Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918–1919

1025:, which concluded its work on January 11. The government assumed the project and presented it to the Cortes on the 21st. The proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission consisted of 22 bases, 21 of which dealt with municipal autonomy and only one, the last one, with regional autonomy. According to this, which consisted of 18 articles and 3 transitory provisions, Catalonia would have an assembly called Diputació (one third of whose members would be elected by the town councils and by certain corporations) and a government with the name of Generalitat. The four provincial deputations would disappear, although the regional power would not have the power to modify the existing provincial territorial division. The co-officiality of Catalan was recognized, including the administration of justice. It also established the possibility of creating a regional police force that would coordinate with the state police force. There were undoubted advances but, as pointed out by the jurists appointed by the Commonwealth to study the proposal, it was more a project of administrative decentralization since no exclusive competence was granted to the regional power nor was any State service transferred to it and, in addition, a new figure was created, that of the governor general of the region, who could refuse to sanction the provisions of the Deputation and of the Generality if he considered that these contained excesses. He also appointed delegates in the four provinces, had the power to dissolve the regional assembly (or Deputation) and to call new elections if he had the approval of the government in Madrid, and maintained the powers of the civil governors in matters of freedom of the press, of association and assembly, and of public order —the 1060:

November draft to make it possible for it to be approved by the Cortes. Firstly, the reference to other territories outside Catalonia that could be incorporated into it was eliminated, so that it would not be accused of being a "pan-Catalanist" project. Secondly, the competences that would correspond to the regional power were listed, contrary to what had been done in the bases in which only the competences of the State were listed, so that all those that were not included in the list would correspond to the autonomous region. Thirdly, the mixed and parity commission established in the bases, which was in charge of settling conflicts of competences, was renounced, passing this power to the Spanish Parliament, so that it was left to be both judge and party. Fourthly, the figure of the governor general was incorporated with practically the same powers as in the project of the extra-parliamentary commission of Madrid, although the competence over public order was removed. In conclusion, as the historian Albert Balcells has pointed out, "the draft statute of the Commonwealth of 1919 contained substantial concessions to the central power in comparison with the bases drafted in November 1918 in the four aspects that had been most criticized in Madrid in the parliamentary debate that had provoked the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies".

1262:... our problem is the following: a nation, the Catalan nation, for centuries has lived as an independent state and has produced a language, a civil law, a political law and a general sentiment that has characterized the expression of its life. And this nation first joined the Crown of Spain, then the incorporation was total with the state, and in centuries of coexistence have created common interests, have created spiritual ties that have established a formula of common patriotism that would be foolish to want to destroy; but at the same time, this personality that had had a life of its own, independent, subsists, and has not disappeared; the language, the law, the juridical sense and the public spirit of its own have persisted, and all that, which was a biological fact while there was not a phenomenon of will that turned it into a political fact. This will, what does it say, what does it express, what does it want? It wants Catalonia to have full sovereignty to govern itself in everything that concerns Catalonia's own internal life, and that in everything that affects everything beyond its borders, there should be only one unity, which is Spain. 127:

internal and international dignity, we point out the obstacle: this enervating, exhausting struggle, unconscious at times, well aware now, between a predominant nationality and others that do not resign themselves to disappear; and we invite you to close this period, to harmoniously unite the Spanish nationalities with one another and all with the State, in such a way that each one freely governs its internal life and all have the participation that corresponds to their importance in the direction of the community, making Spain, in this way, not the sum of a people and the spoils of other peoples, but the living, powerful resultant of all the Spanish nations, whole, as God has made them, without mutilating them first, tearing from them the language, the culture, the personality, which are the root of their strength. Do not have any illusions in Madrid; the question of Catalonia will not be solved with violence, nor with

1206:, the last violent confrontations took place. That day a young man wearing a tie with the colors of the Catalan flag was attacked by a group of the Spanish Patriotic League, but the people came to his defense and the aggressors had to flee. At noon there was a shooting confrontation between Carlist requetés and members of the Patriotic League when the latter tried to remove the ties with the Catalan flag they were wearing on their lapels. Seven people were wounded by gunshot, two of them very seriously —one a Carlist and the other a member of the Patriotic League—. The police arrested twenty people, none of them from the Patriotic League. In another place in Barcelona, groups of the Patriotic League seriously wounded a young man who died a few days later. He was the third and last fatality during the autonomist campaign. On January 28 the civil governor ordered the closure of the premises of the 470: 864:. In his speech he said that the definitive integration of the League into the political system of the Monarchy depended on the acceptance of the autonomy of Catalonia, without which the "greatness of Spain" was not possible, and that otherwise they would be "eliminated from general politics". He added that the granting of the Statute did not weaken the powers of the Spanish parliament because the latter could "repeal it and even... modify it", a statement, according to the historian Albert Balcells, "very risky" because "he had recognized something that denied the sovereignty of the Catalan autonomous power", although "the logic of Cambó's speech —just like that of the Bases presented— was federal and constituent, since it claimed in the areas of competence of the Catalan regional power a total, complete, absolute sovereignty". 911:

than the region, and the Nation needs municipal autonomy much more and much sooner than regional autonomy". Referring to the question of competences, he said that "the region has been delimited by demarcating the State" and to explain this he resorted to the following metaphor: "An eagle that has to serve as solace in a park for the idle can be caged, an eagle that has to defend its life and that of its children cannot have a feather taken from its wings or a nail removed from its claws". Then, addressing the Catalan deputies, he told them that, whether they liked it or not, they were Spanish: "No one can choose their mother, or brothers, or their father's house, or their hometown, or their homeland". His intervention was very applauded by the deputies of the two dynastic parties, including the president of the government,

1250:"because our Statute is a minimum, because in drafting it we took into account that we had no right to raise a bargaining dispute, that in what could be compromised we had to compromise, and we did not have to ask for anything more than what was absolutely indispensable for the autonomy of Catalonia to be a reality, not a fiction". He went on to add that if what was being asked for was seen as a separatist proposal it was tantamount to saying "that we are already spiritually separated and that the union is maintained by force". Then he accused the President of the Government of his lack of support for the Commonwealth project with the phrase: "Your Lordship, like Faust, in order to prolong his ministerial life, has sold his soul to the devil". To which Romanones replied with laughter: "He would have made a good deal!". 412:" (in English: Neither with one or the other). It said: "In the problem of the autonomy of Catalonia we cannot be with either one or the other All the workers of Spain should know that the movement for autonomy carried out by the plutocrats of the League does not have the acquiescence nor the sympathy of the workers of Catalonia We are not interested in the autonomy dispute, except for the protest of the people in the street. That protest, which can be translated into mutiny and that mutiny which can lead to a liberating revolution, yes, because it reflects the uneasiness of the people and the anxieties they feel to get out of this state as far as it means revolt, crystallization and revolutionary events we accept it we will remain on the sidelines, but in expectation". The Catalan leader of the CNT 767: 1000:. On December 21, 1918, the Catalan parliamentarians who had left the Cortes, the Assembly of the Commonwealth and the deputies of the four deputations met in Barcelona to decide whether to participate in the commission created by the government. The republicans proposed that those present should set themselves up as a constituent assembly and draft a proposal for a Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia, while parliamentarians from the dynastic parties were of the opinion that they should form part of the government commission. Finally, it was resolved that the Council of the Commonwealth and the deputy parliamentarians would draw up a draft Statute, although without ruling out the possibility of also going to Madrid. The government expressed its displeasure at 555: 1181:, giving the paradox that the opposing forces, such as the revolutionary parties and some Catalanists who call themselves conservatives, collaborate in sustaining the abnormality, of course without involving the respective disputes, which they keep perfectly separate. But in vain do these elements want to disengage themselves from the campaign of the unions, to which they involuntarily lend help with their rebellious attitude; their issues are different, but the abnormality receives the incentive from both sides, and thus we see the government turn with the same haste to the two sources of disturbance, entrusting to a committee the drafting of the regional statute and immediately ordering the 848:

on the victors. It must be taken into account that at that time almost the entire map of Europe was redrawn: the center (Germany), the north (Poland-Russia), the east (Balkans) and also the Middle East and the colonies in Africa and Asia, the last thing the victorious allies (who also had opposing interests in many geostrategic areas) wanted was to create another problem in the Iberian Peninsula. Therefore, the Count remained calm and Cambó had an unpleasant surprise when he found that the person he thought was going to be his main supporter —Wilson, president of the United States— simply ignored his proposals because he already had to negotiate more than a few issues throughout Europe.

157:—who would die the following year— and signed by all the deputies and senators of the party. The manifesto denounced that Catalonia was one of the peoples of Spain who saw "the substantial elements of their spirituality, of their personality, excluded from the laws of the State", which made them "third-class Spaniards". The solution was the recognition of the autonomy of Catalonia, "a work of justice" and "of the highest convenience" and to put an end to the assimilationist policy, which would make possible the authentic unity "of all Spaniards, whole, just as God has made them", converted into a "peninsular empire of Iberia" —which also implied the integration of Portugal—. 1101: 1045: 1014:, and it was decided not to attend the commission in order not to break the unity of those who supported autonomy since the Republicans were opposed. They also argued that certain politicians had also refused to attend, such as Eduardo Dato, who had a good number of deputies behind him, which made it impossible for what the commission agreed to be endorsed by the Cortes. As a Catalan Republican newspaper said, "the Commission was stillborn and, in the end, the Cortes will decide in the last instance, annulling all effectiveness of the Commission". In spite of this, Romanones maintained the convocation. 31: 242: 958:, which had criticized the withdrawal of the parliamentarians, and burned copies of the newspaper in the street. It was at that moment that the police finally intervened. The following day the Republicans organized a rally in a theater in Barcelona in favor of Catalan autonomy. At the exit another demonstration was organized and the police without warning shot at the demonstrators, killing a woman who was passing by. She was the first victim of three during the autonomy campaign. No policeman was arrested or punished for these events. 785: 442: 430:

idea of "a virtually sovereign Catalonia that pacts on equal terms with the Spanish State, a situation only plausible in the case of a constituent process that would entail a federalization of Spain, but inadequate in the case of a demand for a singular autonomy for Catalonia without constitutional reform; what was needed was the opposite: to establish the competences that the State ceded to Catalonia", which was the approach that the Regionalist League leader Francesc Cambó had defended from the beginning.

461:. The disagreement prevented the continuity of the government and García Prieto resigned —his government had lasted less than a month—. The king then entrusted the formation of the government to the Count of Romanones, the liberal leader who had defended the need to reach an agreement, although he only had the support of the deputies of his own faction. As the historian Ángeles Barrio has pointed out, the main mission of the new government was "to steer the question of autonomy through smoother channels". 1089:

cassation; the organization of the administration of justice in Catalonia; public works, except those considered to be of general Spanish interest; telephones; forestry and agricultural services, including the draining and clearing of uncultivated land; charity and health; and public order. To finance these services, a treasury was created to which direct contributions would be transferred. On the other hand, the Statute did not contain any definition of Catalonia, neither as an "autonomous region" (

1064:

city of Barcelona, which would be proportional. The ministers of the Catalan government, appointed by the governor general, would be responsible to the two chambers. In addition to legislating on the matters that the Statute declared to be exclusive to the regional power, the Catalan congress and senate could agree on amendments to the laws passed by the Cortes in certain matters, such as social legislation, which would only apply in Catalonia, provided that the Cortes did not oppose them.

176:, it was stated "that it is the general will of Catalonia to obtain a regime of broad autonomy" and a federal structure was demanded in accordance with "the reality of Spanish life", which would increase "its organic cohesion" and develop "its collective energies". They also demanded the reopening of the Cortes, which would have the function of constituent assembly. If the Dato government did not accept any of the requests, they would call on all the deputies and senators to attend an 131:, nor with betrayals of former patriots, nor with the political skills of rulers who are masters at winning elections by imprisoning opposing voters and distributing favors and threats in violation of all laws. The only solution is a frank and complete autonomy. To establish it, to go to the federative consecration of the freedom of all the peninsular nations, is to begin the great Spain. To follow the path taken is to work for a weak Spain, more divided, more diminished every day. 688: 1258:

that the project attributed to Catalonia. The president of the government then intervened to say that only the project of the extra-parliamentary commission would be discussed. At this impasse, the Catalan republican, regionalist and traditionalist deputies, but not those of the dynastic parties, presented a motion on February 18 for a plebiscite on autonomy to be held in Catalonia. To support the proposal Cambó intervened three days later to say:

2414: 1068: 434:

for the Government, and as a norm for the future Constitution that the Catalan people would give itself". On November 29 the president of the Commonwealth Puig i Cadafalch, accompanied by the Consell and the Catalan parliamentarians, delivered in Madrid the project of bases for the autonomy of Catalonia to the president of the government García Prieto, who received it very coldly. That same afternoon Cambó gave a conference at the

2428: 1215:

used firearms, and this fact has no correspondence in the radical nationalist groups. The leniency of the police with the former contrasts with the violence they exercised on the latter. It seems that the Patriotic League was an auxiliary group of police and military; in fact, it disappeared without a trace, although some of its members must have joined various later extreme right-wing groups".

871:, spoke next and opposed the draft of the Bases, among other reasons, because it was incompatible with the Constitution of 1876 and because it granted Catalonia "tax privileges". He ended his speech by stating that if the Catalan nationalists wanted autonomy they should renounce their participation in the government of Spain. It was then that, addressing Cambó, he said: "You cannot be both 1271:. The promoters of the autonomist campaign with Cambó at the head decided then not to promote any movement of civil resistance or municipal boycott, but rather to end the campaign. As Albert Balcells has pointed out, "afterwards it was very easy to say that the Canadiense strike had prevented the municipal boycott. But it is clear that the 545:, in which they defended "national unity" and opposed any region obtaining political autonomy that would undermine Spanish sovereignty —and even called for a boycott of "the orders of the Catalan industrial houses"—. They also opposed the co-officiality of Catalan, which they called a "regional dialect". The following day, the newspaper 962:

Catalonia and autonomy. We do not choose our enemies, they themselves will say against whom Catalonia has to go", he declared. Cambó wrote to a journalist: "I will not enter into any government in which I cannot fully develop my thoughts... without a complete agreement regarding what is going to be done and how it is going to be done".

1246:). To the government and to the representatives of the forces which may replace it I require them to express their opinion." However, the government maintained its position of assuming as its own the project of the extra-parliamentary commission and not that of the Commonwealth, which is why it was not debated in the Cortes. 982:", threatening them with pistols. On the 20th the incidents were repeated, in which the Spanish supporters fired their revolvers although there were no injuries. On the 22nd a police sergeant was wounded by a blow to the head and a lieutenant was also seriously wounded by a shot fired by an unidentified sniper. 1266:

The president of the government Romanones declared that he was opposed to the referendum and that he recognized the will of the Catalans to have a statute of autonomy but that it should not necessarily be that of the Commonwealth. Finally, Romanones closed the Cortes on February 27 —precisely the day

1257:

intervened on behalf of the commission to attack the project of the Commonwealth, alleging that it had been the result of an "illegal deliberation of an irregularly constituted assembly before which we do not have to submit" and declaring himself absolutely opposed to the transfer of the competences

1180:

the street riots repeated with futile pretexts; the strikes also daily planned, the attacks against workers and bosses, the expectation of a threatening regional Assembly, and above all the revolutionary propaganda all contribute to the exacerbation of passions in the cause of autonomy and unionism

1063:

The draft Statute of the Commonwealth maintained the bicameral regional parliament proposed in the bases, with a senate elected by the councilors of the municipalities and a congress elected by universal suffrage, by means of the majority electoral system except in the constituency constituted by the

1009:

On December 27, the members of the extra-parliamentary commission appointed by the government were announced. It was made up of 33 people, 18 of whom were in favor of Catalan autonomy, although the agreements had to be reached by consensus, since the draft statute to be drawn up had to be approved by

918:

After Maura's intervention, Cambó wrote a letter to the king on December 12 in which he terminated the secret agreement adopted a month earlier and in which he justified the withdrawal from the Cortes of the great majority of Catalan deputies and senators as a sign of protest against the rejection of

847:

could affect Spain. And the Count found himself with a message of reassurance from the President of the United States —and therefore from the rest of the allies— that the principles of those 14 points would only be imposed on the countries defeated in the conflict, not on the neutrals nor, evidently,

433:

On November 25, the Catalan parliamentarians approved the draft of the bases, making it clear, at Cambó's proposal, that it was not a draft statute since "the honor of whose initiative corresponded to the Government", and that it had only outlined "the general lines that... could serve as a guideline

355:

a volume with the certificates of the Catalan town councils, which had expressed themselves overwhelmingly in favor of the autonomy of Catalonia —practically all the municipalities, representing 98% of the Catalan population—. Puig i Cadafalch then met with the members of the Permanent Council of the

332:

encouraged him to launch the autonomist campaign in order to distract "the masses from any revolutionary purpose". "I see no other way to save such a difficult situation than to satisfy at once the aspirations of Catalonia, so that the Catalans stop feeling revolutionary at this moment and reinforce

267:

in which the city councils had to pronounce on the autonomy of Catalonia "so that it could fully develop all its energies, and reach the place that belongs to it, fulfilling its mission in the resurgence of Spain". It had the precedent of the municipal plebiscite held in 1913 in favor of the creation

126:

We, from this Catalonia... systematically eliminated from any active intervention in the government of Spain, we, treated as separatists and localists, we to the other Spaniards of good faith, to those who feel their souls oppressed by the current impotence and wish to elevate their land to a greater

1319:

drew up a draft Statute that was very limited and therefore unacceptable to the Catalan deputies who had returned to Congress. Cambó then asked for a plebiscite to be held in Catalonia to find out whether or not the citizens of Catalonia wanted a Statute of Autonomy, but the deputies of the dynastic

1214:

After January 27, Catalan nationalist agitation ceased and the Spanish Patriotic League discontinued its activities. "In any case, it cannot be considered that the Spanish Patriotic League and the radical nationalist groups were the two extreme sides of the same phenomenon. The members of the League

1169:

and began to shoot. Numerous people were wounded due to the panic caused by the violent irruption, one of them shot, but none of the assailants was arrested. The government then decreed the suspension of constitutional guarantees, so censorship was imposed and the press could no longer report on the

1112:

On January 24 and 25, 1919, the extraordinary Assembly of the Commonwealth and the Catalan parliamentarians debated extensively and unanimously approved —the Catalan deputies and senators of the dynastic parties also voted in favor— the draft Statute of the Consell, which was ratified on Sunday 26th

961:

On December 18, Cambó launched at a rally the slogan "Monarchy? Republic? Catalonia!". "We do not mortgage autonomy to the Republic, nor do we wait for the Republic to implement autonomy, but we will not slow down our march because of the fact that the Monarchy may fall, We have love and adhesion to

910:

took place, who also opposed Catalan autonomy, although he allowed the possibility of negotiating an administrative decentralization that did not put at risk the autonomy of the municipalities "because the municipality has, not so much a right, but a more notorious and indisputable right to autonomy

1295:

but restricted general political freedoms, made it impossible to rebuild the autonomist front to raise again the demand for a statute. The League, which through the words of Francesc Cambó had solemnly announced in the Cortes that it would not participate again in any government until the favorable

1223:

The Catalan parliamentarians returned to the Cortes to try to get the draft Statute of the Commonwealth approved. On January 28, 1919, Francesc Cambó participated in the Congress. He first referred to the practically unanimous support that the draft Statute of the Commonwealth had received from the

1189:

After the suspension of the guarantees, the violence of the groups of the Spanish Patriotic League did not stop. On January 17 they wounded a young Catalan nationalist worker who died three days later. On the 24th the police charges were extraordinarily harsh, causing serious damage to the cafés on

1088:

The powers that corresponded to Catalonia included education at all levels, with the obligation to teach Spanish in primary schools; the municipal and provincial regime, which included the power to modify the territorial division of Catalonia; Catalan civil law, including the creation of a court of

590:

sent a message of support to the president of the Commonwealth. For its part, the Diputación de Zaragoza demanded the Commonwealth for Aragón, but made it clear that its aspirations should not be confused with those of the Catalanists, since "Aragón has proclaimed above all the intangibility of the

198:

went to Barcelona, who approved the formation of a government "which embodied and represented the sovereign will of the country" and which would preside over the elections to the Constituent Courts. The Assembly was dissolved by order of the civil governor of Barcelona and all the participants were

1335:

According to Javier Moreno Luzón, the government and the king stopped supporting even the project of the extra-parliamentary commission because of the pressures of the garrison of Barcelona and the violent confrontations that took place in Barcelona between the pro-Spanish Patriotic League and the

1233:

He then stated that the approval of the project of the extra-parliamentary commission that the government had backed would not resolve the question: "The day after the government's project was approved, even with all the modifications compatible with its nature, the problem would remain the same".

1228:

That manifestation of will creates a right, creates the most sacred right, the only legitimate foundation of a power and of a sovereignty. Those who affirm that this authentically expressed will and that we are willing to submit to the unsurpassable ratification of the individual plebiscite, which

923:

The result of yesterday's session means the failure of all our actions in Spanish politics and the abandonment of all hope that the Catalan problem could have the solution in which I had placed all my illusions. A duty of political loyalty obliges me to proclaim it in Parliament before leaving for

647:. On December 15, the Assembly of the City Councils of Biscay met in the Bilbao City Hall, but this ended in a serious altercation between dynastics and socialists on one side and Basque nationalists on the other. A Basque nationalist demonstration later went through the streets of Bilbao, and the 429:

The committee appointed by the Commonwealth prepared the draft of the bases in just a few days. This was maximalist in that it only specified the competences that corresponded to the State, leaving the rest for Catalonia, which meant, as historian Albert Balcells has pointed out, starting from the

947:

immediately made known to the government of Romanones. For his part, the civil governor prohibited the pro-autonomist demonstrations. The measure prevented the organization of a large demonstration like the one that had been held in Madrid on December 9 against Catalan autonomy, but it was not an

932:

By great good fortune, you, men who represent currents of opinion that are not limited to a part of Spanish territory, have declared that in your sentiments the broadest political autonomy for Catalonia is compatible with the integrity, with the unity of Spain. Think of the immense responsibility

1059:

While the extra-parliamentary commission was working in Madrid, in Barcelona the Consell de la Commonwealth with the deputy parliamentarians was working on its own draft Statute. It was finished on January 17, a few days after the Madrid commission presented theirs. Four changes were made to the

763:; on the other hand, the radical nationalist propaganda presented Marshal Joffre as a Catalan war hero—. Cambó went so far as to sound out the French government about a possible trip to Paris to defend the "Catalan cause" but the answer was negative, considering it an "internal Spanish problem". 424:

like those that the manufacturers of Barcelona have, to which their workers are enslaved. We want Catalonia to be a free, conscious and well administered nation. We are more Catalan than those who boast so much of Catalanism. Nor do we want to play into the hands of the central power, since the

605:

The presidents of the Castilian deputations delivered on December 6 the manifesto against the autonomy of Catalonia to the president of the government Romanones and to the king. The latter, who days before had encouraged Cambó to present the Statute proposal, expressed his solidarity "with the

1249:

On February 6, the debate began in the Congress of Deputies on the opinion of the parliamentary commission that had studied the draft Statute of the extra-parliamentary commission. The following day, Cambó intervened to oppose the project and to propose the debate on that of the Commonwealth,

209:

of August called by the socialists, the Assembly of Parliamentarians met again on October 30 at the Ateneo in Madrid. That same day Cambó was called to the Palace to meet with the king, who accepted his proposal to form a "concentration government" which would be presided over by the liberal

942:

but the crowd prevented him from doing so and he was stripped of his saber and had to be rescued by the police. The incident was magnified by the military press of Madrid and caused great indignation among the officers of the garrison of Barcelona as the captain general of Catalonia

951:

On December 14, the deputies and senators who had left the Cortes and were returning from Madrid were received in Barcelona with full honors. Then a manifestation went through the main streets of Barcelona without the police intervening. Some participants stoned the headquarters of

333:

their adhesion to the Monarchy," the king told Cambó. According to the historian Javier Moreno Luzón, "Alfonso XIII was convinced that only the League, satisfied with some autonomic potion, could dissuade the masses and stop the imminent revolution in Barcelona, a transcript of the

344:

The following day, November 16, in a solemn act in which various economic, cultural and professional entities were represented, and which was also attended by the deputies and senators for Catalonia and the deputies of the four provincial deputations —while a crowd gathered in the

1004:

the absolute omission of the published decree creating the extra-parliamentary Commission, a fact which has the value of a solemn requirement addressed to Catalonia, and the silence kept with respect to the power of the Cortes, to whom any autonomist aspiration must ultimately be

902:

had also made— opposed the transfer of the competence over civil law because of its relation with social legislation and, above all, the transfer of teaching: "Do you think that we are not going to defend the teachers, who represent the unity of thought, the unity of Spain?

497:

campaign based on clichés and stereotypes about Catalonia and the Catalans, but which managed to mobilize thousands of people who protested in Madrid and other cities. The campaign was initiated by the so-called trust of the liberal press of Madrid formed by the newspapers

1147:. In these incidents the police acted on the side of the pro-Spanish protesters and arrested only the Catalan nationalists accused of "incitement to rebellion", a fact that was denounced by the press. Sometimes it was the police themselves who removed the ribbons with the 995:

At the proposal of Cambó with whom he had met before he announced the withdrawal of the Catalan parliamentarians, the president of the government Romanones called an extra-parliamentary commission to draft a proposal of autonomy for Catalonia that would be taken to

973:

took part, as well as attempted demonstrations which ended with the intervention of the police. On December 18, a group of Spanish nationalists attacked the demonstrators with sticks without the police intervening, and the following day they forced to shout

540:

On December 2, 1918, one day after the Romanones government was formed, the deputations of Castilla y León —Santander, Valladolid, Palencia, Soria, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Logroño and Madrid—, gathered in Burgos, responded to Catalan pretensions with the

1275:

could not be prepared as an anti-unionist force under the orders of the captain general and, at the same time, program a movement of civil disobedience that should have confronted the captain general". Moreover, it should not be forgotten that the Spanish

1029:

was under his direct orders—. The Catalan jurists emphasized that the powers granted to the governor were a step backwards with respect to the relative independence that the Commonwealth had "which has no direct contact of any kind with the governors".

84:

and the Catalan Republican nationalist parties— which presented a draft of bases for the autonomy of Catalonia to the government and the Cortes in Madrid at the end of November 1918. The proposal was rejected in December, in the midst of a strong

107:

in Barcelona in February relegated the autonomist demand to the background. The campaign for the "integral autonomy" of Catalonia, as historian Javier Moreno Luzón has emphasized, "shook the Spanish political scene to its foundations."

425:

latter is only waiting for the occasion when the men of autonomy are impotent or for any other reason, to deny its concession, on the pretext that they cannot dominate nor know how to govern the diverse elements that make up Catalonia.

233:, Cambó decided that "Catalonia's time had come" and the Regionalist League organized the campaign for "integral autonomy" for Catalonia which, according to Javier Moreno Luzón, "shook the Spanish political scene to its foundations". 1210:

and those of the Spanish Patriotic League, although its members continued to meet without police intervention, and prohibited the display of Catalan flags in unofficial places and the wearing of ribbons with the four-colored flag.

380:, with a blue triangle and a white star. At the exit of the conference a demonstration was formed on the Ramblas, the first of the autonomist campaign, which was dissolved by the police. Later, when the demonstrators went to the 937:

The following day, December 13, there were demonstrations in Barcelona in support of autonomy, harshly repressed by the police. In one of them an army lieutenant dressed in uniform arrested a demonstrator because he had shouted

618:

Unlike what happened in other parts of Spain, in the Basque Country and Navarre, the Catalan autonomist campaign found the support of Basque nationalism, which at that time was at its peak as it held the presidency of the

810:

to fight against the Central Empires, and who the nationalist propaganda put at twelve thousand, although today that number is considered to be greatly inflated—the Committee sent a letter to the North American president

397:

The CNT, the hegemonic workers' organization in Catalonia, did not join the autonomist campaign, but that did not mean that it defended centralism. On December 18, the official newspaper of the organization in Catalonia,

1010:

the Cortes, where the two dynastic parties had a very large majority. Two days later the Council of the Commonwealth met with the Catalan members of the commission, among them Cambó and the president of the Commonwealth

69: 1229:

would undoubtedly consecrate it, those who understand that this attacks the unity of Spain, begin by declaring that today Catalonia is already spiritually, in spirit and in will, separated from Spain. Think about it.

528:

headlined on its front page: "Madrid's protest against the separatism of the Catalans of the League"—. The campaign also included the boycott of Catalan products, as would happen in 1932 when the Cortes of the

1931:, p. 123"It was a public proclamation that the Catalans gave total priority to the autonomist cause and that they felt indifferent or accidentalist with respect to the type of political regime in Spain". 1130:

Between January 11 and 26, 1919, while the draft of the Statute of the Commonwealth was being elaborated, practically every day the attempts of demonstration of the Catalan nationalist groups to the cry of

2380: 823:

the place that corresponds to it by its glorious past and by its present flourishing". There is no record that they received any response and the "Catalan dispute" was not included in the agenda of the

743:, the flag of the new Catalan nationalist independence movement. The objective of the committee was to internationalize the "Catalan dispute" for which it contacted the Catalan centers in America. The 928:

In Cambó's speech in the Congress of Deputies to explain the withdrawal of the parliamentarians, he thanked the republicans and socialists for the support they had given to the autonomy of Catalonia:

259:

In July 1918, the IV Municipal Week was held in Barcelona, in which the mayors and councilors of Catalonia participated, as well as the town hall secretaries. The organizing entity of the Week, the

2670: 1345: 806:", which imitated the Czech National Committee, to demand that the victorious countries deal with the "Catalan lawsuit". In the name of the "Catalan Legion" —the Catalans who had enlisted in the 356:

Commonwealth and with the Catalan parliamentarians and proposed that a committee be formed to draw up a draft of the bases for Catalan autonomy, which would be presented to the government of the

522:, called for a large demonstration in Madrid, accompanied by the closure of stores, which brought together more than 100,000 people and had an enormous impact on public opinion —the newspaper 2483: 1165:

was closed. On January 17 a large group of the Patriotic League, among them army officers stationed in Barcelona, burst into a theater at the moment when those gathered were singing the hymn

627:. The Catalan aspirations connected with theirs and in fact the Basque nationalist deputies, anticipating the Catalans, had presented on November 8, 1918, in the Cortes a bill to achieve the 828:. In fact, when in January 1919 the Committee intended to organize in Paris a tribute to the Catalan volunteers who had fought in the "Great War", the French government did not allow the 374:

where he presented for the first time to the public the Catalan independence flag that he had just invented —and whose first appearance in the street had taken place the day before—: the

218:. However, García Prieto's government lasted only a few months, giving way to another concentration government, called the "National Government", under the presidency of the conservative 1117:

in Barcelona —of the 1072 Catalan municipalities 1046, representing 99% of the population, presented the minutes in which their favorable vote was recorded—. In the Palau, Cambó he said:

416:

said in a meeting held on January 12, a few days before he was arrested by the police taking advantage of the suspension of constitutional guarantees decreed by the Romanones government.

551:

headlined: "Faced with the problem presented by Catalan nationalism, Castile affirms the Spanish nation". It also denounced "the separatist campaign displayed in the Basque provinces".

172:—although the 13 monarchist deputies left the meeting immediately— who reaffirmed the will of Catalonia to become an autonomous region. In the declaration they approved, signed even by 279:, several allied and hostile demonstrations to the monarchy were held in Barcelona, together with rallies called by radical Catalan nationalist groups. In this context, on November 5, 1121:

Never in Catalonia had the will of the Catalan people been so fully expressed as it is at this moment; whatever is agreed here is undoubtedly the expression of the will of Catalonia.

190:

tried to discredit the call by presenting the meeting as a "separatist" and "revolutionary" movement and finally only the deputies of the League, the Republicans, the reformists of

177: 606:

patriotic gestures of the Castilian provinces" and encouraged the presidents of the deputations to continue in their efforts. On December 9, the day before the debate in the

2410: 1182: 592: 889: 103: 2694: 1136: 2686: 794:

praising Marshal Joffre (1915). The German soldier who flees when he sees the scarecrow with the French uniform says: "Damn Joffre!.... Everywhere I run into him".

17: 610:

on the draft Statute, some one hundred thousand people marched through the streets of Madrid in defense of "the unity of Spain" and against the Catalan Statute.

1328:, extended the debates and the proposal was never discussed. Finally, the government closed the Cortes on February 27, taking advantage of the crisis caused by 832:

to be displayed or to be used as an act of propaganda in favor of independence and forced the meeting to be presented as a tribute to the "Spanish volunteers".

90: 2550: 628: 347: 310: 493:

The mere possibility of the granting of a Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia provoked the immediate reaction of Spanish nationalism, which deployed a strong

317:, supported by three other republican deputies from other regions, presented a bill in the Cortes that read: "The Congress grants Catalonia full autonomy". 747:

at first did not join this strategy of the radical Catalan nationalists, but its position began to change and in October the president of the Commonwealth

542: 314: 73: 2662: 1017:

On January 2 the extra-parliamentary commission met with only 14 of its members since 19 had resigned. A five-member committee was appointed, including

933:

that weighs on you as you are almost the only ones in general Spanish politics who maintain in your convictions and in your feelings this compatibility.

2646: 1267:

on which the Catalan plebiscite proposal was to be voted—, taking as a pretext the social conflict that had broken out in Barcelona as a result of the

226:

himself would form part. But this government only lasted until November 1918, giving way to a purely liberal one presided over again by García Prieto.

1305: 653: 759:, who had been born in French Catalonia —Puig i Cadafalch invited the Marshal to come to Barcelona, a visit he made in May 1920 to preside over the 1202:. On Sunday, January 27, while the act of ratification by the municipal delegates of the draft Statute of the Commonwealth was being held in the 894: 2859: 2478: 1321: 1051:

where on January 26, 1919, the mayors and delegates of the Catalan municipalities met to approve the draft Statute of Autonomy proposed by the

435: 215: 2402: 1191: 565: 518:, the newspaper with the largest circulation in Spain. Various employers' organizations, some of them linked to the liberal sector headed by 128: 912: 836: 469: 454: 446: 360: 211: 1176:

justified the suspension by equating the autonomist campaign with the strikes and anarchist attacks. In its editorial of the 19th it said:

2525: 731: 2240: 948:

obstacle to the occurrence of attempted demonstrations led by radical nationalist groups that ended in serious clashes with the police.

631:—the abolition of the law of October 25, 1839 and the reestablishment of the Basque fueros— and the opening of a constituent period for 3120: 2874: 2510: 586:

The Andalusian deputations also manifested their opposition to Catalan autonomy, although the minority Andalusian regionalist group of

2976: 2448: 1094: 1090: 534: 2572: 2495: 1325: 1277: 1207: 438:

in which he defended the project, insisting on the idea that the autonomy of Catalonia did not imply the dismemberment of Spain.

371: 1343:

On the other hand, the failure of the League favored the emergence of other more radical Catalan nationalist groups such as the

965:

In the second half of December there were rallies in favor of autonomy, in which, together with the Republicans, the Socialists

2884: 825: 351:—, the president of the organizing entity of the municipal plebiscite handed to the president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia 1309: 2337: 2296: 1695:, p. 38:"We must not forget the great predominance of the dynastics in these deputations and the reactive character of 1292: 3008: 2545: 367:, however, left the meeting after saying that autonomy was insufficient and that what had to be achieved was independence. 191: 1284:

and to the autonomist movement, which until then had had almost all the Catalan parliamentarians of the dynastic parties.

1234:

Cambó ended his intervention with some defiant phrases: "A nation on its feet, unanimous, which formulates an aspiration (

766: 229:

When the assembly of parliamentarians and the concentration governments failed to achieve the objectives of the manifesto

3014: 2966: 2702: 1287:"During the four years that followed the events of 1919, the existence of the UMN, together with the predominance of the 1699:, which until then had not taken any step to constitute a Commonwealth like the Catalan one, nor would it do so either." 595:

was formed and organized an act of support for the Catalan autonomist campaign, in which the deputy for Zaragoza of the

3115: 3041: 2654: 919:

the autonomy of Catalonia, a gesture that was very much disapproved by the dynastic parties. In the letter Cambó wrote:

338: 288: 2890: 2395: 2371: 2352: 2277: 2229: 1336:

Catalanists, but what definitively silenced the project was the beginning of the "social war" in Barcelona with the

2515: 2317: 554: 924:

Catalonia. Believe V.M. that when writing these lines to you I am going through the most bitter trance of my life.

1361: 1281: 1199: 1161: 744: 400: 300: 146: 81: 1720: 1340:

in February 1919, since the "regional question" took a back seat in the concerns of the Catalan ruling classes.

1135:" and the police charges to prevent them returned to the center of Barcelona. Spanish nationalist groups of the 3046: 2577: 2567: 1304:, of the Maura-De la Cierva government of August 1921, without any decentralizing counterpart, and then, with 1203: 1114: 1081:

to the mayors and delegates of the Catalan municipalities who on that day, January 26, 1919, had approved the

1048: 93:. In January 1919, at the same time that an extra-parliamentary commission appointed by the government of the 36: 2908: 2490: 2422: 3110: 2896: 2388: 1374: 1315:

In conclusion, according to historian Borja de Riquer, the extra-parliamentary commission presided over by

1082: 1039: 790: 524: 510: 98: 41: 2766: 2721: 2947: 2864: 2582: 2557: 357: 206: 2796: 2771: 1100: 657:

was assaulted. The response of the Romanones government was to dismiss the nationalist mayor of Bilbao,

2959: 2520: 1296:

resolution of the autonomist demands, would form part, with Cambó as Minister of Finance and after the

985: 851: 803: 560: 184: 736: 2786: 2605: 1078: 1052: 966: 384:

consulate so that Macià could congratulate the consul for his victory in the war, a group of Carlist

269: 251: 169: 77: 2453: 1044: 990: 1190:

the Rambla when the police broke into them in pursuit of the demonstrators. The regionalist deputy

1105: 1073: 662: 596: 2816: 2925: 2458: 884: 720: 692: 530: 519: 458: 1254: 1022: 899: 868: 599: 453:

The draft of the bases divided the government between those in favor of negotiating, led by the

160:

The first attempt to carry out this program took place the following year in the context of the

3130: 3125: 3025: 2913: 2731: 2615: 2610: 2329:

Restauración y Dictadura. Vol. 7 Historia de España dirigida por Josep Fontana y Ramón Villares

1011: 944: 748: 352: 325: 161: 40:

where on January 27, 1919, the mayors and delegates of the Catalan city councils ratified the

3002: 2726: 2249: 1696: 807: 569: 201: 154: 30: 3051: 2530: 857: 678: 607: 547: 284: 241: 195: 3020: 2443: 2242:

El projecte d'autonomia de la Mancomunitat de Catalunya del 1919 i el seu context històric

8: 2620: 2463: 2418: 1337: 1329: 1280:(UMN) had just been formed, which constituted a serious threat to the hitherto hegemonic 1268: 1194:

compared the police action to the brutal treatment given by the indigenous police to the

1108:

of Barcelona where the attendants to the banquet offered by the Commonwealth were seated.

1026: 691:

Document in English entitled "What says Catalonia" dated September 11, 1918 in which the

61: 2942: 2468: 1097:). Nor was there an article establishing the official or co-official status of Catalan. 725: 3105: 3061: 2981: 2307: 2248:(in Catalan). Non-commercial edition. Barcelona: Parlament de Catalunya. Archived from 1288: 872: 666: 405: 334: 94: 2954: 2869: 1238:) that refers to the regime of its internal life, do you think that in 1919, when the 970: 97:

was dealing with the issue, a commission appointed by the Commonwealth elaborated the

2806: 2756: 2678: 2600: 2367: 2348: 2333: 2313: 2292: 2273: 2225: 1370: 1239: 1224:

Catalan town councils and confronted those who said that it broke the unity of Spain:

876: 820: 776: 504: 475: 306: 296: 173: 2741: 2736: 1366: 1350: 1152: 986:

Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth

861: 852:

Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies

840: 413: 364: 321: 280: 223: 165: 2986: 2826: 2637: 2540: 2505: 1297: 997: 816: 704: 700: 696: 57: 2831: 1170:

anti-Catalanist violence or the actions of the police. The conservative newspaper

2791: 2781: 2562: 991:

Draft Statute of the extra-parliamentary commission with no Catalan participation

844: 819:

and to allow the Catalan Nation, free and independent, to enter to occupy in the

682: 578: 515: 494: 457:, and those in favor of delaying the request, led by President García Prieto and 292: 246: 86: 2879: 1355: 784: 812: 708: 602:

intervened and said that if Catalonia achieved autonomy it would favor Aragon.

390:

appeared and began to give cheers to Spain, which were answered with cheers to

287:, which emptied as soon as he began to speak. On November 10, when the news of 2836: 672: 394:, producing a serious altercation in which the police had to intervene again. 236: 3099: 2918: 2811: 2801: 2746: 1735: 1733: 1721:

http://tuportada.elnortedecastilla.es/tamanos/?dia=03&mes=12&ano=1918

1316: 1172: 1018: 954: 907: 756: 648: 219: 1404: 1125: 441: 2971: 2935: 2901: 2535: 1946: 1166: 771: 760: 587: 480: 421: 329: 295:

asked the Commonwealth to call an assembly of town councils to request the

187: 1730: 1113:

by the mayors and delegates of the Catalan municipalities gathered at the

1067: 802:

was signed, radical Catalan nationalists formed in Paris the self-styled "

283:

made a resounding speech in favor of the independence of Catalonia in the

2761: 2500: 2473: 1416: 799: 658: 276: 906:

The following day, the expected intervention of the conservative leader

798:

In December 1918, two months after the armistice that put an end to the

687: 199:

arrested by the police, although as soon as they left the Palace of the

2821: 2751: 1242:

is being forged, it does not have the right to what it is requesting? (

500: 53: 1272: 1218: 386: 2776: 752: 370:

On November 17, 1918, Macià gave a conference in the premises of the

275:

At the beginning of November 1918, on the occasion of the end of the

65: 68:. It took place between November 1918 and February 1919, during the 3056: 2930: 829: 740: 712: 636: 376: 860:

began the debate on the draft of the bases, which was defended by

632: 89:

campaign promoted by the Castilian deputations that made public a

27:

Catalan campaign for the autonomy of the Commonwealth of Catalonia

2268:

De la Granja, José Luis; Beramendi, Justo; Anguera, Pere (2001).

2054: 1871: 1301: 1148: 1144: 1143:" and attacking demonstrators or people wearing ribbons with the 1033: 867:

The spokesman for the liberals and therefore for the government,

644: 573: 2150: 489:" (in English: "Model of customs in an independent Catalonia."). 1765: 1763: 640: 624: 620: 381: 1662: 1568: 1566: 2018: 1394: 1392: 111: 2361: 2289:

Alfonso XIII y Cambó. La monarquía y el catalanismo político

2267: 2174: 2102: 2090: 1952: 1760: 1739: 1428: 1422: 1410: 719:

In July 1918, when the end of the "Great War" was near, the

699:, for the Right and Freedom of Peoples, the revision of the 2222:

La modernización de España (1917-1939). Política y sociedad

2198: 2186: 2138: 2126: 2078: 2066: 1614: 1563: 1517: 1515: 1151:

from their lapels. CNT leaders were also arrested, such as

2362:

Tusell, Javier; García Queipo de Llano, Genoveva (2002) .

1488: 1464: 1452: 1440: 1389: 1308:

as Minister of Justice, but for a very short time, of the

661:. On January 7, 1919, the two dynastic parties formed the 2042: 2030: 2006: 1994: 1970: 1958: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1847: 1823: 1799: 1787: 1750: 1748: 1578: 1476: 1195: 1126:

Catalanist agitation and Spanishist reaction in Barcelona

815:

in which they asked for "the revision of the ignominious

299:

to intervene in favor of Catalonia. Four days later, the

2327:

Moreno Luzón, Javier (2009). "Alfonso XIII, 1902-1931".

1922: 1702: 1551: 1512: 835:

Among other reasons, this was due to the efforts of the

711:! Justice!!!". This is the oldest document in which the 2162: 2114: 1982: 1934: 1910: 1883: 1859: 1835: 1811: 1775: 1745: 1674: 1650: 1638: 1626: 1602: 1590: 1539: 1527: 1500: 1077:

in Barcelona where a banquet was held, offered by the

168:

gathered all the Catalan deputies and senators at the

214:

and which would include a minister from the League,

2663:

White Paper on the National Transition of Catalonia

1219:

Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign

408:, published an article with the significant title " 2345:La España Liberal (1868-1917). Política y sociedad 755:to attend the act of homage to the French Marshal 514:, which was soon joined by the conservative daily 464: 328:during which, according to Cambó's own testimony, 101:, which was again rejected. The resurgence of the 99:first draft statute of autonomy in Catalan history 70:constitutional period of the reign of Alfonso XIII 673:Attempt to internationalize the "Catalan lawsuit" 237:Beginning of the campaign for "integral autonomy" 205:where they had met they were released. After the 3097: 1185:to study new improvements for the working class. 613: 2270:La España de los nacionalismos y las autonomías 1083:Draft Statute of the Commonwealth of Catalonia. 486:Modelo de aduana en una Cataluña independiente. 341:ones". For Cambó, "Catalonia's time had come". 265:Plebiscit de la voluntat municipal de Catalunya 2860:Association of Municipalities for Independence 2342: 2331:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica/Marcial Pons. 1434: 1034:Draft Statute of the Commonwealth of Catalonia 261:Escola de Funcionaris de l'Administració Local 42:draft statute of the Commonwealth of Catalonia 2396: 2366:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Madrid: Taurus. 2219: 2204: 1668: 1494: 484: 2326: 2192: 1572: 1470: 1458: 1446: 1398: 788:Cartoon from the Catalan satirical magazine 2687:Law on the Referendum on Self-determination 843:to find out to what extent Wilson's famous 2875:Committees for the Defense of the Republic 2647:Draft Constitution of the Catalan Republic 2403: 2389: 892:who, after accusing the project of being " 729:, chaired by the director of the magazine 2671:Initiation of the Process of Independence 2286: 2180: 1928: 1877: 1769: 1708: 1557: 1521: 1482: 56:movement in favor of the granting by the 2977:Republican Left of the Valencian Country 2238: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2132: 2120: 2108: 2096: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2048: 2036: 2024: 2012: 2000: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1953:Tusell & García Queipo de Llano 2002 1940: 1916: 1904: 1892: 1865: 1853: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1793: 1781: 1754: 1692: 1680: 1656: 1644: 1632: 1620: 1608: 1596: 1584: 1545: 1533: 1099: 1095:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979 1091:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932 1066: 1043: 783: 765: 686: 553: 468: 440: 240: 50:Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918–1919 29: 18:Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919 2526:2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis 2309:Un siglo de España. Política y sociedad 14: 3098: 2885:Socialist Party of National Liberation 324:had an interview with the king in the 2384: 2305: 1506: 591:homeland". However, in Barcelona the 568:, who has made more catalanists than 3009:Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia 2312:(in Spanish). Madrid: Marcial Pons. 1324:, president of the recently created 770:"Cambó draws attention", cartoon by 180:to be held on July 19 in Barcelona. 3015:Democratic Convergence of Catalonia 2967:Catalan Solidarity for Independence 2703:Catalan declaration of independence 289:the abdication of the German Kaiser 80:—with the support of the hegemonic 24: 3042:Young Republican Left of Catalonia 2573:2019 trial of independence leaders 2511:2014 self-determination referendum 2479:2009–2011 independence referendums 1346:Federació Democràtica Nacionalista 1291:, which were directed against the 25: 3142: 3121:Statutes of Autonomy of Catalonia 2891:Catalan European Democratic Party 420:We do not want Catalonia to be a 34:Stage of the Concert Hall of the 2426: 2412: 2347:(in Spanish). Madrid: Síntesis. 2272:(in Spanish). Madrid: Síntesis. 2224:(in Spanish). Madrid: Síntesis. 1104:Hall of the Queen Regent of the 723:was formed with people from the 535:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia 2496:2012 independence demonstration 2343:Suárez Cortina, Manuel (2006). 2220:Barrio Alonso, Ángeles (2004). 2213: 1714: 1686: 1200:Spanish protectorate of Morocco 465:Reaction of Spanish nationalism 113:"Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran 3047:Nationalist Youth of Catalonia 2568:2017 Catalan regional election 2291:(in Spanish). Barcelona: RBA. 564:". "A catalanist — Long live 436:Royal Academy of Jurisprudence 231:Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran 151:Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran 138:Per Catalunya i l'Espanya gran 13: 1: 2364:Alfonso XIII. El rey polémico 1383: 614:Support of Basque nationalism 119: 2897:Republican Left of Catalonia 2546:2017 independence referendum 1040:Statute of Catalonia of 1919 621:Provincial Council of Biscay 207:general revolutionary strike 178:Assembly of Parliamentarians 7: 3084:marks defunct organisations 2865:Assemblea Nacional Catalana 2695:Law of juridical transition 2583:2019 Catalan general strike 2558:2017 Catalan general strike 2449:1918-1919 autonomy campaign 1378:ocialist Union of Catalonia 1312:government in March 1922". 1183:Institute of Social Reforms 1139:also intervened, shouting " 1115:Palau de la Música Catalana 1093:), nor as a "nationality" ( 1049:Palau de la Música Catalana 593:Aragonese Regionalist Union 445:Government presided by the 404:, directed at that time by 37:Palau de la Música Catalana 10: 3147: 2655:Declaration of Sovereignty 1723:(in Spanish). Cover from " 1037: 856:On December 10, 1918, the 804:Catalan National Committee 676: 561:La Correspondencia Militar 72:and in the context of the 3116:20th century in Catalonia 3075: 3034: 2996:Autonomist and federalist 2995: 2852: 2845: 2714: 2629: 2606:Principality of Catalonia 2593: 2531:2017 National Day for Yes 2436: 2287:De Riquer, Borja (2013). 2239:Balcells, Albert (2010). 2063:, pp. 92–93, 99–100. 1326:National Monarchist Union 1278:National Monarchist Union 1053:Commonwealth of Catalonia 967:Francisco Largo Caballero 791:L'Esquella de la Torratxa 270:Commonwealth of Catalonia 170:City Council of Barcelona 78:Commonwealth of Catalonia 76:. It was promoted by the 2772:Josep-Lluís Carod-Rovira 2159:, pp. 125–128, 131. 1880:, pp. 118–119, 121. 1740:De la Granja et al. 2001 1423:De la Granja et al. 2001 1411:De la Granja et al. 2001 1137:Spanish Patriotic League 1106:Palau de les Belles Arts 1074:Palau de les Belles Arts 978:" to those who cheered " 882:He was followed by the " 663:Monarchist Action League 597:Radical Republican Party 479:on December 2, 1918, by 473:Caricature published in 410:Ni con unos ni con otros 149:published the manifesto 2926:Popular Unity Candidacy 2459:Catalan Republic (1931) 1362:Partit Republicà Català 1353:, which would generate 1338:strike of La Canadiense 737:Vicenç Albert Ballester 721:Committee Pro Catalonia 693:Committee Pro Catalonia 558:"Catalonia grateful to 531:Second Spanish Republic 449:, seated in the center. 302:Partit Republicà Català 3026:Proposta per les Illes 2732:Josep Puig i Cadafalch 2616:Anti-Catalan sentiment 2611:Republican Generalitat 2454:Plot of Prats de Molló 2306:Juliá, Santos (1999). 1264: 1231: 1187: 1133:Visca Catalunya Lliure 1123: 1109: 1085: 1056: 1007: 945:Jaime Milans del Bosch 940:Visca Catalunya Lliure 935: 926: 795: 781: 749:Josep Puig i Cadafalch 716: 665:to face the growth of 583: 490: 485: 450: 427: 353:Josep Puig i Cadafalch 256: 183:The government of the 133: 45: 3003:Assembly of Catalonia 2727:Enric Prat de la Riba 2541:2017 Operation Anubis 2491:2010 autonomy protest 2423:independence movement 2027:, pp. 89, 91–92. 1697:Castilian regionalism 1330:the Canadiense strike 1260: 1226: 1178: 1119: 1103: 1070: 1047: 1002: 930: 921: 808:French Foreign Legion 787: 769: 695:asks "the victorious 690: 623:and the mayoralty of 557: 472: 444: 418: 244: 124: 33: 2563:2017 Wake Up Europe! 2111:, pp. 103, 121. 2099:, pp. 113, 116. 1725:El Norte de Castilla 1289:periods of exception 1269:La Canadiense strike 1255:Niceto Alcalá Zamora 1204:Palacio de la Música 1159:, and the newspaper 1023:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora 869:Niceto Alcalá Zamora 858:Congress of Deputies 839:, who went ahead of 780:, November 23, 1918. 679:Treaty of Versailles 608:Congress of Deputies 600:Manuel Marraco Ramón 548:El Norte de Castilla 505:El Heraldo de Madrid 361:Manuel García Prieto 285:Congress of Deputies 263:, decided to call a 212:Manuel García Prieto 202:Pac de la Ciutadella 91:Message from Castile 3111:Restoration (Spain) 3021:Catalonia in Common 2909:Junts per Catalunya 2464:Events of 6 October 2419:Catalan nationalism 2255:on October 24, 2013 2183:, pp. 125–126. 2147:, pp. 123–124. 2135:, pp. 121–122. 2087:, pp. 108–110. 2075:, pp. 105–108. 1435:Suárez Cortina 2006 1320:parties, including 629:foral reintegration 572:!!!".Caricature by 348:Plaza de Sant Jaime 145:In March 1916, the 62:Statute of Autonomy 2982:Democratic Tsunami 2578:2019–2020 protests 2205:Barrio Alonso 2004 1772:, p. 116-118. 1669:Barrio Alonso 2004 1623:, p. 116-118. 1495:Barrio Alonso 2004 1298:disaster of Annual 1282:Regionalist League 1253:Next, the liberal 1162:Solidaridad Obrera 1110: 1086: 1057: 913:Count of Romanones 837:Count of Romanones 796: 782: 745:Regionalist League 739:, inventor of the 717: 667:Basque nationalism 584: 543:Message of Castile 533:debated the draft 491: 455:Count of Romanones 451: 447:Count of Romanones 401:Solidaridad Obrera 257: 194:and the socialist 192:Melquíades Álvarez 147:Regionalist League 95:Count of Romanones 82:Regionalist League 74:Restoration crisis 58:Spanish parliament 46: 3093: 3092: 3071: 3070: 2807:Carles Puigdemont 2757:Josep Tarradellas 2679:Let Catalans Vote 2601:Catalan Countries 2536:2017 Yes Campaign 2521:2016 We are ready 2444:¡Cu-Cut! incident 2338:978-84-4423-921-8 2298:978-84-9006-594-5 2193:Moreno Luzón 2009 2051:, pp. 90–92. 2039:, pp. 89–90. 2015:, pp. 79–84. 2003:, pp. 73–77. 1979:, pp. 58–59. 1967:, pp. 60–63. 1907:, pp. 50–51. 1573:Moreno Luzón 2009 1471:Moreno Luzón 2009 1459:Moreno Luzón 2009 1447:Moreno Luzón 2009 1399:Moreno Luzón 2009 1371:Marcelino Domingo 1240:League of Nations 1149:four-colored flag 875:of Catalonia and 821:League of Nations 817:Treaty of Utrecht 777:Heraldo de Madrid 774:in the newspaper 701:Treaty of Utrecht 476:Heraldo de Madrid 307:Marcel-lí Domingo 297:League of Nations 174:Alejandro Lerroux 16:(Redirected from 3138: 2987:Catalan Alliance 2943:Més per Mallorca 2853:Pro-independence 2850: 2849: 2827:Elisenda Paluzie 2722:Valentí Almirall 2707: 2706:(10/27 Oct 2017) 2699: 2691: 2683: 2675: 2667: 2659: 2651: 2643: 2638:Bases de Manresa 2506:2014 Catalan Way 2501:2013 Catalan Way 2469:Operation Garzón 2431: 2430: 2429: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2405: 2398: 2391: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2358: 2332: 2323: 2302: 2283: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2254: 2247: 2235: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1856:, p. 46-47. 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1832:, p. 45-46. 1827: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1808:, p. 66-67. 1803: 1797: 1796:, p. 67-68. 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1758: 1752: 1743: 1737: 1728: 1718: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1671:, p. 23-24. 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1587:, p. 28-29. 1582: 1576: 1570: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1510: 1509:, p. 59-60. 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1485:, p. 89-91. 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1413:, p. 76-77. 1408: 1402: 1396: 1012:Puig i Cadafalch 980:Catalunya lliure 826:Paris Conference 726:Unió Catalanista 703:. Long live the 488: 392:Catalunya lliure 141: 21: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3067: 3030: 2991: 2955:Més per Menorca 2870:Òmnium Cultural 2841: 2792:Carme Forcadell 2782:Oriol Junqueras 2710: 2705: 2697: 2689: 2681: 2673: 2665: 2657: 2649: 2641: 2625: 2589: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2374: 2355: 2320: 2299: 2280: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2232: 2216: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2031: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1761: 1753: 1746: 1738: 1731: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1564: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1520: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1390: 1386: 1306:Bertan i Musitu 1244:louder whispers 1221: 1128: 1042: 1036: 993: 988: 971:Julián Besteiro 854: 845:Fourteen Points 800:First World War 685: 683:Fourteen Points 677:Main articles: 675: 654:El Pueblo Vasco 616: 570:Prat de la Riba 495:anti-Catalanist 467: 320:On November 15 311:Salvador Albert 293:Francesc Layret 277:First World War 247:Rafael Casanova 239: 222:, and of which 155:Prat de la Riba 143: 135: 122: 117: 87:anti-Catalanist 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3144: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2767:Guillem Agulló 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2742:Lluís Companys 2739: 2737:Francesc Macià 2734: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2700: 2692: 2684: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2652: 2644: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2359: 2353: 2340: 2324: 2318: 2303: 2297: 2284: 2278: 2265: 2236: 2230: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2197: 2195:, p. 473. 2185: 2181:De Riquer 2013 2173: 2171:, p. 129. 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2123:, p. 121. 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2029: 2017: 2005: 1993: 1981: 1969: 1957: 1955:, p. 362. 1945: 1933: 1929:De Riquer 2013 1921: 1909: 1897: 1882: 1878:De Riquer 2013 1870: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1786: 1774: 1770:De Riquer 2013 1759: 1744: 1729: 1713: 1711:, p. 115. 1709:De Riquer 2013 1701: 1685: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1601: 1589: 1577: 1575:, p. 472. 1562: 1560:, p. 113. 1558:De Riquer 2013 1550: 1538: 1526: 1524:, p. 114. 1522:De Riquer 2013 1511: 1499: 1487: 1483:De Riquer 2013 1475: 1473:, p. 453. 1463: 1461:, p. 449. 1451: 1449:, p. 448. 1439: 1437:, p. 197. 1427: 1415: 1403: 1401:, p. 471. 1387: 1385: 1382: 1367:Lluís Companys 1351:Francesc Macià 1332:in Barcelona. 1310:Sánchez Guerra 1220: 1217: 1198:rebels in the 1153:Salvador Seguí 1127: 1124: 1038:Main article: 1035: 1032: 992: 989: 987: 984: 898:—a claim that 890:Gascón y Marín 862:Francesc Cambó 853: 850: 813:Woodrow Wilson 674: 671: 615: 612: 466: 463: 414:Salvador Seguí 365:Francesc Macià 322:Francesc Cambó 281:Francesc Macià 238: 235: 224:Francesc Cambó 196:Pablo Iglesias 166:Francesc Cambó 123: 121: 118: 116: 110: 52:was the first 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3143: 3132: 3131:1918 in Spain 3129: 3127: 3126:1919 in Spain 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2846:Organisations 2844: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2832:Pere Aragonès 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2812:Roger Torrent 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2802:Jordi Cuixart 2800: 2798: 2797:Jordi Sànchez 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787:Muriel Casals 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2747:Joan Comorera 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2658:(23 Jan 2013) 2656: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2516:2015 Free Way 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2424: 2420: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2375: 2373:84-306-0449-9 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2354:84-9756-415-4 2350: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2279:84-7738-918-7 2275: 2271: 2266: 2251: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2231:84-9756-223-2 2227: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2207:, p. 46. 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2170: 2169:Balcells 2010 2165: 2158: 2157:Balcells 2010 2153: 2146: 2145:Balcells 2010 2141: 2134: 2133:Balcells 2010 2129: 2122: 2121:Balcells 2010 2117: 2110: 2109:Balcells 2010 2105: 2098: 2097:Balcells 2010 2093: 2086: 2085:Balcells 2010 2081: 2074: 2073:Balcells 2010 2069: 2062: 2061:Balcells 2010 2057: 2050: 2049:Balcells 2010 2045: 2038: 2037:Balcells 2010 2033: 2026: 2025:Balcells 2010 2021: 2014: 2013:Balcells 2010 2009: 2002: 2001:Balcells 2010 1997: 1991:, p. 59. 1990: 1989:Balcells 2010 1985: 1978: 1977:Balcells 2010 1973: 1966: 1965:Balcells 2010 1961: 1954: 1949: 1943:, p. 56. 1942: 1941:Balcells 2010 1937: 1930: 1925: 1919:, p. 52. 1918: 1917:Balcells 2010 1913: 1906: 1905:Balcells 2010 1901: 1895:, p. 49. 1894: 1893:Balcells 2010 1889: 1887: 1879: 1874: 1868:, p. 47. 1867: 1866:Balcells 2010 1862: 1855: 1854:Balcells 2010 1850: 1844:, p. 46. 1843: 1842:Balcells 2010 1838: 1831: 1830:Balcells 2010 1826: 1820:, p. 44. 1819: 1818:Balcells 2010 1814: 1807: 1806:Balcells 2010 1802: 1795: 1794:Balcells 2010 1790: 1784:, p. 39. 1783: 1782:Balcells 2010 1778: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1757:, p. 38. 1756: 1755:Balcells 2010 1751: 1749: 1742:, p. 58. 1741: 1736: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1694: 1693:Balcells 2010 1689: 1683:, p. 42. 1682: 1681:Balcells 2010 1677: 1670: 1665: 1659:, p. 36. 1658: 1657:Balcells 2010 1653: 1647:, p. 33. 1646: 1645:Balcells 2010 1641: 1635:, p. 32. 1634: 1633:Balcells 2010 1629: 1622: 1621:Balcells 2010 1617: 1611:, p. 34. 1610: 1609:Balcells 2010 1605: 1599:, p. 67. 1598: 1597:Balcells 2010 1593: 1586: 1585:Balcells 2010 1581: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1559: 1554: 1548:, p. 28. 1547: 1546:Balcells 2010 1542: 1536:, p. 27. 1535: 1534:Balcells 2010 1530: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1508: 1503: 1497:, p. 21. 1496: 1491: 1484: 1479: 1472: 1467: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1425:, p. 77. 1424: 1419: 1412: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1317:Antonio Maura 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1230: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1184: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1173:La Vanguardia 1168: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1157:Noi del sucre 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:Antonio Maura 1015: 1013: 1006: 1001: 999: 983: 981: 977: 972: 968: 963: 959: 957: 956: 955:La Vanguardia 949: 946: 941: 934: 929: 925: 920: 916: 914: 909: 908:Antonio Maura 904: 901: 900:Alcalá Zamora 897: 896: 895:pancatalanist 891: 887: 886: 880: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 849: 846: 842: 838: 833: 831: 827: 822: 818: 814: 809: 805: 801: 793: 792: 786: 779: 778: 773: 768: 764: 762: 758: 757:Joseph Joffre 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 733: 728: 727: 722: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 684: 680: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 611: 609: 603: 601: 598: 594: 589: 581: 580: 575: 571: 567: 563: 562: 556: 552: 550: 549: 544: 538: 536: 532: 527: 526: 521: 520:Santiago Alba 517: 513: 512: 507: 506: 502: 496: 487: 482: 478: 477: 471: 462: 460: 459:Santiago Alba 456: 448: 443: 439: 437: 431: 426: 423: 417: 415: 411: 407: 406:Ángel Pestaña 403: 402: 395: 393: 389: 388: 383: 379: 378: 373: 368: 366: 362: 359: 354: 350: 349: 342: 340: 336: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 315:Julià Nougués 312: 308: 304: 303: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 271: 266: 262: 254: 253: 248: 243: 234: 232: 227: 225: 221: 220:Antonio Maura 217: 213: 208: 204: 203: 197: 193: 189: 186: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 164:. On July 5, 163: 158: 156: 153:, written by 152: 148: 142: 139: 132: 130: 114: 109: 106: 105: 104:years of lead 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 43: 39: 38: 32: 19: 3083: 3079: 2972:Reagrupament 2936:Poble Lliure 2902:Sobiranistes 2880:Estat Català 2817:Anna Gabriel 2698:(8 Sep 2017) 2690:(6 Sep 2017) 2674:(9 Nov 2015) 2636: 2363: 2344: 2328: 2319:84-9537903-1 2308: 2288: 2269: 2257:. Retrieved 2250:the original 2241: 2221: 2214:Bibliography 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1912: 1900: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1813: 1801: 1789: 1777: 1727:" 03/12/1918 1724: 1716: 1704: 1688: 1676: 1664: 1652: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1553: 1541: 1529: 1502: 1490: 1478: 1466: 1454: 1442: 1430: 1418: 1406: 1375: 1360: 1356:Estat Catalá 1354: 1344: 1342: 1334: 1314: 1286: 1265: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1213: 1188: 1179: 1171: 1167:Els Segadors 1160: 1156: 1145:Catalan flag 1140: 1132: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1087: 1079:Commonwealth 1072: 1071:Outside the 1062: 1058: 1016: 1008: 1003: 994: 979: 975: 964: 960: 953: 950: 939: 936: 931: 927: 922: 917: 905: 893: 883: 881: 866: 855: 834: 797: 789: 775: 761:Jocs Florals 730: 724: 718: 652: 617: 604: 588:Blas Infante 585: 577: 559: 546: 539: 525:El Imparcial 523: 511:El Imparcial 509: 499: 492: 483:, entitled " 474: 452: 432: 428: 419: 409: 399: 396: 391: 385: 375: 369: 346: 343: 330:Alfonso XIII 326:Royal Palace 319: 301: 274: 264: 260: 258: 250: 249:on the 1914 230: 228: 216:Joan Ventosa 200: 188:Eduardo Dato 185:conservative 182: 159: 150: 144: 137: 134: 125: 112: 102: 49: 47: 35: 2837:Lluís Llach 2762:Jordi Pujol 2474:Fresno Case 1322:Alfons Sala 1192:Pere Rahola 1141:Viva España 1027:Civil Guard 976:Viva España 879:of Spain". 707:! Glory to 659:Mario Arana 162:1917 crisis 136:—Manifesto 129:KulturKampf 3100:Categories 2822:Quim Torra 2752:Josep Irla 2682:(May 2017) 2666:(Sep 2014) 2621:Federalism 1507:Juliá 1999 1384:References 1005:submitted. 998:parliament 651:newspaper 501:El Liberal 245:Homage to 120:Background 54:Catalanist 3106:Catalonia 2777:Artur Mas 2630:Documents 2551:reactions 888:" deputy 753:Perpignan 732:La Tralla 305:deputies 66:Catalonia 3057:La Forja 2931:Endavant 2594:Concepts 1373:and the 1236:whispers 877:Bismarck 830:Estelada 751:went to 741:Estelada 715:appears. 713:Estelada 637:Gipuzkoa 582:, 1919). 387:requetés 377:Estelada 291:spread, 3062:Maulets 2484:support 2259:May 18, 1302:Morocco 1273:Somatén 885:albista 873:Bolívar 705:Entente 697:Entente 649:Maurist 645:Navarre 574:Bagaría 382:Serbian 358:liberal 335:Russian 268:of the 140:, 1916. 2715:People 2650:(1928) 2642:(1892) 2437:Events 2370: 2351: 2336: 2316: 2295: 2276: 2228: 1359:, the 1196:Rifian 1155:, the 709:Wilson 641:Biscay 625:Bilbao 579:El Sol 422:colony 339:German 3052:Arran 3035:Youth 2253:(PDF) 2246:(PDF) 1208:CADCI 841:Cambó 772:Tovar 633:Álava 566:Amado 481:Tovar 372:CADCI 252:Diada 60:of a 3080:Sign 2960:PSMe 2421:and 2368:ISBN 2349:ISBN 2334:ISBN 2314:ISBN 2293:ISBN 2274:ISBN 2261:2014 2226:ISBN 1369:and 1021:and 969:and 681:and 643:and 508:and 313:and 64:for 48:The 2948:PSM 2919:MES 1365:of 1349:of 1300:in 1293:CNT 516:ABC 337:or 3102:: 3082:† 2914:DC 1885:^ 1762:^ 1747:^ 1732:^ 1565:^ 1514:^ 1391:^ 1380:. 915:. 735:, 669:. 639:, 635:, 537:. 503:, 363:. 309:, 272:. 3086:. 3064:† 3017:† 3011:† 3005:† 2893:† 2887:† 2404:e 2397:t 2390:v 2376:. 2357:. 2322:. 2301:. 2282:. 2263:. 2234:. 1376:S 1131:" 1055:. 974:" 576:( 255:. 115:" 44:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918–1919

Index