: 4938: 4908: 4886: 4857: 4796: 4760: 4738: 4724:Dédéyan, Gérard 4716: 4683:Daryaee, Touraj 4652: 4648: 4620: 4593: 4566: 4539: 4504: 4477: 4461:Bosworth, C. E. 4445: 4414: 4386: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4352:Martindale 1980 4350: 4346: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4271: 4263: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3838: 3830: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3672: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3463: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3426: 3418: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2913: 2907:Schippmann 1999 2905: 2890: 2882: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2841: 2833: 2818: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2758:Martindale 1980 2756: 2752: 2744: 2737: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2629: 2627: 2605: 2603: 2223: 2209: 2207: 2198: 2186: 2184: 2022: 2020: 1872: 1870: 1799: 1779: 1753: 1740:, a crown with 1633: 1518: 1460:wuzurg framadar 1430: 1401:Iranian plateau 1389: 1371: 1349:Ehsan Yarshater 1286: 1263: 1214: 1125: 1091:, the viceroy ( 1062: 1033:, the sun god. 1004:titles such as 948: 901: 890: 836: 809: 774: 757: 713: 689: 672: 661: 638: 623: 618: 599:Shapur Shahbazi 584:House of Mihran 580:Ghazar Parpetsi 509: 498:Sasanian Empire 490: 398: 382: 371: 235: 224: 129: 125: 121: 103: 61:Sasanian Empire 51: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6387: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6313: 6303: 6293: 6283: 6273: 6263: 6253: 6243: 6233: 6223: 6213: 6203: 6193: 6183: 6173: 6163: 6153: 6143: 6133: 6123: 6113: 6103: 6093: 6083: 6073: 6063: 6053: 6043: 6033: 6023: 6013: 6003: 5993: 5983: 5973: 5963: 5953: 5943: 5933: 5923: 5913: 5903: 5893: 5883: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5854: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5814: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5781: 5778: 5773: 5772: 5766: 5747: 5741: 5717: 5711: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5675: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5630: 5624: 5612:Traina, Giusto 5608: 5564: 5517: 5511: 5496: 5482: 5467: 5461: 5446: 5429: 5423: 5402: 5396: 5381: 5369: 5363: 5342: 5322: 5316: 5295: 5291:j.ctvh1dkb6.17 5281: 5259: 5253: 5232: 5226: 5205: 5199: 5184: 5178: 5161: 5132: 5126: 5113: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5069: 5063: 5042: 5036: 5013: 5007: 4995:, ed. (1980). 4989: 4983: 4968: 4962: 4942: 4937:978-0226332284 4936: 4920: 4906: 4894:Grousset, René 4890: 4884: 4869: 4855: 4830: 4800: 4794: 4764: 4758: 4742: 4736: 4720: 4714: 4708:. I.B.Tauris. 4699: 4679: 4659: 4646: 4624: 4618: 4597: 4591: 4570: 4564: 4543: 4537: 4516: 4502: 4481: 4475: 4463:, ed. (1999). 4457: 4443: 4418: 4412: 4393: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4344: 4340:Toumanoff 1969 4332: 4320: 4318:, p. 827. 4316:Schindel 2013b 4308: 4296: 4294:, p. 807. 4269: 4267:, p. 837. 4265:Schindel 2013b 4254: 4242: 4227: 4215: 4211:Toumanoff 1969 4203: 4201:, p. 251. 4188: 4186:, p. 214. 4176: 4164: 4162:, p. 123. 4152: 4140: 4138:, p. 190. 4128: 4126:, p. 916. 4116: 4114:, p. 131. 4104: 4092: 4090:, p. 110. 4080: 4068: 4064:McDonough 2011 4056: 4052:Rezakhani 2017 4044: 4042:, p. 170. 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3994:, p. 293. 3984: 3982:, p. 288. 3965: 3953: 3951:, p. 138. 3941: 3937:Rezakhani 2017 3929: 3912: 3910:, p. 125. 3900: 3898:, p. 142. 3888: 3876: 3863: 3861:, p. 128. 3859:Rezakhani 2017 3836: 3807: 3805:, p. 103. 3795: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3757:, p. 223. 3747: 3745:, p. 220. 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3685:, p. 193. 3670: 3655: 3653:, p. 192. 3643: 3631: 3619: 3617:, p. 134. 3607: 3592: 3580: 3578:, p. 101. 3576:Toumanoff 1961 3565: 3563:, p. 191. 3553: 3541: 3539:, p. 133. 3529: 3517: 3515:, p. 192. 3505: 3493: 3481: 3479:, p. 111. 3469: 3467:, p. 137. 3454: 3441: 3439:, p. 136. 3424: 3422:, p. 295. 3407: 3403:Rezakhani 2017 3395: 3393:, p. 127. 3391:Rezakhani 2017 3378: 3366: 3362:Rezakhani 2017 3351: 3349:, p. 135. 3336: 3334:, p. 102. 3332:Rezakhani 2017 3324: 3322:, p. 271. 3312: 3300: 3296:Rezakhani 2017 3288: 3284:Rezakhani 2017 3276: 3274:, p. 130. 3257: 3245: 3243:, p. 100. 3233: 3231:, p. 287. 3210: 3208:, p. 613. 3206:McDonough 2013 3198: 3196:, p. 305. 3194:McDonough 2011 3183: 3181:, p. 286. 3171: 3169:, p. 285. 3156: 3152:Rezakhani 2017 3144: 3132: 3128:Rezakhani 2017 3120: 3108: 3106:, p. 128. 3096: 3084: 3072: 3057: 3055:, p. 298. 3045: 3033: 3031:, p. 809. 3021: 3019:, p. 127. 3004: 2992: 2990:, p. 126. 2977: 2975:, p. 112. 2965: 2963:, p. 305. 2953: 2951:, p. 147. 2938: 2926: 2911: 2888: 2871: 2869:, p. 124. 2856: 2854:, p. 121. 2852:Rezakhani 2017 2839: 2816: 2801: 2799:, p. 248. 2786: 2774: 2762: 2760:, p. 860. 2750: 2735: 2731:Rezakhani 2017 2719: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2213: 484–488 2202: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2190: 457–459 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2026: 438–457 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1876: 420–438 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1814: 1798: 1795: 1783:Ibn Isfandiyar 1778: 1775: 1763:historian and 1757: 309–379 1681:Younger Avesta 1632: 1629: 1517: 1514: 1496:(dated by the 1446:Zoroastrianism 1429: 1426: 1393: 271–274 1375: 531–579 1262: 1259: 1213: 1210: 1164:House of Karen 1146:Adhur Gushnasp 1061: 1058: 947: 944: 905: 420–438 894: 399–420 852:sigillographic 844:Archaeological 840: 383–388 813: 309–379 773: 770: 761: 474–491 721:Constantinople 717: 457–474 688: 685: 676: 484–488 665: 485–510 642: 440–462 622: 619: 617: 614: 513: 438–457 489: 486: 458:Middle Iranian 453:Pˊerozh/Pˊeroz 402:Middle Persian 397: 394: 386: 531–579 339:historiography 332:Iranian church 239: 457–459 228: 438–457 185:Middle Persian 176: 175: 173:Zoroastrianism 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 143:House of Sasan 140: 134: 133: 116: 110: 109: 100: 96: 95: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 53: 52: 49: 41: 40: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6386: 6375: 6374:City founders 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6328: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6287:Yazdegerd III 6284: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6214: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5660:Ancient works 5648: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5407:"Hormozd III" 5403: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5330:Bailey, H. W. 5327: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5037:0-521-24693-8 5033: 5029: 5026:. Cambridge: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5008:0-521-20159-4 5004: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4795:0-521-20092-X 4791: 4787: 4784:. Cambridge: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4687:"Mehr-Narseh" 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4353: 4348: 4342:, p. 28. 4341: 4336: 4330:, p. 72. 4329: 4324: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4293: 4292:Shayegan 2013 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4246: 4240:, p. 98. 4239: 4234: 4232: 4224: 4219: 4213:, p. 22. 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4088:Bosworth 1999 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4028:Schindel 2016 4024: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3963:, p. 76. 3962: 3957: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3925:Schindel 2013 3921: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3886:, p. 77. 3885: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3833: 3832:Shahbazi 2005 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3768: 3767:Grousset 1947 3763: 3756: 3755:Grousset 1947 3751: 3744: 3743:Grousset 1947 3739: 3732: 3731:Grousset 1947 3727: 3720: 3719:Grousset 1947 3715: 3709:, p. 75. 3708: 3703: 3696: 3695:Grousset 1947 3691: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3668:, p. 73. 3667: 3662: 3660: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3639:Grousset 1947 3635: 3628: 3627:Chaumont 1986 3623: 3616: 3611: 3605:, p. 23. 3604: 3599: 3597: 3590:, p. 45. 3589: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3509: 3503:, p. 85. 3502: 3497: 3491:, p. 17. 3490: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3451: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3310:, p. 23. 3309: 3304: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3154:, p. 96. 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3118:, p. 49. 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3082:, p. 18. 3081: 3076: 3070:, p. 18. 3069: 3064: 3062: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3029:Shayegan 2013 3025: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3001: 2996: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2974: 2973:Bosworth 1999 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2936:, p. 33. 2935: 2930: 2923: 2922:Chaumont 1985 2918: 2916: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2836: 2835:Shahbazi 2004 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2814:, p. 71. 2813: 2808: 2806: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2784:, p. 70. 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2746:Chkeidze 2001 2742: 2740: 2733:, p. 78. 2732: 2727: 2725: 2720: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2673: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2626: 2602: 2574: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2491: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2454: 2452: 2384: 2382: 2343: 2317: 2315: 2245: 2243: 2222: 2206: 2183: 2157: 2154: 2146: 2144: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2106: 2094: 2092: 2080: 2078: 2053: 2051: 2019: 1981: 1979: 1909: 1907: 1869: 1831: 1824: 1823:King of Kings 1821: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742:crenellations 1739: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1659:King of Kings 1655: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1591:, written in 1590: 1586: 1581: 1580:Bolnisi Sioni 1577: 1572: 1571:and Derbent. 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1539: 1535: 1532:, located in 1531: 1530:Bolnisi Sioni 1527: 1522: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:Jacob Neusner 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1434: 1425: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1369: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244:(d. 896) and 1243: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1225: 1220:15th-century 1218: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1134: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1002:Central Asian 999: 996: 992: 988: 984: 978: 976: 972: 968: 960: 956: 952: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 923: 919: 913: 899: 888: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 807: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 769: 766: 755: 751: 746: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 722: 711: 706: 702: 693: 684: 681: 670: 659: 655: 651: 647: 636: 632: 628: 613: 610: 605: 600: 596: 591: 589: 586:, one of the 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 524: 518: 507: 499: 494: 488:Rise to power 485: 483: 479: 474: 468: 463: 459: 454: 449: 444: 438: 433: 428: 422: 417: 414:, whilst its 412: 407: 403: 400:"Peroz" is a 393: 391: 380: 369: 364: 360:, as the new 359: 355: 354:Shapur Mihran 351: 345: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 233: 222: 218: 213: 212: 206: 205:King of Kings 203: 198: 186: 182: 174: 171: 167: 164: 161: 157: 154: 151: 147: 144: 141: 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 115: 111: 107: 101: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 58: 54: 47: 42: 39: 38: 33: 22: 19: 6187:Ardashir III 6066: 6047:Yazdegerd II 5807: 5790: 5782: 5755: 5732: 5702: 5691:Modern works 5681: 5669: 5635: 5615: 5572: 5568: 5528: 5524: 5501: 5472: 5451: 5441: 5414: 5386: 5376: 5346: 5337: 5307: 5264: 5236: 5217: 5189: 5169: 5140: 5136: 5117: 5097: 5077: 5046: 5022: 4997: 4977:. ABC-CLIO. 4973: 4953: 4927: 4897: 4874: 4838: 4817: 4811: 4780: 4749: 4727: 4704: 4694: 4674: 4636: 4609: 4582: 4555: 4528: 4485: 4465: 4426: 4401: 4373: 4369: 4362:Bibliography 4347: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4245: 4218: 4206: 4179: 4167: 4160:Gadjiev 2017 4155: 4148:Gadjiev 2017 4143: 4131: 4124:Neusner 1983 4119: 4107: 4100:Daryaee 2000 4095: 4083: 4078:, p. 2. 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4011: 4004:Daryaee 2014 3999: 3987: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3866: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3690: 3683:Dédéyan 2007 3651:Dédéyan 2007 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3583: 3561:Dédéyan 2007 3556: 3544: 3532: 3525:Avdoyan 2018 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3444: 3398: 3369: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3279: 3248: 3236: 3201: 3174: 3147: 3135: 3123: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3080:Daryaee 2014 3075: 3048: 3036: 3024: 2995: 2968: 2956: 2934:Gadjiev 2020 2929: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2018:Yazdegerd II 1802: 1780: 1735: 1700: 1693:of Peroz I, 1650: 1643:of Peroz I, 1621:late antique 1606: 1603: 1598: 1593:Old Georgian 1573: 1544: 1542: 1506:Nestorianism 1503: 1482: 1443: 1405:Mesopotamian 1383: 1327: 1264: 1255: 1235: 1231: 1192: 1173: 1144:of Armenia, 1137: 1074: 1035: 979: 964: 957:minted by a 940:power vacuum 929: 914: 884: 859: 817:Iranian Huns 803: 797: 780:5th-century 733: 698: 658:Vachagan III 654:Darial Gorge 624: 604:Raham Mihran 592: 553: 548: 517:al-Tha'alibi 506:Yazdegerd II 503: 399: 336: 328:Nestorianism 263: 259:Hephthalites 221:Yazdegerd II 180: 179: 153:Yazdegerd II 35: 18: 6320:(pretender) 6310:(pretender) 6300:(pretender) 6237:Azarmidokht 6207:Khosrow III 6110:(498/9–531) 6100:(496–498/9) 6057:Hormizd III 6007:Yazdegerd I 5977:Ardashir II 5957:Adur Narseh 5802:Hormizd III 5326:Schmitt, R. 4376:: 261–291. 4304:Curtis 1999 4250:Bonner 2020 4238:Bonner 2020 4184:Badiyi 2021 4076:Payne 2015a 3980:Payne 2015b 3949:Bonner 2020 3908:Traina 2011 3896:Zeimal 1996 3615:Bonner 2020 3537:Bonner 2020 3501:Hewsen 2001 3465:Bonner 2020 3448:Procopius, 3437:Bonner 2020 3347:Bonner 2020 3272:Zeimal 1996 3241:Bonner 2020 3229:Payne 2015b 3179:Payne 2015b 3167:Payne 2015b 3104:Bonner 2020 3092:Bonner 2020 3053:Payne 2015b 3041:Payne 2015b 3017:Bonner 2020 3000:Bonner 2020 2988:Bonner 2020 2961:Curtis 1999 2884:Bonner 2020 2867:Bonner 2020 2182:Hormizd III 1797:Family tree 1765:numismatist 1750:Verethragna 1589:inscription 1585:iconography 1565:Adurbadagan 1454:Mihr-Narseh 1438:Zoroastrian 1416:floodplains 1397:Gundeshapur 1152:as the new 1068:Map of the 995:Iranologist 959:Hephthalite 887:Yazdegerd I 745:subordinate 533:Hormizd III 416:New Persian 324:Zoroastrian 251:Tokharistan 232:Hormizd III 79:Hormizd III 75:Predecessor 6354:484 deaths 6343:Categories 6307:Bahram VII 6267:Khosrow IV 6257:Hormizd VI 6197:Shahrbaraz 6157:Khosrow II 6137:Khosrow II 6127:Hormizd IV 5987:Shapur III 5947:Hormizd II 5927:Bahram III 5877:Ardashir I 4628:Cribb, Joe 4136:Sauer 2017 4040:Sauer 2017 4016:Alram 2014 3992:Sauer 2017 3513:Sauer 2017 3489:Payne 2016 3420:Potts 2018 3374:Potts 2018 3320:Alram 2014 3308:Cribb 2018 3253:Potts 2018 3140:Payne 2016 3068:Payne 2016 2715:References 2643:Perozdukht 2342:Balendukht 1791:Tabaristan 1770:shahanshah 1691:Gold dinar 1654:shahanshah 1421:shahanshah 1362:shahanshah 1321:region of 1310:shahanshah 1305:Zabulistan 1301:Nezak Huns 1295:shahanshah 1283:Perozdukht 1122:Vakhtang I 991:Akhshunwar 936:chronicles 871:Gold dinar 848:numismatic 833:Shapur III 734:Since the 725:Callinicum 705:Ardaburius 609:shahanshah 363:shahanshah 344:shahanshah 318:region of 307:shahanshah 302:Zabulistan 298:Nezak Huns 278:Vakhtang I 211:shahanshah 200:) was the 189:𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰 131:Perozdukht 28:𐭯𐭩𐭫𐭥𐭰 6297:Peroz III 6290:(632–651) 6280:(631–632) 6270:(630–636) 6260:(630–632) 6250:(630–631) 6240:(630–631) 6190:(628–630) 6170:(591–596) 6160:(591–628) 6150:(590–591) 6130:(579–590) 6120:(531–579) 6117:Khosrow I 6090:(488–496) 6080:(484–488) 6070:(459–484) 6060:(457–459) 6050:(438–457) 6040:(420–438) 6017:Shapur IV 6010:(399–420) 6000:(388–399) 5997:Bahram IV 5990:(383–388) 5980:(379–383) 5970:(309–379) 5967:Shapur II 5950:(303–309) 5940:(293–303) 5920:(274–293) 5917:Bahram II 5910:(271–274) 5900:(270–271) 5897:Hormizd I 5890:(240–270) 5880:(224–242) 5865:(224–651) 5725:"Avarayr" 5678:Procopius 5597:151472930 5553:151524770 5157:156673274 4865:234391712 4521:"Albania" 4512:219805346 4453:242624054 4223:Rapp 2014 4199:Rapp 2014 4172:Rapp 2014 3791:Suny 1994 3603:Suny 1994 3588:Rapp 2014 3549:Rapp 2014 2949:Frye 1983 2199:(457–484) 1671:title of 1664:kay Pērōz 1645:Darabgerd 1627:periods. 1617:Pishkamar 1615:coast to 1551:Perozapat 1474:Frawardin 1450:Zurvanism 1413:Euphrates 1368:Khosrow I 1355:Shahnameh 1261:Aftermath 1250:elephants 1246:al-Tabari 1224:Shahnameh 1198:hazarapet 1114:Shushanik 1026:prostrate 987:al-Biruni 967:Procopius 821:Chionites 806:Shapur II 701:Byzantium 560:Kidarites 545:Ctesiphon 529:margraves 379:Khosrow I 272:, led by 247:Kidarites 85:Successor 6177:Kavad II 6037:Bahram V 5907:Bahram I 5887:Shapur I 5813:459–484 5779:Peroz I 5723:(1987). 5614:(2011). 5589:27830864 5569:Traditio 5545:27830424 5525:Traditio 5332:(1986). 4948:(2012). 4926:(2001). 4896:(1947). 4806:(2017). 4770:(1983). 4748:(2005). 4726:(2007). 4685:(2000). 4673:(eds.). 4665:(1999). 4630:(2018). 4382:44710198 2797:Kia 2016 2224:(d. 485) 1868:Bahram V 1761:Austrian 1746:korymbos 1709:Fereydun 1669:Kayanian 1625:medieval 1576:basilica 1556:marzbans 1526:basilica 1403:and the 1386:Bahram I 1345:Afrasiab 1342:Turanian 1313:to mint 1271:Nishapur 1267:Khorasan 1242:Dinawari 1070:Caucasus 1054:poll tax 973:text of 969:and the 898:Bahram V 879:Kidarite 829:Gandhara 786:Kidarite 740:Caucasus 680:Armenian 635:Vache II 629:king of 523:marzbans 462:Armenian 448:Georgian 418:form is 406:Parthian 310:to mint 286:Nishapur 282:Khorasan 202:Sasanian 169:Religion 6349:Peroz I 6317:Narsieh 6167:Vistahm 6107:Kavad I 6087:Kavad I 6067:Peroz I 6027:Khosrow 5860:of the 5752:"Peroz" 5731:(ed.). 5440:(ed.). 5413:(ed.). 5306:(ed.). 5300:"Fīrūz" 5216:(ed.). 5020:(ed.). 4916:3084562 4778:(ed.). 4693:(ed.). 4608:(ed.). 4581:(ed.). 4575:"Balāš" 4554:(ed.). 4527:(ed.). 2652:Sambice 2601:Kavad I 2197:Peroz I 1641:drachma 1639:Silver 1613:Caspian 1561:Ardabil 1538:Georgia 1534:Bolnisi 1490:Messiah 1440:priests 1317:in the 1205:marzban 1162:of the 1155:marzban 1141:marzban 1095:bidaxsh 1089:Varsken 1038:drachms 1008:Ikhshid 955:Drachma 922:Chinese 825:Alkhans 788:ruler, 784:of the 782:drachma 750:Nisibis 650:Derbent 627:Arsacid 446:). The 443:Περόζης 437:Perozes 368:Kavad I 314:in the 266:Armenia 181:Peroz I 127:Sambice 119:Kavad I 70:459–484 59:of the 24:Peroz I 6097:Jamasp 6077:Balash 5937:Narseh 5858:Rulers 5819:Balash 5789: 5764: 5739: 5709: 5643: 5622: 5595: 5587: 5551: 5543: 5509: 5490: 5480: 5459: 5421: 5394: 5361: 5314: 5289: 5279: 5251: 5224: 5197: 5176: 5155: 5124: 5105: 5084: 5061: 5034: 5005: 4981: 4960: 4934: 4914: 4904: 4882: 4863: 4853: 4792: 4756: 4734: 4712: 4644: 4616: 4589: 4562: 4535: 4510: 4500: 4473: 4451: 4441: 4410: 4380: 2625:Jamasp 2205:Balash 1813:Orange 1803:Legend 1738:diadem 1569:Gurgan 1498:rabbis 1470:Nowruz 1409:Tigris 1384:Since 1338:Nowzar 1330:Sukhra 1319:Indian 1169:Lazica 1118:martyr 1101:Gugark 1077:Iberia 1031:Mithra 1022:Gurgan 1016:Afshin 983:Kunduz 971:Syriac 932:Sogdia 918:Mehama 860:xyonan 850:, and 794:Brahmi 790:Kidara 669:Balash 576:Elishe 480:ruler 358:Balash 350:Sukhra 316:Indian 270:Iberia 159:Mother 149:Father 123:Jamasp 89:Balash 6277:Boran 6230:(630) 6220:(630) 6217:Boran 6210:(630) 6200:(630) 6180:(628) 6140:(590) 6030:(420) 6020:(420) 5960:(309) 5930:(293) 5791:Died: 5727:. In 5593:S2CID 5585:JSTOR 5549:S2CID 5541:JSTOR 5488:JSTOR 5436:. In 5409:. In 5302:. In 5287:JSTOR 5212:. In 5153:S2CID 4861:S2CID 4774:. In 4689:. In 4604:. In 4577:. In 4550:. In 4523:. 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