122:
153:
275:
25:
317:
297:
Minnesota catlinite is buttery smooth and can be cut with a regular hacksaw or even a knife. It comes out of the ground a pinkish color often with a cream layer protecting it from the hard quartzite. It is weaker and more subject to breaking under stress than Utah pipestone. Most catlinite deposits
309:. Only hand tools are used to reach the catlinite so it takes a long time to get to it. Only enrolled Native Americans are allowed to quarry for the stone at the Pipestone National Monument, and thus it is protected from over-mining. Another quarry is located near
298:
exist beneath the level of groundwater or are in deep enough layers where the soil is constantly moist as the iron compounds which give catlinite its red color quickly convert into iron oxides when exposed to the elements and the stone degrades and breaks down.
332:. Utah pipestone is a by-product of slate mining in Delta, Utah, and several natural deposits have been mined and used for pipemaking by Native Americans in the area for millennia.
393:
defines it as "fine white kind of clay, which forms a ductile paste with water". It is traditionally used for all sorts of polishing and whitening purposes as well as for making
364:
A large range of pipestones exist, not just those in
Minnesota, and numerous Native American tribes use a variety of materials in addition to catlinite for pipemaking.
379:
are different from those where the bowl is carved from solid pipestone and then fitted with a wooden stem (as is the case with
Catlinite pipes).
313:
on the reservation, which the Ojibwa have used for centuries. The stone there is harder than the stone from
Pipestone National Monument.
416:
263:
199:
500:
89:
485:
121:
328:
Utah pipestone has a more variable range of hard and soft forms, since it occurs as layers between deposits of harder
61:
490:
231:
108:
125:
Native
American, Plains (unidentified). Pipe Bowl representing Owl, early 20th century. Catlinite or pipestone, 3
68:
286:
46:
335:
The
Canadian quarry is no longer used, although there are quarries in Canada where another type of pipestone,
75:
227:
219:
495:
42:
57:
469:
463:
390:
359:
336:
35:
431:
389:
In the United
Kingdom, since the 17th century "pipe-clay" has meant a pale, whitish clay. The
383:
223:
8:
413:
310:
282:
259:
82:
347:
191:
184:
161:
432:
Geologic
Formations, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota, National Park Service
420:
306:
278:
215:
207:
195:
146:
464:
Mississippi Valley
Archaeology Center at the University of Wisconsin - La Crosse
152:
203:
479:
255:
262:
who first wrote about the rock in 1832, noting that evidence indicated that
394:
372:
321:
302:
274:
180:
24:
301:
The red catlinite from the
Pipestone, Minnesota quarries is a soft
290:
211:
187:
235:
386:
are social smokers, and use molded clay pipes for this purpose.
266:
had been using the quarries since at least as far back as 1637.
198:. Because it is fine-grained and easily worked, it is prized by
472:
340:
239:
329:
316:
157:
376:
165:
343:
use both the red and black stone for their sacred pipes.
156:
Protohistoric Catlinite pipe, probably late 17th century
470:
Pipestone Artifacts from Upper Mississippi Valley Sites
466:: Describes the process of making pipes from Catlinite
446:
Sigstad, John S. (1970) "A Field Test for Catlinite".
258:
visited the quarries in Minnesota in 1835; but it was
346:
Catlinite is often used to make the hollow tubes in
269:
190:), usually brownish-red in color, which occurs in a
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
218:. Pipestone quarries are located and preserved in
477:
353:
414:Little Feather Interpretive Center, Pipestone.
360:Ceremonial pipe § Pipestone varieties
254:came into use after the American painter
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
315:
305:bed which occurs between layers of hard
273:
151:
120:
478:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
14:
512:
457:
270:Catlinite properties and quarries
23:
34:needs additional citations for
425:
407:
320:High grade red pipestone from
287:Black Hawk State Historic Site
16:Type of metamorphosed mudstone
1:
440:
367:
354:Other varieties of pipestone
7:
501:Pipestone County, Minnesota
228:Pipestone County, Minnesota
220:Pipestone National Monument
10:
517:
357:
281:bowl of catlinite used by
486:Native American sculpture
419:January 15, 2005, at the
391:Oxford English Dictionary
202:, primarily those of the
491:Native American religion
400:
245:
325:
294:
169:
149:
453::3. pp. 377–382.
384:Eastern Band Cherokee
319:
277:
214:or čhaŋnúŋpas in the
155:
145:in. (9.5 × 13.7 cm).
124:
224:Pipestone, Minnesota
206:, for use in making
43:improve this article
448:American Antiquity
348:pipeclay triangles
339:, is gleaned. The
326:
311:Hayward, Wisconsin
295:
260:Philander Prescott
170:
150:
496:Hardstone carving
119:
118:
111:
93:
508:
434:
429:
423:
411:
375:molded from wet
285:, on display at
264:American Indians
208:ceremonial pipes
200:Native Americans
144:
143:
139:
134:
133:
129:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
516:
515:
511:
510:
509:
507:
506:
505:
476:
475:
460:
443:
438:
437:
430:
426:
421:Wayback Machine
412:
408:
403:
370:
362:
356:
307:Sioux Quartzite
279:Ceremonial pipe
272:
248:
232:Pipestone River
216:Lakota language
196:Sioux Quartzite
179:, is a type of
147:Brooklyn Museum
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
514:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
474:
473:
467:
459:
458:External links
456:
455:
454:
442:
439:
436:
435:
424:
405:
404:
402:
399:
369:
366:
358:Main article:
355:
352:
271:
268:
247:
244:
204:Plains nations
175:, also called
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
513:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
481:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
452:
449:
445:
444:
433:
428:
422:
418:
415:
410:
406:
398:
397:and pottery.
396:
395:tobacco pipes
392:
387:
385:
380:
378:
374:
373:Smoking pipes
365:
361:
351:
349:
344:
342:
338:
333:
331:
323:
318:
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
267:
265:
261:
257:
256:George Catlin
253:
243:
241:
237:
233:
230:, and at the
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
185:metamorphosed
182:
178:
174:
167:
163:
159:
154:
148:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
450:
447:
427:
409:
388:
381:
371:
363:
345:
334:
327:
300:
296:
251:
249:
176:
172:
171:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
337:black stone
322:Delta, Utah
210:, known as
160:, from the
58:"Catlinite"
480:Categories
441:References
283:Black Hawk
69:newspapers
368:Pipe clay
303:claystone
252:Catlinite
250:The term
212:chanunpas
181:argillite
177:pipestone
173:Catlinite
162:Wanampito
99:July 2015
417:Archived
291:Illinois
222:outside
188:mudstone
164:site in
236:Ontario
140:⁄
130:⁄
83:scholar
341:Ojibwe
330:slates
240:Canada
192:matrix
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
401:Notes
226:, in
158:Ioway
90:JSTOR
76:books
382:The
377:clay
246:Name
166:Iowa
62:news
289:in
234:in
194:of
135:× 5
45:by
482::
451:35
350:.
242:.
238:,
324:.
293:.
183:(
168:.
142:8
138:3
132:4
128:3
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
