932:
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799:; and some of the exiled khans of the Caucasus, who had either been driven away by the Treaty of Gulistan or had fled to Iran after the treaty. The main stance of the war party was that the Russians had clearly insulted the Iranians and been aggressive towards them. Agha Sayyed Mohammad, who was on his way to meet Fath-Ali Shah, mentioned Fath-Ali Shah's responsibilities "both as Sovereign of Persia, and as the head of the Mohamedian faith" in a letter to Fath-Ali Shah. Agha Sayyed Mohammad also brought up the Russian annexation of Iranian territory and the treatment of Muslims. Furthermore, the war party's interpretation of Russian events was more optimistic than realistic, arguing that Russia was weak overall, especially in the Caucasus due to Yermolov's recent defeats and the Decembrist revolt.
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888:), and ordered him to take control of Ganja. Colonel Iosif Reutt, the Russian commander of Shusha, disarmed the Muslims residing there, and then mounted an effective defense with the aid of the local Armenians. The siege of Shusha dragged on for a long time because Abbas Mirza's artillery was unable to break through. Iosif started negotiating with Abbas Mirza to buy himself some time while he waited for Russian reinforcements.
624:) saw an increased desire on the part of the Russians to increase their presence and influence in the Caucasus, where they had already shown interest since the 1760s. Any infringement of Iran's control over the Caucasus was not something that the Qajar administration could just ignore. Since 1502, Iran had controlled the Caucasus and the Iranians saw it as a natural extension of their country. The war of
729:, the governor of Georgia. The Russian army soon advanced further, capturing Balagh-lu as well. The Iranians knew that these locations might be used as a staging ground for an attack on Erivan, therefore the significance of this went far beyond the sites themselves. Although Yermolov conceded that this was Iranian territory, he defended his action by claiming that Iran was clinging to a large portion of
963:
were in two other units, being escorted by their tutors. But fearing for their safety in the midst of battle, Abbas Mirza gave the tutors the order to evacuate
Jahangir Mirza and Khosrow Mirza. As a result of this maneuver, the center of his army fell apart, leading to his defeat. From this point on,
1087:
Behrooz states that "In this context, the nervous
Iranian reaction was telling and shows how much attitudes toward Russia had changed in Iran." One contemporary Iranian historian states that; "When Crown Prince Abbas Mirza heard of the occurrence, he ordered all the soldiers and the nobles to put on
1079:
religious practices was viewed as having significant symbolic significance. Asef al-Dowleh asked for the help of the local
Islamic scholar Mirza Masih Tehrani, who as a result urged the citizens of the capital to rise up, rescue the concubines, who had probably now converted to Islam, and bring them
883:
While some of his troops were still fighting the
Russians in Talish, Abbas Mirza besieged Shusha on August 6. According to Behrooz, "At this point, a number of blunders spelled catastrophe and defeat." Abbas Mirza rejected the proposal by his maternal uncle Amir Khan Devellu-Qajar to attack Shusha's
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was likely nearing. After the war, the Qajar state would never again face Russia on an equal footing or be treated as an equal by
European countries. The Iranian defeat changed the outlook of Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam on the Russians, as demonstrated in one of his poems, where he regrets the change of
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considers that the start of the war of 1826–1828. In Fath-Ali Shah's court, two factions had developed during the course of building policy toward Russia. One faction advocated for peace with Russia, and the other for war. Both were heavily lobbying Fath-Ali Shah and Abbas Mirza. The first question
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The treaty's territorial arrangements were unclear, for example, in Talish, where it was left up to the mutually appointed administrators to "determine what mountains, rivers, lakes, villages, and fields shall mark the line of frontier." If one of the participants to the treaty felt that the other
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and Abbas Mirza's personal fortune provided the majority of the money needed to pay for this; a minor portion came from the
British, but none from the shah. Russia was able to put pressure on Iran because of the reparations obligation. The treaty also gave Russia an opportunity to get involved in
1003:. Using eight 24-pounder heavy guns and four 4-inch mortars, Paskevich destroyed the stronghold walls of Erivan. Sardar escaped Erivan before it was taken, but other commanders including Hasan Khan Sari Aslan, Hamzeh Khan Anzali and Mahmud Khan Maqsudilu, were taken prisoner and moved to Tiflis.
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to enforce the conditions of the Treaty of
Turkmenchay. He ordered that the Georgian concubines who were held in the harems of the Qajars (including Asef al-Dowleh's) be released into his care. He had done this at the urging of an Armenian eunuch who was himself a prisoner from earlier Iranian
867:
On July 25 and 26, Russian and
Iranian forces started to engage each other at Talish. Between July 28 and 30, the Russian army fought an intense battle against Sardar, who conquered Pambak and Shuregol in northern Erivan. Meanwhile, his brother Hasan Khan Sari Aslan made attacks further north,
1006:
Despite having a 20,000-man army under the command of Asef al-Dowleh, Tabriz (the most rich and populous city in Iran) surrendered without a fight on
October 24, 1827. The city was given to Paskevich by an Islamic scholar. Following the Russian evacuation of Tabriz, Fath-Ali Shah ordered his
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loss was imminent for the
Iranians as this was the war's most important fight. A witness to the Battle of Ganja noted the following; "The action was at first well contested; and had Abbas Mirza possessed the talent of a commander, the Russian power in Georgia would have been at an end."
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Iran was potentially saved from further loss and submission, possibly even from losing all of Azerbaijan or even becoming a Russian vassal, either due to the persistence of the Iranian negotiators with the help of the British or the Russians' desire to quickly make peace since
769:
at hand was what to do if Russia did not stop their occupation of Gokcha and Balagh-lu. The state of the Muslim minority under Russian authority and, lastly, whether and to what extent Russia had been weakened as a result of its internal crises, were secondary concerns.
831:
despite advocating for war; as a result, his men were unprepared for the war and were incapable to meet the approaching challenge. Second, with the support of their previous khans, the Muslim populace rose against Russians, as they had grown tired of being oppressed. In
901:. He was given explicit instructions by Abbas Mirza to collect the Russian weaponry and equipment that had been seized and to wait within the Ganja castle until he was done with Shusha. But when Amir Khan learned of the impending Russian army led by Madatov (10,000
876:. On August 12, Lankaran and Saliyan were conquered by the Iranian forces. During this period, a Russian battalion of 800 soldiers were ambushed and defeated by a force of 35,000 soldiers led by Abbas Mirza. Fath-Ali Shah's camp at Ardabil received 400 heads, while
748:. In 1826, reports of Alexander I's sudden death in late 1825 made it to Iran, but the stories that made it there exaggerated the chaos surrounding the handover of power. As a result, in December 1825, a group of young men, primarily military officers, staged the
1088:
black dress as a sign of mourning, all the bazaars to be closed for three days, and all the people to stop working." To apologize, Fath-Ali Shah dispatched a diplomatic team to Nicholas I. Khosrow Mirza commanded the high-ranking team that reached
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expeditions into the Caucasus. Griboyedov dispatched his Armenian and Georgian assistants to deliver the Georgian concubines to the Russian embassy, relying on a clause in the Treaty of Turkmenchay that called for the trading of prisoners of war.
909:. This led to the Battle of Shamkor on September 16, where Madatov defeated the forces of Amir Khan, who was killed. Mohammad Mirza withdrew to Ganja, which was shortly afterwards abandoned by its defenders, who withdrew to Shusha.
826:
Despite Abbas Mirza's soldiers appearing to be unprepared for a large fight, Iran's entry into the war in the summer of 1826 started out successfully. This was due to two factors. Yermolov was initially embroiled in a struggle in
788:. In general, the peace party feared the capability of the Russian Empire and wanted armed conflict to be avoided at all costs. They were more accustomed to dealing with people from other cultures and knew more about Russia.
955:, who lived in the 12th-century. As was customary, Abbas Mirza assigned three of his sons to accompany various units within his 30,000-man army. Mohammad Mirza was in charge of one unit, while the two underage sons
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principle, even the limits laid forth in the treaty could be changed. This essentially ensured that territorial conflicts would persist after the treaty's authorization. The region between
1059:
Iranian officials paying the Russians the first installment of their war reparations in gold. Before being shipped, Russian officers weigh it on a large scale that hangs from the ceiling.
1007:
execution, and while Abbas Mirza and Fath-Ali Shah watched, Asef al-Dowleh would be publicly whipped for his timidity. On 25 January 1828, the Russians captured and plundered
995:, two fortresses in Nakhichevan, came under siege in July. On July 7, Paskevich defeated Abbas Mirza, who had come to aid them, and both fortresses gave up. September saw the
848:), the stationed Russian troops were either driven out by the rebels or Iranian forces, or withdrew themselves. It is uncertain if rebellions occurred or were suppressed in
549:
or even becoming a Russian vassal, either due to the persistence of the Iranian negotiators with the help of the British or the Russians' desire to quickly make peace since
983:
By 1827, Abbas Mirza was losing the war and he had to shift from attacking to defending. A fourteen-day raid south of the River Aras was carried out by Madatov in January.
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arrived in the Caucasus on September 22 and assumed command of the Russian forces on September 29, thus replacing Yermolov. A member of the Cossack elite from
309:
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gathered. The peace party at Fath-Ali Shah's court was ultimately outmanoeuvred and the final decision was to launch full-scale warfare against the Russians.
2597:
483:. The Iranians were initially successful, catching the Russian forces of Yermolov off-guard. They were aided by local uprisings against Russian garrisons in
595:) decided to reject their rule. It made the decision to look to Russia for defense against Iran after rejecting rule by the Qajars. Since the previous shah
347:
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In early 1825, the northern bank of Lake Gokcha, which the Iranians believed to be a part of their realm, was seized by the Russians under the orders of
362:
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back to their Muslim homes. Three protesters lost their lives in the ensuing fights with the Russian security forces. Mirza Masih Tehrani then issued a
905:, twelve infantry battalions, and twelve artillery pieces) he organized a 5,000-man cavalry force and, with Mohammad Mirza at his side, marched towards
557:
was likely nearing. After the war, the Qajar state would never again face Russia on an equal footing or be treated as an equal by European countries.
884:
fortress, as he knew it would be a prolonged siege. Instead, he entrusted Amir Khan with the care of his eldest son, Mohammad Mirza (later known as
2612:
1942:
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from succeeding to the throne. The rebellion was promptly put down by troops who supported Nicholas. On 8 July, the Russians captured the town of
2731:
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Initiated by Russian expansionist aims and intensified by Iranian resistance, the war witnessed significant military engagements, including the
2809:
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Those who advocated for war were several prominent Islamic scholars led by Agha Sayyed Mohammad Esfahani; Fath-Ali Shah's new chief minister
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1084:, which led to the slaughter of Griboyedov and all but one of the seventy-person personnel of the Russian embassy by an enraged crowd.
2080:
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From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813
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Iran's fortune. He had now acknowledged that it was no longer the Iranians who were the superior force but the Russians.
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The same day, Abbas Mirza marched towards Ganja, leaving a small force to carry on Shusha's siege. On October 13-17, the
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Iranian politics, as the shah now required Russia's acknowledgment of the person he wanted to name as heir apparent.
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606:) had been slain in the Caucasus during a military campaign, this was an important matter for the Qajar dynasty.
2641:
1598:
Bournoutian, George (2016). "Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4".
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1743:
Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914)
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Aktin, Muriel (2018). "The Early Stages of Russo–Iranian Relations". In Matthee, Rudi; Andreeva, Elena (eds.).
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920:, Paskevich embodied the goals of Russian imperialism. He had already proven himself effective throughout the
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872:. Between August 1 and 3, Bash Aparan was recovered by Sardar, who then started fighting the Russians at
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733:. The Russians also constructed a small fort on the frontier with Erivan, which the Qajar crown prince
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as soon as he came to power in 1797. After many years of being subject to Iranian rule, the Christian
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On September 17, Ganja surrendered to Madatov without any opposition. With reinforcements, General
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in an attempt to force political concessions by obstructing Alexander's second younger brother
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44:
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Iran was potentially saved from further loss and submission, possibly even from losing all of
542:(king) now required Russia's acknowledgment of the person he wanted to name as heir apparent.
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2721:
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2410:
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1708:
Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Iran during the reigns of Fath 'Alī Shāh and Muhammad Shāh". In
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soon erupted between the two countries as result of the Russian invasion of the Iranian city
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In the middle of 1825, the fort was attacked by the troops of the Iranian governor of the
8:
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To advise Fath-Ali Shah and formulate a course of action in this matter, the Council of
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Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia
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received 400 POWs (including the commander and 17 officers as well as two cannons).
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regiments in order to battle the Russian reinforcements led by Lieutenant General
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In a letter to Abbas Mirza, Amir Khan demanded additional cannons and five or six
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
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party had "infringed on" territorial possessions claimed in accordance with the
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turned the war decisively in Russia's favor, capturing the important city of
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538:. The treaty also allowed Russia a say in Iranian politics, as the Iranian
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38:
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2259:
2089:
1709:
1513:
819:
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639:. Per the terms of the treaty, Iran conceded to Russia the sultanates of
217:
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Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan
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in 1828, which stripped Iran of its last remaining territories north of
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following a siege and intense bombardment, as well as the fortress of
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1669:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 86–90.
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in the northern Erivan Khanate, deep within Iranian territory. The
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Last major armed conflict between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran
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Russians in Iran: Diplomacy and Power in the Qajar Era and Beyond
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The Iranians ended up losing the war and were forced to sign the
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Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions since 1800
679:. Moreover, Iran also had to abandon its claims over Georgia.
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took place, close to the tomb of the famous Persian poet
1690:
Frontier Fictions: Shaping the Iranian Nation, 1804–1946
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Those who advocated for peace were the foreign minister
1712:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.).
1486:
1418:
1362:
1333:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
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1205:
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Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1471:
1459:
1394:
1379:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1217:
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surrender of the strongly fortified citadel of Erivan
468:, which was fought over territorial disputes in the
2951:
19th-century military history of the Russian Empire
1435:
1063:In 1829, the distinguished Russian poet and author
583:, was embroiled in a conflict with Russia over the
1229:
1580:The Khanate of Erevan Under Qajar Rule: 1795–1828
460:was the last major military conflict between the
331:
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2613:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
1943:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
1667:Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XI/1: Giōni–Golšani
2732:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
2647:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
518:in the Caucasus, which comprised all of modern
2586:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
1787:
1683:
1453:
1067:led a sizable Russian embassy to the capital
1011:, seizing its jewelry that dated back to the
394:
317:
2539:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
2534:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
1614:
1597:
1573:
1199:
1187:
1034:On 2 February 1828, Abbas Mirza signed the
1855:Military history of the Russian Federation
1794:
1780:
1736:
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401:
387:
324:
310:
2105:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
1054:
1022:
966:
930:
813:
704:
2066:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
1936:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
1739:"Russo-Iranian wars 1804-13 and 1826-8"
1549:
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1412:
1373:
1356:
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1312:
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675:, and the northern and central part of
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237:
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2687:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2618:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
2477:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
2455:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
2169:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
1845:Military history of the Russian Empire
1749:
1707:
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1637:
1530:
1480:
1465:
1400:
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1211:
408:
2837:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
2215:Russian colonization of North America
1775:
1507:
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1240:
1108:Roughly corresponding to present-day
818:Portrait of the Iranian crown prince
784:; and the court translator and envoy
697:remained one of the most disputable.
382:
305:
1850:Military history of the Soviet Union
1075:Such a transgression of the law and
868:forcing the Russians to withdraw to
2591:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
13:
2986:19th century in the Russian Empire
2637:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
2003:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
822:, who commanded the Iranian forces
14:
3002:
2976:Wars involving the Russian Empire
2502:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
43:Contemporary illustration of the
2956:Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)
2556:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2349:Russian conquest of Central Asia
2285:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
2081:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
2023:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
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2842:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
2487:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
2428:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
1638:Cronin, Stephanie, ed. (2013).
780:; the head of the royal office
632:and massacre of its residents.
619:
601:
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2961:Khanates of the South Caucasus
2524:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
2174:War of the Austrian Succession
1757:. Cambridge University Press.
1693:. Princeton University Press.
1135:Russo-Iranian War of 1826–1828
1127:
1114:Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
1102:
795:; Abbas Mirza's close advisor
524:Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
458:Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828
248:Amir Khan Devellu-Qajar
1:
2747:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
2625:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
2376:Russian invasion of Manchuria
2366:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2312:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
2307:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
2250:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
2240:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
2205:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
2200:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
2190:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
2180:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
2158:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
2153:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
2130:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
2125:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
2100:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
2076:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
2071:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
2056:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
1931:List of wars involving Russia
1926:Sino-Russian border conflicts
1144:
1049:another war with the Ottomans
579:(king) of Iran's newly found
560:
335:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
290:Mahmud Khan Maqsudilu (
58:8 July 1826 – 2 February 1828
24:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
2702:Eritrean War of Independence
2672:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
2667:East German uprising of 1953
2608:Eastern Front (World War II)
2497:Red Army invasion of Georgia
2492:Red Army invasion of Armenia
2460:Estonian War of Independence
2401:Russian occupation of Tabriz
2322:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
2280:War of the Seventh Coalition
2163:War of the Polish Succession
2110:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
1615:Bournoutian, George (2021).
1018:
987:surrendered in April, while
235:Hasan Khan Sari Aslan (
7:
2926:1820s in the Russian Empire
2742:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
2692:Sino-Soviet border conflict
2561:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2529:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
2465:Latvian War of Independence
2354:Russian conquest of Bukhara
2245:War of the Fourth Coalition
2230:War of the Second Coalition
774:Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi
510:The war concluded with the
10:
3007:
2946:19th century in Azerbaijan
2936:1820s in Georgia (country)
2737:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2275:War of the Sixth Coalition
2265:War of the Fifth Coalition
2235:War of the Third Coalition
1840:Military history of Russia
1802:Armed conflicts involving
1720:Cambridge University Press
1501:
809:
727:Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov
700:
2971:Wars involving Qajar Iran
2850:
2785:
2576:Soviet invasion of Poland
2386:
2270:French invasion of Russia
2138:
2036:
1955:
1881:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
1873:
1830:
1823:
1737:Pourjavady, Reza (2023).
1657:Daniel, Elton L. (2001).
1535:. Yale University Press.
844:and Karabakh (aside from
797:Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam II
709:Map of the Iranian-ruled
609:The reign of the Russian
589:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
420:
343:
277:Hamzeh Khan Anzali (
143:
114:
50:
36:
28:
23:
2717:South African Border War
2642:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
2544:Chechen uprising of 1932
2225:Russo-Persian War (1796)
1095:
1027:Signing ceremony of the
597:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
2941:19th century in Armenia
2359:Khivan campaign of 1873
2210:Russo-Polish War (1792)
1685:Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh
507:in northwestern Iran.
2832:Western Libya campaign
2507:East Karelian uprising
2028:Wagner Group rebellion
1963:Uprising of Bolotnikov
1533:Iran: A Modern History
1531:Amanat, Abbas (2017).
1118:Republic of Azerbaijan
1060:
1031:
980:
944:
823:
722:
651:, and the khanates of
528:Republic of Azerbaijan
144:Commanders and leaders
2827:Intervention in Syria
2762:Tajikistani Civil War
2470:Lithuanian–Soviet War
2411:Battle of Robat Karim
1860:Post-Soviet conflicts
1058:
1036:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1029:Treaty of Turkmenchay
1026:
970:
934:
817:
708:
512:Treaty of Turkmenchay
87:Treaty of Turkmenchay
2991:Nicholas I of Russia
2981:19th century in Iran
2810:Annexation of Crimea
2514:Central Asian Revolt
2423:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2295:Russo-Circassian War
1978:Pugachev's Rebellion
1921:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
1865:Russian Armed Forces
1835:Early modern warfare
1722:. pp. 144–173.
1608:Taylor & Francis
1583:. Mazda Publishers.
1255:, pp. 116, 124.
1065:Alexander Griboyedov
782:Manuchehr Khan Gorji
2966:Wars involving Iran
2906:Invasions by Russia
2870:Sphere of influence
2800:Russo-Ukrainian War
2657:First Indochina War
2630:Soviet–Japanese War
2566:Xinjiang War (1937)
2435:Kazakhstan Campaign
2220:Kościuszko Uprising
2120:Second Northern War
1998:Coup attempt (1991)
1891:Soviet-Finnish wars
1575:Bournoutian, George
1415:, pp. 127–128.
1359:, pp. 126–127.
1279:, pp. 118–119.
886:Mohammad Shah Qajar
786:Mirza Saleh Shirazi
776:; the chief scribe
746:Hossein Khan Sardar
737:protested against.
566:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
227:Hossein Khan Sardar
209:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
106:provinces to Russia
72:Azerbaijan province
2891:Russo-Persian Wars
2860:Russian Revolution
2795:Russo-Georgian War
2777:Second Chechen War
2757:Georgian Civil War
2396:Russo-Japanese War
2148:Great Northern War
2046:Russo-Crimean Wars
2018:Second Chechen War
1916:Russo-Turkish wars
1911:Russo-Swedish wars
1901:Russo-Persian Wars
1886:Russo-Crimean Wars
1516:. pp. 11–23.
1454:Kashani-Sabet 2014
1061:
1032:
981:
945:
824:
723:
637:Treaty of Gulistan
547:Iranian Azerbaijan
412:Russo-Persian Wars
31:Russo-Persian Wars
2921:Conflicts in 1828
2916:Conflicts in 1827
2911:Conflicts in 1826
2901:Invasions of Iran
2878:
2877:
2767:First Chechen War
2722:Soviet–Afghan War
2707:Angolan Civil War
2482:Polish–Soviet War
2440:Finnish Civil War
2418:Russian Civil War
2317:November Uprising
2255:Anglo-Russian War
2195:Bar Confederation
2008:First Chechen War
1988:Russian Civil War
1983:Decembrist revolt
1973:Bulavin Rebellion
1968:Razin's Rebellion
1951:
1950:
1906:Russo-Polish Wars
1874:Lists by opponent
1764:978-0-52158-336-7
1676:978-0-933273-60-3
1659:"Golestān Treaty"
1523:978-1-78673-336-8
1214:, pp. 86–90.
973:Capture of Erivan
750:Decembrist Revolt
481:Capture of Erivan
453:
452:
376:
375:
300:
299:
110:
109:
2998:
2752:Transnistria War
2697:War of Attrition
2603:Continuation War
2552:
2344:January Uprising
2185:Seven Years' War
2085:Time of Troubles
2051:Russo-Kazan Wars
1896:Russo-Kazan Wars
1828:
1827:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1746:
1733:
1704:
1680:
1663:Yarshater, Ehsan
1653:
1634:
1611:
1594:
1570:
1546:
1527:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1200:Bournoutian 1992
1197:
1191:
1188:Bournoutian 2021
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1138:
1133:Also called the
1131:
1125:
1120:and the Turkish
1106:
1090:Saint Petersburg
971:Painting of the
935:Painting of the
924:and against the
899:Valerian Madatov
762:Iranian American
717:to the east and
693:and the city of
623:
622: 1801–1825
621:
605:
604: 1789–1797
603:
574:
573: 1797–1834
572:
415:
413:
403:
396:
389:
380:
379:
338:
336:
326:
319:
312:
303:
302:
294:
289:
281:
276:
270:
261:
254:
247:
239:
234:
225:
216:
207:
199:
198:
188:
187:
179:Valerian Madatov
177:
176:
168:Aleksey Yermolov
166:
165:
155:
154:
136:
126:
125:
52:
51:
41:
21:
20:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2846:
2787:
2781:
2772:War of Dagestan
2546:
2519:August Uprising
2388:
2382:
2371:Boxer Rebellion
2339:Amur Annexation
2140:
2134:
2038:
2032:
2013:War of Dagestan
1993:August Uprising
1947:
1869:
1819:
1800:
1765:
1751:Tapper, Richard
1730:
1701:
1677:
1650:
1631:
1600:Iranian Studies
1591:
1567:
1559:. I.B. Tauris.
1551:Behrooz, Maziar
1543:
1524:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1372:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1164:Pourjavady 2023
1162:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1021:
949:Battle of Ganja
937:Battle of Ganja
922:Napoleonic Wars
812:
778:Neshat Esfahani
703:
618:
600:
593:Eastern Georgia
569:
563:
477:Battle of Ganja
454:
449:
416:
411:
409:
407:
377:
372:
339:
334:
332:
330:
284:
271:
256:
250:
242:
229:
220:
211:
193:
192:
182:
181:
171:
170:
160:
159:
149:
120:
98:Iran cedes its
94:
84:
83:Russian victory
74:
45:Battle of Ganja
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Russian Winter
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Vlora incident
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2445:Sochi conflict
2442:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1705:
1700:978-1850432708
1699:
1681:
1675:
1654:
1649:978-0415624336
1648:
1635:
1630:978-9004445154
1629:
1612:
1595:
1590:978-0939214181
1589:
1571:
1566:978-0755637379
1565:
1547:
1542:978-0300112542
1541:
1528:
1522:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1495:, p. 131.
1485:
1483:, p. 216.
1470:
1468:, p. 213.
1458:
1446:
1434:
1432:, p. 128.
1417:
1405:
1403:, p. 189.
1393:
1391:, p. 211.
1378:
1376:, p. 127.
1361:
1349:
1347:, p. 126.
1332:
1330:, p. 125.
1317:
1315:, p. 124.
1305:
1303:, p. 119.
1293:
1291:, p. 120.
1281:
1269:
1267:, p. 156.
1257:
1245:
1228:
1226:, p. 116.
1216:
1204:
1192:
1190:, p. 233.
1180:
1178:, p. 102.
1168:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1126:
1122:Iğdır Province
1100:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1020:
1017:
957:Jahangir Mirza
953:Nizami Ganjavi
926:Ottoman Empire
914:Ivan Paskevich
811:
808:
793:Asef al-Dowleh
766:Maziar Behrooz
742:Erivan Khanate
711:Erivan Khanate
702:
699:
575:), the second
562:
559:
532:Iğdır Province
501:Ivan Paskevich
470:South Caucasus
462:Russian Empire
451:
450:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
421:
418:
417:
406:
405:
398:
391:
383:
374:
373:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
344:
341:
340:
329:
328:
321:
314:
306:
298:
297:
263:Asef al-Dowleh
201:
190:Ivan Paskevich
146:
145:
141:
140:
130:
128:Russian Empire
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
96:
90:
89:
80:
76:
75:
68:South Caucasus
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3003:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:1820s in Iran
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:1820s in Asia
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2820:2022 invasion
2818:
2816:
2815:War in Donbas
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Ili Rebellion
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:Caucasian War
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1729:0-521-20095-4
1725:
1721:
1718:. Cambridge:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:. Routledge.
1641:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1456:, p. 22.
1455:
1450:
1444:, p. 21.
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1243:, p. 20.
1242:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1202:, p. 21.
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
978:
977:Franz Roubaud
974:
969:
965:
962:
961:Khosrow Mirza
958:
954:
950:
942:
941:Franz Roubaud
938:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:
894:Nezam-e Jadid
889:
887:
881:
879:
875:
871:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
821:
816:
807:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
720:
716:
712:
707:
698:
696:
692:
688:
687:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
616:
612:
607:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:Qajar dynasty
578:
567:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
419:
414:
404:
399:
397:
392:
390:
385:
384:
381:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
337:
327:
322:
320:
315:
313:
308:
307:
304:
295:
288:
282:
275:
269:
264:
260:
255:
253:
246:
240:
233:
228:
224:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
197:
191:
186:
180:
175:
169:
164:
158:
153:
148:
147:
142:
139:
135:
131:
129:
124:
119:
118:
113:
105:
101:
97:
92:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2571:World War II
2306:
2095:Smolensk War
2061:Livonian War
1754:
1742:
1714:
1710:Avery, Peter
1689:
1666:
1639:
1616:
1603:
1599:
1579:
1555:
1532:
1509:
1493:Behrooz 2023
1488:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1430:Behrooz 2023
1413:Behrooz 2023
1408:
1396:
1374:Behrooz 2023
1357:Behrooz 2023
1352:
1345:Behrooz 2023
1328:Behrooz 2023
1313:Behrooz 2023
1308:
1301:Behrooz 2023
1296:
1289:Behrooz 2023
1284:
1277:Behrooz 2023
1272:
1265:Behrooz 2023
1260:
1253:Behrooz 2023
1248:
1224:Behrooz 2023
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1176:Behrooz 2023
1171:
1134:
1129:
1104:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1045:
1033:
1005:
982:
946:
911:
892:
890:
882:
866:
825:
801:
790:
771:
739:
724:
721:to the north
684:
681:
634:
608:
591:(located in
564:
544:
509:
474:
457:
455:
444:
333:
251:
115:Belligerents
82:
29:Part of the
18:
2677:Vietnam War
2547: [
2406:World War I
2327:Crimean War
2260:Finnish War
2176:(1740–1748)
2165:(1733–1738)
2090:Ingrian War
1806:(including
1514:I.B. Tauris
1481:Amanat 2017
1466:Amanat 2017
1401:Amanat 2017
1389:Amanat 2017
1212:Daniel 2001
985:Etchmiadzin
820:Abbas Mirza
758:Bash Aparan
735:Abbas Mirza
719:Bash Aparan
715:Lake Gokcha
691:Lake Gokcha
615:Alexander I
551:another war
218:Abbas Mirza
200:Iosif Reutt
104:Nakhichevan
93:Territorial
2885:Categories
2712:Ogaden War
2662:Korean War
2581:Winter War
2450:Heimosodat
2037:Tsardom of
1610:: 107–124.
1442:Aktin 2018
1241:Aktin 2018
1145:References
1040:Azerbaijan
1001:Sardarabad
975:, made by
939:, made by
804:Soltaniyeh
764:historian
713:, showing
686:status quo
641:Shamshadil
613:(emperor)
561:Background
516:Aras river
466:Qajar Iran
157:Nicholas I
138:Qajar Iran
2332:Åland War
2300:Murid War
2139:18th–19th
1092:in 1829.
1019:Aftermath
989:Abbasabad
928:in 1814.
836:, Ganja,
659:, Ganja,
626:1804–1813
553:with the
445:1826–1828
440:1804–1813
430:1722–1723
425:1651–1653
358:Abbasabad
2865:Cold War
2727:Gulf War
2083:and the
1956:Internal
1812:Imperial
1753:(1997).
1745:. Brill.
1687:(2014).
1577:(1992).
1553:(2023).
903:Cossacks
829:Chechnya
754:Nicholas
731:Karabakh
673:Karabakh
649:Shuragol
585:Caucasus
555:Ottomans
530:and the
472:region.
348:Shamkhor
63:Location
2805:Outline
2788:century
2389:century
2141:century
1824:Related
1808:Tsarist
1665:(ed.).
1502:Sources
1116:in the
1110:Armenia
1013:Safavid
1009:Ardabil
993:Ordubad
979:in 1893
943:in 1887
918:Ukraine
907:Shamkor
862:Georgia
858:Derbent
834:Shirvan
810:The war
701:Prelude
669:Shirvan
657:Derbent
526:in the
520:Armenia
493:Shirvan
363:Oshakan
252:†
95:changes
2115:Deluge
2039:Russia
1818:times)
1816:Soviet
1804:Russia
1761:
1726:
1697:
1673:
1646:
1627:
1587:
1563:
1539:
1520:
1112:, the
1069:Tehran
878:Tabriz
874:Gyumri
870:Tiflis
846:Shusha
842:Shakki
838:Talish
695:Erivan
677:Talish
661:Shakki
645:Qazzaq
536:Turkey
522:, the
505:Tabriz
497:Shakki
485:Talish
368:Erivan
265:
100:Erivan
79:Result
2551:]
1661:. In
1621:Brill
1606:(1).
1096:Notes
1082:fatwa
1015:era.
630:Ganja
489:Ganja
353:Ganja
2786:21st
2387:20th
1814:and
1759:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1077:Shia
991:and
959:and
860:and
854:Baku
850:Quba
665:Quba
653:Baku
611:tsar
577:shah
540:shah
479:and
464:and
456:The
435:1796
102:and
55:Date
534:in
293:POW
280:POW
238:POW
2887::
2549:ru
1810:,
1741:.
1623:.
1619:.
1604:50
1602:.
1512:.
1473:^
1420:^
1381:^
1364:^
1335:^
1320:^
1231:^
1152:^
864:.
856:,
852:,
840:,
744:,
671:,
667:,
663:,
655:,
647:,
643:,
620:r.
602:r.
571:r.
495:,
491:,
487:,
70:,
1795:e
1788:t
1781:v
1767:.
1732:.
1703:.
1679:.
1652:.
1633:.
1593:.
1569:.
1545:.
1526:.
1166:.
1137:.
1124:.
617:(
599:(
568:(
402:e
395:t
388:v
325:e
318:t
311:v
296:)
283:)
241:)
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