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873:
952:
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693:
784:
604:
1631:(a community of individuals living separately but in close proximity to one another, who come together only on Sundays and feast days, working and praying the rest of the time in solitude, but under the direction of an elder). One normally enters a cenobitic community first, and only after testing and spiritual growth would one go on to the skete or, for the most advanced, become a solitary anchorite. However, one is not necessarily expected to join a skete or become a solitary; most monastics remain in the cenobium the whole of their lives.
998:
2439:
88:
920:
1739:. If a novice chooses to leave during the period of the novitiate, no penalty is incurred. He may also be asked to leave at any time if his behaviour does not conform to the monastic life, or if the superior discerns that he is not called to monasticism. When the abbot or abbess deems the novice ready, he is asked if he wishes to join the monastery. Some, out of humility, will choose to remain novices all their lives. Every stage of the monastic life must be entered into voluntarily.
3181:
1467:
1701:), lit. "one under obedience"— Those wishing to join a monastery begin their lives as novices. After coming to the monastery and living as a guest for not less than three days, the revered abbot or abbess may bless the candidate to become a novice. There is no formal ceremony for the clothing of a novice, he or she simply receives permission to wear the clothing of a novice. In the Eastern monastic tradition, novices may or may not dress in the black
76:
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222:
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ascetics are (almost) completely without possessions. Some Jains (Śvetāmbara monks and nuns) own only unstitched white robes (an upper and lower garment) and a bowl used for eating and collecting alms. Male
Digambara monks do not wear any clothes and carry nothing with them except a soft broom made of shed peacock feathers (pinchi) and eat from their hands. They sleep on the floor without blankets and sit on special wooden platforms.
1057:. However, historically, the roles of the two groups of monks within the monastery differed. The work of the choir monks was considered to be prayer, chanting the hours of the Divine Office, whereas the lay brothers provided for the material needs of the community by growing food, preparing meals, maintaining the monastery and the grounds. This distinction arose historically because generally those monks who could read
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944:. Conversion of life means, generally, that the monk converts himself to the way of a monk, which is death to self and to the world and life to God and to his work. A monk is to be an instrument of God's work. Stability entails that the monk commit himself to the monastery for the remainder of his life, and so, upon death, will be buried at its cemetery. The vow of stability
990:, the man is free to leave the community at any time or the institute can dismiss him. Following the novitiate, which must last at least one canonical year (but not longer than two years) in the community of the novitiate the novice may profess first vows, if he is accepted to do so. After a few years (usually three) the monk makes
1608:. The monastic lifestyle takes a great deal of serious commitment. Within the cenobitic community, all monks conform to a common way of living based on the traditions of that particular monastery. In struggling to attain this conformity, the monastic comes to realize his own shortcomings and is guided by his
2446:
Other austerities include meditation in seated or standing posture near river banks in the cold wind, or meditation atop hills and mountains, especially at noon when the sun is at its fiercest. Such austerities are undertaken according to the physical and mental limits of the individual ascetic. Jain
1208:
in observing the monastic life and offices of prayer. These men and others came and went over the years. The community has always remained small; at times the only member was Father Arthur. During the 35 years of its existence over 25 men tested their vocations to monastic life by living at the house
1921:
or "Many
Crosses", which consists of a cord with a number of small crosses plaited into it. The polystavrion forms a yoke around the monk and serves to hold the analavos in place, and reminds the monastic that he is bound to Christ and that his arms are no longer fit for worldly activities, but that
1634:
In general, Eastern
Orthodox monastics have little or no contact with the outside world, including their own families. The purpose of the monastic life is union with God, the means is through leaving the world (i.e., the life of the passions). After tonsure, Eastern Orthodox monks and nuns are never
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monks have only a single meal a day. Neither group will beg for food, but a Jain ascetic may accept a meal from a householder, provided that the latter is pure of mind and body and offers the food of his own volition and in the prescribed manner. During such an encounter, the monk remains standing
2408:
is the first and foremost vow of a Jain ascetic. They do not hurt any living being, be it an insect or a human. They carry a special broom to sweep away any insects that may cross their path. Some Jain monks wear a cloth over the mouth to prevent accidental harm to airborne germs and insects. They
1361:
was at its height, the
Anglican Communion had hundreds of orders and communities and thousands of religious followers. However, since the 1960s there has been a sharp falling off in the numbers of religious in many parts of the Anglican Communion. Many once large and international communities have
2842:
St. Brigid's oblate group has grown to 16 members since the dedication of the monastery on St. Brigid's feast in 2000. Besides Stamps, it counts another 13 United
Methodists, one Catholic and one Disciples of Christ member. The ages of group members range from 23 to 82. One-third of them are men;
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will perform the service. The abbot or hieromonk who performs a tonsure must be of at least the rank he is tonsuring into. In other words, only a hieromonk who has been tonsured into the Great Schema may himself tonsure a
Schemamonk. A bishop, however, may tonsure into any rank, regardless of his
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in the
Eastern Orthodox Church (with certain slight regional variations), and it is the same for both monks and nuns. Each successive grade is given a portion of the habit, the full habit being worn only by those in the highest grade, known for that reason as the "Great Schema", or "Great Habit".
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As they are without possession and attachment, they travel from city to city, often crossing forests and deserts, and always barefoot. Jain ascetics do not stay in a single place for more than two months to prevent themselves from becoming attached to any location. However, during four months of
2481:
I shall become a
Sramana who owns no house, no property, no sons, no cattle, who eats what others give him; I shall commit no sinful action; Master, I renounce to accept anything that has not been given.' Having taken such vows, (a mendicant) should not, on entering a village or scot-free town,
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A monk or a nun wandering from village to village should look forward for four cubits, and seeing animals they should move on by walking on his toes or heels or the sides of his feet. If there be some bypath, they should choose it, and not go straight on; then they may circumspectly wander from
2721:
The monastery is mentioned for the first time in 1197. It belongs to the group of so-called Lüneklöstern (monasteries of Lüne), which became
Lutheran convents following the Protestant Reformation. It is currently one of several Lutheran convents maintained by the Monastic Chamber of Hanover
1507:, or union with God. However, care for the poor and needy has always been an obligation of monasticism, so not all monasteries are "cloistered". The level of contact will vary from community to community. Hermits, on the other hand, have little or no contact with the outside world.
1209:
for some time, from a few months to many years, but at Father Arthur's death in 1989 only one permanent resident remained. At the beginning of 2006, there was 2 permanent professed members and 2 long-term guests. Strong ties remain with this community and their brothers in Sweden (
1340:
Some
Anglican religious communities are contemplative, some active, but a distinguishing feature of the monastic life among Anglicans is that most practice the so-called "mixed life". Anglican monks recite the Divine Office in choir daily, either the full eight services of the
1757:
made at this point, the candidate is normally required to affirm his commitment to persevere in the monastic life. The abbot will then perform the tonsure, cutting a small amount of hair from four spots on the head, forming a cross. He is then given the outer cassock (Greek:
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and eats only a measured amount. Fasting (i.e., abstinence from food and sometimes water) is a routine feature of Jain asceticism. Fasts last for a day or longer, up to a month. Some monks avoid (or limit) medicine or hospitalization due to their careful attention to body.
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monsoon (rainy season) known as chaturmaas, they continue to stay in a single place to avoid killing the life forms that thrive during the rains. Jain monks and nuns practice complete celibacy. They do not touch or share a sitting platform with a person of opposite sex.
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daily. Many orders take on external works such as service to the poor, giving religious retreats, or other active ministries within their immediate communities. Like Catholic monks, Anglican monks also take the monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
1935:
Eastern Orthodox monks are addressed as "father" even if they are not priests; but when conversing among themselves, monks will often address one another as "Brother". Novices are always referred to as "Brother". Among the Greeks, old monks are often called
2190:
ISKCON started as a predominantly monastic group but nowadays the majority of members live as lay persons. Many of them, however, spent some time as monks. New persons joining ISKCON as full-time members (living in its centers) first undergo a three-month
1480:
2277:, the cycle of birth and rebirth). For this, a soul has to be without attachment or self-indulgence. This can be achieved only by the monks and nuns who take five great vows: of non-violence, of truth, of non-stealing, of non-possession and of celibacy.
1949:
For the Eastern Orthodox, "mother" is the correct term for nuns who have been tonsured Stavrophore or higher. Novices and Rassophores are addressed as "sister". Nuns live identical ascetic lives to their male counterparts and are therefore also called
648:) every day. The local people give food for the monks to eat, though the monks are not permitted to positively ask for anything. The monks live in monasteries, and have an important function in traditional Asian society. Young boys can be ordained as
971:, books etc.), and to live meekly, sharing whatever they might have with the poor. Chastity requires that since they were willing to dedicate their lives to God, they sacrificed the love between men and women and stay either virginal or chaste.
1847:), lit. "Cross-bearer"—The next level for Eastern monastics takes place some years after the first tonsure when the abbot feels the monk has reached an appropriate level of discipline, dedication, and humility. This degree is also known as the
966:
in other religious orders were eventually established as vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. Poverty requires that they renounce any ownership of property or assets, except for items that were allowed to them by their superior (such as a
207:
being present in Catholicism, Lutheranism, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Reformed Christianity (Calvinism), Anglicanism and Methodism. Indian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, also have monastic traditions as well.
1883:. The rasson (outer robe) worn by the Stavrophore is more ample than that worn by the Rassophore. The abbot increases the Stavrophore monk's prayer rule, allows a more strict personal ascetic practice, and gives the monk more responsibility.
1362:
been reduced to a single convent or monastery composed of elderly men or women. In the last few decades of the 20th century, novices have for most communities been few and far between. Some orders and communities have already become extinct.
1989:(deacon-monks). A Schemamonk who is a priest is called a Hieroschemamonk. Most monks are not ordained; a community will normally only present as many candidates for ordination to the bishop as the liturgical needs of the community require.
1879:, and a beeswax candle, symbolic of monastic vigilance the sacrificing of himself for God. He will be buried holding the cross, and the candle will be burned at his funeral. In the Slavic practice, the Stavrophore also wears the monastic
2454:(i.e., a peaceful and detached death where medicines, food, and water are abandoned). This is done when death is imminent or when a monk feels that he is unable to adhere to his vows on account of advanced age or terminal disease.
1932:, the veil of which is usually embroidered with crosses. In some monastic traditions the Great Schema is only given to monks and nuns on their death bed, while in others they may be elevated after as little as 25 years of service.
1917:(the angelic hymn). The Greek form does not have a hood, the Slavic form has a hood and lappets on the shoulders, so that the garment forms a large cross covering the monk's shoulders, chest, and back. Another piece added is the
1673:
taken are considered to entail a lifelong commitment to God, and are not to be entered into lightly. In Eastern Orthodox monasticism, after the completion of the novitiate there are three ranks of monasticism. There is only one
978:. During the time of postulancy the man lives at the monastery to test his vocation, to get to know the community and the community to get to know him. If the postulant and the community agree that the postulant should become a
1837:. Although the Rassophore does not make formal vows, he is still morally obligated to continue in the monastic estate for the rest of his life. Some will remain Rassophores permanently, without going on to the higher degrees.
1074:, the distinction between choir monks and lay brothers has been deemphasized, as the council allowed the Liturgy of the Hours to be celebrated in the vernacular language, effectively opening participation to all of the monks.
2722:(Klosterkammer Hannover), an institution of the former Kingdom of Hanover founded by its Prince-Regent, later King George IV of the United Kingdom, in 1818, in order to manage and preserve the estates of Lutheran convents.
179:
tends to be used loosely also for both male and female ascetics from other religious or philosophical backgrounds. However, being generic, it is not interchangeable with terms that denote particular kinds of monk, such as
1909:) which is the article of monastic vesture emblematic of the Great Schema. For this reason, the analavos itself is sometimes called the "Great Schema". The analavos comes down in the front and the back, somewhat like the
1188:
Since the 19th and 20th century, there has been a renewal in the monastic life among Lutheranism. Lutheran religious orders in the Franciscan, Benedictine and other traditions exist, with some Lutheran monasteries having
652:. Both bhikkhus and samaneras eat only in the morning, and are not supposed to lead a luxurious life. Their rules forbid the use of money, although this rule is nowadays not kept by all monks. The monks are part of the
1030:. Many communities have a period of silence lasting from evening until the next morning and some others restrict talking to only when it is necessary for the monks to perform their work and during weekly recreation.
1901:. The tonsure of a Schemamonk follows the same format as the Stavrophore, and he makes the same vows and is tonsured in the same manner. But in addition to all the garments worn by the Stavrophore, he is given the
826:). One more feature about the Chinese Buddhist monks is that they practice the burning marks on their scalp, finger or part of the skin on their anterior side of the forearm with incense as a sign of ordination.
1002:
1061:
typically became choir monks, while those monks who were illiterate or could not read Latin became lay brothers. The lay brothers would instead recite at least some of the liturgical hours prayers such as the
1926:. Among the Greeks, the mantle is added at this stage. The paramandyas of the Megaloschemos is larger than that of the Stavrophore, and if he wears the klobuk, it is of a distinctive thimble shape, called a
935:
Benedict pointed out in his rule stability, conversion of life and obedience as promises. Obedience calls for the monk to obey Christ, as represented by the superior person of the monastery, which is an
1081:. Monks generally live a contemplative life of prayer confined within a monastery while friars usually engage in an active ministry of service to the outside community. The monastic orders include all
2265:, one of the world's oldest religions. Jainism encourages fasting, yoga practices, meditation in difficult postures, and other austerities. According to Jains, one's highest goal should be attaining
837:, it is common for boys to spend some time living as a monk in a monastery. Most stay for only a few years and then leave, but a number continue on in the ascetic life for the rest of their lives.
718:
Buddhism, monkhood is part of the system of 'vows of individual liberation'; these vows are taken in order to develop one's own personal ethical discipline. The monks and nuns form the (ordinary)
1596:(the monastery's main church); (b) hard manual labour; and (c) private prayer, spiritual study, and rest when necessary. Meals are usually taken in common in a sizable dining hall known as a
1053:. In most monastic communities today, little distinction exists between the lay brothers and the choir monks, as they all have the obligation to celebrate the entire Divine Office daily in
986:. Both the community and the novice evaluate further whether the man is called to become a monk and he begins to participate more fully in the life of the community. As a postulant and
2450:
Every day is spent either in study of scriptures or meditation or teaching to lay people. They stand aloof from worldly matters. Many Jain ascetics take a final vow of Santhara or
823:
677:
Buddhism, the term 'Sangha' strictly speaking refers to those who have achieved certain levels of understanding. They are therefore called 'community of the excellent ones' (
689:). Several Mahayana orders accept female practitioners as monks, instead of using the normal title of "nun", and they are considered equal to male ascetics in all respects.
1503:
in order to pray unceasingly for the world. They do not, in general, have as their primary purpose the running of social services, but instead are concerned with attaining
2371:
1867:(see picture above), and connected by ties to a wooden cross worn over the heart. The paramandyas represents the yoke of Christ. Because of this addition he is now called
2307:, or Book of Good Conduct, is a sacred book within Jainism that discusses the ascetic code of conduct. Other texts that provide insight into conduct of ascetics include
844:
during the 1920s, there were about 110,000 monks, including children, who made up about one-third of the male population, many of whom were killed in the purges of
1285:
in the Church of England, there was felt to be a need for a restoration of the monastic life. In the 1840s, the then Anglican priest and future Catholic Cardinal
1682:
The various profession rites are normally performed by the Abbot, but if the abbot has not been ordained a priest, or if the monastic community is a convent, a
1973:
of the Eastern Orthodox Church to be chosen from among the monastic clergy. The requirement is specifically that they be monastics, not simply celibate (see
1913:
in Western monasticism, although the two garments are probably not related. It is often intricately embroidered with the instruments of the Passion and the
590:
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1969:
with participation in the community's life of prayer, and hopefully benefiting from the example and wise counsel of the monks. Bishops are required by the
2175:
society. This social scheme includes both monastic and lay stages meant for various persons in various stages of life according to their characteristics (
1365:
There are however, still several thousand Anglican monks working today in approximately 200 communities around the world. The most growth has been in the
3058:
1749:), lit. "Robe-bearer"— If the novice continues on to become a monk, he is clothed in the first degree of monasticism at a formal service known as the
722:. As for the Vajrayana vows of individual liberation, there are four steps: A lay person may take the 5 vows called 'approaching virtue' (in Tibetan '
1579:
2125:
2117:
2046:
872:
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1627:(a community living and worshiping together under the direct rule of an abbot or abbess), and the "middle way" between the two, known as the
1613:
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are the first part of the Eastern Orthodox monastic habit. In some communities, the novice also wears the leather belt. He is also given a
1635:
permitted to cut their hair. The hair of the head and the beard remain uncut as a symbol of the vows they have taken, reminiscent of the
862:
1592:
Most communities are self-supporting, and the monastic's daily life is usually divided into three parts: (a) communal worship in the
1255:
583:
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1397:, is now the largest Anglican community in the world with over 450 brothers in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, the
3051:
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1727:), depending on the tradition of the local community, and in accordance to the abbot's directives. The inner-cassock and the
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Per the Jain vows, the monks and nuns renounce all relations and possessions. Jain ascetics practice complete non-violence.
2954:
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1604:. Food is usually simple and is eaten in silence while one of the brethren reads aloud from the spiritual writings of the
1200:
In American Lutheran traditions, "The Congregation of the Servants of Christ" was established at St. Augustine's House in
576:
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822:(which later evolved into Kung Fu) to the country. This latter claim has however been a source of much controversy (see
3044:
2708:
1495:, monasticism holds a very special and important place: "Angels are a light for monks, monks are a light for laymen" (
1049:
were traditionally referred to as "choir monks". Those monks who are not ordained into Holy Orders are referred to as
158:
The Greek word for "monk" may be applied to men or women. In English, however, "monk" is applied mainly to men, while
2985:
1851:, and is considered to be a "betrothal" to the Great Schema. At this stage, the monk makes formal vows of stability,
1414:
1042:
305:
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1897:)—Monks whose abbot feels they have reached a high level of spiritual excellence reach the final stage, called the
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286:
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1940:, or "Elder", out of respect for their dedication. In the Slavic tradition, the title of Elder (Church Slavonic:
1852:
1786:, and a leather belt is fastened around his waist. His habit is usually black (an archaic synonym for "monk" was
1450:
258:
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Investiture of Saint Benedict, scene from the fresco cycle on the life of St. Benedict in Monte Oliveto Maggiore
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1855:. Then he is tonsured and clothed in the habit, which in addition to that worn by the Rassophore, includes the
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also do not use electricity as it involves violence. Furthermore, they do not use any devices or machines.
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society has to some extent been adapted over the years in accordance with ever-changing social structures.
1946:) is normally reserved for those who are of an advanced spiritual life, and who serve as guides to others.
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by rotation. Each matha's swamiji gets a chance to worship after fourteen years. This ritual is called
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that was founded by Magdaline Marie Handy. These nuns are engaged in prayer, teaching, and healthcare.
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monks outside India. They are a common sight in many places around the world. Their appearance—simple
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2482:&c., take himself, or induce others to take, or allow others to take, what has not been given.
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have the longest traditions as Lutheran monasteries; after the Reformation, many monasteries and
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Historyfish.net Texts and articles on Western Christian Monks, Monastics, and the Monastic Life.
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of monks is the token of a consecrated life, and symbolizes the cutting off of their self-will.
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1875:. He is also given a wooden hand cross (or "profession cross"), which he should keep in his
896:, (480-543 or 547 AD) is considered to be the originator of western monasticism. Benedict's
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were received into the Lutheran Church and continued religious life, existing to this day.
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Buddhist monks have been traditionally and stereotypically linked with the practice of the
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sect has a new rank of junior monks who are called samana. The nuns are called Aryikas in
1141:) live in community, they are neither monks nor friars as they are characterized by their
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Fresco of Cistercian monks at the murals the murals of the Chapter house of Osek abbey in
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1540:, which was compiled by St. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain and St. Makarios of Corinth.
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2222:, a life of full dedication to spiritual pursuits, is the highest stage of life in the
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1863:), a piece of square cloth worn on the back, embroidered with the instruments of the
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1018:) and labor. Among most religious orders, monks live in simple, austere rooms called
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and come together daily to celebrate and to recite the Liturgy of the Hours and the
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is of primary importance in the ascetical theology of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
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society. It is permanent and one cannot give it up. A Sannyasi is given the title
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were destroyed. A large number of monks were executed. Others fled to continental
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Frank William Iklé et al. "A History of Asia", page ?. Allyn and Bacon, 1964
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Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno
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Within western monasticism, it is important to differentiate between monks and
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Most of the austerities and ascetic practices can be traced back to Vardhaman
2230:. Older grihastha with grown-up children are traditionally expected to accept
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155:. The concept is ancient and can be seen in many religions and in philosophy.
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The Great Schema worn by Orthodox monks and nuns of the most advanced degree
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The founding of the Anglican Cistercian Association is fully reported here
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as are found in the West, nor do they have Rules in the same sense as the
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Guardians of the Transcendent: An Ethnography of a Jain Ascetic Community
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1556:
1485:
1474:
1466:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1306:
1190:
1130:
1101:, who live according to their own statutes. Orders of friars include the
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1038:
963:
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811:
80:
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3224:
2511:
2451:
2421:
Jain ascetics follow a strict vegetarian diet without root vegetables.
2316:
2092:
1966:
1702:
1620:
1593:
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1434:
1314:
1310:
1297:. From then on, there have been established many communities of monks,
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863:
Christian monasticism § Western Christian orders in the modern era
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637:
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246: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1833:), signifying that he is now dead to the world, and he receives a new
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1978:
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1597:
1541:
1366:
1350:
1267:
1094:
1067:
1027:
987:
975:
909:
889:
780:
is the word used in Theravada Buddhism (Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand).
770:
715:
615:
459:
441:
377:
193:
189:
144:
2797:
1012:(also known as the Divine Office, reading of the divine scriptures (
221:
3573:
3425:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3268:
2947: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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1910:
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841:
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181:
1278:
monasteries where they were able to continue their monastic life.
1008:
The monastic life generally consists of prayer in the form of the
3543:
3273:
2660:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2526:
2335:
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2133:
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1942:
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derives. He is also given a brimless hat with a veil, known as a
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1719:
1644:
1609:
1446:
1386:
1374:
1271:
1243:
1182:
1163:
1138:
1046:
1001:
Monastic cell in the La Verne Charterhouse, now resettled by the
974:
To become a monk, one first must be accepted by a community as a
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776:
620:
553:
546:
537:
373:
319:
2654:
Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 12 March 2023
1965:
are attached to monasteries, combining academic preparation for
824:
Bodhidharma, the martial arts, and the disputed India connection
730:>). The next step is to enter the monastic way of life (Tib.
3500:
3478:
3416:
3341:
3288:
3092:
2517:
2504:
2341:
Upadhyaya: a learned monk, who both teaches and studies himself
2270:
2193:
2155:
2149:
2121:
2102:
2056:
1783:
1661:
1564:
1325:. There are also uniquely Anglican monastic orders such as the
1294:
1275:
1194:
1142:
1078:
979:
711:: a razor, a sewing needle, an alms bowl and a water strainer.
697:
667:
632:
455:
422:
356:
185:
148:
143:) is a man who is a member of a religious order and lives in a
2321:
Oghanijjutti, Pindanijjutti, Cheda Sutta, and Nisiha Suttafee.
1433:
is a dispersed religious order within Methodism, though being
3447:
3412:
3258:
2548:
2390:
2240:
2227:
2183:
2143:
2137:
2078:
1998:
1977:). Monks who have been ordained to the priesthood are called
1669:
The process of becoming a monk is intentionally slow, as the
1628:
1298:
1170:
continued as a Lutheran monastery since the 16th century A.D.
1058:
937:
834:
791:
735:
685:); however, these in turn need not be monks (i.e., hold such
135:
2261:
One of the most intense forms of Asceticism can be found in
2210:
Brahmacari older than 50 years (per ISKCON rule) can become
1778:
used in the West, but without a hood—from which the name of
624:
is the term for monk. Their disciplinary code is called the
3364:
3066:
2674:
Concerning the disciple of those to be received as brethren
2425:
monks do not cook food but solicit alms from householders.
2280:
1928:
1775:
1754:
1670:
1499:). Eastern Orthodox monastics separate themselves from the
641:
342:
111:
2077:
or monastery who has the right to worship Madhvacharya's
1612:
in how to deal honestly with them. For this same reason,
1437:, it accepts believers of other Christian denominations.
815:
390:
160:
108:
2433:
1958:), and their community is likewise called a monastery.
2883:"Saint Petersburg: portrait of a monk, near Leningrad"
2319:. Other illustrious Jain works on ascetic conduct are
1774:)—an outer robe with wide sleeves, something like the
1619:
Eastern monasticism is found in three distinct forms:
1425:
rooted in the Benedictine tradition, being located in
1026:. Usually, the monks take their meals together in the
818:
Buddhism in China, is also claimed to have introduced
1828:
1801:
787:
Buddhist monks performing ceremony in Hangzhou, China
114:
2652:
Thurston, Herbert. "Monk." The Catholic Encyclopedia
2348:
These three are mentioned is the three lines of the
1981:(priest-monks); monks who have been ordained to the
2843:
half are ordained. The community continues to grow.
802:, and monks are frequently important characters in
105:
2587:
1616:are almost always chosen from the ranks of monks.
2822:
2065:(Eight Monasteries). He appointed a monk (called
2009:Hinduism has many monastic orders, including the
1526:; probably the most influential of which are the
3591:
2197:training, which includes learning the basics of
2128:as they are popularly known, are the best known
2118:International Society for Krishna Consciousness
2047:International Society for Krishna Consciousness
1301:and other religious communities for men in the
2973:
1813:'black one'; the female equivalent is
738:. After that, one can become a 'novice' (Pali
3052:
584:
203:exist in major Christian denominations, with
2853:
2851:
2331:tradition can belong to one of these ranks:
1204:, in 1958 when some other men joined Father
2165:) date back many thousands of years to the
2014:
1510:Eastern Orthodox monasticism does not have
814:, traditionally credited as the founder of
768:) which is the equivalent of the Pali term
138:
23:
3059:
3045:
2952:
591:
577:
24:
2848:
2112:Similar in appearance to Buddhist monks,
1717:) and wear the soft monastic hat (Greek:
904:and all of its reform groups such as the
806:. This association is focused around the
734:) which includes wearing monk's or nun's
306:Learn how and when to remove this message
2816:
2567:
2529:, names of Gaelic origin, diminutive of
2437:
2389:
2279:
1660:
1578:, Soviet Union (c. 1931) by a traveler,
1569:
1546:
1479:
1465:
1440:
1162:
996:
950:
918:
871:
782:
691:
602:
164:is typically used for female monastics.
86:
83:monk in the Roman Catholic Church (1446)
74:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
2860:"A focus on Emmanuel Sisters, Cameroon"
2503:— The award-winning documentary on the
1657:Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism
1456:
856:
14:
3592:
2927:
2823:Patricia Lefevere (21 February 2003).
2568:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert.
1226:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
696:Monk resting outside Thag-Thok Gompa,
3040:
2980:. Clarendon Press. pp. 211–252.
2857:
2457:Quotes on ascetic practices from the
2434:Austerities and other daily practices
2963:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2787:(March 1, 1963). Retrieved 13-01-10.
2416:
1961:Many (but not all) Eastern Orthodox
1327:Society of Saint John the Evangelist
1089:and its later reforms including the
244:adding citations to reliable sources
215:
59:Member of a monastic religious order
2887:digitalcollections.library.ucsc.edu
2711:. Medieval Histories. 8 August 2014
2640:Library of Congress Country Studies
2356:tradition, a junior monk can be a:
2299:, the twenty-fourth "fordmaker" or
2091:and has been used also outside his
1461:
1357:In the early 20th century when the
1281:Shortly after the beginning of the
147:. A monk usually lives his life in
56:
2967:
2953:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
2366:: they may use two pieces of cloth
2360:Ailak: they use one piece of cloth
1623:(a solitary living in isolation),
1289:established a community of men at
57:
3621:
2999:
2977:The Popes and European Revolution
2880:
2737:. Lutheran Campus Ministry at WVU
1735:and instructed in the use of the
1415:Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery
1345:or the four offices found in the
752:). This term 'gelong' (Tib. <
640:, and go on a morning almsround (
3572:
3179:
2942:
2826:Methodist woman founds monastery
2655:
2287:, a possessionless and detached
220:
175:origin, in the English language
101:
2921:
2908:
2899:
2874:
2804:
2790:
2774:
2749:
2727:
2385:
2239:The role of monastic orders in
1853:chastity, obedience and poverty
1753:. Although there are no formal
1553:Holy Trinity-Makaryev Monastery
1534:of St. Basil the Great and the
1451:Presbyterian Church in Cameroon
1429:. Besides monastic orders, the
1033:Monks who have been or will be
892:under a monastic rule of life.
888:who lives a communal life in a
851:
231:needs additional citations for
2701:
2692:
2683:
2667:
2645:
2628:
2616:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2604:
2580:
2561:
1264:Dissolution of the Monasteries
1231:
1148:
1145:and not by any monastic vows.
994:, which are binding for life.
867:
630:, which is part of the larger
91:Buddhist monks collecting alms
13:
1:
2934:– via Sacred-texts.com.
2918:. University of Toronto Press
2858:Boyce, Sandy (26 July 2014).
2735:"Ev. Oblates of St. Benedict"
2554:
2159:markings—and social customs (
1331:Community of the Resurrection
1222:Order of Lutheran Franciscans
912:. Benedict founded the great
760:) is the translation of Skt.
3559:List of religious institutes
2442:White-clothed Acharya Kalaka
2378:tradition and Sadhvi in the
2073:in local parlance) for each
2040:
1484:Orthodox monk on his way to
1408:
900:, is the foundation for the
7:
2492:
1992:
1922:he must labor only for the
1829:
1802:
1246:came to an abrupt end when
948:is unique to Benedictines.
555:
539:
513:
415:
409:
379:
211:
10:
3626:
2831:National Catholic Reporter
2678:The Rule of Saint Benedict
2315:and Niyamasara by Acharya
2254:
2250:
2044:
2002:
1996:
1654:
1650:
1600:(refectory), at elongated
1471:Monastery of St. Dionysius
1445:The Emmanuel Sisters is a
1266:, during which all of the
1235:
884:, a monk is a member of a
860:
317:
61:
3567:
3526:
3388:
3350:
3307:
3243:
3188:
3177:
3171:Society of apostolic life
3078:
2757:"Order of Saint Benedict"
2323:Full Jain monk in either
2236:(celibate retired) life.
2059:philosopher, established
1818:
1791:
1157:Lutheran religious orders
756:>, in the female form
707:are only allowed 4 items
682:
552:
536:
524:
510:
503:
493:
479:
454:
440:
433:
406:
396:
372:
365:
354:
340:
134:, "single, solitary" via
127:
3031:Monasticism Studies Area
2928:Jacobi, Hermann (1884).
2781:The Lonely Lutheran Monk
2029:) orders established by
1954:(the feminine plural of
1238:Anglican religious order
709:(other than their robes)
359:(the Buddhist community)
39:latest accepted revision
2974:Chadwick, Owen (1981).
2798:"Staugustineshouse.org"
2598:Oxford University Press
2574:A Greek-English Lexicon
2273:(i.e., liberation from
1427:Collegeville, Minnesota
1423:United Methodist Church
1283:Anglo-Catholic Movement
1087:Order of Saint Benedict
3579:Catholicism portal
3549:Vocational discernment
3539:Foolishness for Christ
2542:
2534:
2490:
2478:
2443:
2399:
2344:Muni: an ordinary monk
2292:
2024:Tradition of Ten Names
1666:
1589:
1567:
1561:Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
1488:
1477:
1383:Melanesian Brotherhood
1321:in the United States,
1171:
1072:Second Vatican Council
1005:
959:
932:
877:
788:
700:
611:
139:
92:
84:
68:Monks (disambiguation)
3605:Religious occupations
2960:Catholic Encyclopedia
2479:
2467:
2441:
2393:
2372:Śvetāmbara Terapanthi
2338:: leader of the order
2283:
1664:
1573:
1550:
1483:
1469:
1441:Reformed Christianity
1347:Book of Common Prayer
1305:. There are Anglican
1254:and made himself the
1236:Further information:
1215:Priory of St. Wigbert
1166:
1107:Order of Friars Minor
1000:
954:
922:
875:
786:
695:
636:. They live lives of
606:
201:Christian monasticism
90:
79:Portrait depicting a
78:
64:Monk (disambiguation)
3610:Gendered occupations
3322:Liturgy of the Hours
3198:Evangelical counsels
3006:Orthodox Monasteries
2931:Jaina Sutras, Part I
2914:Anne Vallely (2002)
2011:Dashanami Sampradaya
2005:Dashanami Sampradaya
1516:Rule of St. Benedict
1457:Eastern Christianity
1010:Liturgy of the Hours
857:Western Christianity
810:. The Buddhist monk
796:Chinese martial arts
442:Anagārika, Anagārikā
367:Buddhist monasticism
240:improve this article
62:For other uses, see
3098:Religious institute
3033:at www.monachos.net
2636:Mongolia – Buddhism
2487:Seventh Lecture (1)
2470:village to village.
2141:, shaved head with
1893:, Church Slavonic:
1770:; Church Slavonic:
1723:, Church Slavonic:
1713:; Church Slavonic:
1431:Order of Saint Luke
1262:. He initiated the
1211:Östanbäck monastery
658:, the third of the
481:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
29:Page version status
3088:Consecrated virgin
3017:An Orthodox novice
3008:Internet Directory
2698:CIC can. 648, §2,3
2500:Into Great Silence
2444:
2400:
2293:
2285:Acharya Vidyasagar
1905:(Church Slavonic:
1859:(Church Slavonic:
1843:(Church Slavonic:
1745:(Church Slavonic:
1667:
1590:
1568:
1489:
1478:
1349:and celebrate the
1303:Anglican Communion
1220:There is also the
1213:) and in Germany (
1179:Amelungsborn Abbey
1172:
1006:
960:
933:
894:Benedict of Nursia
878:
804:martial arts films
789:
701:
612:
607:Buddhist monks in
494:Gahattha, gahapati
167:Although the term
93:
85:
35:
3587:
3586:
3360:Clerical clothing
3166:Secular institute
2709:"Kloster Ebstorf"
2417:Dietary practices
1975:clerical celibacy
1924:Kingdom of Heaven
1827:
1812:
1800:
1528:Greater Asketikon
1522:as well as other
1497:St. John Klimakos
1493:Eastern Orthodoxy
1369:countries of the
1287:John Henry Newman
1260:Church of England
1242:Monastic life in
1206:Arthur Kreinheder
946:(stabilitas loci)
808:Shaolin Monastery
601:
600:
568:
567:
505:Related religions
471:lay renunciants (
446:lay renunciants (
316:
315:
308:
290:
47:17 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
3617:
3577:
3576:
3235:Vow of enclosure
3183:
3068:Consecrated life
3061:
3054:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3025:Valaam Monastery
2991:
2964:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2881:DeCou, Branson.
2878:
2872:
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2869:
2867:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2759:. Archived from
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
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2731:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2705:
2699:
2696:
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2665:
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2658:
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2632:
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2625:
2623:
2622:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2596:(3rd ed.),
2591:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2488:
2476:
2475:Third Lecture(6)
2398:of Jain ascetics
2257:Jain monasticism
2097:Gaudiya Vaisnava
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1610:spiritual father
1602:refectory tables
1588:
1576:Saint Petersburg
1551:General view of
1532:Lesser Asketikon
1512:religious orders
1462:Eastern Orthodox
1419:double monastery
1379:Papua New Guinea
1319:Episcopal Church
1202:Oxford, Michigan
1125:). Although the
1103:mendicant orders
684:
683:mchog kyi tshogs
679:Standard Tibetan
593:
586:
579:
558:
542:
516:
506:
418:
412:
382:
361:
338:
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332:
324:
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205:religious orders
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21:
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3571:
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3522:
3384:
3346:
3303:
3247:
3239:
3184:
3175:
3074:
3072:Catholic Church
3065:
3002:
2988:
2970:
2968:Further reading
2943:
2940:
2939:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2879:
2875:
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2856:
2849:
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2707:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:CIC can. 653 §1
2688:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2633:
2629:
2620:
2618:
2612:"monk noun (1)"
2610:
2609:
2605:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2477:
2474:
2465:translated it:
2436:
2419:
2388:
2259:
2253:
2116:monks from the
2051:Madhvaacharya (
2049:
2043:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1695:Church Slavonic
1659:
1653:
1582:
1464:
1459:
1443:
1411:
1371:Solomon Islands
1359:Oxford Movement
1252:Catholic Church
1250:broke from the
1248:King Henry VIII
1240:
1234:
1151:
1135:clerics regular
886:religious order
870:
865:
859:
854:
597:
504:
470:
462:
358:
355:
327:
322:
312:
301:
295:
292:
249:
247:
237:
225:
214:
196:, or solitary.
104:
100:
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54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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3584:
3582:
3581:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
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3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
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3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3486:
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3464:
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3460:
3450:
3440:
3435:
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3429:
3428:
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3392:
3386:
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3382:
3377:
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3304:
3302:
3301:
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3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
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3253:
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3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3230:Vow of silence
3227:
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3215:
3210:
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3194:
3192:
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3185:
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3173:
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3161:
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3152:Cleric regular
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3135:Canons regular
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3131:
3130:
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3028:
3023:, Photos from
3014:
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2255:Main article:
2252:
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2153:neckbeads and
2045:Main article:
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2003:Main article:
1997:Main article:
1994:
1991:
1676:monastic habit
1655:Main article:
1652:
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1580:DeCou, Branson
1524:Church Fathers
1520:Desert Fathers
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3159:Congregations
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3145:Second orders
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3128:Idiorrhythmic
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2785:TIME Magazine
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2763:on 2011-07-26
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2126:Hare Krishnas
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2012:
2006:
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1971:sacred canons
1968:
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1891:Megaloschemos
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1849:Little Schema
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1703:inner cassock
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1641:Old Testament
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1137:(such as the
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1129:(such as the
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1080:
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1064:Lord's Prayer
1060:
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1015:lectio divina
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929:Moissac Abbey
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914:Monte Cassino
911:
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820:Kalaripayattu
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496:
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488:
485:Lay devotee (
484:
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469:modern female
468:
465:
464:dasa sil mata
461:
457:
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257: –
256:
252:
251:Find sources:
245:
241:
235:
234:
229:This section
227:
223:
218:
217:
209:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
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183:
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170:
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163:
162:
156:
154:
153:contemplation
150:
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125:
119:
98:
89:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
18:Catholic monk
3452:
3433:Grand master
2976:
2958:
2941:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2890:. Retrieved
2886:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2841:
2834:. Retrieved
2825:
2818:
2806:
2792:
2776:
2765:. Retrieved
2761:the original
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2729:
2720:
2713:. Retrieved
2703:
2694:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2647:
2630:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:
2606:
2600:, March 2018
2593:
2582:
2573:
2563:
2498:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2449:
2445:
2420:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2386:Ascetic vows
2369:
2347:
2320:
2294:
2260:
2238:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2192:
2189:
2182:
2181:) and work (
2176:
2170:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2111:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2053:Madhvacharya
2050:
2031:Adi Shankara
2008:
1987:hierodeacons
1960:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1919:Polystavrion
1918:
1906:
1902:
1899:Great Schema
1894:
1890:
1887:Great Schema
1886:
1885:
1873:Cross-bearer
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1845:Krestonosets
1844:
1840:
1839:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1737:Jesus Prayer
1728:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1668:
1633:
1618:
1606:Holy Fathers
1591:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1509:
1490:
1444:
1412:
1364:
1356:
1339:
1307:Benedictines
1280:
1241:
1219:
1199:
1191:third orders
1187:
1175:Loccum Abbey
1173:
1168:Loccum Abbey
1154:
1123:Augustinians
1083:Benedictines
1076:
1070:. Since the
1051:lay brothers
1032:
1013:
1007:
973:
961:
945:
934:
902:Benedictines
879:
852:Christianity
839:
828:
799:
790:
775:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
731:
727:
723:
719:
713:
708:
702:
672:
653:
645:
631:
625:
619:
613:
486:
472:
447:
426:
386:
348:
341:
302:
293:
283:
276:
269:
262:
250:
238:Please help
233:verification
230:
198:
176:
168:
166:
159:
157:
131:
96:
94:
72:
46:
37:This is the
31:
3513:Lay brother
3299:Scriptorium
3021:A hieromonk
2715:20 November
2589:"Monk, n.1"
2545:, "a Monk".
2518:Jangam Monk
2382:tradition.
2313:Hemachandra
2311:by Acharya
2309:Yogashastra
2301:Tirthankara
2233:vanaprastha
2100:Radharamana
2062:ashta matha
2033:as well as
1985:are called
1877:icon corner
1869:Stavrophore
1857:paramandyas
1841:Stavrophore
1768:Mandorasson
1733:prayer rope
1583: [
1557:Volga River
1486:Mount Athos
1475:Mount Athos
1399:Philippines
1395:Ini Kopuria
1391:Guadalcanal
1315:Cistercians
1311:Franciscans
1268:monasteries
1232:Anglicanism
1149:Lutheranism
1131:Norbertines
1105:(primarily
1099:Carthusians
1091:Cistercians
1039:Holy Orders
992:solemn vows
964:solemn vows
906:Cistercians
882:Catholicism
868:Catholicism
812:Bodhidharma
764:(for women
498:Householder
402:Nun trainee
3600:Asceticism
3594:Categories
3534:Asceticism
3408:Provincial
3332:Meditation
3225:Solemn vow
3220:Profession
3140:Mendicants
2892:2021-11-05
2862:. Diakonia
2767:2010-01-13
2621:2020-08-17
2594:OED Online
2555:References
2512:Carthusian
2452:Sallekhana
2423:Śvetāmbara
2396:Mahavratas
2380:Śvetāmbara
2325:Śvetāmbara
2317:Kundakunda
2224:varnasrama
2204:Grihasthas
2199:brahmacari
2172:varnasrama
2114:brahmacari
2095:, e.g. in
2093:sampradaya
1979:hieromonks
1967:ordination
1963:seminaries
1929:koukoulion
1780:Rassophore
1743:Rassophore
1715:Podriasnik
1711:Eisorasson
1699:Poslushnik
1621:anchoritic
1594:catholicon
1574:Monk near
1537:Philokalia
1435:ecumenical
1367:Melanesian
1323:Dominicans
1291:Littlemore
1133:) and the
1119:Carmelites
1115:Dominicans
1097:) and the
846:Choibalsan
670:, Sangha.
660:Triple Gem
638:mendicancy
627:patimokkha
618:Buddhism,
398:Sikkhamānā
330:Pāli Canon
266:newspapers
81:Carthusian
3506:Postulant
3484:Anchorite
3337:Mysticism
3294:Refectory
3284:Hermitage
3245:Monastery
3213:Obedience
3113:Cenobitic
2570:"μοναχός"
2427:Digambara
2354:Digambara
2352:. In the
2329:Digambara
2291:Jain monk
2289:Digambara
2130:Vaishnava
2107:Vrindavan
2071:swamigalu
2041:Vaishnava
2035:Vaishnava
1983:diaconate
1915:Trisagion
1830:chernitsa
1824:romanized
1797:romanized
1764:Exorasson
1747:Ryassofor
1684:hieromonk
1639:from the
1637:Nazarites
1625:cenobitic
1555:, on the
1542:Hesychasm
1409:Methodism
1351:Eucharist
1155:Further:
1111:Capuchins
1095:Trappists
1068:Hail Mary
1028:refectory
976:postulant
931:in France
925:cloisters
910:Trappists
890:monastery
771:bhikkhuni
728:dge snyan
716:Vajrayana
650:samaneras
646:pindapata
616:Theravada
460:thilashin
380:Bhikkhuṇī
296:July 2019
194:hesychast
190:anchorite
173:Christian
145:monastery
3458:Basilian
3426:Prioress
3398:Superior
3380:Vestment
3375:Scapular
3370:Cornette
3269:Cloister
3208:Chastity
3123:Enclosed
3108:Monastic
3027:, Russia
2543:Monachus
2523:Mainchín
2509:Catholic
2493:See also
2485:—
2473:—
2376:Digambar
2364:Kshullak
2297:Mahavira
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2213:sannyasi
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1993:Hinduism
1956:monachos
1952:monachai
1938:Gheronda
1911:scapular
1903:Analavos
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1707:Anterion
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842:Mongolia
831:Thailand
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758:gelongma
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705:Bhikkhus
675:Mahayana
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556:Nigaṇṭha
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410:Samaṇera
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3203:Poverty
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2836:27 July
2741:28 July
2680:, LVIII
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2275:samsara
2267:Nirvana
2263:Jainism
2251:Jainism
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2162:sadhana
2134:saffron
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1720:Skoufos
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1614:bishops
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1421:of the
1387:Tabalia
1375:Vanuatu
1272:England
1270:within
1258:of the
1244:England
1195:oblates
1139:Jesuits
1066:or the
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1043:priests
957:Bohemia
880:Within
800:Kung fu
792:Chinese
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744:, Tib.
732:rabjung
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1999:Matha
1871:, or
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