33:
493:
1057:
1169:
1181:
926:
983:
245:
734:
1022:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1232:
995:
953:
1220:
1208:
1109:
938:
911:
968:
1007:
1193:
1241:
1097:
46:
1121:
742:
560:
1041:
1073:
2953:
1085:
2939:
769:, have been shown to trigger defense mechanisms and overproduce downstream alkaloids. Studies using this technique vary in growth conditions, choice of phytohormone, and location of treatment. Concurrently, there are various efforts to map the biosynthetic pathway producing the alkaloids to find a direct path to overproduction via
511:
plant growing 1 m (39 in) tall. The leaves are oval to oblong, 2.5–9 cm (1.0–3.5 in) long and 1–3.5 cm (0.4–1.4 in) wide, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole 1–1.8 cm (0.4–0.7 in) long; they are arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers
757:(vinblastine and vincristine) are naturally produced at very low yields. Additionally, it is complex and costly to synthesize the desired products in a lab, resulting in difficulty satisfying the demand and a need for overproduction. Treatment of the plant with
2273:
Yao, XG; Chen, F; Li, P; Quan, L; Chen, J; Yu, L; Ding, H; Li, C; Chen, L; Gao, Z; Wan, P; Hu, L; Jiang, H; Shen, X (2013). "Natural product vindoline stimulates insulin secretion and efficiently ameliorates glucose homeostasis in diabetic murine models".
531:
In its natural range along the dry coasts of southern
Madagascar, Catharanthus roseus is considered weedy and invasive, often self-seeding prolifically in disturbed areas along roadsides and in fallow fields. It is also, however, widely cultivated and is
580:
in temperate gardens. It is noted for its long flowering period, throughout the year in tropical conditions, and from spring to late autumn, in warm temperate climates. Full sun and well-drained soil are preferred. Numerous
32:
492:
588:
Notable cultivars include 'Albus' (white flowers), 'Grape Cooler' (rose-pink; cool-tolerant), the
Ocellatus Group (various colours), and 'Peppermint Cooler' (white with a red centre; cool-tolerant).
1653:
925:
651:
while screening for anti-diabetic drugs. This chance discovery led to increased research into the chemotherapeutic effects of vinblastine and vincristine. Conflict between historical
585:
have been selected, for variation in flower colour (white, mauve, peach, scarlet, and reddish-orange), and also for tolerance of cooler growing conditions in temperate regions.
1396:
1168:
2160:
Ngo, Quoc Anh; Roussi, Fanny; Cormier, Anthony; Thoret, Sylviane; Knossow, Marcel; Guénard, Daniel; Guéritte, Françoise (2009). "Synthesis and biological evaluation of
2238:
Aynilian, GH; Weiss, SG; Cordell, GA; Abraham, DJ; Crane, FA; Farnsworth, NR (1974). "Catharanthus alkaloids. XXIX. Isolation and structure elucidation of vincoline".
1240:
591:
In the U.S. it often remains identified as "Vinca" although botanists have shifted its identification and it often can be seen growing along roadsides in the south.
826:
cancer drugs. Their research focused on the wild collection of periwinkle roots and leaves from roadsides and fields and its industrial cultivation on large farms.
1056:
2586:
Mortensen, Samuel; Weaver, Jessica D.; Sathitloetsakun, Suphinya; Cole, Lauren F.; Rizvi, Noreen F.; Cram, Erin J.; Lee-Parsons, Carolyn W. T. (December 2019).
2370:"Germination Indices and Antioxidant Activity Enzyme Responses of Madagascar Periwinkle (Catharanthus Roseus (L.) G. Don) Under Pretreatment by Salicylic Acid"
3763:
1180:
1021:
2728:
Contribution a l'etude de la producition de la pervenche de
Madagascar ou Catharanthus roseus, Cas d' Ambovombe, d'Amboasary-sud, de Beloha et Tsihombe
1657:
1568:
Contribution a l'etude de la producition de la pervenche de
Madagascar ou Catharanthus roseus, Cas d' Ambovombe, d'Amboasary-sud, de Beloha et Tsihombe
2774:
2311:"CrERF5, an AP2/ERF Transcription Factor, Positively Regulates the Biosynthesis of Bisindole Alkaloids and Their Precursors in Catharanthus roseus"
1586:
3673:
3283:
512:
range from white with a yellow or red center to dark pink with a darker red center, with a basal tube 2.5–3 cm (1.0–1.2 in) long and a
2309:
Pan, Qifang; Wang, Chenyi; Xiong, Zhiwei; Wang, Hang; Fu, Xueqing; Shen, Qian; Peng, Bowen; Ma, Yanan; Sun, Xiaofen; Tang, Kexuan (2019-07-18).
3508:
3348:
2466:"Metabolomics analysis reveals both plant variety and choice of hormone treatment modulate vinca alkaloid production in Catharanthus roseus"
2201:
Hardouin, Christophe; Doris, Eric; Rousseau, Bernard; Mioskowski, Charles (2002). "Concise synthesis of anhydrovinblastine from leurosine".
982:
1156:
2411:"Different carbon sources and their concentrations change alkaloid production and gene expression in Catharanthus roseus shoots in vitro"
1144:
719:
1280:
3469:
1731:"Ornamental Exterior versus Therapeutic Interior of Madagascar Periwinkle ( Catharanthus roseus ): The Two Faces of a Versatile Herb"
1404:
3634:
3221:
791:. This is because it is easy to infect with a large majority of phytoplasmas, and also often has very distinctive symptoms such as
572:
As an ornamental plant, it is appreciated for its hardiness in dry and nutritionally deficient conditions, popular in subtropical
3686:
3647:
3309:
3234:
1325:
1316:
952:
2588:"The regulation of ZCT1, a transcriptional repressor of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic genes in Catharanthus roseus"
3384:
2901:
619:(Indian traditional medicine) the extracts of its roots and shoots, although poisonous, are used against several diseases. In
3327:
3084:
2645:
Marcone, C.; Ragozzino, A.; Seemuller, E. (1997). "Dodder transmission of alder yellows phytoplasma to the experimental host
2090:
2047:
1956:
1923:
1631:
3691:
3448:
3758:
3314:
2943:
2112:
1907:
864:. All parts of the plant are poisonous. On consumption, symptoms consist of mild stomach cramps, cardiac complications,
994:
1040:
3768:
2523:
Singh, Sanjay Kumar; Patra, Barunava; Paul, Priyanka; Liu, Yongliang; Pattanaik, Sitakanta; Yuan, Ling (April 2020).
1841:
1507:
1132:
1120:
937:
2734:(in French). Antananarivo, Madagascar: Universityersité d'Antananarivo, Ecole Superieur des Sciences Agronomiques.
1574:(in French). Antananarivo, Madagascar: Universityersité d'Antananarivo, Ecole Superieur des Sciences Agronomiques.
1219:
910:
3660:
3353:
3270:
3089:
1096:
3389:
2525:"Revisiting the ORCA gene cluster that regulates terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus"
2166:
1006:
3076:
2745:
Neimark, Benjamin (2009). "At the "Pharm" gate: The case study of the rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)".
548:, and the United States. It is so well adapted to growth in Australia that it is listed as a noxious weed in
3704:
3487:
3009:
2957:
1321:
967:
1192:
3626:
3213:
3187:
1523:
620:
553:
3099:
3595:
3495:
3296:
3048:
1108:
595:
45:
3699:
3652:
3482:
3239:
3063:
2819:
Toki, Kenjiro; Saito, Norio; Irie, Yuki; Tatsuzawa, Fumi; Shigihara, Atsushi; Honda, Toshio (2008). "7-
2651:
1729:
Nejat, Naghmeh; Valdiani, Alireza; Cahill, David; Tan, Yee-How; Maziah, Mahmood; Abiri, Rambod (2015).
1307:
1286:
711:
3109:
1679:
3376:
3322:
3200:
1551:
1084:
807:
733:
2829:
2688:
1704:
1072:
533:
3474:
3340:
3438:
3208:
1788:
Heijden, Robert; Jacobs, Denise; Snoeijer, Wim; Hallard, Didier; Verpoorte, Robert (2004-03-01).
861:
687:
3135:
2926:
2726:
1904:
Metal
Catalyzed Reductive C—C Bond Formation: A Departure from Preformed Organometallic Reagents
1566:
931:
This one was grown in
Bangladesh as a ornamental plant in a flower tub in the balcony of a house
521:
3678:
3621:
3288:
3182:
2971:
2082:
2072:
1537:
1207:
2748:
Industrial
Heartlands of Nature: The Political Economy of Biological Prospecting in Madagascar
2031:
244:
3753:
3536:
2886:
2064:
1940:
1895:
1894:
Gansäuer, Andreas; Justicia, José; Fan, Chun-An; Worgull, Dennis; Piestert, Frederik (2007).
652:
632:
599:
162:
3415:
3262:
3143:
2838:
2536:
2039:
803:
1271:
516:
2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) diameter with five petal-like lobes. The fruit is a pair of
8:
3433:
1983:
770:
3020:
2842:
2540:
3725:
3544:
3195:
3174:
2794:
2775:"Green grabbing at the 'pharm' gate: rosy periwinkle production in southern Madagascar"
2664:
2622:
2587:
2568:
2500:
2465:
2446:
2345:
2310:
2134:
2107:
2007:
1978:
1899:
1871:
1858:
1836:
1765:
1730:
1606:
1587:"Green grabbing at the 'pharm' gate: rosy periwinkle production in southern Madagascar"
1372:
1347:
723:
191:
40:
3461:
2069:
L. (Periwinkle): Production of
Vindoline and Catharanthine in Multiple Shoot Cultures"
576:
where temperatures never fall below 5–7 °C (41–45 °F), and as a warm-season
3608:
3513:
3410:
3117:
2854:
2798:
2707:
2627:
2609:
2572:
2560:
2552:
2505:
2487:
2450:
2438:
2430:
2391:
2350:
2332:
2291:
2255:
2220:
2183:
2139:
2086:
2043:
2012:
1952:
1919:
1876:
1817:
1809:
1770:
1752:
1610:
1503:
1377:
1359:
892:
856:
can be extremely toxic if consumed orally by humans, and is cited (under its synonym
549:
2850:
2524:
1231:
3730:
3613:
3549:
2909:
2846:
2786:
2755:
2697:
2660:
2617:
2599:
2548:
2544:
2495:
2477:
2422:
2381:
2340:
2322:
2283:
2247:
2212:
2175:
2129:
2121:
2108:"Safety and efficacy of vinorelbine in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer"
2002:
1992:
1911:
1866:
1850:
1801:
1760:
1742:
1598:
1367:
811:
766:
517:
513:
3122:
2702:
2679:
2386:
2369:
3600:
3587:
3576:
3500:
3425:
3397:
3053:
3040:
2872:
2790:
2203:
2078:
1602:
884:
876:
780:
305:
289:
83:
1346:
Moudi, Maryam; Go, Rusea; Yien, Christina Yong Seok; Nazre, Mohd. (2013-11-04).
3456:
1031:
872:
823:
784:
762:
636:
70:
3030:
2754:. New Brunswick: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. p. 70-112.
2287:
1997:
1789:
3747:
2994:
2613:
2556:
2491:
2434:
2410:
2395:
2336:
1813:
1805:
1756:
1363:
758:
703:
695:
664:
577:
179:
2327:
3366:
3301:
2858:
2711:
2631:
2564:
2509:
2442:
2354:
2295:
2251:
2224:
2187:
2143:
2036:
The evolution of drug discovery: From traditional medicines to modern drugs
2016:
1880:
1821:
1774:
1381:
1251:
842:
691:
139:
3717:
3526:
3402:
2259:
1896:"Reductive C—C bond formation after epoxide opening via electron transfer"
1747:
667:
pharmaceutical companies, without compensation, has led to accusations of
559:
3335:
3247:
3003:
1915:
1063:
865:
819:
815:
799:
788:
741:
707:
683:
679:
644:
640:
317:
313:
309:
293:
129:
119:
1977:
Keglevich, Péter; Hazai, Laszlo; Kalaus, György; Szántay, Csaba (2012).
3639:
3226:
2746:
2464:
Fraser, Valerie N.; Philmus, Benjamin; Megraw, Molly (September 2020).
1862:
1436:
690:
used to treat several types of cancers, are found in the plant and are
623:, extracts from it have been used against numerous diseases, including
537:
508:
404:
301:
183:
2216:
2179:
2125:
714:, can be prepared either from vindoline and catharanthine or from the
3252:
3169:
3156:
2759:
2604:
2482:
1979:"Modifications on the basic skeletons of vinblastine and vincristine"
1948:
1199:
834:
727:
699:
668:
520:
2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) long and 3 mm (0.1 in) wide.
285:
2965:
2426:
1854:
3712:
3570:
3521:
2988:
2952:
1250:
of
Periwinkle flower which causes an additional petal(6), found in
1047:
792:
754:
624:
616:
582:
545:
541:
504:
297:
109:
96:
3161:
2585:
536:
in subtropical and tropical areas of the world such as
Australia,
3665:
3361:
3275:
3130:
880:
814:
and its export as a natural source of the alkaloids used to make
628:
3148:
3071:
2938:
2200:
875:, its poisonous properties are made known along generations of
656:
573:
1945:
Botanical Miracles: Chemistry of Plants That Changed the World
320:, used to treat cancer. It was formerly included in the genus
2927:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-51620-2_7
322:
57:
1790:"The Catharanthus Alkaloids:Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology"
1787:
2237:
1976:
2919:– via Malagasy Dictionary and Malagasy Encyclopedia.
2908:(in French). Vol. IV. Editions Alzieu. Archived from
1893:
837:
is the pink anthocyanidin pigment found in the flowers of
2644:
1634:. Orpheus Island Research Station – James Cook University
753:
Despite the medical importance and wide use, the desired
2409:
Khataee, Elham; Karimi, Farah; Razavi, Khadijeh (2021).
2818:
2367:
2159:
2155:
2153:
1728:
806:
studied the production of Catharanthus roseus around
1710:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16
868:, systematic paralysis eventually leading to death.
16:
Species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae
2463:
2408:
2150:
2062:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1394:
2724:
2522:
1564:
3745:
2680:"Pathogenicity of Aster Yellows Phytoplasma and
2308:
1345:
887:was used. This lent the flower one of its names
2865:
2077:. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Vol. VI.
1965:
2368:ABABAF, M; OMIDI, H; BAKHSHANDEH, A M (2019).
2106:Faller, Bryan A.; Pandi, Trailokya N. (2011).
1939:Cooper, Raymond; Deakin, Jeffrey John (2016).
1906:. Topics in Current Chemistry. Vol. 279.
1174:Pacifica Burgundy Halo – Madagascar Periwinkle
304:, but is grown elsewhere as an ornamental and
2272:
1424:Steenis ex Bakhuizen f., Blumea 6: 384. 1950.
1401:Malagasy Dictionary and Malagasy Encyclopedia
333:It has many vernacular names among which are
2074:Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 26
2063:Hirata, K.; Miyamoto, K.; Miura, Y. (1994).
1938:
1395:de La Beaujardière, Jean-Marie, ed. (2001).
1352:International Journal of Preventive Medicine
740:
243:
3764:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
2906:Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux
2105:
556:, and also in parts of eastern Queensland.
2823:-Methylated anthocyanidin glycosides from
2374:Applied Ecology and Environmental Research
1448:Markgr., Adansonia, ser. 2. 12: 222. 1972.
1281:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
312:distribution. It is a source of the drugs
31:
2887:"Is Periwinkle Plant Poisonous or Toxic?"
2701:
2621:
2603:
2499:
2481:
2385:
2344:
2326:
2133:
2006:
1996:
1870:
1837:"Who Reaps the Benefits of Biodiversity?"
1764:
1746:
1475:Markgr. Adansonia, ser. 2. 12: 222. 1972.
1371:
1162:Immature fruits of Madagascar periwinkle
732:
594:In the United Kingdom it has gained the
558:
491:
2899:
2893:
2772:
2744:
2725:Andriamanalintsoa, Jean Joseph (1995).
1834:
1828:
1656:. Queensland Government. Archived from
1584:
1565:Andriamanalintsoa, Jean Joseph (1995).
1326:United States Department of Agriculture
1317:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1150:Matured fruits of Madagascar Periwinkle
3746:
2873:"American Society of Plant Biologists"
2029:
1518:
1516:
1494:
1492:
1490:
2970:
2969:
2677:
1908:Springer Science & Business Media
1672:
1432:
1430:
1186:Red cultivar of Madagascar Periwinkle
795:and significantly reduced leaf size.
3377:0579274f-273a-470e-ac83-387744ae574d
2113:Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology
1544:
1457:Woodson, N. Amer. Fl. 29: 124. 1938.
1126:Flower plant raised in India temples
1530:
1513:
1487:
1388:
1300:
1264:
694:from the coupling of the alkaloids
13:
2665:10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb01449.x
2240:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
1427:
563:Pale Pink with Red Centre Cultivar
14:
3780:
2931:
1842:Environmental Health Perspectives
1654:"Factsheet – Catharanthus roseus"
988:White periwinkle with thin petals
730:has been isolated from the plant.
2951:
2937:
1484:Steenis Trop. Nat. 25: 18. 1936.
1466:Bakh. f.Blumea 6 (2): 384. 1950.
1239:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1090:Common periwinkle plant in India
1083:
1071:
1055:
1039:
1020:
1005:
993:
981:
966:
951:
936:
924:
909:
44:
3705:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:82710-1
3488:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77880-1
2879:
2851:10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.11.005
2812:
2766:
2738:
2718:
2671:
2638:
2579:
2516:
2457:
2402:
2361:
2302:
2266:
2231:
2194:
2099:
2056:
2023:
1932:
1887:
1781:
1722:
1697:
1646:
1624:
1578:
1558:
1500:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
1478:
1469:
1102:Catharanthus roseus in Pakistan
2779:The Journal of Peasant Studies
2549:10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110408
2167:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1591:The Journal of Peasant Studies
1460:
1451:
1442:
1418:
1339:
845:is a major alkaloid in roots.
610:
567:
487:
1:
2703:10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.12.1347
1322:Agricultural Research Service
1258:
1000:Catharanthus roseus in Kerala
899:meaning "flower of remorse".
871:According to French botanist
369:Two varieties are recognized
234:
2791:10.1080/03066150.2012.666975
2276:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
2071:. In Bajaj, Y. P. S. (ed.).
1941:"Africa's gift to the world"
1735:The Scientific World Journal
1603:10.1080/03066150.2012.666975
1439:, Gen. Hist. 4(1): 95. 1837.
1397:"Botanical scientific bames"
674:
621:traditional Chinese medicine
554:Australian Capital Territory
7:
3759:Endemic flora of Madagascar
2387:10.15666/aeer/1702_39894005
1794:Current Medicinal Chemistry
1225:A fully bloomed white plant
848:
748:
710:, used in the treatment of
596:Royal Horticultural Society
364:
10:
3785:
2315:Frontiers in Plant Science
1287:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
902:
829:
798:In 1995 and 2006 Malagasy
726:. The insulin-stimulating
712:non-small-cell lung cancer
526:
461:Synonymy for this variety
384:Synonymy for this variety
3560:
2978:
2678:Chang, Chung-Jan (1998).
2288:10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.043
1998:10.3390/molecules17055893
1835:Karasov, Corliss (2001).
1705:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1078:Periwinkle Plant in India
197:
190:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
3769:Plants described in 1759
2900:Boiteau, Pierre (1999).
2415:Functional Plant Biology
2164:and phomopsin hybrids".
2030:Raviña, Enrique (2011).
1806:10.2174/0929867043455846
1498:Huxley, A., ed. (1992).
958:White with red-centered
879:as a poison consumed in
688:chemotherapy medications
2328:10.3389/fpls.2019.00931
1536:College of Micronesia:
1046:Catharanthus roseus in
862:Louisiana State Act 159
706:chemotherapeutic agent
605:
450:Catharanthus roseus var
394:Steenis ex Bakhuizen f.
2252:10.1002/jps.2600630409
896:
745:
738:
564:
497:
430:Lochnera rosea f. alba
248:
220:(L.) Rchb. ex Spach
2773:Neimark, Ben (2012).
2040:John Wiley & Sons
1632:"Catharanthus roseus"
1585:Neimark, Ben (2012).
744:
736:
647:, were isolated from
600:Award of Garden Merit
562:
495:
270:Madagascar periwinkle
247:
2948:at Wikimedia Commons
2042:. pp. 157–159.
1916:10.1007/128_2007_130
804:political ecologists
722:, in both cases via
256:, commonly known as
3439:Catharanthus roseus
3426:Catharanthus_roseus
3201:Catharanthus roseus
3110:catharanthus-roseus
3090:Catharanthus_roseus
3077:catharanthus-roseus
3010:Catharanthus roseus
2980:Catharanthus roseus
2959:Catharanthus roseus
2945:Catharanthus roseus
2843:2008PChem..69.1215T
2825:Catharanthus roseus
2647:Catharanthus roseus
2541:2020PlnSc.29310408S
2067:Catharanthus roseus
1900:Krische, Michael J.
1748:10.1155/2015/982412
1682:Catharanthus roseus
1680:"RHS Plantfinder -
1553:Catharanthus roseus
1539:Catharanthus roseus
1525:Catharanthus roseus
1310:Catharanthus roseus
1274:Catharanthus roseus
1014:Catharanthus roseus
975:Catharanthus roseus
960:Catharanthus roseus
945:Catharanthus roseus
918:Catharanthus roseus
783:as an experimental
771:genetic engineering
649:Catharanthus roseus
501:Catharanthus roseus
465:Catharanthus roseus
420:Catharanthus roseus
410:Catharanthus roseus
398:Catharanthus roseus
388:Catharanthus roseus
374:Catharanthus roseus
296:. It is native and
253:Catharanthus roseus
172:Catharanthus roseus
25:Catharanthus roseus
2752:(PhD Dissertation)
2732:(PhD Dissertation)
1951:. pp. 46–51.
1910:. pp. 25–52.
1572:(PhD Dissertation)
1138:Seed pod and seeds
883:, even before the
746:
739:
737:A periwinkle shrub
724:anhydrovinblastine
663:-derived drugs by
633:Hodgkin's lymphoma
602:(confirmed 2017).
565:
498:
456:(Steenis) Bakh. f.
249:
3741:
3740:
3411:Open Tree of Life
2972:Taxon identifiers
2942:Media related to
2696:(12): 1347–1350.
2682:Spiroplasma citri
2217:10.1021/ol025560c
2180:10.1021/jm801064y
2126:10.4137/CMO.S5074
2092:978-3-540-56391-4
2049:978-3-527-32669-3
2032:"Vinca alkaloids"
1958:978-1-4987-0430-4
1925:978-3-540-72879-5
1849:(12): A582–A587.
1358:(11): 1231–1235.
1348:"Vinca Alkaloids"
1114:Grown in Malaysia
1030:From a garden at
550:Western Australia
242:
241:
229:
221:
213:
205:
3776:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3553:
3552:
3540:
3539:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3516:
3504:
3503:
3491:
3490:
3478:
3477:
3465:
3464:
3452:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3278:
3266:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2967:
2966:
2956:Data related to
2955:
2941:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2837:(5): 1215–1219.
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2760:10.7282/T3WD40Q7
2753:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2652:Forest Pathology
2642:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2607:
2605:10.1002/pld3.193
2583:
2577:
2576:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2485:
2483:10.1002/pld3.267
2461:
2455:
2454:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2380:(2): 3989–4005.
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2330:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2211:(7): 1151–1153.
2198:
2192:
2191:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1991:(5): 5893–5914.
1974:
1963:
1962:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1750:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1660:on 12 March 2016
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1522:Flora of China:
1520:
1511:
1496:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1403:. Archived from
1392:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1268:
1243:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1198:Potted Plant in
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1059:
1043:
1024:
1009:
997:
985:
970:
955:
940:
928:
913:
767:methyl jasmonate
635:. In the 1950s,
503:is an evergreen
308:, and now has a
227:
225:Ammocallis rosea
219:
211:
203:
174:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3599:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3535:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3512:
3507:
3499:
3494:
3486:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3455:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3401:
3398:Observation.org
3396:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3096:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3039:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2974:
2934:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2771:
2767:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2676:
2672:
2649:(periwinkle)".
2643:
2639:
2584:
2580:
2521:
2517:
2462:
2458:
2427:10.1071/FP19254
2407:
2403:
2366:
2362:
2307:
2303:
2271:
2267:
2236:
2232:
2204:Organic Letters
2199:
2195:
2162:Vinca alkaloids
2158:
2151:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2079:Springer-Verlag
2061:
2057:
2050:
2028:
2024:
1975:
1966:
1959:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1892:
1888:
1855:10.2307/3454734
1833:
1829:
1786:
1782:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1514:
1497:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1393:
1389:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1163:
1160:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1091:
1088:
1079:
1076:
1067:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1001:
998:
989:
986:
977:
971:
962:
956:
947:
941:
932:
929:
920:
914:
905:
877:Malagasy people
851:
832:
781:plant pathology
751:
677:
637:vinca alkaloids
613:
608:
570:
529:
490:
442:(G.Don) Woodson
432:(G.Don) Woodson
367:
355:tsimatiririnina
335:arivotaombelona
306:medicinal plant
290:flowering plant
282:rose periwinkle
278:pink periwinkle
266:graveyard plant
262:Cape periwinkle
212:(L.) Gaterau
186:
176:
170:
157:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3782:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:wfo-0000332803
3722:
3709:
3696:
3683:
3670:
3657:
3644:
3631:
3618:
3605:
3592:
3582:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:wfo-0000819442
3541:
3531:
3518:
3505:
3492:
3479:
3466:
3453:
3443:
3430:
3420:
3407:
3394:
3381:
3371:
3358:
3345:
3332:
3319:
3306:
3293:
3280:
3267:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3205:
3192:
3179:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3081:
3068:
3058:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3015:
3000:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2964:
2963:
2962:at Wikispecies
2949:
2933:
2932:External links
2930:
2923:
2922:
2892:
2889:. 9 June 2020.
2878:
2875:. August 2018.
2864:
2830:Phytochemistry
2811:
2785:(2): 423-445.
2765:
2737:
2717:
2689:Phytopathology
2684:on Periwinkle"
2670:
2659:(6): 347–350.
2637:
2598:(12): e00193.
2578:
2515:
2456:
2401:
2360:
2301:
2265:
2230:
2193:
2174:(1): 134–142.
2149:
2098:
2091:
2055:
2048:
2022:
1964:
1957:
1931:
1924:
1886:
1827:
1800:(5): 607–628.
1780:
1721:
1696:
1671:
1645:
1623:
1597:(2): 423-445.
1577:
1557:
1550:Jepson Flora:
1543:
1529:
1512:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1426:
1417:
1387:
1338:
1299:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1062:Flower bud in
1061:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1004:
1002:
999:
992:
990:
987:
980:
978:
972:
965:
963:
957:
950:
948:
942:
935:
933:
930:
923:
921:
915:
908:
904:
901:
873:Pierre Boiteau
850:
847:
831:
828:
824:vinca alkaloid
763:salicylic acid
750:
747:
704:semi-synthetic
692:biosynthesised
676:
673:
612:
609:
607:
604:
569:
566:
528:
525:
523:[</ref>
489:
486:
485:
484:
483:
482:
475:Lochnera rosea
472:
458:
457:
446:
445:
444:
443:
436:Lochnera rosea
433:
427:
417:
407:
395:
381:
380:
366:
363:
292:in the family
240:
239:
231:
230:
222:
217:Lochnera rosea
214:
209:Pervinca rosea
206:
195:
194:
188:
187:
177:
166:
165:
159:
158:
154:C. roseus
151:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3781:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2912:on 2022-11-01
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:Plant Science
2526:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2476:(9): e00267.
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:(1): 285–97.
2281:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1706:
1700:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1633:
1627:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1508:0-333-47494-5
1505:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1407:on 2022-11-01
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
991:
984:
979:
976:
969:
964:
961:
954:
949:
946:
939:
934:
927:
922:
919:
912:
907:
906:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:tangena fruit
882:
881:ordeal trials
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
846:
844:
840:
836:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:and American
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:phytohormones
756:
743:
735:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:. The newer
701:
697:
696:catharanthine
693:
689:
685:
681:
672:
670:
666:
662:
659:from 2001 on
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
603:
601:
597:
592:
589:
586:
584:
579:
578:bedding plant
575:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
524:
522:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
494:
480:
476:
473:
470:
466:
463:
462:
460:
459:
455:
451:
448:
447:
441:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
421:
418:
415:
411:
408:
406:
403:
399:
396:
393:
389:
386:
385:
383:
382:
379:
375:
372:
371:
370:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:rivotambelona
336:
331:
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
246:
238:
236:
228:(L.) Small
226:
223:
218:
215:
210:
207:
202:
199:
198:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
175:
173:
167:
164:
163:Binomial name
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:Tracheophytes
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3754:Catharanthus
3561:
2979:
2958:
2944:
2925:
2914:. Retrieved
2910:the original
2905:
2895:
2881:
2867:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2782:
2778:
2768:
2747:
2740:
2727:
2720:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2595:
2592:Plant Direct
2591:
2581:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2473:
2470:Plant Direct
2469:
2459:
2421:(1): 40–53.
2418:
2414:
2404:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2246:(4): 536–8.
2243:
2239:
2233:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2117:
2111:
2101:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2035:
2025:
1988:
1982:
1944:
1934:
1903:
1889:
1846:
1840:
1830:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1681:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1658:the original
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1594:
1590:
1580:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1524:
1502:. Macmillan
1499:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1400:
1390:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1315:
1309:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1279:
1273:
1266:
1252:Chandannagar
1247:
1050:, Bangladesh
1034:, Bangladesh
1027:
1013:
974:
959:
944:
917:
888:
870:
857:
853:
852:
843:Lochnericine
838:
833:
808:Fort Dauphin
797:
789:phytoplasmas
776:
775:
752:
715:
678:
660:
648:
639:, including
614:
593:
590:
587:
571:
530:
500:
499:
478:
474:
468:
464:
453:
449:
439:
435:
429:
423:
419:
413:
409:
401:
397:
391:
387:
377:
373:
368:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
332:
327:
321:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
251:
250:
232:
224:
216:
208:
200:
171:
169:
153:
152:
141:Catharanthus
140:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
3562:Vinca rosea
3336:NatureServe
3248:iNaturalist
3004:Wikispecies
2120:: 131–144.
2081:. pp.
1064:West Bengal
1032:Cox's Bazar
866:hypotension
858:Vinca rosea
820:vinblastine
816:vincristine
800:agronomists
779:is used in
708:vinorelbine
684:vincristine
680:Vinblastine
655:use, and a
645:vincristine
641:vinblastine
611:Traditional
568:Cultivation
534:naturalized
488:Description
328:Vinca rosea
318:vinblastine
314:vincristine
310:pantropical
294:Apocynaceae
288:species of
258:bright eyes
201:Vinca rosea
130:Apocynaceae
120:Gentianales
84:Angiosperms
3748:Categories
3457:Plant List
3097:Calflora:
2916:2022-11-01
2902:"vonenina"
2535:: 110408.
1741:: 982412.
1714:24 January
1689:12 January
1664:2 November
1638:2 November
1411:2022-11-01
1259:References
1028:Periwinkle
943:Off-white
897:vony enina
822:and other
761:, such as
653:indigenous
538:Bangladesh
509:herbaceous
496:In morning
414:occellatus
302:Madagascar
233:(See also
3627:220014175
3577:Q38444945
3462:kew-35719
3214:200018366
3188:200018366
3170:FloraBase
3107:Cal-IPC:
2799:153584071
2614:2475-4455
2573:211231123
2557:0168-9452
2492:2475-4455
2451:220670971
2435:1445-4408
2396:1589-1623
2337:1664-462X
1984:Molecules
1949:CRC Press
1814:0929-8673
1757:2356-6140
1611:153584071
1364:2008-7802
1200:New Delhi
916:Deep-red
860:) in the
854:C. roseus
839:C. roseus
835:Rosinidin
812:Ambovombe
777:C. roseus
755:alkaloids
728:vincoline
720:leurosine
718:alkaloid
700:vindoline
675:Medicinal
669:biopiracy
661:C. roseus
583:cultivars
540:, India,
518:follicles
351:trongatse
286:perennial
237:section)
148:Species:
54:Kingdom:
3713:Tropicos
3679:11303381
3571:Wikidata
3522:Tropicos
3423:PalDat:
3341:2.132922
3289:11252152
3064:251-22-1
2989:Wikidata
2859:18164044
2712:18944838
2632:31909362
2565:32081258
2510:33005857
2443:32690131
2355:31379908
2296:24012527
2225:11922805
2188:19072542
2144:21695100
2017:22609781
1881:11748021
1822:15032608
1775:25667940
1382:24404355
1331:4 August
1292:4 August
1248:mutation
1048:Ishwardi
893:Malagasy
889:vonenina
849:Toxicity
793:phyllody
749:Research
625:diabetes
617:Ayurveda
552:and the
546:Pakistan
542:Malaysia
505:subshrub
454:angustus
440:ocellata
392:angustus
365:Taxonomy
359:vonenina
347:tongatse
274:old maid
235:Synonyms
192:Synonyms
126:Family:
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
3718:1800055
3666:82710-1
3640:3169831
3537:4946783
3527:1800007
3362:NTFlora
3323:MoBotPF
3276:77880-1
3227:3169830
3131:Ecocrop
2995:Q161093
2839:Bibcode
2804:14 July
2623:6937483
2537:Bibcode
2501:7520646
2346:6657538
2321:: 931.
2260:4828700
2135:3117629
2008:6268133
1902:(ed.).
1872:1240518
1863:3454734
1766:4312627
1616:14 July
1373:3883245
1246:A rare
1066:, India
1012:Purple
903:Gallery
891:, from
830:Biology
665:western
629:malaria
574:gardens
527:Ecology
514:corolla
481:Steenis
479:angusta
471:Markgr.
426:Markgr.
298:endemic
284:, is a
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
3692:196086
3585:APDB:
3534:uBio:
3475:CARO14
3470:PLANTS
3416:524094
3403:198599
3374:NZOR:
3328:276071
3149:581125
3072:ARKive
3061:APSA:
3038:APDB:
3018:AoFP:
2857:
2797:
2710:
2630:
2620:
2612:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2508:
2498:
2490:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2394:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2294:
2258:
2223:
2186:
2142:
2132:
2089:
2046:
2015:
2005:
1955:
1922:
1879:
1869:
1861:
1820:
1812:
1773:
1763:
1755:
1609:
1506:
1380:
1370:
1362:
1283:(WCSP)
657:patent
631:, and
378:roseus
357:, and
3674:IRMNG
3653:41682
3614:5BFGS
3601:83298
3588:71925
3514:981-1
3509:SANBI
3501:98105
3446:PFI:
3385:NZPCN
3315:30168
3302:16884
3284:IRMNG
3263:13954
3260:IPA:
3253:62924
3240:70159
3196:FoAO2
3162:CTURO
3054:56843
3041:71614
3028:APA:
2795:S2CID
2569:S2CID
2447:S2CID
2083:46–55
1898:. In
1859:JSTOR
1708:(PDF)
1607:S2CID
1437:G.Don
1213:Seeds
716:vinca
477:var.
469:nanus
467:var.
438:var.
424:nanus
422:var.
416:G.Don
412:var.
405:G.Don
402:albus
400:var.
390:var.
376:var.
343:tonga
323:Vinca
204:L.
184:G.Don
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
3700:POWO
3687:ITIS
3661:IPNI
3648:GRIN
3635:GBIF
3596:APNI
3483:POWO
3449:8428
3434:PfaF
3390:3601
3354:4058
3349:NCBI
3310:ITIS
3271:IPNI
3235:GRIN
3222:GBIF
3175:6569
3157:EPPO
3123:RTT8
3100:1739
3085:ATRF
3049:APNI
3021:1382
2855:PMID
2806:2023
2708:PMID
2628:PMID
2610:ISSN
2561:PMID
2553:ISSN
2506:PMID
2488:ISSN
2439:PMID
2431:ISSN
2392:ISSN
2351:PMID
2333:ISSN
2292:PMID
2256:PMID
2221:PMID
2184:PMID
2140:PMID
2087:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2013:PMID
1953:ISBN
1920:ISBN
1877:PMID
1818:PMID
1810:ISSN
1771:PMID
1753:ISSN
1739:2015
1716:2018
1691:2018
1666:2015
1640:2015
1618:2023
1504:ISBN
1378:PMID
1360:ISSN
1333:2019
1294:2019
973:Red
810:and
787:for
785:host
765:and
698:and
682:and
643:and
606:Uses
316:and
3726:WFO
3622:FNA
3609:CoL
3545:WFO
3496:RHS
3367:279
3297:ISC
3209:FoC
3183:FNA
3144:EoL
3136:652
3118:CoL
3031:411
2847:doi
2827:".
2787:doi
2756:doi
2698:doi
2661:doi
2618:PMC
2600:doi
2545:doi
2533:293
2496:PMC
2478:doi
2423:doi
2382:doi
2341:PMC
2323:doi
2284:doi
2280:150
2248:doi
2213:doi
2176:doi
2130:PMC
2122:doi
2003:PMC
1993:doi
1912:doi
1867:PMC
1851:doi
1847:109
1802:doi
1761:PMC
1743:doi
1599:doi
1368:PMC
615:In
598:'s
507:or
349:or
337:or
326:as
300:to
3750::
3728::
3715::
3702::
3689::
3676::
3663::
3650::
3637::
3624::
3611::
3598::
3573::
3547::
3524::
3511::
3498::
3485::
3472::
3459::
3436::
3413::
3400::
3387::
3364::
3351::
3338::
3325::
3312::
3299::
3286::
3273::
3250::
3237::
3224::
3211::
3198::
3185::
3172::
3159::
3146::
3133::
3120::
3087::
3074::
3051::
3006::
2991::
2904:.
2853:.
2845:.
2835:69
2833:.
2793:.
2783:39
2781:.
2777:.
2706:.
2694:88
2692:.
2686:.
2657:27
2655:.
2626:.
2616:.
2608:.
2594:.
2590:.
2567:.
2559:.
2551:.
2543:.
2531:.
2527:.
2504:.
2494:.
2486:.
2472:.
2468:.
2445:.
2437:.
2429:.
2419:48
2417:.
2413:.
2390:.
2378:17
2376:.
2372:.
2349:.
2339:.
2331:.
2319:10
2317:.
2313:.
2290:.
2278:.
2254:.
2244:63
2242:.
2219:.
2207:.
2182:.
2172:52
2170:.
2152:^
2138:.
2128:.
2116:.
2110:.
2085:.
2038:.
2034:.
2011:.
2001:.
1989:17
1987:.
1981:.
1967:^
1947:.
1943:.
1918:.
1875:.
1865:.
1857:.
1845:.
1839:.
1816:.
1808:.
1798:11
1796:.
1792:.
1769:.
1759:.
1751:.
1737:.
1733:.
1605:.
1595:39
1593:.
1589:.
1515:^
1489:^
1429:^
1399:.
1376:.
1366:.
1354:.
1350:.
1324:,
1320:.
1314:.
1285:.
1278:.
895::
841:.
818:,
773:.
686:,
671:.
627:,
544:,
452:.
361:.
353:,
345:,
341:,
330:.
280:,
276:,
272:,
268:,
264:,
260:,
182:)
180:L.
106::
93::
80::
67::
2861:.
2849::
2841::
2821:O
2808:.
2789::
2762:.
2758::
2714:.
2700::
2667:.
2663::
2634:.
2602::
2596:3
2575:.
2547::
2539::
2512:.
2480::
2474:4
2453:.
2425::
2398:.
2384::
2357:.
2325::
2298:.
2286::
2262:.
2250::
2227:.
2215::
2209:4
2190:.
2178::
2146:.
2124::
2118:5
2095:.
2065:"
2052:.
2019:.
1995::
1961:.
1928:.
1914::
1883:.
1853::
1824:.
1804::
1777:.
1745::
1718:.
1693:.
1684:"
1668:.
1642:.
1620:.
1601::
1510:.
1414:.
1384:.
1356:4
1335:.
1312:"
1308:"
1296:.
1276:"
1272:"
178:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_in_West_Bengal,_India,_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty,_on_October_2,_2021.jpg)