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December 5, 2010, in Saturn's northern hemisphere. The storm is the first of its kind to be observed by a spacecraft in orbit around Saturn as well as the first to be observed at thermal infrared wavelengths, allowing scientists to observe the temperature of Saturn's atmosphere and track phenomena that are invisible to the naked eye. The spike of ethylene gas that was produced by the storm reached levels that were 100 times more than those thought possible for Saturn. Scientists have also determined that the storm witnessed was the largest, hottest stratospheric vortex ever detected in the Solar System, initially being larger than
Jupiter's
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reflected and emitted radiation from atmospheres, rings and surfaces over wavelengths from 350 to 5100 nm, to help determine their compositions, temperatures and structures. It also observed the sunlight and starlight that passes through the rings to learn more about their structure. Scientists used VIMS for long-term studies of cloud movement and morphology in the Saturn system, to determine Saturn's weather patterns.
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3816:, and measure the atmosphere of Saturn itself. For over four months, the craft completed orbits designed for this purpose. During these experiments, it flew behind the ring plane of Saturn, as seen from Earth, and transmitted radio waves through the particles. The radio signals received on Earth were analyzed, for frequency, phase, and power shift of the signal to determine the structure of the rings.
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additional cancer deaths over the subsequent decades (0.0005 per cent, i.e. a fraction 0.000005, of a billion cancer deaths expected anyway from other causes; the product is incorrectly calculated elsewhere as 500,000 deaths). However, the chance of this happening were estimated to be less than one in one million, i.e. a chance of one person dying (assuming 5,000 deaths) as less than 1 in 200.
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instrument was also a tool to help determine the composition, distribution, aerosol particle content and temperatures of their atmospheres. Unlike other types of spectrometer, this sensitive instrument could take both spectral and spatial readings. It was particularly adept at determining the composition of gases. Spatial observations took a wide-by-narrow view, only one
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2374:. The magnetic fields are generated partly by the molten core at Saturn's center. Measuring the magnetic field is one of the ways to probe the core. MAG aimed to develop a three-dimensional model of Saturn's magnetosphere, and determine the magnetic state of Titan and its atmosphere, and the icy satellites and their role in the magnetosphere of Saturn.
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flyby provided a remarkable increase in imaging resolution over previous coverage. Images with up to 100 times better resolution were taken and are typical of resolutions planned for subsequent Titan flybys. Cassini collected pictures of Titan and the lakes of methane were similar to the lakes of water on Earth.
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was complex, requiring the craft to orient its High-Gain
Antenna away from Earth and along its flight path, to shield its instruments from particles in Saturn's rings. Once the craft crossed the ring plane, it had to rotate again to point its engine along its flight path, and then the engine fired to
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A major finding of the flyby, announced on March 6, 2003, was of
Jupiter's atmospheric circulation. Dark "belts" alternate with light "zones" in the atmosphere, and scientists had long considered the zones, with their pale clouds, to be areas of upwelling air, partly because many clouds on Earth form
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tall and 64 pixels across. The spectral dimension was 1,024 pixels per spatial pixel. It could also take many images that create movies of the ways in which this material is moved around by other forces. UVIS consisted of four separate detector channels, the Far
Ultraviolet (FUV), Extreme Ultraviolet
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At the time, NASA was becoming more sensitive to the strain that had developed between the
American and European space programs as a result of European perceptions that NASA had not treated it like an equal during previous collaborations. NASA officials and advisers involved in promoting and planning
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While Ride's report described the Saturn orbiter and probe as a NASA solo mission, in 1988 the
Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications of NASA, Len Fisk, returned to the idea of a joint NASA and ESA mission. He wrote to his counterpart at ESA, Roger Bonnet, strongly suggesting that
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passed about 3,100 km (1,900 mi) above Saturn's cloud layer and 320 km (200 mi) from the visible edge of the inner ring; it successfully took images of Saturn's atmosphere and began returning data the next day. After a further 22 orbits through the gap, the mission was ended with
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In 2008 a number of options were evaluated to achieve this goal, each with varying funding, scientific, and technical challenges. A short period Saturn impact for an end of mission was rated "excellent" with the reasons "D-ring option satisfies unachieved AO goals; cheap and easily achievable" while
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On
November 29, 2016, the spacecraft performed a Titan flyby that took it to the gateway of F-ring orbits: This was the start of the Grand Finale phase culminating in its impact with the planet. A final Titan flyby on April 22, 2017, changed the orbit again to fly through the gap between Saturn and
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gas was detected by NASA researchers at
Goddard Research Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Ethylene is a colorless gas that is highly uncommon on Saturn and is produced both naturally and through man-made sources on Earth. The storm that produced this discharge was first observed by the spacecraft on
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of data were collected and transmitted to Earth, including the first radar images of the moon's haze-enshrouded surface. It revealed the surface of Titan (at least the area covered by radar) to be relatively level, with topography reaching no more than about 50 m (160 ft) in altitude. The
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The probe system consisted of the probe itself which descended to Titan, and the probe support equipment (PSE) which remained attached to the orbiting spacecraft. The PSE includes electronics that track the probe, recover the data gathered during its descent, and process and deliver the data to the
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The VIMS was a remote sensing instrument that captured images using visible and infrared light to learn more about the composition of moon surfaces, the rings, and the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan. It consisted of two cameras - one used to measure visible light, the other infrared. VIMS measured
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The on-board radar was an active and passive sensing instrument that produced maps of Titan's surface. Radar waves were powerful enough to penetrate the thick veil of haze surrounding Titan. By measuring the send and return time of the signals it is possible to determine the height of large surface
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from Earth to the spacecraft, and vice versa. Thus ground controllers could not give "real-time" instructions for daily operations or for unexpected events. Even if response were immediate, more than two hours would have passed between the occurrence of a problem and the reception of the engineers'
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that it would be unwise to halt the project after ESA had already poured funds into development because frustration on broken space exploration promises might spill over into other areas of foreign relations. The project proceeded politically smoothly after 1994, although citizens' groups concerned
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made a close fly-by of
Enceladus, passing within 50 km of the moon's surface. The spacecraft passed through the plumes extending from its southern geysers, detecting water, carbon dioxide and various hydrocarbons with its mass spectrometer, while also mapping surface features that are at much
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also observed water ice geysers erupting from the south pole of
Enceladus, which gives more credibility to the idea that Enceladus is supplying the particles of Saturn's E ring. Mission scientists began to suspect that there may be pockets of liquid water near the surface of the moon that fuel the
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program scientists described the measurement of the rotational period of Saturn. Because there are no fixed features on the surface that can be used to obtain this period, the repetition of radio emissions was used. This new data agreed with the latest values measured from Earth, and constituted a
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The first close-up images were received on June 12, 2004, and mission scientists immediately realized that the surface of Phoebe looks different from asteroids visited by spacecraft. Parts of the heavily cratered surface look very bright in those pictures, and it is currently believed that a large
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Between 2012 and 2016, the persistent hexagonal cloud pattern at Saturn's north pole changed from a mostly blue color to more of a golden color. One theory for this is a seasonal change: extended exposure to sunlight may be creating haze as the pole swivels toward the Sun. It was previously noted
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In 2019 NASA announced Saturn's rotational period as 10 hours, 33 minutes, 38 seconds, calculated using Saturnian ring seismology. Vibrations from Saturn's interior cause oscillations in its gravitational field. This energy is absorbed by ring particles in specific locations, where it accumulates
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A total of seven telemetry maps corresponding to 7 AACS telemetry modes were constructed. These modes are: (1) Record; (2) Nominal Cruise; (3) Medium Slow Cruise; (4) Slow Cruise; (5) Orbital Ops; (6) Av; (7) ATE (Attitude Estimator) Calibration. These 7 maps cover all spacecraft telemetry modes.
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The HSP channel is designed to observe starlight that passes through Saturn's rings (known as stellar occultations) in order to understand the structure and optical depth of the rings. Stellar occultation data from both the HSP and FUV channels confirmed the existence of water vapor plumes at the
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The UVIS was a remote-sensing instrument that captured images of the ultraviolet light reflected off an object, such as the clouds of Saturn and/or its rings, to learn more about their structure and composition. Designed to measure ultraviolet light over wavelengths from 55.8 to 190 nm, this
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The MIMI was both an in situ and remote sensing instrument that produces images and other data about the particles trapped in Saturn's huge magnetic field, or magnetosphere. The in situ component measured energetic ions and electrons while the remote sensing component (the Ion And Neutral Camera,
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The CDA was an in situ instrument that measured the size, speed, and direction of tiny dust grains near Saturn. It could also measure the grains' chemical elements. Some of these particles orbited Saturn, while others came from other star systems. The CDA on the orbiter was designed to learn more
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Mars probes, as well as being among the most complex. The orbiter had a mass of 2,150 kg (4,740 lb), the probe 350 kg (770 lb) including 30 kg (66 lb) of probe support equipment left on the orbiter. With the launch vehicle adapter and 3,132 kg (6,905 lb) of
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on Titan on January 14, 2005. The separation was facilitated by the SED (Spin/Eject device), which provided a relative separation speed of 0.35 metres per second (1.1 ft/s) and a spin rate of 7.5 rpm. It returned data to Earth for around 90 minutes, using the orbiter as a relay. This was the
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storm that recurs roughly every 30 years on Saturn. Data from the composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) instrument indicated a powerful discharge from the storm that caused a temperature spike in the stratosphere of Saturn 83 K (83 °C; 149 °F) above normal. Simultaneously, a huge
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for mission operations, $ 54 million for tracking and $ 422 million for the launch vehicle. The United States contributed $ 2.6 billion (80%), the ESA $ 500 million (15%), and the ASI $ 160 million (5%). However, these figures are from the press kit which was prepared in
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The RPWS was an in situ instrument and remote sensing instrument that receives and measures radio signals coming from Saturn, including the radio waves given off by the interaction of the solar wind with Saturn and Titan. RPWS measured the electric and magnetic wave fields in the interplanetary
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would gradually burn up), a significant fraction of the 33 kg of nuclear fuel inside the RTGs would have been dispersed into the Earth's atmosphere so that up to five billion people (i.e. almost the entire terrestrial population) could have been exposed, causing up to an estimated 5,000
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s trajectory took it into Saturn's upper atmosphere and it burned up in order to prevent any risk of contaminating Saturn's moons, which might have offered habitable environments to stowaway terrestrial microbes on the spacecraft. The mission was successful beyond expectations – NASA's
4143:, as part of a natural light, multi-image portrait of the entire Saturn system. The event was unique as it was the first time NASA informed the public that a long-distance photo was being taken in advance. The imaging team said they wanted people to smile and wave to the skies, with
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mission, the CIRS measured infrared emissions from atmospheres, rings and surfaces in the vast Saturn system. It mapped the atmosphere of Saturn in three dimensions to determine temperature and pressure profiles with altitude, gas composition, and the distribution of
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3504:, and it was now 6 minutes longer. This, however, does not indicate a change in the overall spin of the planet. It is thought to be due to variations in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere at the latitudes which are magnetically connected to the radio source region.
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passing by 1,171 km (728 mi) above the Earth on August 18, 1999. Had there been any malfunction causing the probe to collide with the Earth, NASA's complete environmental impact study estimated that, in the worst case (with an acute angle of entry in which
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entered Saturn's orbit, NASA reported evidence of a large salty internal ocean of liquid water in Enceladus. The presence of an internal salty ocean in contact with the moon's rocky core, places Enceladus "among the most likely places in the Solar System to host
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provided by Probe Data Relay Subsystem (PDRS). As the probe's mission could not be telecommanded from Earth because of the great distance, it was automatically managed by the Command Data Management Subsystem (CDMS). The PDRS and CDMS were provided by the
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3584:, on July 2, 2004, a day after orbit insertion, when it approached to within 339,000 km (211,000 mi) of Titan. Images taken through special filters (able to see through the moon's global haze) showed south polar clouds thought to be composed of
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Telemetry Dictionary. Out of these 67 lower complexity mini-packets, 6 mini-packets contained the subsystem covariance and Kalman gain elements (161 measurements), not used during normal mission operations. This left 947 measurements in 61 mini-packets.
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square. Both cameras allowed for many data collection modes, including on-chip data compression, and were fitted with spectral filters that rotated on a wheel to view different bands within the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 0.2 to 1.1 μm.
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probe on December 25, 2004, by means of a spring and spiral rails intended to rotate the probe for greater stability. It entered the atmosphere of Titan on January 14, 2005, and after a two-and-a-half-hour descent landed on solid ground. Although
2413:. RPWS studied the configuration of Saturn's magnetic field and its relationship to Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR), as well as monitoring and mapping Saturn's ionosphere, plasma, and lightning from Saturn's (and possibly Titan's) atmosphere.
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attempted to correct this trend by stressing their desire to evenly share any scientific and technology benefits resulting from the mission. In part, this newfound spirit of cooperation with Europe was driven by a sense of competition with the
2759:, scrutinized the clouds, atmosphere, and surface of Saturn's moon Titan in its descent on January 15, 2005. It was designed to enter and brake in Titan's atmosphere and parachute a fully instrumented robotic laboratory down to the surface.
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The INMS was an in situ instrument that measured the composition of charged particles (protons and heavier ions) and neutral particles (atoms and molecules) near Titan and Saturn to learn more about their atmospheres. The instrument used a
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a dive into Saturn's atmosphere on September 15; signal was lost at 11:55:46 UTC on September 15, 2017, just 30 seconds later than predicted. It is estimated that the spacecraft burned up about 45 seconds after the last transmission.
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made its eighth flyby of Enceladus, this time with a different geometry, approaching within 1,600 km (990 mi) of the surface. The Composite Infrared Spectrograph (CIRS) instrument produced a map of thermal emissions from the
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The RSS was a remote-sensing instrument that used radio antennas on Earth to observe the way radio signals from the spacecraft changed as they were sent through objects, such as Titan's atmosphere or Saturn's rings, or even behind the
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On April 16, 2008, NASA announced a two-year extension of the funding for ground operations of this mission, at which point it was renamed the Cassini Equinox Mission. The round of funding was again extended in February 2010 with the
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and surface features with widely differing brightness. On October 27, 2004, the spacecraft executed the first of the 45 planned close flybys of Titan when it passed a mere 1,200 km (750 mi) above the moon. Almost four
1829:, which had begun to cooperate more closely with Europe as ESA drew further away from NASA. Late in 1988, ESA chose Cassini–Huygens as its next major mission and the following year the program received major funding in the US.
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discovered a deflection in the local magnetic field that is characteristic for the existence of a thin but significant atmosphere. Other measurements obtained at that time point to ionized water vapor as its main constituent.
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were taken during the six-month flyby. It produced the most detailed global color portrait of the planet yet (see image at right), in which the smallest visible features are approximately 60 km (37 mi) across.
2462:(EUV), High Speed Photometer (HSP) and the Hydrogen-Deuterium Absorption Cell (HDAC). UVIS collected hyperspectral imagery and discrete spectra of Saturn, its moons and its rings, as well as stellar occultation data.
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medium and planetary magnetospheres. It also determined the electron density and temperature near Titan and in some regions of Saturn's magnetosphere using either plasma waves at characteristic frequencies (e.g. the
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A proposal was submitted to NASA for a second mission extension (September 2010 – May 2017), provisionally named the extended-extended mission or XXM. This ($ 60M pa) was approved in February 2010 and renamed the
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images. The ISS took hundreds of thousands of images of Saturn, its rings, and its moons. The ISS had both a wide-angle camera (WAC) and a narrow-angle camera (NAC). Each of these cameras used a sensitive
1386:. In 2017, an encounter with Titan changed its orbit in such a way that, at closest approach to Saturn, it was only 3,000 km (1,900 mi) above the planet's cloudtops, below the inner edge of the
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on the grounds that casualties, property damage, and lawsuits resulting from a possible accident, as well as the potential use of other energy sources, such as solar and fuel cells, were underestimated.
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The spacecraft operation was organized around a series of missions. Each is structured according to a certain amount of funding, goals, etc. At least 260 scientists from 17 countries have worked on the
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imager. This information was used to study the overall configuration and dynamics of the magnetosphere and its interactions with the solar wind, Saturn's atmosphere, Titan, rings, and icy satellites.
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hurricane, the storm appears to be stationary at the pole. The storm is 8,000 km (5,000 mi) across, and 70 km (43 mi) high, with winds blowing at 560 km/h (350 mph).
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until it is released in a wave. Scientists used data from more than 20 of these waves to construct a family of models of Saturn's interior, providing basis for calculating its rotational period.
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CAPS was an in situ instrument that measured the flux of charged particles at the location of the spacecraft, as a function of direction and energy. The ion composition was also measured using a
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spacecraft was capable of transmitting in several different telemetry formats. The telemetry subsystem is perhaps the most important subsystem, because without it there could be no data return.
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about the potential environmental impact a launch failure might have (because of its plutonium power source) attempted to derail it through protests and lawsuits until and past its 1997 launch.
2429:. The RSS also studied the compositions, pressures and temperatures of atmospheres and ionospheres, radial structure and particle size distribution within rings, body and system masses and the
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6807:
C. C. Porco; R. A. West; S. Squyres; A. McEwen; P. Thomas; et al. (2004). "Cassini Imaging Science: Instrument Characteristics and Anticipated Scientific Investigations at Saturn".
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There were problems in 2013–14 about NASA receiving U.S. government funding for the Grand Finale. The two phases of the Grand Finale ended up being the equivalent of having two separate
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3910:) in Titan's northern latitudes. This is the first discovery of currently existing lakes anywhere besides on Earth. The lakes range in size from one to one-hundred kilometers across.
3251:, near Jupiter's north pole. Infrared imagery revealed aspects of circulation near the poles, with bands of globe-encircling winds, with adjacent bands moving in opposite directions.
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were to unintentionally crash into them when maneuvering the probe was no longer possible due to power loss or other communication issues at the end of its operational lifespan. The
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as a "mission of firsts" that has revolutionized human understanding of the Saturn system, including its moons and rings, and our understanding of where life might be found in the
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more closely, coming within 47,000 km (29,000 mi). The spacecraft observed the moon with its cameras producing some of the highest resolution color images yet of Rhea.
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2613:. However, these solid-state circuit breakers were prone to erroneous tripping (presumably from cosmic rays), requiring them to reset and causing losses in experimental data.
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S. M. Krimigis; D. G. Mitchell; D. C. Hamilton; S. Livi; J. Dandouras; et al. (2004). "Magnetosphere Imaging Instrument (MIMI) on the Cassini Mission to Saturn/Titan".
6078:. Titan - from Discovery to Encounter: International Conference on the Occasion of the 375th birthday of Christiaan Huygens. ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands. p. 218.
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F. M. Reininger; M. Dami; R. Paolinetti; et al. (June 1994). "Visible Infrared Mapping Spectrometer--visible channel (VIMS-V)". In D. L. Crawford; E. R. Craine (eds.).
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N. Altobelli; F. Postberg; K. Fiege; M. Trieloff; H. Kimura; et al. (2016). "Flux and Composition of Interstellar Dust at Saturn from Cassini's Cosmic Dust Analyzer".
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space probes were in agreement with the calculated values from general relativity to within an accuracy of one part in one thousand. The more refined measurements from the
2271:. CAPS measured particles produced by ionisation of molecules originating from Saturn's and Titan's ionosphere, as well as the plumes of Enceladus. CAPS also investigated
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imagery showed that individual storm cells of upwelling bright-white clouds, too small to see from Earth, pop up almost without exception in the dark belts. According to
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regular mission. The U.S. government in late 2014 approved the Grand Finale at the cost of $ 200 million. This was far cheaper than building two new probes in separate
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of Enceladus' orbit and determined that the moon's surface is not rigidly joined to its core, concluding that the underground ocean must therefore be global in extent.
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s planners originally scheduled a mission of four years, from June 2004 to May 2008. The mission was extended for another two years until September 2010, branded the
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was the fourth space probe to visit Saturn and the first to enter its orbit, where it stayed from 2004 to 2017. The two craft took their names from the astronomers
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to investigate future cooperative missions. Two European scientists suggested a paired Saturn Orbiter and Titan Probe as a possible joint mission. In 1983, NASA's
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that occurred in the instrument. It was powered on again in March 2012, but after 78 days another short circuit forced the instrument to be shut down permanently.
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made its closest approach to Jupiter on December 30, 2000, at 9.7 million kilometers, and made many scientific measurements. About 26,000 images of Jupiter, its
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L. W. Esposito; C. A. Barth; J. E. Colwell; G. M. Lawrence; W. E. McClintock; et al. (2004). "The Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph Investigation".
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announced that it had found strong evidence of seas of methane and ethane in the northern hemisphere of Titan. At least one of these is larger than any of the
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shift in the radio waves to and from the spacecraft, as they passed close to the Sun. According to the general theory of relativity, a massive object like the
1129:, with the incorporation of a low-gain antenna (to ensure telecommunications with the Earth for the entire duration of the mission), a compact and lightweight
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Taken on September 10, 2007, at a distance of 62,331 km (38,731 mi) Iapetus's equatorial ridge and surface are revealed. (CL1 and CL2 filters)
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are predicted by some unusual cosmological models, no such deviations were found by this experiment. Previous tests using radiowaves transmitted by the
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On August 18, 1999, at 03:28 UTC, the craft made a gravitational-assist flyby of the Earth. One hour and 20 minutes before closest approach,
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to reduce the complexity of the Telemetry Dictionary, and the software development process led to the creation of a Telemetry Manager for the mission.
3258:. Light scattering by particles in the rings showed the particles were irregularly shaped (rather than spherical) and likely originate as ejecta from
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were not feasible as power sources for this space probe. To generate enough power, such arrays would have been too large and too heavy. Instead, the
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spacecraft executed its "Grand Finale": a number of risky passes through the gaps between Saturn and its inner rings. This phase aimed to maximize
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across the Sun. The VIMS instrument analyzed sunlight passing through the Venusian atmosphere. VIMS previously observed the transit of exoplanet
3784:, some of which are yet to be better identified and understood. According to the researchers, "these compounds could potentially support extant
1794:(ESA) performed a joint study of the potential mission from 1984 to 1985. ESA continued with its own study in 1986, while the American astronaut
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The final close passes by the rings and planet enabled scientists to measure the length of a day on Saturn: 10 hours, 33 minutes and 38 seconds.
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The telemetry was developed from the ground up, due to the spacecraft using a more modern set of computers than previous missions. Therefore,
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Scientists and individuals from 27 countries made up the joint team responsible for designing, building, flying and collecting data from the
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space probe experiment improved this accuracy to about one part in 51,000. The data firmly support Einstein's general theory of relativity.
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as it descended toward Saturn. The image was taken 634,000 km (394,000 mi) above Saturn on September 14, 2017, at 19:59 UTC.
3723:. The data returned helped create a detailed and high resolution mosaic image of the southern part of the moon's Saturn-facing hemisphere.
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October 2000. They do not include inflation over the course of a very long mission, nor do they include the cost of the extended missions.
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1390:. This sequence of "proximal orbits" ended when its final encounter with Titan sent the probe into Saturn's atmosphere to be destroyed.
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7184:. 4th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit (IECEC). San Diego, California, USA. p. 4. AIAA 2006-4096
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detected spokes in Saturn's rings, previously seen only by the visual observer Stephen James O'Meara in 1977 and then confirmed by the
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Solstice Mission). The extension enabled another 155 revolutions around the planet, 54 flybys of Titan and 11 flybys of
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3973:. Images were taken from 1,600 km (1,000 mi) above the surface. As it was sending the images back to Earth, it was hit by a
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1970:, 22,000 wire connections, and 14 kilometers (8.7 mi) of cabling. The core control computer CPU was a redundant system using the
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provided the VIMS infrared counterpart, as well as the Main Electronic Assembly, which included electronic sub-assemblies provided by
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NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini-Huygens: 1997 onwards (Cassini orbiter, Huygens probe and future exploration concepts) (Owners' Workshop Manual)
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of its descent and landing site, a malfunction in one of the communications channels resulted in the loss of a further 350 pictures.
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3423:. The moon is approximately 500 m (0.3 mi) in diameter within the G-ring of the ring system of Saturn, and is now named
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on April 26, 1998, and June 24, 1999. These flybys provided the space probe with enough momentum to travel all the way out to the
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Upper image: visible color mosaic of Saturn's rings taken on December 12, 2004. Lower image: simulated view constructed from a
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that featured better efficiency and a longer lifetime as compared to conventional switches, while at the same time eliminating
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and its interaction with Saturn's magnetosphere. CAPS was turned off in June 2011, as a precaution due to a "soft" electrical
14846:
14063:
13501:
13233:
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11846:
10730:
9640:
9621:
9598:
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6372:
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3244:, "the belts must be the areas of net-rising atmospheric motion on Jupiter, the net motion in the zones has to be sinking".
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scientific outcome before the spacecraft was intentionally destroyed to prevent potential contamination of Saturn's moons if
4334:, then an entry into Saturn's atmosphere on September 15, 2017, to destroy the spacecraft. This method was chosen to ensure
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When Cassini was in Saturnian orbit, departure from the Saturn system was evaluated in 2008 during end of mission planning.
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puzzle to the scientists. It turns out that the radio rotational period had changed since it was first measured in 1980 by
3110:
2018:
The probe contained a DVD with more than 616,400 signatures from citizens in 81 countries, collected in a public campaign.
8503:
6631:
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s subsequent trajectory was identical to the previously planned one, although the change replaced two orbits prior to the
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was active in space for nearly 20 years, with 13 years spent orbiting Saturn and studying the planet and its system after
14043:
14017:
13973:
12424:
11520:
9294:
8775:
7069:
C. J. Hansen; L. Esposito; A. I. F. Stewart; J. Colwell; A. Hendrix; et al. (2006). "Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume".
3241:
3143:
7432:
C. J. Hansen; S. J. Bolton; D. L. Matson; L. J. Spilker; J. P. Lebreton (2004). "The Cassini–Huygens flyby of Jupiter".
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11602:
10598:
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9474:
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B. Bertotti; L. Iess; P. Tortora (2003). "A Test of General Relativity using Radio Links with the Cassini spacecraft".
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1958:
spacecraft was 6.8 meters (22 ft) high and 4 meters (13 ft) wide. Spacecraft complexity was increased by its
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features, such as mountains and canyons. The passive radar listened for radio waves that Saturn or its moons may emit.
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14053:
13687:
13151:
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12983:
12928:
12458:
11870:
11577:
8429:
8364:
3997:, with 21 more close Titan flybys, seven of Enceladus, six of Mimas, eight of Tethys, and one targeted flyby each of
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performed a close flyby of Enceladus, coming within 49 km (30 mi) of the surface, and passing through the
3176:
845:
10116:
9070:
8838:
7402:
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3125:
2329:. INMS was also intended to measure the positive ion and neutral environments of Saturn's icy satellites and rings.
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14565:
14480:
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14186:
13773:
13682:
13389:
13372:
13127:
13101:
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12350:
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10603:
10321:
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5512:
5000:
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1305:
900:
751:
405:
7861:
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6367:. Series on Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). World Scientific. p. 75.
1816:
mission from the three candidates at hand and promising that NASA would commit to the mission as soon as ESA did.
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A close-up image of Saturn's atmosphere from about 3,100 km (1,900 mi) above the cloud layer, taken by
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on August 17, 2015, at a distance of about 475 km (295 mi). A previous flyby was performed on June 16.
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made its closest approach to the Earth's Moon at 377,000 kilometers, and it took a series of calibration photos.
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about these particles, the materials in other celestial bodies and potentially about the origins of the universe.
1924:
17:
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6513:
6331:
6214:
5658:"'Our Saturn years' - Cassini-Huygens' epic journey to the ringed planet, told by the people who made it happen"
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space probes, and they were designed to have very long operational lifetimes. At the end of the nominal 11-year
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from 2005), assembled the probe with equipment and instruments supplied by many European countries (including
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Other atmospheric observations included a swirling dark oval of high atmospheric haze, about the size of the
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A glowing-hot plutonium pellet that is the power source of the probe's radioisotope thermoelectric generator
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coming from objects to learn about their temperatures, thermal properties, and compositions. Throughout the
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G. L. Bennett; J. J. Lombardo; R. J. Hemler; G. Silverman; C. W. Whitmore; et al. (June 26–29, 2006).
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5858:
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at around 10:00 UTC. It took photos in the period five to seven hours before the flyby at a distance of 1.6
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mission, they were still able to produce 600 to 700 watts of electrical power. (Leftover hardware from the
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1974:
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and clouds. It also measured thermal characteristics and the composition of satellite surfaces and rings.
1927:(CRAF) mission, but budget cuts and project rescopings forced NASA to terminate CRAF development to save
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182:
134:
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mission; in addition thousands of people overall worked to design, manufacture, and launch the mission.
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UVIS instrument built by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado.
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13073:
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9386:
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1939:
983:
6900:
5426:
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15771:
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14228:
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13897:
13352:
13310:
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12899:
12578:
12505:
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11695:
11525:
10777:
10754:
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9932:
9688:
9364:
9271:
9267:
9151:
9082:
9047:
9006:
8884:
8872:
8850:
8809:"NASA Extends Cassini's Tour of Saturn, Continuing International Cooperation for World Class Science"
8572:
8376:
8342:
8047:
7873:
7708:
7523:
7146:
6437:
6339:
5870:
5657:
5524:
5285:"Titan's New Pole: Implications for the Huygens Entry and Descent Trajectory and Landing Coordinates"
5208:
4784:
CDS: Command and Data Subsystem—Cassini computer that commands and collects data from the instruments
3914:
3883:
3720:
3150:
2254:
system) was also used to make observations of the atmospheres of Titan and Saturn and to measure the
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ever accomplished in the outer Solar System and the first landing on a moon other than Earth's Moon.
314:
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15796:
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12463:
12152:
11722:
11065:
10681:
10581:
9910:
6933:
4103:
3563:
3427:(formerly S/2008 S 1). A press release on November 2, 2009, mentions the seventh new moon found by
3079: mi) and a diameter of 15 to 20 km (9.3 to 12.4 mi) was estimated for the asteroid.
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2191:
1172:
1134:
149:
128:
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9507:
175:
15761:
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15479:
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14012:
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13800:
13511:
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13431:
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13063:
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12622:
12549:
12390:
12316:
11767:
11690:
11436:
11028:
10248:
9838:
8748:
8599:
7821:"Saturn's Weather-Driven Aurorae Modulate Oscillations in the Magnetic Field and Radio Emissions"
5714:
E. A. Miller; G. Klein; D. W. Juergens; K. Mehaffey; J. M. Oseas; et al. (October 7, 1996).
4667:
Equinox Mission was a two-year mission extension which ran from July 2008 through September 2010.
3762:
3711:
was unable to collect data with its cosmic dust analyzer due to an unknown software malfunction.
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2610:
2595:
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1313:
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770:
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L. Iess; D. J. Stevenson; M. Parisi; D. Hemingway; R. A. Jacobson; et al. (April 4, 2014).
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On July 19, 2013, the probe was pointed towards Earth to capture an image of the Earth and the
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and radiowaves travelling into the gravitational well to increase in frequency, referred to as
2809:
between the lander and the mother craft would put the signals out of the system's range. Thus,
2801:
orbiter (and then re-transmitted to Earth) would be largely unreadable. The cause was that the
2433:. The instrument used the spacecraft X-band communication link as well as S-band downlink and K
2384:
1993:
was 2,352 m/s (5,260 mph). Smaller monopropellant rockets provided attitude control.
1841:
1378: years until 2017, ending at the time of summer solstice in Saturn's northern hemisphere (
1320:
394:
7028:
J. E. Colwell; L. W. Esposito; R. G. Jerousek; M. Sremčević; D. Pettis; E. T. Bradley (2010).
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4338:
and prevent biological contamination to any of the moons of Saturn thought to offer potential
2091:
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1209:
The mission was commonly called Saturn Orbiter Titan Probe (SOTP) during gestation, both as a
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13708:
13677:
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12411:
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11553:
Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
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5953:
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5896:
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5456:"NASA will Destroy a $ 3.26 billion Saturn Probe this Summer to Protect an Alien Water World"
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3545:
3438:
On April 14, 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon in Saturn's
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1967:
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The collaboration not only improved relations between the two space programs but also helped
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8000:. 2003 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.03TH8652). Vol. 8. Montana, USA:
7354:
7326:. 3rd International Symposium on Space Mission Operations and Ground Data Systems. Greenbelt
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collision with an icy moon was rated "good" for being "cheap and achievable anywhere/time".
3929:
In November 2006, scientists discovered a storm at the south pole of Saturn with a distinct
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12793:
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Solstice Mission ran from October 2010 through April 2017. (Also known as the XXM mission.)
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only possible flyby for Phoebe due to the mechanics of the available orbits around Saturn.
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M. K. Dougherty; S. Kellock; D. J. Southwood; A. Balogh; E. J. Smith; et al. (2004).
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8:
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2755:(ESA) and named after the 17th century Dutch astronomer who first discovered Titan,
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Mission of Daring: The General-Purpose Heat Source Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator
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J. H. Waite; S. Lewis; W. T. Kasprzak; V. G. Anicich; B. P. Block; et al. (2004).
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came under fire politically in both 1992 and 1994, but NASA successfully persuaded the
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9658:. An epic journey of discovery at Saturn ends, leaving mysteries for future explorers.
7253:
Protest Space: A Study of Technology Choice, Perception of Risk, and Space Exploration
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8287:
7939:
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7000:
6699:
6432:. Nuclear & Emerging Technologies for Space (NETS) 2017. Orlando, Florida, USA:
5945:
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received funding for a 27-month extended mission. It consisted of 60 more orbits of
3836:
observation on May 3, 2005. Color in the lower image represents ring particle sizes.
1951:
propellants at launch, the spacecraft had a mass of 5,600 kg (12,300 lb).
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NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the United States space agency
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3038:, while the Sun's gravity pulled the space probe back into the inner Solar System.
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ended the mission, but analysis of the returned data will continue for many years.
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5039:= 1 + (2.1 ± 2.3) × 10 agrees with the prediction of standard General Relativity,
3743:, highlighting the discovery of water activity on Enceladus among other findings.
3278:
On October 10, 2003, the mission's science team announced the results of tests of
3010:
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2827:
was altered to reduce the line of sight velocity and therefore the doppler shift.
2763:
orbiter that transmits it to Earth. The core control computer CPU was a redundant
2370:
The MAG was an in situ instrument that measured the strength and direction of the
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Cassini-Huygens: Heavily Instrumented Flight Systems approaching Saturn and Titan
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Grand Finale (spacecraft directed into Saturn), April 2017 to September 15, 2017.
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3677:
fractures at center and the Ebony (left) and Cufa dorsa at lower left; imaged by
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3267:
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south pole of Enceladus, as well as characterized the composition of the plumes.
2095:
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recommended the same Orbiter and Probe pair as a core NASA project. NASA and the
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mission before the spacecraft crashed into Saturn to complete its Grand Finale.
3477:
performed a distant flyby in 1981 but returned no detailed images). It also was
3435:
and is approximately 300 m (980 ft) in diameter in the B-ring system.
2354:
detector. Each CCD had a 1,024x1,024 square array of pixels, each pixel 12
1103:
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in the United States, where the orbiter was assembled, managed the mission. The
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3259:
3255:
3248:
3027:
2995:
2682:
2410:
2219:
2141:
2120:
2007:). The heat from the material's radioactive decay was turned into electricity.
1757:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1631:
1494:
1357:
Equinox Mission). This studied the Saturn system in detail during the planet's
1327:
1270:
1237:
987:
955:
865:
11446:
9774:
8836:
8009:
7377:
7321:
7014:
6979:
6888:
6828:
6741:
6712:
6389:
6056:
5308:
5265:
3415:
on May 30, 2007, and was provisionally labeled S/2007 S 4. It is now known as
1578:
1337:
The total cost of this scientific exploration mission was about US$ 3.26
15889:
15305:
15255:
15230:
15137:
15112:
15087:
15029:
14823:
14789:
14746:
14721:
14518:
14500:
14395:
14385:
14317:
14162:
13795:
13526:
13305:
12854:
12806:
12799:
12386:
12312:
12284:
12169:
12075:
11652:
11624:
10922:
10834:
10703:
10537:
10464:
9559:
7972:
7729:
C. C. Porco; E. Baker; J. Barbara; K. Beurle; A. Brahic; et al. (2005).
7674:
5713:
4148:
4006:
3876:
3785:
3674:
3670:
3470:
3458:
3056:
3035:
2806:
2764:
2535:
2338:
2280:
1986:
1982:
1971:
1783:
1696:
1603:
1508:
1338:
1331:
1277:
967:
720:
706:
582:
12474:
12262:
11562:
10855:
9633:
The Cassini-Huygens Visit to Saturn: A Historic Mission to the Ringed Planet
8271:
7759:
7590:"The orbits of Saturn's small satellites derived from combined historic and
7291:"A Scientific Critique of the Accident Risks from the Cassini Space Mission"
7092:
6683:
5553:
4212:
Hyperion – close-up view from 38,000 km (24,000 mi) (May 31, 2015)
3768:
On December 14, 2023, astronomers reported the first time discovery, in the
1745:
1676:
1425:
1030:
until its separation from the probe on December 25, 2004; Huygens landed by
15781:
15776:
15687:
15665:
15325:
15290:
15270:
15194:
15152:
15122:
15117:
15102:
15097:
15008:
14806:
14766:
14740:
14703:
14692:
14681:
14661:
14365:
13932:
12718:
12711:
12340:
12222:
12063:
11978:
11902:
11878:
11744:
11705:
11675:
11662:
11657:
11494:
10412:
10234:
9967:
9224:"Cassini's Awesomeness Fully Funded through Mission's Dramatic End in 2017"
8526:
8307:
8279:
8240:
7896:"Cassini Ring Seismology as a Probe of Saturn's Interior I: Rigid Rotation"
7767:
7500:
7108:
6691:
5794:
4731:
4479:
4228:
4200:
Hyperion – context view from 37,000 km (23,000 mi) (May 31, 2015)
4108:
4035:
3998:
3949:
3887:
3746:
In September 2015, NASA announced that gravitational and imaging data from
3732:
3707:
higher temperature than their surroundings with the infrared spectrometer.
3581:
3520:
Saturn reached equinox in 2008, shortly after the end of the prime mission.
3416:
3263:
2984:
2734:
2598:
2552:
2223:
2203:
2062:
1826:
1703:
1610:
1501:
1472:
1154:
995:
921:
671:
90:
9169:
7633:
7323:
Process and Methodology of Developing Cassini G&C Telemetry Dictionary
6659:
5282:
4530:
3532:, after a seven-year voyage. It was the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn.
3361:
mission discovered seven new moons orbiting Saturn. Using images taken by
2069:
1962:(flight path) to Saturn, and by the ambitious science at its destination.
1667:
15786:
15710:
15250:
15189:
15173:
15132:
15082:
15059:
15054:
14818:
14784:
14759:
13327:
13203:
12307:
12274:
11812:
11594:
10827:
10110:
8837:
D. C. Brown; E. Zubritsky; N. Neal-Jones; J. R. Cook (October 25, 2012).
7953:
C. C. Porco; B. Aulicino (2007). "Cassini: The First One Thousand Days".
7845:
7820:
7176:
6785:
6750:
4638:
Grand Finale mission and a look back at what the mission has accomplished
4390:
In December 2018, Netflix aired "NASA's Cassini Mission" on their series
4380:
for Outstanding Original Interactive Program for its presentation of the
4356:
missions in that the Grand Finale was completely different from the main
4186:
on May 31, 2015, at a distance of about 34,000 km (21,000 mi).
4168:
4089:
4002:
3918:
3891:
3872:
3577:
3321:
Although some measurable deviations from the values calculated using the
2658:
2585:
2342:
2215:
2207:
2073:
1800:
1487:
1443:
881:
8464:"Detection of HCN and diverse redox chemistry in the plume of Enceladus"
8303:"Ocean Discovered on Enceladus may be Best Place to Look for Alien Life"
7980:
7964:
7492:
6806:
6399:
4246:
that there was less blue color overall on Saturn between 2004 and 2008.
3516:
3419:. A press release on February 3, 2009, showed a sixth new moon found by
3388:
2719:
1935:
became more specialized. The Mariner Mark II series was cancelled.
1255:
Determining the three-dimensional structure and dynamic behavior of the
15374:
15107:
15092:
15064:
14895:
14651:
14640:
14058:
13760:
13753:
13268:
11990:
11908:
11218:
11213:
10966:
10368:
10361:
10032:
7260:
7100:
4974:
4377:
3974:
3432:
3407:. It was given the designation S/2005 S 1 before being named
3404:
3303:
3287:
3117: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2520:
2276:
2102:
1959:
1858:
1795:
1710:
1569:
1353:
was completed on July 30, 2008. The mission was extended to June 2010 (
1284:
1142:
7728:
5812:
5738:
4514:
3552:
passed within 20,000 km (12,000 mi) of Saturn's cloud tops.
2688:
There were around 1088 channels (in 67 mini-packets) assembled in the
2025:
probe continued orbiting Saturn at a distance of between 8.2 and 10.2
1551:
1407:
1276:
Measuring the three-dimensional structure and dynamic behavior of the
1117:
batteries and two scientific instruments from the United States). The
1015:, lasting another seven years until September 15, 2017, on which date
15521:
15395:
15388:
15340:
15245:
14914:
14907:
14714:
14475:
14448:
14296:
14208:
14068:
14037:
14030:
13827:
13725:
13479:
12670:
12663:
12591:
12301:
12186:
11937:
11930:
11884:
11785:
11779:
11411:
11406:
11208:
11203:
11193:
11173:
11116:
11111:
11106:
11101:
11096:
11016:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10961:
10946:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10867:
10691:
10638:
10623:
10511:
10389:
10382:
10191:
10046:
10039:
4723:
4508:
on its first dive on April 26, 2017, at the start of the Grand Finale
4330:
end involved a series of close Saturn passes, approaching within the
3934:
3751:
3686:
3665:
3500:
3474:
3473:. This was the first opportunity for close-up studies of this moon (
3382:
3378:
3311:
3295:
2973:
2481:
2337:
The ISS was a remote sensing instrument that captured most images in
2235:
2038:
2004:
1515:
1434:
1401:
Selected destinations (ordered largest to smallest but not to scale)
1383:
1031:
8749:"Cassini To Earth: 'Mission Accomplished, But New Questions Await!'"
7588:
J. N. Spitale; R. A. Jacobson; C. C. Porco; W. M. Owen, Jr. (2006).
7248:
6715:"The Cassini Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) Investigation"
6422:
6159:"Saturn Mission's Use of Plutonium Fuel Provokes Warnings of Danger"
3937:
on Earth and had never been seen on another planet before. Unlike a
3540:
decelerate the craft by 622 m/s to allow Saturn to capture it.
3092:
3005:
2805:
of signal processing electronics was too narrow and the anticipated
2534:, which use heat from the decay of about 33 kg (73 lb) of
1226:
mission to the outer planets. The other planetary flagships include
12871:
12554:
12533:
12107:
11647:
11358:
11257:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
10956:
10940:
10901:
8971:
8943:
8689:
8661:
8482:
8461:
8430:"Poison Gas Hints at Potential for Life on an Ocean Moon of Saturn"
8219:
8099:"Cassini Spacecraft Captures Images and Sounds of Big Saturn Storm"
7912:
7638:
7618:
7589:
7565:
6248:"Cassini Spacecraft Nears Liftoff, but Critics Object to its Risks"
5662:
5197:"NASA's Cassini Spacecraft Ends Its Historic Exploration of Saturn"
4064:
4034:
orbiting Saturn 155 more times, conducting 54 additional flybys of
3969:
completed its flyby of the strange, two-toned, walnut-shaped moon,
3053:
2625:
2528:
2512:
2488:
2313:
2199:
1981:
bipropellant rocket engine. The thrust of each engine was 490
1977:. The main propulsion system consisted of one prime and one backup
1947:
1943:
1919:, a class of spacecraft developed for missions beyond the orbit of
1911:
The spacecraft was planned to be the second three-axis stabilized,
1685:
1324:
1316:
940:
390:
9830:
9350:
5239:"Cassini Vanishes Into Saturn, Its Mission Celebrated and Mourned"
4009:. The extended mission began on July 1, 2008, and was renamed the
2823:
A work-around was found to recover the mission. The trajectory of
2504:
2398:
15335:
14799:
14794:
13990:
13980:
13883:
13322:
12993:
12770:
12560:
12381:
12364:
12230:
12193:
11735:
11710:
11305:
10633:
10341:
9566:
The Wrong Stuff: The Space Program's Nuclear Threat to Our Planet
7894:
C. Mankovich; M. S. Marley; J. J. Fortney; N. Movshovitz (2018).
6278:"Activists Stand their Ground, Even As Cassini Sails Safely Away"
4014:
3930:
3903:
3590:
3585:
3524:
On July 1, 2004, the spacecraft flew through the gap between the
3385:
had photographed Pallene in its 1981 flyby of the ringed planet.
3194:
2942:
trajectory around Saturn from May 1, 2004, to September 15, 2017.
2880:
2657:
NASA's risk analysis to use plutonium was publicly criticized by
2641:
2255:
2247:
1999:
was powered by 32.7 kg (72 lb) of nuclear fuel, mainly
1990:
1542:
1358:
1342:
1341:, including $ 1.4 billion for pre-launch development, $ 704
1036:
971:
610:
7731:"Cassini Imaging Science: Initial results on Phoebe and Iapetus"
7030:"Cassini UVIS Stellar Occultation Observation of Saturn's Rings"
3898:
Radar images obtained on July 21, 2006, appear to show lakes of
2439:
2045:) from the Earth. It took 68 to 84 minutes for radio signals to
1533:
1524:
1334:, the Centaur upper stage, and a payload enclosure, or fairing.
15510:
15438:
15320:
14574:
14024:
13955:
13452:
13317:
12888:
12199:
12085:
12080:
11700:
11680:
11666:
11642:
11472:
11152:
11147:
11126:
11121:
11022:
10996:
10991:
10951:
10242:
10153:
9950:
9674:
9320:
8396:
8362:
5390:
5194:
4788:
4475:
4415:
Saturn's rings are relatively new, 10 to 100 million years old.
4116:
4046:
3994:
3907:
3653:
successfully relayed 350 of the pictures that it received from
3439:
2962:
2891:
2606:
2243:
1649:
974:(December 2000). The mission ended on September 15, 2017, when
888:
885:
637:
408:
168:
81:
27:
NASA/ESA mission sent to study Saturn and its moons (1997–2017)
6609:
6186:"Dozens Arrested in Protest of Plutonium-fueled Space Mission"
4863:
IEB: Instrument Expanded Blocks (instrument command sequences)
3812:
experiments, to measure the size-distribution of particles in
1202:, named for the Dutch astronomer, mathematician and physicist
834:
828:
811:
14048:
13821:
13785:
13780:
13571:
12729:
12163:
12141:
11757:
10781:
9799:
9791:
9607:
9351:
V. McGregor; D. C. Brown; J. A. Wendel (September 10, 2018).
8462:
J. S. Peter; T. A. Nordheim; K. P. Hand (December 14, 2023).
4735:
4124:
4120:
3938:
3529:
3306:
to curve, causing a beam of radiowaves travelling out of its
3254:
The same announcement also discussed the nature of Jupiter's
3031:
2913:
2902:
2637:
2581:
2458:
2015:
during cruise, but used chemical batteries when independent.
1938:
The combined orbiter and probe is the third-largest uncrewed
1589:
1130:
963:
959:
550:
522:
494:
8129:"Cassini Spacecraft to Dive Into Water Plume of Saturn Moon"
7468:
4151:
describing the moment as a chance to "celebrate life on the
2355:
1195:
divisions and four of its satellites; and the ESA-developed
1011:. The mission was extended a second and final time with the
13143:
13053:
12765:
12429:
9700:
9515:
9423:
9394:
9360:
9330:
9263:
9147:
9112:
9078:
9043:
9002:
8880:
8846:
8839:"NASA's Cassini Sees Huge Burp At Saturn After Large Storm"
8816:
8635:
8568:
8536:
8406:
8372:
8338:
8166:
8136:
8106:
8043:
8001:
7869:
7798:
7791:"Scientists Find That Saturn's Rotation Period is a Puzzle"
7704:
7410:
7226:
7142:
6639:
6576:
6489:
6460:
6433:
6335:
6060:
5982:
5866:
5561:
5520:
5400:
5342:
5283:
B. Kazeminejad; D. H. Atkinson; J. P. Lebreton (May 2011).
5204:
5171:
5085:
4140:
4128:
3777:
3015:
2376:
2318:
2303:
The CIRS was a remote sensing instrument that measured the
2058:
2042:
1978:
1920:
1658:
1480:
1291:
1164:
1160:
1087:
869:
817:
802:
554:
105:
8363:
P. Dyches; D. C. Brown; L. Cantillo (September 15, 2015).
7541:
6391:
Final Cassini Propulsion System In-Flight Characterization
5716:"The Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer for Cassini"
5586:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5195:
D. C. Brown; L. Cantillo; P. Dyches (September 15, 2017).
4401:
In January 2019, new research using data collected during
2450:
1364:
On February 3, 2010, NASA announced another extension for
1269:
Determining the nature and origin of the dark material on
14543:
11477:
8159:"Cassini Tastes Organic Material at Saturn's Geyser Moon"
7660:
6190:
6073:
5485:"The 'Sounds' of Space as NASA's Cassini Dives by Saturn"
4816:
DSN: Deep Space Network (large antennas around the Earth)
4536:
Last image (b&w) taken by the imaging cameras on the
3535:
The Saturn Orbital Insertion (SOI) maneuver performed by
3299:
2605:
in the event of an overload condition. The switches used
2477:
2426:
2297:
2227:
1323:
rocket. The complete launcher was made up of a two-stage
1183:
The mission consisted of two main elements: the ASI/NASA
831:
117:
109:
15569:
Theoremata de Quadratura Hyperboles, Ellipsis et Circuli
14977:
9614:
Lifting Titan's Veil: Exploring the Giant Moon of Saturn
9502:
9500:
9248:
8397:
P. Dyches; D. C. Brown; L. Cantillo (October 28, 2015).
8188:"Cassini Sends Back Images of Enceladus as Winter Nears"
7859:
7654:
6360:
4772:
ASI: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Italian space agency
3544:
was captured by Saturn's gravity at around 8:54 pm
3485:
amount of water ice exists under its immediate surface.
1836:
survive congressional budget cuts in the United States.
1133:, which also used the high-gain antenna and served as a
1019:
was de-orbited to burn up in Saturn's upper atmosphere.
13112:
9804:, film animated from more than 200,000 images taken by
9635:. Cham: Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
9195:
9105:"Cassini to Make Last Close Flyby of Saturn Moon Dione"
8628:"Cassini Spacecraft Images Seas on Saturn's Moon Titan"
8365:"Cassini Finds Global Ocean in Saturn's Moon Enceladus"
8243:"The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus"
8070:"Huygens Probe Returns First Images of Titan's Surface"
7697:"NASA Cassini Images May Reveal Birth of a Saturn Moon"
5575:
5391:
P. Dyches; D. C. Brown; L. Cantillo (August 29, 2017).
5164:"Insider's Cassini: Power, Propulsion, and Andrew Ging"
3799:
9771:, a YouTube playlist by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
9749:
9467:
9321:
P. Dyches; D. C. Brown; L. Cantillo (April 26, 2017).
9198:"Cassini-Huygens: Preventing Biological Contamination"
8939:"Cassini Probe takes Image of Earth from Saturn orbit"
8625:
8156:
8126:
7952:
7788:
7246:
5856:
15839:
9497:
9071:"Cassini Prepares for Last Up-close Look at Hyperion"
8806:
8685:"Cassini Probe Flies by Iapetus, Goes into Safe Mode"
8587:
8525:
Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (November 27, 2006).
8399:"Deepest-Ever Dive Through Enceladus Plume Completed"
8215:"Saturn's Enceladus moon hides 'great lake' of water"
8096:
7196:
6632:"Cassini Significant Events: 03/14/2012 – 03/20/2012"
4908:
PSIV: Preliminary Sequence Integration and Validation
4454:
orbiting Saturn before Grand Finale (artist concepts)
2261:
846:
837:
814:
808:
799:
9652:"Cassini's Ringside Seat At Saturn Coming To An End"
9323:"NASA Spacecraft Dives Between Saturn and Its Rings"
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
4869:
ITL: Integrated Test Laboratory—spacecraft simulator
4866:
IMS: Ion Mass Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument)
4860:
IBS: Ion Beam Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument)
4822:
ELS: Electron Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument)
4041:
2640:, one more of the Earth, and then one of the planet
2361:
1290:
Studying the time variability of Titan's clouds and
9437:
9170:"Cassini's Proposed Extended-Extended Mission Tour"
8776:"Cassini's Proposed Extended-extended Mission Tour"
7862:"Scientists Finally Know What Time It Is On Saturn"
7694:
7344:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6074:W. H. Ip; D. Gautier; T. Owen (April 13–17, 2004).
5723:
Cassini/Huygens: A Mission to the Saturnian Systems
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5513:"Cassini's First Dive Between Saturn and its Rings"
1297:
Characterizing Titan's surface on a regional scale.
1266:
surfaces and the geological history of each object.
825:
822:
805:
289:
7.9 billion km (4.9 billion mi)
10336:
9796:, film animated from millions of still photographs
9765:, image galleries by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
9586:
9563:
8987:
8909:
8428:
8328:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6512:
6453:"Signatures from Earth Board Spacecraft to Saturn"
6394:. 54th AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference.
6246:
6128:
6098:
5916:
5614:
5483:
5425:
5237:
4540:spacecraft (September 14, 2017, at 19:59 UTC)
3735:". On June 30, 2014, NASA celebrated ten years of
2860:trajectory from October 15, 1997, to May 4, 2008.
2838:
2816:receiver would be unable to receive the data from
2793:launch, it was discovered that data sent from the
2770:The data were transmitted by a radio link between
2550:mission have the same design as those used on the
2331:
1942:spacecraft ever successfully launched, behind the
10009:
9131:
9129:
9025:
7132:"Why the Cassini Mission Cannot Use Solar Arrays"
6918:
6624:
6423:J. Grandidier; J. B. Gilbert; G. A. Carr (2017).
6031:"Cassini Saturn Probe Gets 7-Year Life Extension"
5057:
4789:Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations
4760:AACS: Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem
3981:. All of the data from the flyby were recovered.
3006:Venus and Earth fly-bys and the cruise to Jupiter
15887:
10776:
9589:Mission to Saturn: Cassini and the Huygens Probe
9584:
9221:
8903:
8901:
8092:
8090:
7661:C. C. Porco; D. W. E. Green (November 2, 2009).
7634:"Surprise! Saturn has small moon hidden in ring"
6450:
6212:
6156:
6130:"Big Increases Approved for Housing, Vets' Care"
6096:
6005:"NASA Extends Cassini Probe's Mission at Saturn"
5852:
5850:
5539:
5447:
5190:
5188:
2490:Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS)
2415:
2135:Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS)
1749:Huygens' explanation for the aspects of Saturn,
9378:
8524:
8067:
7860:G. McCartney; J. A. Wendel (January 18, 2019).
7818:
7338:
7240:
6534:
6028:
5938:
5788:
5419:
5417:
5276:
5099:
4275:
2628:while already in flight, the trajectory of the
2576:RTG Program was modified and used to power the
2400:Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument (RPWS)
9353:"And the Emmy goes to: Cassini's Grand Finale"
9344:
9314:
9126:
9102:
9096:
9068:
9062:
8907:
8864:
8830:
8800:
8619:
8550:
8518:
8331:"Cassini Celebrates 10 Years Exploring Saturn"
7959:. Vol. 95, no. 4. pp. 334–341.
7887:
7219:"Cassini Final Environmental Impact Statement"
6843:
6653:
6510:
6387:
5427:"Cassini Flies Toward a Fiery Death on Saturn"
5423:
5362:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5161:
3685:During the first two close flybys of the moon
3273:
2003:(containing 28.3 kg (62 lb) of pure
15537:
14993:
14559:
13128:
12504:
12490:
11592:
11578:
10762:
10322:
9995:
9846:
9558:
9408:
9189:
8898:
8426:
8390:
8356:
8322:
8212:
8180:
8150:
8120:
8087:
8034:
7853:
7812:
7782:
7688:
7521:
7462:
7395:
6994:
6951:
6474:
6444:
6418:
6416:
6354:
6324:
6054:
5859:"NASA Extends Cassini's Grand Tour of Saturn"
5847:
5505:
5481:
5384:
5235:
5185:
4985:, Jupiter orbiter and entry probe (1989–2003)
3399:On May 1, 2005, a new moon was discovered by
3294:space probe. The radio scientists measured a
2542:) to generate direct current electricity via
2285:
1801:NASA Leadership and America's Future in Space
1096:European Space Research and Technology Centre
9539:
9295:"Cassini Mission Kicks Off Finale at Saturn"
9167:
8870:
8807:D. C. Brown; J. R. Cook (February 3, 2010).
8773:
8420:
7581:
7319:
7021:
6766:
6590:
6504:
6275:
6239:
6178:
6150:
5707:
5475:
5414:
5393:"Saturn Plunge Nears for Cassini Spacecraft"
5356:
5155:
4182:performed its latest flyby of Saturn's moon
9730:by NASA's Solar System Exploration division
9649:
9292:
9196:V. Blabber; A. Verrecchia (April 3, 2014).
8626:C. Martinez; D. C. Brown (March 13, 2007).
8455:
8157:C. Martinez; D. C. Brown (March 25, 2008).
8127:C. Martinez; D. C. Brown (March 10, 2008).
7425:
7375:
7288:
7062:
6120:
6090:
6002:
5967:
5857:D. C. Brown; C. Martinez (April 15, 2008).
5677:
5655:
5453:
5267:Cassini Post-End of Mission News Conference
5222:
5135:
5022:
4661:Prime Mission, July 2004 through June 2008.
4095:
4020:
3841:
3629:probe descent on 14 January 2005 (37 pages)
2519:Because of Saturn's distance from the Sun,
2214:wave experiment, a plasma spectrometer, an
15544:
15530:
15000:
14986:
14566:
14552:
13507:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
13135:
13121:
12497:
12483:
11585:
11571:
10769:
10755:
10329:
10315:
10215:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
10002:
9988:
9853:
9839:
9384:
8741:
8300:
8061:
8030:
8028:
8026:
7993:
7987:
7946:
7789:C. Martinez; G. Galluzzo (June 27, 2004).
7722:
7403:"New Cassini Images of Asteroid Available"
6852:"The Cassini Magnetic Field Investigation"
6800:
6774:"Welcome to SwRI's Cassini/INMS Home Page"
6706:
6598:"Welcome to SwRI's Cassini/CAPS Home Page"
6413:
6381:
6269:
6126:
6022:
5996:
5622:"Huygens Probe Separation and Coast Phase"
5329:
5327:
5325:
5028:This is currently the best measurement of
4935:SOI: Saturn Orbit Insertion (July 1, 2004)
4769:ARWM: Articulated Reaction Wheel Mechanism
4394:documenting the final days of work on the
4227:performed its last flyby of Saturn's moon
3431:on July 26, 2009. It is presently labeled
2588:, which was designed and launched later.)
1283:Studying the dynamic behavior of Saturn's
1187:orbiter, named for the Italian astronomer
139:
14401:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
8677:
8481:
8294:
8234:
7929:
7911:
7844:
7617:
7515:
7282:
7053:
6878:
6749:
6295:
5129:
4947:SSUP: Science and Sequence Update Process
4828:ERT: Earth-received time, UTC of an event
4486:mapping spectrometer; September 15, 2017)
3726:On April 3, 2014, nearly ten years after
3597:
3177:Learn how and when to remove this message
2740:Same image with different data processing
2499:
2472:VIMS spectra taken while looking through
2258:fields of the planet and its satellites.
2123:("Located on the remote sensing pallet")
920:, which landed on Saturn's largest moon,
9286:
9163:
9161:
8097:D. C. Brown; J. R. Cook (July 5, 2011).
7695:J. Platt; D. C. Brown (April 14, 2014).
7524:"General Relativity Passes Cassini Test"
7313:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
7118:
6206:
6057:Leadership and America's Future in Space
6048:
5335:"Outer Planets and Ocean Worlds Program"
4956:VRHU: Variable Radioisotope Heater Units
4285:
4234:
4107:
4045:
3956:
3948:
3882:
3867:
3664:
3562:
3515:
3457:arrival (left) and departure mosaics of
3449:
3387:
3344:
3215:
3188:
3009:
2930:
2848:
2615:
2503:
2467:
2438:
2378:Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI)
2320:Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS)
2159:Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI)
2153:Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS)
2101:
2090:
2079:
2068:
2057:
1756:
1744:
14486:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
10297:There are no ongoing missions to Saturn
9630:
8967:"Smile! Cassini sets up Photo of Earth"
8023:
7547:
7202:
6100:"Europeans Endorse Joint Space Mission"
6067:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5322:
5259:
4368:its inner ring days later on April 26.
4058:witnessed the aftermath of the massive
4013:as the mission coincided with Saturn's
3875:, on the left, is compared at scale to
2452:Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS)
2206:, a composite infrared spectrometer, a
2132:Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS)
1304:was launched on October 15, 1997, from
14:
15888:
15810:
15551:
13274:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
10736:Colonization of the outer Solar System
9475:"Start of the Cassini Equinox Mission"
9445:"Cassini Tour of Saturn and its Moons"
9222:Emily Lakdawalla (September 3, 2014).
8873:"Cassini Instrument Learns New Tricks"
8506:from the original on December 15, 2023
8443:from the original on December 14, 2023
8329:P. Dyches; W. Clavin (June 25, 2014).
7213:
7211:
6332:"Cassini Spacecraft and Huygens Probe"
6227:from the original on February 17, 2015
6157:William J. Broad (September 8, 1997).
6097:Royce Rensberger (November 28, 1988).
4834:ESOC: European Space Operations Centre
4813:DSCC: Deep Space Communications Center
3846:In images captured September 5, 2005,
3548:on June 30, 2004. During the maneuver
3340:
2532:radioisotope thermoelectric generators
2299:Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS)
2126:Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS)
15525:
14981:
14547:
14064:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
13116:
12635:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
12478:
11566:
10750:
10572:Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace
10310:
9983:
9834:
9215:
9158:
8959:
8931:
8767:
8717:"Cassini's Tour of the Saturn System"
8709:
8649:
8527:"Mysterious Spokes in Saturn's Rings"
7168:
7115:
5924:"Cassini-Huygens: Mission Objectives"
5904:from the original on October 24, 2020
4996:List of missions to the outer planets
4807:CIRS: Composite Infrared Spectrometer
3493:In an announcement on June 28, 2004,
3411:. A fifth new moon was discovered by
3262:impacts on Jupiter's moons, probably
3232:where air is rising. But analysis of
2480:helped understand the atmospheres of
632:9,852,924 km (6,122,323 mi)
213:13 years, 76 days at Saturn
65:Saturn Orbiter and Titan Probe (SOTP)
15921:Spacecraft launched by Titan rockets
14526:
9656:Aviation Week & Space Technology
9387:"Impact Site: Cassini's Final Image"
9236:from the original on August 10, 2020
8908:Dennis Overbye (November 12, 2013).
8693:. September 14, 2007. Archived from
8206:
8068:Charles Q. Choi (January 14, 2005).
7626:
7553:
7522:Isabelle Dumé (September 24, 2003).
7369:
6451:Mary Beth Murill (August 21, 1997).
6213:Christopher Boyd (October 5, 1997).
6029:Clara Moskowitz (February 4, 2010).
5884:
5799:. Vol. 2198. pp. 239–250.
5725:. Vol. 2803. pp. 206–220.
5644:
5424:Dennis Overbye (September 8, 2017).
5363:Jonathan Corum (December 18, 2015).
5236:Kenneth Chang (September 14, 2017).
4899:PPS: Power and Pyrotechnic Subsystem
4270:2013 and 2017: hexagon color changes
4258:2012 and 2016: hexagon color changes
3984:
3977:that forced it to temporarily enter
3800:Radio occultations of Saturn's rings
3776:, a possible chemical essential for
3568:Titan – infrared views (2004 – 2017)
3115:adding citations to reliable sources
3086:
2835:mission with three, shorter orbits.
2341:, and also some infrared images and
2162:Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS)
2140:Fields, Particles and Waves (mostly
1848:
1804:, also examined and approved of the
11521:List of artificial objects on Venus
9860:
9137:"Changing Colors in Saturn's North"
8427:Kenneth Chang (December 14, 2023).
7345:S. Lingard; P. Norris (June 2005).
7208:
6364:Titan: Exploring an Earthlike World
6361:A. Coustenis; F. W. Taylor (2008).
6215:"27 Arrested at Protest of Cassini"
3924:
3660:
3632:ESA/NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
3242:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
2242:and other special transmitters (an
2106:Animated 3D model of the spacecraft
2041:; 760,000,000 and 950,000,000
1262:Determining the composition of the
1251:had several objectives, including:
604:1,600,000 km (990,000 mi)
24:
15911:European Space Agency space probes
13180:National Aeronautics and Space Act
12647:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
9826:NASA – Through the Eyes of Cassini
9168:John Spencer (February 24, 2009).
9103:Preston Dyches (August 13, 2015).
8871:Jia-Rui Cook (December 20, 2012).
8774:John Spencer (February 24, 2009).
8657:"Huge 'hurricane' rages on Saturn"
7270:from the original on March 6, 2002
7149:. December 6, 1996. Archived from
5946:"Cassini-Huygens: Mission Summary"
5656:Paul Rincon (September 14, 2017).
5162:Todd J. Barber (August 23, 2010).
4408:Grand Finale phase was published:
3511:
3488:
2681:was the first spacecraft to adopt
2263:Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS)
2190:s instrumentation consisted of: a
2147:Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS)
1788:Solar System Exploration Committee
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
25:
16002:
15981:Extraterrestrial atmosphere entry
15906:Spacecraft decommissioned in 2017
14134:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
13688:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
13037:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
12984:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
12459:List of extraterrestrial orbiters
9663:
9385:Sarah Loff (September 15, 2017).
9293:Sarah Lewis (November 30, 2016).
9270:. January 1, 2016. Archived from
7561:"Newest Saturn moons given names"
7301:from the original on July 9, 2021
6511:Dennis Overbye (August 6, 2014).
5797:Instrumentation in Astronomy VIII
4174:
4050:Northern hemisphere storm in 2011
4042:Great Storm of 2010 and aftermath
3857:
3854:space probes in the early 1980s.
2484:(artist's concept; May 27, 2014).
2246:transmitter and a dual-frequency
1798:, in her influential 1987 report
1774:s origins date to 1982, when the
1361:, which happened in August 2009.
1102:. The centre's prime contractor,
457:11:55:46 UTC S-band radio science
15873:
15861:
15849:
15821:
15809:
15212:
14962:
14961:
14525:
14514:
14513:
14429:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
14187:Space Flight Operations Facility
13373:Operations and Checkout Building
13102:Space Flight Operations Facility
12894:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
12352:Double Asteroid Redirection Test
10866:
10860:
10854:
10604:Innovative Interstellar Explorer
10422:
10225:Life Investigation For Enceladus
10115:
10109:
9787:DESCANSO DSN Telecom information
7376:James Oberg (January 17, 2005).
6569:"Cassini Orbiter - NASA Science"
6276:Daniel Sorid (August 18, 1999).
5554:"Cassini-Huygens - NASA Science"
5001:Planetary Science Decadal Survey
4932:SKR: Saturn Kilometric Radiation
4890:PDRS: Probe Data Relay Subsystem
4715:
4698:
4682:
4551:
4529:
4513:
4497:
4464:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4385:mission's Grand Finale at Saturn
4263:
4251:
4205:
4193:
4075:
3961:Closeup of Iapetus surface, 2007
3944:
3821:
3780:as we know it, as well as other
3619:
3349:The possible formation of a new
3091:
3082:
2733:
2718:
2700:
2636:maneuvers: two fly-by passes of
2269:time-of-flight mass spectrometer
1890:
1869:
1857:
1306:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
1153:-channel portion VIMS-V of VIMS
795:
752:Large Strategic Science Missions
40:
15936:Missions to main-belt asteroids
15444:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
13648:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
12951:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
10276:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
9739:at NASA's Planetary Data System
9650:Irene Klotz (August 31, 2017).
9533:
9069:Preston Dyches (May 28, 2015).
8213:Jonathan Amos (April 3, 2014).
8035:Linda Spilker (April 1, 2008).
7994:Dave Doody (March 8–15, 2003).
7289:Michio Kaku (October 5, 1997).
7247:Victoria P. Friedensen (1999).
6388:Todd J. Barber (July 9, 2018).
6127:Dan Morgan (October 18, 1989).
5691:. December 2008. Archived from
4872:IVP: Inertial Vector Propagator
4810:DCSS: Descent Control Subsystem
4763:ACS: Attitude Control Subsystem
4376:In September 2018, NASA won an
3558:
3445:
3353:was captured on April 15, 2013.
3102:needs additional citations for
2839:Selected events and discoveries
2333:Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS)
2275:in these areas, along with the
2129:Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS)
2098:in natural-color (January 2010)
1925:Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby
1042:At the end of its mission, the
568:August 18, 1999, 03:28 UTC
15931:Space synthetic aperture radar
15575:De Circuli Magnitudine Inventa
15449:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
10587:Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
10281:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
10205:Breakthrough Enceladus mission
10170:Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe
9616:. Cambridge University Press.
7378:"How Huygens avoided disaster"
7320:Edwin P. Kan (November 1994).
6076:The Genesis of Cassini-Huygens
6003:Dave Mosher (April 15, 2008).
5078:"Cassini–Huygens: Quick Facts"
4962:XXM: Extended-Extended Mission
4950:TLA: Thermal Louver Assemblies
4941:SSPS: Solid State Power Switch
4917:RFS: Radio Frequency Subsystem
4722:Farewell to Saturn and moons (
4219:
3933:. This is characteristic of a
3763:icy plume above the south pole
2179:
2053:
954:The voyage to Saturn included
891:and its system, including its
333:5,712 kg (12,593 lb)
151:
13:
1:
14847:Saturn-crossing minor planets
13031:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
11516:Observations and explorations
11417:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
10011:Spacecraft missions to Saturn
9256:"2016 Saturn Tour Highlights"
9154:. October 21, 2016. PIA21049.
8575:. February 26, 2004. PIA05380
7295:The Animated Software Company
6055:Sally K. Ride (August 1987).
5482:Kenneth Chang (May 3, 2017).
5454:Dave Mosher (April 6, 2017).
5050:
4929:SCR: sequence change requests
4896:POSW: Probe On-Board Software
4893:PHSS: Probe Harness SubSystem
4850:Monitoring and Control System
4804:Information Management System
4781:CAM: Command Approval Meeting
4158:
3721:Baghdad Sulcus 'tiger stripe'
3392:Discovery photograph of moon
2820:during its descent to Titan.
2527:orbiter was powered by three
1243:
454:11:55:39 UTC X-band telemetry
341:2,523 kg (5,562 lb)
276:: 4 months, 24 days
267:: 6 years, 205 days
15628:Huygens' law of the pendulum
15581:De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae
14466:Space program on U.S. stamps
14391:Gemini and Apollo medallions
14341:Solar System Family Portrait
14117:Joint Polar Satellite System
13986:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
13240:Vision for Space Exploration
13210:Space Exploration Initiative
13097:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
12957:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
12641:Soil Moisture Active Passive
12544:Atmospheric infrared sounder
11686:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
11452:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
9812:WebGL-based 3D rendering of
9744:Media and telecommunications
8532:Astronomy Picture of the Day
8301:Ian Sample (April 3, 2014).
7825:Geophysical Research Letters
7456:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.018
7255:(Master of Science thesis).
7055:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1569
6063:. p. 27. NASA-TM-89638.
4938:SOP: Science Operations Plan
4923:RWA: Reaction Wheel Assembly
4914:RCS: Reaction Control System
4911:PSE: probe support equipment
4520:Last image (color) taken by
4276:Grand Finale and destruction
3323:general theory of relativity
3284:general theory of relativity
2665:
2372:magnetic field around Saturn
2327:quadrupole mass spectrometer
1975:instruction set architecture
1780:National Academy of Sciences
1393:
1310:Space Launch Complex 40
966:(August 1999), the asteroid
962:(April 1998 and July 1999),
658:July 1, 2004, 02:48 UTC
442:Controlled entry into Saturn
258:: 2 years, 62 days
207:19 years, 335 days
7:
15901:Spacecraft launched in 1997
15469:Titan Saturn System Mission
14461:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
14418:We choose to go to the Moon
14381:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
13939:International Space Station
13919:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
13658:Great Observatories program
13502:International Space Station
13480:Roscosmos State Corporation
13397:Science Mission Directorate
13343:Manned Space Flight Network
12616:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
12449:List of Solar System probes
10182:Titan Saturn System Mission
9508:"Cassini: The Grand Finale"
8037:"Cassini Extended Missions"
5892:"Mariner Mark II (Cassini)"
4967:
4953:USO: UltraStable Oscillator
4926:SCET: Spacecraft Event Time
4905:PSA: Probe Support Avionics
4753:
4647:
3274:Tests of general relativity
3227:Jupiter on January 1, 2001.
3028:gravitational-assist flybys
2601:, which also functioned as
2437:-band uplink and downlink.
2364:Dual Technique Magnetometer
2065:'s surface revealed by VIMS
2050:response by the satellite.
1989:) and the total spacecraft
1776:European Science Foundation
1068:
576:1,171 km (728 mi)
227:6 years, 261 days
10:
16007:
15721:Horologium (constellation)
15620:Discoveries and inventions
14573:
14278:NASA cameras on spacecraft
14089:James Webb Space Telescope
14001:Solar Dynamics Observatory
13222:U.S. National Space Policy
13074:Table Mountain Observatory
11132:Pioneer Venus Small Probes
10841:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
10485:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
9050:. March 30, 2015. PIA19057
8492:10.1038/s41550-023-02160-0
5289:Advances in Space Research
4831:ESA: European Space Agency
4279:
4238:
4163:On February 10, 2015, the
4101:
4038:and 11 more of Enceladus.
3861:
3604:
3026:space probe performed two
2842:
2707:
2198:imaging system, a visible/
2150:Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA)
2110:
1740:
984:Planetary Science Division
758:Planetary Science Division
374:October 15, 1997, 08:43:00
353:~663 watts (EOM/2017)
15976:Giovanni Domenico Cassini
15951:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
15805:
15772:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
15734:
15706:Huygens-Fokker Foundation
15656:
15638:Huygens-Fresnel principle
15618:
15559:
15493:
15423:
15361:
15354:
15221:
15210:
15182:
15161:
15073:
15047:
15038:
15015:
15007:
14957:
14926:
14855:
14834:
14630:
14594:
14581:
14509:
14409:
14286:
14201:
14146:
14109:
13908:
13718:
13705:
13635:
13549:
13539:
13494:
13420:
13409:
13353:Vehicle Assembly Building
13261:
13160:
13150:
13087:
13046:
13023:
13002:
12989:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
12971:
12900:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
12682:
12579:Large Binocular Telescope
12512:
12506:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
12444:
12330:
12096:
11962:
11951:
11922:
11869:
11804:
11721:
11633:
11612:
11601:
11549:
11503:
11465:
11429:
11399:
11326:
11319:
11292:
11267:
11238:
11231:
11161:
11140:
11074:
11038:
10932:
10882:
10875:
10852:
10813:
10795:
10788:
10731:Missions to outer planets
10664:
10619:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
10555:
10522:
10495:
10476:
10457:
10431:
10420:
10348:
10293:
10268:
10233:
10190:
10152:
10143:
10124:
10107:
10086:
10056:
10024:
10017:
9946:
9933:Giovanni Domenico Cassini
9925:
9897:
9870:
9689:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
9683:January 26, 2018, at the
9631:Meltzer, Michael (2015).
9585:David M. Harland (2002).
8995:"Saturn Tour Dates: 2015"
8565:photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov
8010:10.1109/AERO.2003.1235547
7900:The Astrophysical Journal
7015:10.1007/s11214-004-1455-8
6980:10.1007/s11214-004-1410-8
6889:10.1007/s11214-004-1432-2
6829:10.1007/s11214-004-1456-7
6742:10.1007/s11214-004-1408-2
6514:"Storm Chasing on Saturn"
5592:"Cassini Equinox Mission"
5309:10.1016/j.asr.2011.01.019
4944:SSR: Solid State Recorder
4766:AFC: AACS Flight Computer
3915:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3750:were used to analyze the
3618:
3613:
3365:, researchers discovered
3052:performed a flyby of the
2632:mission included several
2167:Microwave Remote Sensing
2021:Until September 2017 the
1966:had 1,630 interconnected
1400:
1213:mission and generically.
1189:Giovanni Domenico Cassini
1178:
1092:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
748:
744:
698:
690:
678:
670:
662:
654:
644:
636:
628:
620:
608:
600:
592:
580:
572:
564:
548:
544:623 km (387 mi)
540:
532:
520:
516:283 km (176 mi)
512:
504:
492:
488:
484:
476:
471:
467:
463:
447:
437:
432:
428:
424:
414:
401:
386:
370:
365:
361:
357:
345:
337:
329:
306:
301:
297:
293:
285:
191:
161:
148:
127:
97:
73:
69:
61:
39:
15594:Horologium Oscillatorium
14940:The Day the Earth Smiled
14424:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
14348:The Day the Earth Smiled
13683:Solar Terrestrial Probes
13142:
13079:Solar System Ambassadors
12906:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
12464:List of space telescopes
11066:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
10682:Magnetosphere of Jupiter
10582:Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
9911:The Day the Earth Smiled
9570:. Common Courage Press.
7931:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf798
7819:Nahid Chowdhury (2022).
7598:The Astronomical Journal
7034:The Astronomical Journal
6934:Johns Hopkins University
5365:"Mapping Saturn's Moons"
5030:post-Newtonian parameter
5015:
4920:RPX: ring plane crossing
4902:PRA: Probe Relay Antenna
4887:OTM: Orbit Trim Maneuver
4881:NAC: Narrow Angle Camera
4819:DTSTART: Dead Time Start
4631:Video (03:40) detailing
4119:with some of its moons,
4113:The Day the Earth Smiled
4104:The Day the Earth Smiled
4097:The Day the Earth Smiled
4028:Cassini Solstice Mission
4021:Second mission extension
3965:On September 10, 2007,
3842:Spokes in rings verified
2845:Cassini–Huygens timeline
2594:was accomplished by 192
2389:
2238:from the communications
2218:imaging spectrograph, a
2192:synthetic aperture radar
1349:The primary mission for
1173:Cassini Solstice Mission
1135:synthetic-aperture radar
1013:Cassini Solstice Mission
15762:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
15648:Huygens–Steiner theorem
14481:Other primates in space
14193:Deep Space Atomic Clock
14013:Mars Science Laboratory
13801:Spitzer Space Telescope
13390:Lunar Sample Laboratory
13333:Launch Services Program
13064:NASA Deep Space Network
12912:Spitzer Space Telescope
12832:Mars Exploration Rovers
12623:Mars Science Laboratory
12550:Deep Space Atomic Clock
11437:European Venus Explorer
9737:Science-Data Repository
9735:Cassini Mission Archive
8600:University of Tennessee
8272:10.1126/science.1250551
7760:10.1126/science.1107981
7663:"IAU Circular No. 9091"
7093:10.1126/science.1121254
6684:10.1126/science.aac6397
6426:Cassini Power Subsystem
6342:. May 1999. JPL 400-777
5721:. In Linda Horn (ed.).
4857:Probe Operations Center
4775:BIU: Bus Interface Unit
4135:montage (July 19, 2013)
4011:Cassini Equinox Mission
3913:On March 13, 2007, the
3673:-like surface with the
3576:had its first flyby of
2751:probe, supplied by the
2728:view of Titan's surface
2634:gravitational slingshot
2418:Radio Science Subsystem
1206:, discoverer of Titan.
1147:radio science subsystem
1127:high-gain radio antenna
1009:Cassini Equinox Mission
351:~670 watts (2010)
15991:Nuclear-powered robots
15986:Destroyed space probes
15966:Orbiters (space probe)
15726:Prix Descartes-Huygens
14496:National Astronaut Day
14439:The Astronaut Monument
14261:Space Shuttle missions
13961:Mars Exploration Rover
13944:Hubble Space Telescope
13853:Kepler space telescope
13653:Earth Observing System
13627:Mars Exploration Rover
13338:Mercury Control Center
12629:Microwave limb sounder
10672:Exploration of Jupiter
10577:Jupiter Europa Orbiter
9544:. Haynes Manuals, UK.
9009:. 2015. Archived from
8911:"The View From Saturn"
8004:. pp. 3637–3646.
7347:"How to Land on Titan"
4959:WAC: Wide Angle Camera
4778:BOL: Beginning of Life
4321:
4136:
4080:On December 21, 2012,
4051:
3962:
3954:
3895:
3890:: evolving feature in
3880:
3714:On November 21, 2009,
3682:
3570:
3521:
3462:
3396:
3354:
3316:gravitational redshift
3228:
3198:
3019:
3002:
2928:
2621:
2516:
2500:Plutonium power source
2485:
2447:
2385:energetic neutral atom
2222:imaging instrument, a
2210:analyzer, a radio and
2107:
2099:
2088:
2077:
2066:
1842:United States Congress
1765:
1754:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1273:'s leading hemisphere.
911:space probe and ESA's
907:comprised both NASA's
15792:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
15501:Colonization of Titan
14444:Lunar sample displays
14434:Space Mirror Memorial
14376:Voyager Golden Record
14268:United States rockets
13460: (with the
13368:Launch Control Center
13047:Related organizations
12412:Peregrine Mission One
11956:(by termination date)
11731:Emirates Mars Mission
11606:(deep space missions)
11246:Venus Orbiter Mission
10897:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
10677:Atmosphere of Jupiter
10614:Jovian Europa Orbiter
10210:Enceladus Life Finder
9726:May 13, 2017, at the
9713:European Space Agency
9540:Ralph Lorenz (2017).
9229:The Planetary Society
9202:Space Safety Magazine
9175:The Planetary Society
8781:The Planetary Society
8722:The Planetary Society
8595:"The Rings of Saturn"
7594:imaging observations"
7003:Space Science Reviews
6960:Space Science Reviews
6859:Space Science Reviews
6809:Space Science Reviews
6722:Space Science Reviews
5897:The Planetary Society
5695:on September 21, 2017
4289:
4235:Hexagon changes color
4111:
4054:On October 25, 2012,
4049:
3960:
3952:
3886:
3871:
3786:microbial communities
3757:On October 28, 2015,
3739:exploring Saturn and
3668:
3566:
3546:Pacific Daylight Time
3519:
3453:
3391:
3348:
3290:transmitted from the
3286:, performed by using
3219:
3192:
3048:On January 23, 2000,
3013:
2934:
2852:
2753:European Space Agency
2619:
2507:
2471:
2442:
2348:charge-coupled device
2196:charge-coupled device
2105:
2094:
2083:
2072:
2061:
1968:electronic components
1792:European Space Agency
1760:
1748:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1330:, two strap-on solid
1026:module traveled with
943:on October 15, 1997,
874:European Space Agency
477:Reference system
349:~885 watts (BOL)
302:Spacecraft properties
15602:Traité de la Lumiére
15474:Titan Winged Aerobot
15424:Planned and proposed
13462:Soviet space program
13380:Johnson Space Center
13348:Kennedy Space Center
13311:spinoff technologies
13092:JPL Science Division
12826:Mars Global Surveyor
12794:Mars Climate Orbiter
12454:List of lunar probes
12041:Mars Global Surveyor
11953:Completed after 2000
11430:Cancelled / concepts
10200:Enceladus Orbilander
9109:solarsystem.nasa.gov
8813:solarsystem.nasa.gov
8607:on December 12, 2013
8558:"Approach to Saturn"
8403:solarsystem.nasa.gov
8163:solarsystem.nasa.gov
8103:solarsystem.nasa.gov
7846:10.1029/2021GL096492
7795:solarsystem.nasa.gov
7407:solarsystem.nasa.gov
7156:on February 26, 2015
6926:"Cassini/MIMI: INCA"
6482:"616,400 Signatures"
6303:"Cassini spacecraft"
4837:FSW: flight software
4794:May 1, 2008, at the
4748:(September 13, 2017)
3733:alien microbial life
3681:on February 17, 2005
3669:View of Enceladus's
3625:Raw images from the
3607:Huygens (spacecraft)
3111:improve this article
2923: 2685 Masursky
2781:Italian Space Agency
2710:Huygens (spacecraft)
2352:electromagnetic wave
2288:Cosmic Dust Analyzer
1119:Italian Space Agency
878:Italian Space Agency
679:Spacecraft component
645:Spacecraft component
46:Artist's concept of
15946:Missions to Jupiter
15633:Huygens' lemniscate
15459:Titan Mare Explorer
14471:Apollo 17 Moon mice
14327:Pillars of Creation
14234:Space Shuttle crews
13712:(human and robotic)
13706:Individual featured
13289:Ranks and positions
11603:Active space probes
10778:Spacecraft missions
10656:Tsiolkovsky mission
10609:Io Volcano Observer
10338:Spacecraft missions
10260:Titan Mare Explorer
9820:Cassini image album
9781:descent and landing
9769:"Cassini at Saturn"
9593:. Springer-Verlag.
9416:"Cassini: The Team"
9300:Scientific American
9260:saturn.jpl.nasa.gov
9144:saturn.jpl.nasa.gov
8999:saturn.jpl.nasa.gov
8697:on October 21, 2012
8665:. November 10, 2006
8264:2014Sci...344...78I
8194:. November 23, 2009
7965:10.1511/2007.66.334
7922:2019ApJ...871....1M
7837:2022GeoRL..4996492C
7752:2005Sci...307.1237P
7746:(5713): 1237–1242.
7610:2006AJ....132..692S
7569:. February 28, 2005
7550:, pp. 346–351.
7493:10.1038/nature01997
7485:2003Natur.425..374B
7448:2004Icar..172....1H
7413:. February 11, 2000
7139:saturn.jpl.nasa.gov
7085:2006Sci...311.1422H
7079:(5766): 1422–1425.
7046:2010AJ....140.1569C
6972:2004SSRv..114..233K
6871:2004SSRv..114..331D
6821:2004SSRv..115..363P
6778:inms.space.swri.edu
6734:2004SSRv..114..113W
6676:2016Sci...352..312A
6602:caps.space.swri.edu
6492:. December 17, 2004
6400:10.2514/6.2018-4546
6136:The Washington Post
6106:The Washington Post
6084:2004ESASP1278..211I
5805:1994SPIE.2198..239R
5731:1996SPIE.2803..206M
5632:. September 1, 2019
5301:2011AdSpR..47.1622K
5142:Gunter's Space Page
5138:"Cassini / Huygens"
5117:. September 1, 2019
4825:EOM: End of Mission
4167:spacecraft visited
4131:as visible in this
3989:On April 15, 2008,
3702:On March 12, 2008,
3341:New moons of Saturn
2515:before installation
2431:gravitational field
2173:Radio Science (RSS)
2086:north polar hexagon
1314:U.S. Air Force
1121:(ASI) provided the
1108:Thales Alenia Space
1106:of France (part of
858:), commonly called
716: /
451:September 15, 2017
325:(then Aerospatiale)
323:Thales Alenia Space
36:
15961:Christiaan Huygens
15941:Missions to Saturn
15695:Christiaan Huygens
15553:Christiaan Huygens
14949:(2018 documentary)
14273:NASA cancellations
14168:Deep Space Network
14158:Near Earth Network
13643:Living With a Star
13617:Project Prometheus
13597:Planetary Observer
12377:Hakuto-R Mission 1
11923:Interstellar space
11620:Parker Solar Probe
11531:Manned Venus flyby
10821:Parker Solar Probe
10726:Deep Space Network
10545:Interstellar Probe
10458:Atmospheric probes
10220:Enceladus Explorer
9938:Christiaan Huygens
8917:The New York Times
8436:The New York Times
7956:American Scientist
6906:on August 10, 2017
6788:on August 18, 2011
6612:on October 8, 2018
6520:The New York Times
6257:. October 12, 1997
6254:The New York Times
6164:The New York Times
5602:. October 18, 2011
5491:The New York Times
5433:The New York Times
5370:The New York Times
5245:The New York Times
4322:
4282:Cassini retirement
4137:
4052:
3963:
3955:
3921:in North America.
3900:liquid hydrocarbon
3896:
3881:
3808:began a series of
3683:
3571:
3522:
3465:On June 11, 2004,
3463:
3397:
3377:in 2004, although
3355:
3308:gravitational well
3229:
3199:
3020:
3003:
2929:
2757:Christiaan Huygens
2622:
2592:Power distribution
2546:. The RTGs on the
2517:
2486:
2474:Titan's atmosphere
2448:
2305:infrared radiation
2156:Magnetometer (MAG)
2108:
2100:
2089:
2078:
2076:in front of Saturn
2067:
2027:astronomical units
1864:Diagram of Cassini
1766:
1755:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1204:Christiaan Huygens
939:Launched aboard a
934:Christiaan Huygens
905:robotic spacecraft
897:natural satellites
721:10.573°S 192.335°W
472:Orbital parameters
378:1997-10-15UTC08:43
286:Distance travelled
32:
15916:NASA space probes
15837:
15836:
15587:Systema Saturnium
15519:
15518:
15489:
15488:
15331:Taniquetil Montes
15286:Mindolluin Montes
15208:
15207:
15200:Woytchugga Lacuna
14975:
14974:
14947:In Saturn's Rings
14643:
14541:
14540:
14454:stolen or missing
14251:uncrewed missions
14229:Apollo astronauts
14224:Gemini astronauts
14142:
14141:
13926:2001 Mars Odyssey
13701:
13700:
13577:Mars Surveyor '98
13535:
13534:
13478: (with
13411:Human spaceflight
13405:
13404:
13363:Launch Complex 48
13358:Launch Complex 39
13110:
13109:
13069:Goldstone Complex
13024:Canceled missions
13003:Proposed missions
12820:Mars Polar Lander
12472:
12471:
12440:
12439:
11947:
11946:
11752:2001 Mars Odyssey
11560:
11559:
11466:Program overviews
11425:
11424:
11320:Proposed missions
11315:
11314:
11300:Venus Life Finder
11227:
11226:
10850:
10849:
10744:
10743:
10523:Proposed missions
10304:
10303:
10289:
10288:
10105:
10104:
9977:
9976:
9808:from 2004 to 2012
9793:In Saturn's Rings
9775:"Titan Touchdown"
9669:Official websites
9642:978-3-319-07608-9
9623:978-0-521-79348-3
9610:Jacqueline Mitton
9600:978-1-85233-656-1
9577:978-1-56751-125-3
9455:. October 7, 2008
8729:on April 25, 2009
7831:(e2021GL096492).
7479:(6956): 374–376.
7409:(Press release).
6930:sd-www.jhuapl.edu
6670:(6283): 312–318.
6374:978-981-270-501-3
6194:. October 4, 1997
5934:. March 27, 2012.
5813:10.1117/12.176753
5756:on August 9, 2017
5739:10.1117/12.253421
5685:"Cassini-Huygens"
5136:Gunter D. Krebs.
4990:In Saturn's Rings
4842:High Gain Antenna
4625:
4364:-class missions.
3985:Mission extension
3894:(August 21, 2014)
3834:radio occultation
3810:radio occultation
3790:organic synthesis
3788:or drive complex
3782:organic molecules
3772:of Enceladus, of
3639:
3638:
3635:
3469:flew by the moon
3238:Anthony Del Genio
3187:
3186:
3179:
3161:
3126:"Cassini–Huygens"
2540:plutonium dioxide
2232:mass spectrometer
2011:was supported by
2001:plutonium dioxide
1900:original design (
1849:Spacecraft design
1778:and the American
1764:on the launch pad
1751:Systema Saturnium
1738:
1737:
1059:atmospheric entry
951:on July 1, 2004.
941:Titan IVB/Centaur
786:
785:
760:
726:-10.573; -192.335
655:Orbital insertion
624:December 30, 2000
247:Extended missions
16:(Redirected from
15998:
15878:
15877:
15876:
15866:
15865:
15864:
15854:
15853:
15852:
15845:
15828:Wikisource texts
15825:
15813:
15812:
15701:Huygens (crater)
15643:Huygens' tritone
15546:
15539:
15532:
15523:
15522:
15359:
15358:
15236:Arrakis Planitia
15216:
15215:
15169:Elivagar Flumina
15143:Sionascaig Lacus
15045:
15044:
15002:
14995:
14988:
14979:
14978:
14965:
14964:
14889:
14882:
14639:
14607:Great White Spot
14568:
14561:
14554:
14545:
14544:
14529:
14528:
14517:
14516:
14355:Fallen Astronaut
13996:Van Allen Probes
13716:
13715:
13622:Mars Exploration
13547:
13546:
13418:
13417:
13186:Space Task Group
13158:
13157:
13137:
13130:
13123:
13114:
13113:
12972:Planned missions
12963:Lunar Flashlight
12574:Keck observatory
12513:Current missions
12499:
12492:
12485:
12476:
12475:
11960:
11959:
11610:
11609:
11587:
11580:
11573:
11564:
11563:
11526:List of missions
11442:Inspiration Mars
11324:
11323:
11236:
11235:
11232:Planned missions
11169:Tyazhely Sputnik
10880:
10879:
10870:
10864:
10858:
10793:
10792:
10771:
10764:
10757:
10748:
10747:
10721:Rings of Jupiter
10687:Moons of Jupiter
10496:Planned missions
10426:
10331:
10324:
10317:
10308:
10307:
10150:
10149:
10136:(to Titan, 2028)
10119:
10113:
10022:
10021:
10004:
9997:
9990:
9981:
9980:
9882:(Saturn orbiter)
9855:
9848:
9841:
9832:
9831:
9822:by Kevin M. Gill
9756:imaging homepage
9659:
9646:
9627:
9604:
9592:
9581:
9569:
9555:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9512:science.nasa.gov
9504:
9495:
9494:
9492:
9490:
9471:
9465:
9464:
9462:
9460:
9441:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9430:
9420:science.nasa.gov
9412:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9401:
9391:science.nasa.gov
9382:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9371:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9327:science.nasa.gov
9318:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9290:
9284:
9283:
9281:
9279:
9252:
9246:
9245:
9243:
9241:
9219:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9165:
9156:
9155:
9141:
9133:
9124:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9100:
9094:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9066:
9060:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9040:CICLOPS: Cassini
9037:
9033:"Return to Rhea"
9029:
9023:
9022:
9020:
9018:
8991:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8913:
8905:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8868:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8834:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8804:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8793:
8788:on June 15, 2010
8784:. Archived from
8771:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8745:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8725:. Archived from
8713:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8702:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8632:science.nasa.gov
8623:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8603:. Archived from
8591:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8562:
8554:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8522:
8516:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8485:
8469:Nature Astronomy
8459:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8432:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8383:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8349:
8326:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8298:
8292:
8291:
8247:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8210:
8204:
8203:
8201:
8199:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8154:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8143:
8133:science.nasa.gov
8124:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8094:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8065:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8041:
8032:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8016:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7933:
7915:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7786:
7780:
7779:
7735:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7667:CICLOPS: Cassini
7658:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7630:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7557:
7551:
7545:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7382:The Space Review
7373:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7357:on July 21, 2011
7353:. Archived from
7342:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7269:
7244:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7223:science.nasa.gov
7215:
7206:
7200:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7183:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7155:
7136:
7128:
7113:
7112:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7040:(6): 1569–1578.
7025:
7019:
7018:
7009:(1–4): 299–361.
6998:
6992:
6991:
6966:(1–4): 233–329.
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6905:
6899:. Archived from
6882:
6865:(1–4): 331–383.
6856:
6847:
6841:
6840:
6815:(1–4): 363–497.
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6784:. Archived from
6770:
6764:
6763:
6753:
6728:(1–4): 113–231.
6719:
6710:
6704:
6703:
6657:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6636:science.nasa.gov
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6608:. Archived from
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6573:science.nasa.gov
6565:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6516:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6486:science.nasa.gov
6478:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6457:science.nasa.gov
6448:
6442:
6441:
6431:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6347:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6250:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6220:Orlando Sentinel
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6132:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6102:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5979:science.nasa.gov
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5854:
5845:
5844:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5824:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5755:
5749:. Archived from
5720:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5653:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5588:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5558:science.nasa.gov
5550:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5527:. April 27, 2017
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5487:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5461:Business Insider
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5429:
5421:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5397:science.nasa.gov
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5339:science.nasa.gov
5331:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5295:(9): 1622–1632.
5280:
5274:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5241:
5233:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5168:science.nasa.gov
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5082:science.nasa.gov
5074:
5044:
5026:
4877:Low Gain Antenna
4719:
4710:(September 2017)
4702:
4686:
4637:
4627:
4626:
4533:
4517:
4501:
4468:
4445:
4436:
4427:
4407:
4329:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4304:
4296:
4267:
4255:
4241:Saturn's hexagon
4209:
4197:
4086:transit of Venus
4060:Great White Spot
3925:Saturn hurricane
3825:
3774:hydrogen cyanide
3661:Enceladus flybys
3633:
3623:
3622:
3611:
3610:
3223:photographed Io
3182:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3119:
3095:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3064:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2815:
2792:
2767:control system.
2737:
2722:
2603:circuit breakers
2538:(in the form of
2189:
2036:
2032:
1894:
1873:
1861:
1773:
1398:
1397:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1191:, discoverer of
1116:
1077:orbiter and the
1052:
1006:
980:
930:Giovanni Cassini
880:(ASI) to send a
854:
850:
844:
843:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
820:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
756:
740:
739:
737:
736:
735:
733:
728:
727:
722:
717:
714:
713:
712:
709:
694:January 14, 2005
621:Closest approach
616:
615:(Gravity assist)
596:January 23, 2000
593:Closest approach
588:
565:Closest approach
560:
559:(Gravity assist)
533:Closest approach
528:
527:(Gravity assist)
505:Closest approach
500:
499:(Gravity assist)
381:
379:
366:Start of mission
272:
263:
254:
240:
226:
212:
206:
192:Mission duration
185:
178:
171:
153:
144:
143:
137:
52:
44:
37:
31:
21:
16006:
16005:
16001:
16000:
15999:
15997:
15996:
15995:
15956:1997 in Florida
15896:Cassini–Huygens
15886:
15885:
15884:
15874:
15872:
15862:
15860:
15850:
15848:
15840:
15838:
15833:
15801:
15747:Galileo Galilei
15730:
15716:Huygens Ringlet
15672:Cassini–Huygens
15652:
15614:
15561:Published works
15555:
15550:
15520:
15515:
15485:
15464:Titan Submarine
15419:
15405:Cassini–Huygens
15383:Voyager program
15369:Pioneer program
15350:
15301:Perkunas Virgae
15266:Irensaga Montes
15217:
15213:
15204:
15178:
15157:
15069:
15040:
15034:
15011:
15006:
14976:
14971:
14953:
14922:
14902:Voyager program
14885:
14878:
14866:Cassini–Huygens
14851:
14830:
14626:
14590:
14577:
14572:
14542:
14537:
14505:
14405:
14396:Mission patches
14371:Pioneer plaques
14334:Mystic Mountain
14311:Family Portrait
14304:The Blue Marble
14288:
14282:
14256:Apollo missions
14197:
14149:
14138:
14105:
13910:
13904:
13741:Mercury-Atlas 6
13711:
13707:
13697:
13631:
13567:Mariner Mark II
13531:
13512:Commercial Crew
13490:
13413:
13401:
13385:Mission Control
13284:Astronaut Corps
13279:Chief Scientist
13257:
13162:
13146:
13141:
13111:
13106:
13083:
13042:
13019:
12998:
12967:
12814:Mars Pathfinder
12691:Cassini-Huygens
12678:
12658:Voyager program
12508:
12503:
12473:
12468:
12436:
12326:
12246:LISA Pathfinder
12092:
11955:
11943:
11918:
11865:
11800:
11717:
11629:
11605:
11597:
11591:
11561:
11556:
11545:
11499:
11461:
11421:
11395:
11311:
11288:
11263:
11223:
11162:Failed launches
11157:
11136:
11070:
11034:
11010:Cassini–Huygens
10928:
10871:
10865:
10859:
10846:
10809:
10789:Active missions
10784:
10775:
10745:
10740:
10660:
10557:
10551:
10518:
10491:
10472:
10453:
10427:
10418:
10406:Cassini–Huygens
10377:Voyager program
10356:Pioneer program
10344:
10335:
10305:
10300:
10285:
10264:
10229:
10186:
10145:
10139:
10120:
10114:
10101:
10082:
10065:Cassini–Huygens
10052:
10013:
10008:
9978:
9973:
9963:Moons of Saturn
9956:Rings of Saturn
9942:
9921:
9893:
9879:Cassini–Huygens
9866:
9863:Cassini–Huygens
9859:
9777:, Depiction of
9728:Wayback Machine
9719:Cassini-Huygens
9707:Cassini-Huygens
9695:Cassini-Huygens
9685:Wayback Machine
9676:Cassini-Huygens
9666:
9643:
9624:
9601:
9578:
9552:
9536:
9531:
9530:
9520:
9518:
9506:
9505:
9498:
9488:
9486:
9485:. June 30, 2008
9473:
9472:
9468:
9458:
9456:
9443:
9442:
9438:
9428:
9426:
9414:
9413:
9409:
9399:
9397:
9383:
9379:
9369:
9367:
9349:
9345:
9335:
9333:
9319:
9315:
9305:
9303:
9291:
9287:
9277:
9275:
9254:
9253:
9249:
9239:
9237:
9220:
9216:
9206:
9204:
9194:
9190:
9180:
9178:
9166:
9159:
9139:
9135:
9134:
9127:
9117:
9115:
9101:
9097:
9087:
9085:
9067:
9063:
9053:
9051:
9035:
9031:
9030:
9026:
9016:
9014:
9013:on May 18, 2015
8993:
8992:
8988:
8978:
8976:
8975:. July 19, 2013
8965:
8964:
8960:
8950:
8948:
8947:. July 23, 2013
8937:
8936:
8932:
8922:
8920:
8906:
8899:
8889:
8887:
8869:
8865:
8855:
8853:
8835:
8831:
8821:
8819:
8805:
8801:
8791:
8789:
8772:
8768:
8758:
8756:
8755:. June 29, 2008
8747:
8746:
8742:
8732:
8730:
8715:
8714:
8710:
8700:
8698:
8683:
8682:
8678:
8668:
8666:
8655:
8654:
8650:
8640:
8638:
8624:
8620:
8610:
8608:
8593:
8592:
8588:
8578:
8576:
8560:
8556:
8555:
8551:
8541:
8539:
8523:
8519:
8509:
8507:
8460:
8456:
8446:
8444:
8425:
8421:
8411:
8409:
8395:
8391:
8381:
8379:
8361:
8357:
8347:
8345:
8327:
8323:
8313:
8311:
8299:
8295:
8258:(6179): 78–80.
8245:
8239:
8235:
8225:
8223:
8211:
8207:
8197:
8195:
8186:
8185:
8181:
8171:
8169:
8155:
8151:
8141:
8139:
8125:
8121:
8111:
8109:
8095:
8088:
8078:
8076:
8066:
8062:
8052:
8050:
8039:
8033:
8024:
8014:
8012:
7992:
7988:
7951:
7947:
7892:
7888:
7878:
7876:
7858:
7854:
7817:
7813:
7803:
7801:
7787:
7783:
7733:
7727:
7723:
7713:
7711:
7693:
7689:
7679:
7677:
7659:
7655:
7645:
7643:
7642:. March 3, 2009
7632:
7631:
7627:
7586:
7582:
7572:
7570:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7546:
7542:
7532:
7530:
7520:
7516:
7467:
7463:
7430:
7426:
7416:
7414:
7401:
7400:
7396:
7386:
7384:
7374:
7370:
7360:
7358:
7343:
7339:
7329:
7327:
7318:
7314:
7304:
7302:
7287:
7283:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7245:
7241:
7231:
7229:
7217:
7216:
7209:
7201:
7197:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7173:
7169:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7134:
7130:
7129:
7116:
7067:
7063:
7026:
7022:
6999:
6995:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6940:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6880:10.1.1.454.6826
6854:
6848:
6844:
6805:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6717:
6711:
6707:
6658:
6654:
6644:
6642:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6613:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6581:
6579:
6567:
6566:
6535:
6525:
6523:
6509:
6505:
6495:
6493:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6465:
6463:
6449:
6445:
6429:
6421:
6414:
6404:
6402:
6386:
6382:
6375:
6359:
6355:
6345:
6343:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6313:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6274:
6270:
6260:
6258:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6230:
6228:
6211:
6207:
6197:
6195:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6155:
6151:
6141:
6139:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6109:
6095:
6091:
6072:
6068:
6053:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6027:
6023:
6013:
6011:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5907:
5905:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5855:
5848:
5836:
5835:
5826:
5825:
5793:
5789:
5777:
5776:
5767:
5766:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5718:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5696:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5668:
5666:
5654:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5590:
5589:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5552:
5551:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5480:
5476:
5466:
5464:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5436:
5422:
5415:
5405:
5403:
5389:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5361:
5357:
5347:
5345:
5333:
5332:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5281:
5277:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5250:
5248:
5234:
5223:
5213:
5211:
5193:
5186:
5176:
5174:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5076:
5075:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:Cassini–Huygens
4970:
4965:
4796:Wayback Machine
4756:
4749:
4747:
4720:
4711:
4709:
4706:Cassini-Huygens
4703:
4694:
4687:
4655:Cassini–Huygens
4650:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4628:
4552:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4474:impact site on
4469:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4429:
4428:
4405:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4284:
4278:
4271:
4268:
4259:
4256:
4243:
4237:
4222:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4177:
4161:
4106:
4100:
4078:
4044:
4023:
3987:
3947:
3927:
3866:
3860:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3831:
3826:
3802:
3792:leading to the
3663:
3631:
3620:
3609:
3603:
3569:
3561:
3514:
3512:Orbiting Saturn
3491:
3489:Saturn rotation
3448:
3343:
3310:to decrease in
3280:Albert Einstein
3276:
3183:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3120:
3118:
3108:
3096:
3085:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3014:Picture of the
3008:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2927:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2875:
2870:Cassini–Huygens
2865:
2864:
2857:
2847:
2841:
2813:
2790:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2712:
2706:
2668:
2544:thermoelectrics
2502:
2491:
2453:
2436:
2421:
2401:
2392:
2379:
2367:
2334:
2321:
2309:Cassini–Huygens
2300:
2291:
2264:
2251:
2187:
2182:
2113:
2056:
2034:
2030:
1931:. As a result,
1917:Mariner Mark II
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:Mariner Mark II
1898:Cassini-Huygens
1895:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:Cassini-Huygens
1874:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1851:
1838:Cassini–Huygens
1834:Cassini–Huygens
1822:Cassini–Huygens
1812:ESA choose the
1771:
1769:Cassini–Huygens
1762:Cassini-Huygens
1743:
1396:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1302:Cassini–Huygens
1287:at cloud level.
1257:rings of Saturn
1246:
1217:Cassini-Huygens
1211:Mariner Mark II
1181:
1149:(RSS), and the
1139:radar altimeter
1114:
1071:
1050:
1004:
992:Cassini-Huygens
978:
876:(ESA), and the
852:
848:
821:
798:
794:
790:Cassini–Huygens
782:
779:Mariner Mark II
775:
774:
768:
761:
755:
731:
729:
725:
723:
719:
718:
715:
710:
707:
705:
703:
702:
614:
586:
558:
526:
498:
419:Lockheed Martin
377:
375:
352:
350:
317:
281:
270:
261:
252:
238:
224:
210:
204:
181:
174:
167:
138:
133:
112:
85:
57:
54:orbit insertion
50:
34:Cassini-Huygens
28:
23:
22:
18:Cassini-Huygens
15:
12:
11:
5:
16004:
15994:
15993:
15988:
15983:
15978:
15973:
15968:
15963:
15958:
15953:
15948:
15943:
15938:
15933:
15928:
15923:
15918:
15913:
15908:
15903:
15898:
15883:
15882:
15870:
15858:
15835:
15834:
15832:
15831:
15819:
15806:
15803:
15802:
15800:
15799:
15794:
15789:
15784:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15767:Baruch Spinoza
15764:
15759:
15757:Salomon Coster
15754:
15752:René Descartes
15749:
15744:
15742:Huygens family
15738:
15736:
15735:Related people
15732:
15731:
15729:
15728:
15723:
15718:
15713:
15708:
15703:
15698:
15690:
15685:
15684:
15683:
15668:
15662:
15660:
15654:
15653:
15651:
15650:
15645:
15640:
15635:
15630:
15624:
15622:
15616:
15615:
15613:
15612:
15606:
15598:
15590:
15584:
15578:
15572:
15565:
15563:
15557:
15556:
15549:
15548:
15541:
15534:
15526:
15517:
15516:
15514:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15497:
15495:
15491:
15490:
15487:
15486:
15484:
15483:
15476:
15471:
15466:
15461:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15441:
15436:
15427:
15425:
15421:
15420:
15418:
15417:
15416:
15415:
15401:
15400:
15399:
15392:
15380:
15379:
15378:
15365:
15363:
15356:
15352:
15351:
15349:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15323:
15318:
15316:Shikoku Facula
15313:
15308:
15303:
15298:
15296:Mithrim Montes
15293:
15288:
15283:
15278:
15273:
15268:
15263:
15258:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15227:
15225:
15219:
15218:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15205:
15203:
15202:
15197:
15192:
15186:
15184:
15180:
15179:
15177:
15176:
15171:
15165:
15163:
15159:
15158:
15156:
15155:
15150:
15148:Sotonera Lacus
15145:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15125:
15120:
15115:
15110:
15105:
15100:
15095:
15090:
15085:
15079:
15077:
15071:
15070:
15068:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15051:
15049:
15042:
15036:
15035:
15033:
15032:
15027:
15022:
15016:
15013:
15012:
15005:
15004:
14997:
14990:
14982:
14973:
14972:
14970:
14969:
14958:
14955:
14954:
14952:
14951:
14943:
14936:
14930:
14928:
14924:
14923:
14921:
14920:
14919:
14918:
14911:
14899:
14892:
14891:
14890:
14883:
14861:
14859:
14853:
14852:
14850:
14849:
14844:
14842:Delta Octantis
14838:
14836:
14832:
14831:
14829:
14828:
14827:
14826:
14816:
14815:
14814:
14804:
14803:
14802:
14797:
14792:
14782:
14775:
14770:
14763:
14756:
14755:
14754:
14749:
14737:
14736:
14735:
14730:
14718:
14711:
14706:
14701:
14696:
14689:
14684:
14679:
14674:
14669:
14664:
14659:
14654:
14649:
14644:
14636:
14634:
14628:
14627:
14625:
14624:
14619:
14614:
14609:
14604:
14598:
14596:
14592:
14591:
14589:
14588:
14582:
14579:
14578:
14571:
14570:
14563:
14556:
14548:
14539:
14538:
14536:
14535:
14523:
14510:
14507:
14506:
14504:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14491:Astronauts Day
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14457:
14456:
14451:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14413:
14411:
14407:
14406:
14404:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14378:
14373:
14368:
14363:
14358:
14351:
14344:
14337:
14330:
14323:
14322:
14321:
14307:
14300:
14292:
14290:
14284:
14283:
14281:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14264:
14263:
14258:
14253:
14243:
14238:
14237:
14236:
14231:
14226:
14221:
14216:
14205:
14203:
14199:
14198:
14196:
14195:
14190:
14184:
14179:
14174:
14165:
14160:
14154:
14152:
14150:and navigation
14148:Communications
14144:
14143:
14140:
14139:
14137:
14136:
14131:
14128:Europa Clipper
14124:
14119:
14113:
14111:
14107:
14106:
14104:
14103:
14098:
14097:
14096:
14086:
14085:
14084:
14079:
14066:
14061:
14056:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14034:
14027:
14022:
14021:
14020:
14010:
14003:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13983:
13978:
13977:
13976:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13929:
13922:
13914:
13912:
13906:
13905:
13903:
13902:
13901:
13900:
13887:
13880:
13875:
13874:
13873:
13868:
13855:
13850:
13843:
13836:
13831:
13824:
13819:
13811:
13803:
13798:
13793:
13788:
13783:
13778:
13777:
13776:
13764:
13757:
13750:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13722:
13720:
13713:
13703:
13702:
13699:
13698:
13696:
13695:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13675:
13670:
13665:
13660:
13655:
13650:
13645:
13639:
13637:
13633:
13632:
13630:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13609:
13604:
13599:
13594:
13589:
13584:
13582:New Millennium
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13553:
13551:
13544:
13537:
13536:
13533:
13532:
13530:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13498:
13496:
13492:
13491:
13489:
13488:
13483:
13470:
13465:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13424:
13422:
13415:
13407:
13406:
13403:
13402:
13400:
13399:
13394:
13393:
13392:
13387:
13377:
13376:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13345:
13340:
13335:
13330:
13325:
13320:
13315:
13314:
13313:
13303:
13298:
13297:
13296:
13291:
13281:
13276:
13271:
13265:
13263:
13259:
13258:
13256:
13255:
13249:
13243:
13237:
13231:
13225:
13219:
13213:
13207:
13201:
13195:
13189:
13183:
13177:
13170:
13168:
13155:
13148:
13147:
13140:
13139:
13132:
13125:
13117:
13108:
13107:
13105:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13088:
13085:
13084:
13082:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13050:
13048:
13044:
13043:
13041:
13040:
13034:
13027:
13025:
13021:
13020:
13018:
13017:
13012:
13006:
13004:
13000:
12999:
12997:
12996:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12979:Europa Clipper
12975:
12973:
12969:
12968:
12966:
12965:
12960:
12954:
12948:
12943:
12936:
12934:TOPEX/Poseidon
12931:
12926:
12921:
12914:
12909:
12903:
12897:
12891:
12886:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12857:
12852:
12851:
12850:
12842:
12829:
12822:
12817:
12810:
12803:
12797:
12790:
12785:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12753:
12746:
12745:
12744:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12715:
12708:
12701:
12694:
12686:
12684:
12680:
12679:
12677:
12676:
12675:
12674:
12667:
12655:
12650:
12644:
12638:
12632:
12626:
12620:
12612:
12611:
12610:
12602:
12589:
12582:
12576:
12571:
12564:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12524:
12516:
12514:
12510:
12509:
12502:
12501:
12494:
12487:
12479:
12470:
12469:
12467:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12445:
12442:
12441:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12434:
12433:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12414:
12406:
12405:
12404:
12396:
12384:
12379:
12371:
12370:
12369:
12362:
12355:
12345:
12344:
12343:
12334:
12332:
12328:
12327:
12325:
12324:
12323:
12322:
12310:
12305:
12298:
12287:
12279:
12278:
12277:
12272:
12265:
12257:
12256:
12255:
12248:
12240:
12239:
12238:
12228:
12220:
12204:
12203:
12202:
12197:
12190:
12180:
12179:
12178:
12173:
12166:
12158:
12157:
12156:
12146:
12145:
12144:
12136:
12135:
12134:
12124:
12123:
12122:
12111:
12100:
12098:
12094:
12093:
12091:
12090:
12089:
12088:
12083:
12078:
12073:
12066:
12058:
12057:
12056:
12046:
12045:
12044:
12034:
12033:
12032:
12022:
12021:
12020:
12010:
12009:
12008:
12001:
11994:
11984:
11983:
11982:
11975:
11973:NEAR Shoemaker
11966:
11964:
11957:
11949:
11948:
11945:
11944:
11942:
11941:
11934:
11926:
11924:
11920:
11919:
11917:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11899:
11892:
11881:
11875:
11873:
11867:
11866:
11864:
11863:
11862:
11861:
11851:
11850:
11849:
11837:
11836:
11835:
11823:
11822:
11821:
11808:
11806:
11802:
11801:
11799:
11798:
11797:
11796:
11783:
11776:
11765:
11760:
11755:
11748:
11741:
11733:
11727:
11725:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11715:
11714:
11713:
11703:
11701:Tiandu 1 and 2
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11660:
11655:
11650:
11645:
11639:
11637:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11627:
11622:
11616:
11614:
11607:
11599:
11598:
11590:
11589:
11582:
11575:
11567:
11558:
11557:
11555:
11554:
11550:
11547:
11546:
11544:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11507:
11505:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11481:
11480:
11469:
11467:
11463:
11462:
11460:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11433:
11431:
11427:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11403:
11401:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11393:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11330:
11328:
11327:Venus missions
11321:
11317:
11316:
11313:
11312:
11310:
11309:
11303:
11296:
11294:
11293:Descent probes
11290:
11289:
11287:
11286:
11280:
11271:
11269:
11265:
11264:
11262:
11261:
11255:
11249:
11242:
11240:
11233:
11229:
11228:
11225:
11224:
11222:
11221:
11216:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11165:
11163:
11159:
11158:
11156:
11155:
11150:
11144:
11142:
11141:Balloon probes
11138:
11137:
11135:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11099:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11078:
11076:
11072:
11071:
11069:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11042:
11040:
11039:Descent probes
11036:
11035:
11033:
11032:
11025:
11020:
11013:
11006:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10936:
10934:
10930:
10929:
10927:
10926:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10886:
10884:
10877:
10873:
10872:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10844:
10838:
10832:
10824:
10817:
10815:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10807:
10799:
10797:
10790:
10786:
10785:
10774:
10773:
10766:
10759:
10751:
10742:
10741:
10739:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10717:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10700:
10699:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10668:
10666:
10665:Related topics
10662:
10661:
10659:
10658:
10653:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10629:New Horizons 2
10626:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10594:Europa Orbiter
10591:
10590:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10569:
10561:
10559:
10553:
10552:
10550:
10549:
10541:
10535:
10526:
10524:
10520:
10519:
10517:
10516:
10508:
10504:Europa Clipper
10499:
10497:
10493:
10492:
10490:
10489:
10488:(JUICE) (2023)
10480:
10478:
10474:
10473:
10471:
10470:
10461:
10459:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10451:
10443:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10428:
10421:
10419:
10417:
10416:
10409:
10402:
10395:
10394:
10393:
10386:
10374:
10373:
10372:
10365:
10352:
10350:
10346:
10345:
10334:
10333:
10326:
10319:
10311:
10302:
10301:
10299:
10298:
10294:
10291:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10284:
10283:
10278:
10272:
10270:
10266:
10265:
10263:
10262:
10257:
10252:
10245:
10239:
10237:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10227:
10222:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10196:
10194:
10188:
10187:
10185:
10184:
10179:
10172:
10167:
10159:
10157:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10137:
10128:
10126:
10122:
10121:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10099:
10090:
10088:
10084:
10083:
10081:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10073:
10060:
10058:
10054:
10053:
10051:
10050:
10043:
10036:
10028:
10026:
10019:
10015:
10014:
10007:
10006:
9999:
9992:
9984:
9975:
9974:
9972:
9971:
9965:
9960:
9959:
9958:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9940:
9935:
9929:
9927:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9919:
9917:End of mission
9914:
9907:
9901:
9899:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9891:
9890:(Titan lander)
9883:
9874:
9872:
9868:
9867:
9858:
9857:
9850:
9843:
9835:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9817:
9809:
9797:
9789:
9784:
9783:
9782:
9766:
9757:
9741:
9740:
9731:
9715:
9703:
9691:
9665:
9664:External links
9662:
9661:
9660:
9647:
9641:
9628:
9622:
9608:Ralph Lorenz;
9605:
9599:
9582:
9576:
9556:
9551:978-1785211119
9550:
9535:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9496:
9466:
9436:
9407:
9377:
9343:
9313:
9285:
9274:on May 1, 2017
9247:
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9036:(JPG/PNG/TIFF)
9024:
8986:
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8829:
8799:
8766:
8740:
8708:
8676:
8648:
8618:
8586:
8549:
8517:
8476:(2): 164–173.
8454:
8419:
8389:
8355:
8321:
8293:
8233:
8205:
8179:
8149:
8119:
8086:
8060:
8022:
7986:
7945:
7886:
7852:
7811:
7781:
7721:
7687:
7653:
7625:
7619:10.1086/505206
7604:(2): 692–710.
7580:
7552:
7540:
7514:
7461:
7424:
7394:
7368:
7351:Ingenia Online
7337:
7312:
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6353:
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6268:
6238:
6205:
6177:
6149:
6119:
6089:
6066:
6047:
6021:
5995:
5975:"Cassini: FAQ"
5966:
5937:
5915:
5883:
5846:
5837:|journal=
5787:
5778:|journal=
5706:
5676:
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5613:
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5413:
5383:
5355:
5321:
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5154:
5128:
5098:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4977:, data network
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4873:
4870:
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4858:
4851:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4798:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4708:by the numbers
4704:
4697:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4668:
4662:
4649:
4646:
4629:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4535:
4528:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4511:
4503:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4470:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4298:
4297:s Grand Finale
4280:Main article:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4250:
4239:Main article:
4236:
4233:
4221:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4176:
4175:Hyperion flyby
4173:
4160:
4157:
4102:Main article:
4099:
4094:
4077:
4074:
4070:Great Red Spot
4043:
4040:
4030:. It included
4022:
4019:
3986:
3983:
3946:
3943:
3926:
3923:
3864:Lakes of Titan
3862:Main article:
3859:
3858:Lakes of Titan
3856:
3843:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3814:Saturn's rings
3801:
3798:
3794:origin of life
3662:
3659:
3637:
3636:
3616:
3615:
3614:External image
3605:Main article:
3602:
3601:lands on Titan
3596:
3580:largest moon,
3567:
3560:
3557:
3513:
3510:
3490:
3487:
3447:
3444:
3381:revealed that
3379:later analysis
3357:In total, the
3342:
3339:
3275:
3272:
3260:micrometeorite
3249:Great Red Spot
3185:
3184:
3099:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3069: km (0.99
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2988:
2977:
2966:
2955:
2943:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2906:
2895:
2884:
2873:
2861:
2843:Main article:
2840:
2837:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:Main article:
2705:
2699:
2667:
2664:
2599:power switches
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2411:Langmuir probe
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2335:
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2322:
2319:
2317:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2265:
2262:
2249:
2220:magnetospheric
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2121:Remote Sensing
2112:
2109:
2055:
2052:
1940:interplanetary
1896:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1854:
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1739:
1736:
1735:
1728:
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1714:
1707:
1700:
1692:
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1673:
1664:
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1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1332:rocket engines
1328:booster rocket
1299:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1245:
1242:
1180:
1177:
1070:
1067:
949:entering orbit
866:space-research
784:
783:
776:
769:
763:
762:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
700:
696:
695:
692:
688:
687:
680:
676:
675:
668:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
652:
651:
646:
642:
641:
634:
633:
630:
626:
625:
622:
618:
617:
606:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
590:
589:
578:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
562:
561:
546:
545:
542:
538:
537:
534:
530:
529:
518:
517:
514:
510:
509:
508:April 26, 1998
506:
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469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
455:
449:
445:
444:
439:
435:
434:
433:End of mission
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
412:
411:
406:Cape Canaveral
403:
399:
398:
391:Titan IV(401)B
388:
384:
383:
372:
368:
367:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
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343:
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308:
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195:
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186:
179:
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163:
159:
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155:
146:
145:
131:
125:
124:
99:
95:
94:
75:
71:
70:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16003:
15992:
15989:
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15979:
15977:
15974:
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15957:
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15942:
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15919:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
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15869:
15859:
15857:
15847:
15846:
15843:
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15783:
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15773:
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15753:
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15748:
15745:
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15712:
15709:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15697:
15696:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15682:
15680:
15676:
15675:
15674:
15673:
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15664:
15663:
15661:
15659:
15655:
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15644:
15641:
15639:
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15623:
15621:
15617:
15610:
15607:
15604:
15603:
15599:
15596:
15595:
15591:
15588:
15585:
15582:
15579:
15576:
15573:
15570:
15567:
15566:
15564:
15562:
15558:
15554:
15547:
15542:
15540:
15535:
15533:
15528:
15527:
15524:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15498:
15496:
15492:
15482:
15481:
15477:
15475:
15472:
15470:
15467:
15465:
15462:
15460:
15457:
15455:
15452:
15450:
15447:
15445:
15442:
15440:
15437:
15434:
15433:
15429:
15428:
15426:
15422:
15414:
15413:
15409:
15408:
15407:
15406:
15402:
15398:
15397:
15393:
15391:
15390:
15386:
15385:
15384:
15381:
15377:
15376:
15372:
15371:
15370:
15367:
15366:
15364:
15360:
15357:
15353:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15322:
15319:
15317:
15314:
15312:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15302:
15299:
15297:
15294:
15292:
15289:
15287:
15284:
15282:
15279:
15277:
15274:
15272:
15269:
15267:
15264:
15262:
15259:
15257:
15256:Ganesa Macula
15254:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15228:
15226:
15224:
15220:
15201:
15198:
15196:
15193:
15191:
15188:
15187:
15185:
15181:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15166:
15164:
15160:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15138:Ontario Lacus
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15113:Koitere Lacus
15111:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15088:Bolsena Lacus
15086:
15084:
15081:
15080:
15078:
15076:
15072:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15052:
15050:
15046:
15043:
15037:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15021:
15018:
15017:
15014:
15010:
15003:
14998:
14996:
14991:
14989:
14984:
14983:
14980:
14968:
14960:
14959:
14956:
14950:
14948:
14944:
14942:
14941:
14937:
14935:
14932:
14931:
14929:
14925:
14917:
14916:
14912:
14910:
14909:
14905:
14904:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14897:
14893:
14888:
14884:
14881:
14877:
14876:
14874:
14873:
14868:
14867:
14863:
14862:
14860:
14858:
14854:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14839:
14837:
14833:
14825:
14822:
14821:
14820:
14817:
14813:
14810:
14809:
14808:
14805:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14787:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14780:
14776:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14768:
14764:
14762:
14761:
14757:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14744:
14743:
14742:
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14731:
14729:
14726:
14725:
14724:
14723:
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14717:
14716:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14705:
14702:
14700:
14697:
14695:
14694:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14668:
14665:
14663:
14660:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14647:Ring moonlets
14645:
14642:
14638:
14637:
14635:
14633:
14629:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14617:Magnetosphere
14615:
14613:
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14599:
14597:
14593:
14587:
14584:
14583:
14580:
14576:
14569:
14564:
14562:
14557:
14555:
14550:
14549:
14546:
14534:
14533:
14524:
14522:
14521:
14512:
14511:
14508:
14502:
14501:Nikon NASA F4
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14455:
14452:
14450:
14447:
14446:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14419:
14415:
14414:
14412:
14408:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14386:NASA insignia
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14372:
14369:
14367:
14366:Lunar plaques
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14356:
14352:
14350:
14349:
14345:
14343:
14342:
14338:
14336:
14335:
14331:
14329:
14328:
14324:
14320:
14319:
14318:Pale Blue Dot
14315:
14314:
14313:
14312:
14308:
14306:
14305:
14301:
14299:
14298:
14294:
14293:
14291:
14285:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14248:
14247:
14246:NASA missions
14244:
14242:
14241:NASA aircraft
14239:
14235:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14225:
14222:
14220:
14217:
14215:
14212:
14211:
14210:
14207:
14206:
14204:
14200:
14194:
14191:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14163:Space Network
14161:
14159:
14156:
14155:
14153:
14151:
14145:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14129:
14125:
14123:
14120:
14118:
14115:
14114:
14112:
14108:
14102:
14099:
14095:
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14091:
14090:
14087:
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14067:
14065:
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14055:
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14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
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14032:
14028:
14026:
14023:
14019:
14016:
14015:
14014:
14011:
14009:
14008:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13979:
13975:
13972:
13971:
13970:
13968:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13951:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13934:
13930:
13928:
13927:
13923:
13921:
13920:
13916:
13915:
13913:
13907:
13899:
13896:
13895:
13894:
13892:
13888:
13886:
13885:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13863:
13862:
13860:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13848:
13844:
13842:
13841:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13830:
13829:
13825:
13823:
13820:
13818:
13816:
13812:
13810:
13808:
13804:
13802:
13799:
13797:
13796:Space Shuttle
13794:
13792:
13789:
13787:
13784:
13782:
13779:
13775:
13772:
13771:
13770:
13769:
13765:
13763:
13762:
13758:
13756:
13755:
13751:
13749:
13748:
13744:
13742:
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13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13723:
13721:
13717:
13714:
13710:
13704:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13681:
13679:
13678:New Frontiers
13676:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13659:
13656:
13654:
13651:
13649:
13646:
13644:
13641:
13640:
13638:
13634:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13587:Lunar Orbiter
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13548:
13545:
13542:
13538:
13528:
13527:Lunar Gateway
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13499:
13497:
13493:
13487:
13486:Constellation
13484:
13481:
13477:
13476:
13471:
13469:
13468:Space Shuttle
13466:
13463:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13433:
13429:
13426:
13425:
13423:
13419:
13416:
13412:
13408:
13398:
13395:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13383:
13382:
13381:
13378:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13350:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13329:
13326:
13324:
13321:
13319:
13316:
13312:
13309:
13308:
13307:
13306:NASA research
13304:
13302:
13299:
13295:
13292:
13290:
13287:
13286:
13285:
13282:
13280:
13277:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13266:
13264:
13260:
13253:
13250:
13247:
13244:
13241:
13238:
13235:
13232:
13229:
13226:
13223:
13220:
13217:
13214:
13211:
13208:
13205:
13202:
13199:
13196:
13193:
13190:
13187:
13184:
13181:
13178:
13175:
13172:
13171:
13169:
13166:
13159:
13156:
13153:
13149:
13145:
13138:
13133:
13131:
13126:
13124:
13119:
13118:
13115:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13089:
13086:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13051:
13049:
13045:
13038:
13035:
13032:
13029:
13028:
13026:
13022:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13010:Europa Lander
13008:
13007:
13005:
13001:
12995:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12980:
12977:
12976:
12974:
12970:
12964:
12961:
12958:
12955:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12941:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12919:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12907:
12904:
12901:
12898:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12884:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12862:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12849:
12847:
12843:
12841:
12839:
12835:
12834:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12827:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12815:
12811:
12809:
12808:
12807:Mars Observer
12804:
12801:
12800:Mars Cube One
12798:
12796:
12795:
12791:
12789:
12786:
12784:
12783:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12751:
12747:
12743:
12740:
12739:
12738:
12737:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12720:
12716:
12714:
12713:
12709:
12707:
12706:
12702:
12700:
12699:
12695:
12693:
12692:
12688:
12687:
12685:
12683:Past missions
12681:
12673:
12672:
12668:
12666:
12665:
12661:
12660:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12648:
12645:
12642:
12639:
12636:
12633:
12630:
12627:
12624:
12621:
12618:
12617:
12613:
12609:
12607:
12603:
12601:
12599:
12595:
12594:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12587:
12583:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12569:
12565:
12563:
12562:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12529:
12525:
12523:
12522:
12518:
12517:
12515:
12511:
12507:
12500:
12495:
12493:
12488:
12486:
12481:
12480:
12477:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12446:
12443:
12431:
12428:
12426:
12423:
12421:
12419:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12409:
12407:
12403:
12401:
12397:
12395:
12393:
12388:
12387:Chandrayaan-3
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12374:
12372:
12368:
12367:
12363:
12361:
12360:
12356:
12354:
12353:
12349:
12348:
12346:
12342:
12339:
12338:
12336:
12335:
12333:
12329:
12321:
12319:
12314:
12313:Chandrayaan-2
12311:
12309:
12306:
12304:
12303:
12299:
12297:
12295:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12282:
12280:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12270:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12254:
12253:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12243:
12241:
12237:
12236:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12225:
12221:
12219:
12218:
12213:
12212:
12208:
12207:
12205:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12195:
12191:
12189:
12188:
12184:
12183:
12181:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12171:
12170:Venus Express
12167:
12165:
12162:
12161:
12159:
12155:
12154:
12150:
12149:
12147:
12143:
12140:
12139:
12137:
12133:
12132:
12128:
12127:
12125:
12121:
12119:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12109:
12105:
12104:
12102:
12101:
12099:
12095:
12087:
12084:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12076:Chandrayaan-1
12074:
12072:
12071:
12067:
12065:
12062:
12061:
12059:
12055:
12054:
12050:
12049:
12047:
12043:
12042:
12038:
12037:
12035:
12031:
12030:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12019:
12018:
12014:
12013:
12011:
12007:
12006:
12002:
12000:
11999:
11995:
11993:
11992:
11988:
11987:
11985:
11981:
11980:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11970:
11968:
11967:
11965:
11961:
11958:
11954:
11950:
11940:
11939:
11935:
11933:
11932:
11928:
11927:
11925:
11921:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11904:
11900:
11898:
11897:
11893:
11891:
11887:
11886:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11876:
11874:
11872:
11871:Minor planets
11868:
11859:
11858:
11857:
11856:
11852:
11848:
11845:
11844:
11843:
11842:
11838:
11834:
11831:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11824:
11820:
11817:
11816:
11815:
11814:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11805:Other planets
11803:
11795:
11793:
11789:
11788:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11781:
11777:
11775:
11773:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11753:
11749:
11747:
11746:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11728:
11726:
11724:
11720:
11712:
11709:
11708:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11653:Chandrayaan-2
11651:
11649:
11646:
11644:
11641:
11640:
11638:
11636:
11632:
11626:
11625:Solar Orbiter
11623:
11621:
11618:
11617:
11615:
11611:
11608:
11604:
11600:
11596:
11593:21st-century
11588:
11583:
11581:
11576:
11574:
11569:
11568:
11565:
11552:
11551:
11548:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11508:
11506:
11502:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11490:Pioneer Venus
11488:
11486:
11483:
11479:
11476:
11475:
11474:
11471:
11470:
11468:
11464:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11428:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11402:
11398:
11392:
11391:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11325:
11322:
11318:
11307:
11304:
11301:
11298:
11297:
11295:
11291:
11284:
11281:
11278:
11277:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11266:
11259:
11256:
11253:
11250:
11247:
11244:
11243:
11241:
11237:
11234:
11230:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11160:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11145:
11143:
11139:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11103:
11100:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11079:
11077:
11073:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11037:
11031:
11030:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11018:
11014:
11012:
11011:
11007:
11005:
11004:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10942:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10931:
10925:
10924:
10923:Venus Express
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10892:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10881:
10878:
10876:Past missions
10874:
10869:
10863:
10857:
10842:
10839:
10836:
10835:Solar Orbiter
10833:
10830:
10829:
10825:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10816:
10812:
10806:
10805:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10794:
10791:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10772:
10767:
10765:
10760:
10758:
10753:
10752:
10749:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10693:
10690:
10689:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10669:
10667:
10663:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10651:
10647:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10574:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10567:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10554:
10547:
10546:
10542:
10539:
10538:Europa Lander
10536:
10533:
10532:
10528:
10527:
10525:
10521:
10514:
10513:
10509:
10506:
10505:
10501:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10487:
10486:
10482:
10481:
10479:
10475:
10469:
10467:
10463:
10462:
10460:
10456:
10449:
10448:
10444:
10442:
10441:
10437:
10436:
10434:
10430:
10425:
10415:
10414:
10410:
10408:
10407:
10403:
10401:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10391:
10387:
10385:
10384:
10380:
10379:
10378:
10375:
10371:
10370:
10366:
10364:
10363:
10359:
10358:
10357:
10354:
10353:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10332:
10327:
10325:
10320:
10318:
10313:
10312:
10309:
10296:
10295:
10292:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10273:
10271:
10269:Several moons
10267:
10261:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10250:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10232:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10189:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10177:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10166:
10165:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10151:
10148:
10142:
10135:
10134:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10123:
10118:
10112:
10097:
10096:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10085:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10067:
10066:
10062:
10061:
10059:
10055:
10049:
10048:
10044:
10042:
10041:
10037:
10035:
10034:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10023:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10005:
10000:
9998:
9993:
9991:
9986:
9985:
9982:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9957:
9954:
9953:
9952:
9949:
9948:
9945:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9924:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9912:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9896:
9889:
9888:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9864:
9856:
9851:
9849:
9844:
9842:
9837:
9836:
9833:
9827:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9815:
9810:
9807:
9803:
9802:
9801:Around Saturn
9798:
9795:
9794:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9780:
9776:
9773:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9758:
9755:
9751:
9748:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9738:
9736:
9732:
9729:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9716:
9714:
9710:
9708:
9704:
9702:
9698:
9696:
9692:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9672:
9671:
9670:
9657:
9653:
9648:
9644:
9638:
9634:
9629:
9625:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9606:
9602:
9596:
9591:
9590:
9583:
9579:
9573:
9568:
9567:
9561:
9560:Karl Grossman
9557:
9553:
9547:
9543:
9538:
9537:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9503:
9501:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9470:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9440:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9411:
9400:September 17,
9396:
9392:
9388:
9381:
9370:September 11,
9366:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9347:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9317:
9302:
9301:
9296:
9289:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9251:
9235:
9231:
9230:
9225:
9218:
9203:
9199:
9192:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9164:
9162:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9138:
9132:
9130:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9099:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9072:
9065:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9034:
9028:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8990:
8974:
8973:
8968:
8962:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8934:
8919:
8918:
8912:
8904:
8902:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8867:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8833:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8803:
8787:
8783:
8782:
8777:
8770:
8754:
8753:Science Daily
8750:
8744:
8728:
8724:
8723:
8718:
8712:
8701:September 17,
8696:
8692:
8691:
8686:
8680:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8652:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8622:
8606:
8602:
8601:
8596:
8590:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8559:
8553:
8538:
8534:
8533:
8528:
8521:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8470:
8465:
8458:
8442:
8438:
8437:
8431:
8423:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8393:
8382:September 16,
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8359:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8325:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8297:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
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8244:
8237:
8222:
8221:
8216:
8209:
8193:
8189:
8183:
8168:
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8153:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8123:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8093:
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8075:
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8049:
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8038:
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8027:
8011:
8007:
8003:
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7990:
7982:
7978:
7974:
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7966:
7962:
7958:
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7919:
7914:
7909:
7905:
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7897:
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7867:
7863:
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7842:
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7706:
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7698:
7691:
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7641:
7640:
7635:
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7620:
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7603:
7599:
7595:
7593:
7584:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7556:
7549:
7544:
7529:
7528:Physics World
7525:
7518:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7473:
7465:
7457:
7453:
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7445:
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7428:
7412:
7408:
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7398:
7383:
7379:
7372:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7341:
7325:
7324:
7316:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7243:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7205:, p. 70.
7204:
7199:
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7179:
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7140:
7133:
7127:
7125:
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7024:
7016:
7012:
7008:
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6997:
6989:
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6898:
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6890:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6872:
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6864:
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6853:
6846:
6838:
6834:
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6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6752:
6751:2027.42/43764
6747:
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6731:
6727:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
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6419:
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6384:
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6341:
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6312:
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6279:
6272:
6256:
6255:
6249:
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6226:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6153:
6142:September 15,
6138:
6137:
6131:
6123:
6112:September 15,
6108:
6107:
6101:
6093:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6036:
6032:
6025:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5970:
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5933:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5903:
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5898:
5893:
5887:
5872:
5868:
5864:
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5853:
5851:
5842:
5830:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5783:
5771:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5669:September 15,
5665:
5664:
5659:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5587:
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5583:
5581:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5493:
5492:
5486:
5478:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5450:
5439:September 10,
5435:
5434:
5428:
5420:
5418:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5359:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5262:
5251:September 15,
5247:
5246:
5240:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5214:September 16,
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5189:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5143:
5139:
5132:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5056:
5042:
5038:
5035:; the result
5034:
5031:
5025:
5021:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4639:
4634:
4539:
4532:
4523:
4516:
4507:
4500:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4453:
4444:
4435:
4426:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4311:
4308:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4290:Animation of
4288:
4283:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4208:
4196:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4153:Pale Blue Dot
4150:
4149:Carolyn Porco
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4076:Venus transit
4073:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3959:
3951:
3945:Iapetus flyby
3942:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3877:Lake Superior
3874:
3870:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3804:In May 2005,
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3675:Labtayt Sulci
3672:
3667:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3644:released the
3643:
3634:(ESA hosting)
3630:
3628:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3528:and achieved
3527:
3526:F and G rings
3518:
3509:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3318:/ blueshift.
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3197:flyby picture
3196:
3191:
3181:
3178:
3170:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128: –
3127:
3123:
3122:Find sources:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3100:This section
3098:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3083:Jupiter flyby
3080:
3078:
3068:
3058:
3057:2685 Masursky
3055:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3036:asteroid belt
3033:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3012:
2997:
2989:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2967:
2964:
2956:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2935:Animation of
2933:
2918:
2915:
2907:
2904:
2896:
2893:
2885:
2882:
2874:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2853:Animation of
2851:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2807:Doppler shift
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2765:MIL-STD-1750A
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:plutonium-238
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2493:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2394:
2386:
2383:INCA) was an
2381:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2350:(CCD) as its
2349:
2344:
2340:
2339:visible light
2336:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2281:short circuit
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2115:Instruments:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:MIL-STD-1750A
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1860:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:working group
1781:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
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1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:magnetosphere
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1193:Saturn's ring
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
977:
973:
969:
968:2685 Masursky
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
884:to study the
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
856:
842:
792:
791:
781:
780:
773: →
772:
767:
764:←
759:
754:
753:
747:
743:
738:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
583:2685 Masursky
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
556:
552:
547:
543:
539:
536:June 24, 1999
535:
531:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
466:
462:
456:
453:
452:
450:
446:
443:
440:
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275:
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245:
237:
236:
234:
233:Prime mission
231:
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209:
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200:
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115:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:around Saturn
55:
49:
43:
38:
35:
30:
19:
15971:Space radars
15926:Lunar flybys
15868:Solar System
15827:
15815:
15797:Thomas Young
15782:Robert Hooke
15777:Isaac Newton
15694:
15688:Mons Huygens
15678:
15671:
15670:
15666:2801 Huygens
15658:Recognitions
15609:Cosmotheoros
15608:
15600:
15592:
15586:
15580:
15574:
15568:
15511:In mythology
15478:
15430:
15410:
15404:
15403:
15394:
15387:
15373:
15326:Sotra Patera
15291:Misty Montes
15271:Mayda Insula
15195:Ngami Lacuna
15153:Albano Lacus
15128:Müggel Lacus
15123:Mackay Lacus
15118:Ladoga Lacus
15103:Jingpo Lacus
15098:Hammar Lacus
14946:
14938:
14913:
14906:
14894:
14870:
14865:
14864:
14807:Gallic group
14777:
14765:
14758:
14739:
14720:
14713:
14691:
14602:Dragon Storm
14531:
14519:
14353:
14346:
14340:
14332:
14325:
14316:
14309:
14302:
14295:
14126:
14075:Perseverance
14074:
14036:
14029:
14006:
13966:
13949:
13933:New Horizons
13931:
13924:
13917:
13890:
13882:
13858:
13846:
13839:
13838:
13826:
13814:
13806:
13767:
13759:
13752:
13745:
13474:
13458:Apollo–Soyuz
12939:
12917:
12882:
12860:
12845:
12837:
12824:
12812:
12805:
12792:
12781:
12749:
12735:
12719:Deep Space 2
12717:
12712:Deep Space 1
12710:
12704:
12697:
12690:
12689:
12669:
12662:
12614:
12605:
12598:Perseverance
12597:
12586:Mars Odyssey
12584:
12567:
12559:
12526:
12519:
12417:
12399:
12391:
12365:
12358:
12351:
12317:
12300:
12293:
12267:
12251:
12250:
12235:Schiaparelli
12233:
12223:
12215:
12209:
12192:
12185:
12176:Chang'e 5-T1
12168:
12151:
12129:
12117:
12106:
12068:
12051:
12039:
12027:
12015:
12003:
11996:
11989:
11979:Deep Space 1
11977:
11936:
11929:
11903:New Horizons
11901:
11894:
11883:
11853:
11839:
11825:
11811:
11792:Perseverance
11791:
11778:
11771:
11750:
11745:Mars Express
11743:
11667:
11595:space probes
11536:Terraforming
11511:Colonization
11388:
11283:MBR Explorer
11274:
11027:
11015:
11009:
11008:
11001:
10939:
10921:
10889:
10826:
10802:
10648:
10564:
10543:
10529:
10510:
10502:
10483:
10465:
10446:
10439:
10413:New Horizons
10411:
10405:
10404:
10398:
10388:
10381:
10367:
10360:
10247:
10174:
10162:
10131:
10093:
10064:
10063:
10045:
10038:
10031:
9909:
9885:
9878:
9877:
9862:
9861:
9813:
9805:
9800:
9792:
9778:
9763:Hall of Fame
9760:
9753:
9743:
9742:
9734:
9718:
9706:
9694:
9675:
9668:
9667:
9655:
9632:
9613:
9588:
9565:
9541:
9534:Bibliography
9519:. Retrieved
9511:
9487:. Retrieved
9478:
9469:
9457:. Retrieved
9448:
9439:
9427:. Retrieved
9419:
9410:
9398:. Retrieved
9390:
9380:
9368:. Retrieved
9357:jpl.nasa.gov
9356:
9346:
9334:. Retrieved
9326:
9316:
9304:. Retrieved
9298:
9288:
9278:November 29,
9276:. Retrieved
9272:the original
9259:
9250:
9238:. Retrieved
9227:
9217:
9205:. Retrieved
9201:
9191:
9179:. Retrieved
9173:
9143:
9116:. Retrieved
9108:
9098:
9086:. Retrieved
9075:jpl.nasa.gov
9074:
9064:
9052:. Retrieved
9039:
9027:
9015:. Retrieved
9011:the original
8998:
8989:
8977:. Retrieved
8970:
8961:
8949:. Retrieved
8942:
8933:
8923:November 14,
8921:. Retrieved
8915:
8888:. Retrieved
8877:jpl.nasa.gov
8876:
8866:
8854:. Retrieved
8843:jpl.nasa.gov
8842:
8832:
8820:. Retrieved
8812:
8802:
8790:. Retrieved
8786:the original
8779:
8769:
8757:. Retrieved
8752:
8743:
8733:February 26,
8731:. Retrieved
8727:the original
8720:
8711:
8699:. Retrieved
8695:the original
8688:
8679:
8669:November 11,
8667:. Retrieved
8660:
8651:
8639:. Retrieved
8631:
8621:
8609:. Retrieved
8605:the original
8598:
8589:
8577:. Retrieved
8564:
8552:
8540:. Retrieved
8530:
8520:
8510:December 16,
8508:. Retrieved
8473:
8467:
8457:
8447:December 15,
8445:. Retrieved
8434:
8422:
8410:. Retrieved
8402:
8392:
8380:. Retrieved
8369:jpl.nasa.gov
8368:
8358:
8346:. Retrieved
8335:jpl.nasa.gov
8334:
8324:
8312:. Retrieved
8308:The Guardian
8306:
8296:
8255:
8249:
8236:
8224:. Retrieved
8218:
8208:
8198:December 13,
8196:. Retrieved
8191:
8182:
8170:. Retrieved
8162:
8152:
8140:. Retrieved
8132:
8122:
8110:. Retrieved
8102:
8077:. Retrieved
8073:
8063:
8051:. Retrieved
8013:. Retrieved
7996:
7989:
7954:
7948:
7903:
7899:
7889:
7877:. Retrieved
7866:jpl.nasa.gov
7865:
7855:
7828:
7824:
7814:
7802:. Retrieved
7794:
7784:
7743:
7737:
7724:
7712:. Retrieved
7701:jpl.nasa.gov
7700:
7690:
7678:. Retrieved
7666:
7656:
7644:. Retrieved
7637:
7628:
7601:
7597:
7591:
7583:
7573:September 1,
7571:. Retrieved
7564:
7555:
7548:Meltzer 2015
7543:
7531:. Retrieved
7527:
7517:
7476:
7470:
7464:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7415:. Retrieved
7406:
7397:
7385:. Retrieved
7381:
7371:
7359:. Retrieved
7355:the original
7350:
7340:
7328:. Retrieved
7322:
7315:
7303:. Retrieved
7294:
7284:
7274:February 28,
7272:. Retrieved
7252:
7242:
7230:. Retrieved
7222:
7203:Meltzer 2015
7198:
7186:. Retrieved
7177:
7170:
7158:. Retrieved
7151:the original
7138:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7037:
7033:
7023:
7006:
7002:
6996:
6963:
6959:
6953:
6941:. Retrieved
6929:
6920:
6908:. Retrieved
6901:the original
6862:
6858:
6845:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6790:. Retrieved
6786:the original
6777:
6768:
6725:
6721:
6708:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6645:December 13,
6643:. Retrieved
6635:
6626:
6614:. Retrieved
6610:the original
6601:
6592:
6580:. Retrieved
6572:
6524:. Retrieved
6518:
6506:
6494:. Retrieved
6485:
6476:
6464:. Retrieved
6456:
6446:
6425:
6403:. Retrieved
6390:
6383:
6363:
6356:
6344:. Retrieved
6326:
6314:. Retrieved
6306:
6297:
6287:September 1,
6285:. Retrieved
6281:
6271:
6261:September 1,
6259:. Retrieved
6252:
6241:
6231:September 1,
6229:. Retrieved
6218:
6208:
6198:September 1,
6196:. Retrieved
6189:
6180:
6170:September 1,
6168:. Retrieved
6162:
6152:
6140:. Retrieved
6134:
6122:
6110:. Retrieved
6104:
6092:
6075:
6069:
6050:
6038:. Retrieved
6034:
6024:
6014:September 1,
6012:. Retrieved
6008:
5998:
5986:. Retrieved
5978:
5969:
5957:. Retrieved
5949:
5940:
5927:
5918:
5906:. Retrieved
5895:
5886:
5874:. Retrieved
5863:jpl.nasa.gov
5862:
5796:
5790:
5758:. Retrieved
5751:the original
5722:
5709:
5697:. Retrieved
5693:the original
5679:
5667:. Retrieved
5661:
5634:. Retrieved
5625:
5616:
5604:. Retrieved
5595:
5565:. Retrieved
5557:
5529:. Retrieved
5517:jpl.nasa.gov
5516:
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5489:
5477:
5465:. Retrieved
5459:
5449:
5437:. Retrieved
5431:
5404:. Retrieved
5396:
5386:
5376:December 19,
5374:. Retrieved
5368:
5358:
5346:. Retrieved
5338:
5312:. Retrieved
5292:
5288:
5278:
5261:
5249:. Retrieved
5243:
5212:. Retrieved
5201:jpl.nasa.gov
5200:
5175:. Retrieved
5167:
5157:
5145:. Retrieved
5141:
5131:
5119:. Retrieved
5110:
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5081:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5024:
5007:
5006:Timeline of
4988:
4981:
4854:
4847:
4801:
4705:
4690:
4670:
4664:
4654:
4651:
4632:
4537:
4521:
4505:
4471:
4451:
4402:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4340:habitability
4324:
4323:
4316: Saturn
4306:
4291:
4244:
4224:
4223:
4179:
4178:
4164:
4162:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4112:
4096:
4081:
4079:
4063:increase in
4055:
4053:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4010:
3990:
3988:
3966:
3964:
3928:
3912:
3897:
3847:
3845:
3805:
3803:
3767:
3758:
3756:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3626:
3598:
3573:
3572:
3559:Titan flybys
3554:
3549:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3523:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3478:
3466:
3464:
3454:
3446:Phoebe flyby
3437:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3400:
3398:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3291:
3277:
3253:
3246:
3233:
3230:
3220:
3201:
3200:
3173:
3167:October 2018
3164:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3121:
3109:Please help
3104:verification
3101:
3076:
3066:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3023:
3021:
3018:during flyby
2951:
2936:
2869:
2854:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2748:
2746:
2725:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2683:mini-packets
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2656:
2650:
2645:
2629:
2623:
2590:
2578:New Horizons
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2553:New Horizons
2551:
2547:
2524:
2521:solar arrays
2518:
2509:
2476:towards the
2463:
2443:
2407:upper hybrid
2308:
2224:magnetometer
2204:spectrometer
2184:
2183:
2114:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
1996:
1995:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:, after the
1910:
1897:
1876:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1827:Soviet Union
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1787:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1750:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1379:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1336:
1301:
1300:
1248:
1247:
1227:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1197:
1184:
1182:
1169:
1159:
1155:spectrometer
1122:
1111:
1104:Aérospatiale
1099:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
1000:
996:Solar System
991:
990:, described
975:
953:
944:
938:
925:
913:
908:
860:
859:
789:
788:
787:
777:
757:
750:
699:Landing site
691:Landing date
682:
648:
587:(Incidental)
557:system
480:Kronocentric
448:Last contact
318:
310:
307:Manufacturer
273:
264:
255:
246:
241:3 years
232:
218:
198:
120: /
113:
108: /
101:
86:
77:
74:Mission type
47:
33:
29:
15880:Spaceflight
15787:Denis Papin
15711:Huygens Gap
15355:Exploration
15251:Erebor Mons
15190:Eyre Lacuna
15174:Vid Flumina
15133:Neagh Lacus
15083:Abaya Lacus
15060:Ligeia Mare
15055:Kraken Mare
14857:Exploration
14819:Norse group
14785:Inuit group
14361:Deep fields
14289:and artwork
14287:NASA images
13859:Opportunity
13328:NASA Social
13154:and history
12846:Opportunity
12705:Deep Impact
12308:Longjiang-2
12294:Opportunity
12275:Longjiang-1
12153:Deep Impact
11813:BepiColombo
11308:(2031–2032)
10828:BepiColombo
10697:Exploration
9750:CICLOPS.org
9479:sci.esa.int
9449:sci.esa.int
8611:December 5,
8542:December 5,
8412:October 29,
8142:November 9,
7417:October 15,
7387:January 18,
7305:January 15,
7261:10919/36022
7249:"Chapter 3"
7232:January 19,
6910:November 1,
6496:October 10,
6466:October 10,
6307:www.esa.int
5988:January 24,
5959:February 3,
5950:sci.esa.int
5928:sci.esa.int
5626:sci.esa.int
5596:sci.esa.int
5567:January 25,
5111:sci.esa.int
4220:Dione flyby
4090:HD 189733 b
4084:observed a
3939:terrestrial
3919:Great Lakes
3892:Ligeia Mare
3873:Ligeia Mare
3699:eruptions.
3288:radio waves
3206:faint rings
2659:Michio Kaku
2596:solid-state
2586:Kuiper belt
2580:mission to
2409:line) or a
2343:ultraviolet
2216:ultraviolet
2208:cosmic dust
2180:Description
2054:Instruments
2033:10 and 1.53
1368:, lasting 6
1167:of France.
882:space probe
868:mission by
724: /
711:192°20′06″W
402:Launch site
371:Launch date
330:Launch mass
15890:Categories
15506:In fiction
15375:Pioneer 11
15311:Shangri-La
15281:Mezzoramia
15108:Kivu Lacus
15093:Feia Lacus
15065:Punga Mare
15020:Atmosphere
14896:Pioneer 11
14887:retirement
14752:Polydeuces
14677:Epimetheus
14667:Prometheus
14641:S/2009 S 1
14449:Moon rocks
14209:Astronauts
14202:NASA lists
14059:OSIRIS-REx
13893:helicopter
13761:Pioneer 11
13754:Pioneer 10
13557:Hitchhiker
13432:suborbital
13269:Space Race
12742:spacecraft
12608:helicopter
12420:helicopter
12359:Mangalyaan
11991:Pioneer 10
11909:OSIRIS-REx
11890:MINERVA-II
11199:3MV-1 No.2
11189:2MV-2 No.1
11184:2MV-1 No.2
11179:2MV-1 No.1
10843:(en route)
10837:(en route)
10831:(en route)
10823:(en route)
10556:Cancelled,
10362:Pioneer 10
10098:(on Titan)
10076:retirement
10033:Pioneer 11
9871:Spacecraft
9140:(JPG/TIFF)
9118:August 20,
8822:January 2,
8792:August 20,
8759:January 5,
8641:August 20,
8579:August 20,
8561:(JPG/TIFF)
8483:2301.05259
8112:August 20,
8079:January 9,
8053:August 20,
8015:August 20,
7913:1805.10286
7804:August 20,
7680:August 20,
7646:August 29,
7442:(1): 1–8.
7188:August 30,
6943:August 20,
6792:August 20,
6616:August 20,
6059:(Report).
6040:August 20,
5876:August 14,
5760:August 14,
5636:August 22,
5406:August 30,
5314:January 4,
5177:August 20,
5051:References
4975:Europlanet
4744:Prometheus
4728:Epimetheus
4689:Saturn by
4392:7 Days Out
4378:Emmy Award
4336:protection
4159:Rhea flyby
4147:scientist
3975:cosmic ray
3752:librations
3433:S/2009 S 1
3405:Keeler gap
3375:Polydeuces
3304:space-time
3240:of NASA's
3225:transiting
3208:, and its
3137:newspapers
2611:transients
2482:exoplanets
2277:solar wind
2194:mapper, a
1985:(110
1960:trajectory
1796:Sally Ride
1625:Prometheus
1618:Epimetheus
1285:atmosphere
1244:Objectives
1143:radiometer
1125:orbiter's
1098:developed
986:Director,
730: (
708:10°34′23″S
415:Contractor
15856:Astronomy
15816:Wikiquote
15432:Dragonfly
15396:Voyager 2
15389:Voyager 1
15341:Tui Regio
15261:Guabonito
15246:Doom Mons
15183:Dry lakes
14915:Voyager 2
14908:Voyager 1
14835:Astronomy
14715:Enceladus
14595:Geography
14476:Moon tree
14297:Earthrise
14172:Goldstone
14069:Mars 2020
14038:Voyager 2
14031:Voyager 1
13967:Curiosity
13911:operating
13909:Currently
13891:Ingenuity
13828:MESSENGER
13807:Sojourner
13736:Mercury 3
13726:Apollo 11
13673:Discovery
13663:Explorers
13252:Augustine
13216:Augustine
12725:Explorers
12671:Voyager 2
12664:Voyager 1
12606:Ingenuity
12592:Mars 2020
12418:Ingenuity
12341:Chang'e 5
12302:Beresheet
12187:MESSENGER
12064:Chang'e 1
11938:Voyager 2
11931:Voyager 1
11885:Hayabusa2
11879:Chang'e 2
11786:Mars 2020
11780:Tianwen-1
11772:Curiosity
11706:Chang'e 6
11696:Queqiao 2
11676:Chang'e 5
11663:Chang'e 4
11658:Chang'e 3
11412:Laplace-P
11407:Mercury-P
11276:Dragonfly
11204:Kosmos 27
11194:Kosmos 21
11174:Mariner 1
11017:MESSENGER
10972:Venera 11
10962:Mariner 5
10947:Mariner 2
10639:Pioneer H
10624:Laplace-P
10512:Tianwen-4
10383:Voyager 1
10192:Enceladus
10133:Dragonfly
10047:Voyager 2
10040:Voyager 1
9926:Namesakes
9521:April 15,
9489:April 15,
9459:April 15,
9240:April 14,
9207:August 1,
8890:April 14,
8856:April 14,
8500:255825649
8074:Space.com
7973:0003-0996
7714:April 14,
7675:0081-0304
7160:March 21,
6988:108288660
6875:CiteSeerX
6837:122119953
6760:120116482
6526:August 7,
6282:Space.com
6035:Space.com
6009:Space.com
5908:April 14,
5839:ignored (
5829:cite book
5821:128716661
5780:ignored (
5770:cite book
5699:April 16,
5606:April 15,
5107:"Huygens"
4787:CICLOPS:
4724:Enceladus
4362:Discovery
4352:Discovery
3979:safe mode
3935:hurricane
3902:(such as
3741:its moons
3689:in 2005,
3687:Enceladus
3501:Voyager 1
3479:Cassini's
3475:Voyager 2
3383:Voyager 2
3312:frequency
3296:frequency
2974:Enceladus
2803:bandwidth
2797:probe to
2666:Telemetry
2236:Telemetry
2230:/neutral
2084:Saturn's
2005:plutonium
1915:-powered
1808:mission.
1782:formed a
1516:Enceladus
1394:Itinerary
1384:Enceladus
1264:satellite
1032:parachute
988:Jim Green
771:Curiosity
609:Flyby of
581:Flyby of
549:Flyby of
521:Flyby of
493:Flyby of
395:Centaur-T
382: UTC
135:1997-061A
129:COSPAR ID
15223:Features
15041:and seas
14967:Category
14880:timeline
14812:Albiorix
14773:Hyperion
14520:Category
14182:Canberra
14094:timeline
14082:timeline
14018:timeline
13974:timeline
13871:observed
13866:timeline
13834:Aquarius
13774:timeline
13747:Magellan
13709:missions
13607:Surveyor
13543:programs
13473:Shuttle–
13414:programs
13246:Aldridge
13165:creation
12924:Surveyor
12918:Stardust
12872:QuikSCAT
12782:Magellan
12761:Herschel
12555:GRACE-FO
12534:ACRIMSAT
12131:Stardust
12108:Hayabusa
11827:Akatsuki
11648:CAPSTONE
11447:TMK-Mavr
11359:Venera-D
11258:EnVision
11239:Orbiters
11082:Venera 7
11046:Venera 3
10957:Venera 2
10941:Venera 1
10902:Venera 9
10891:Magellan
10883:Orbiters
10804:Akatsuki
10796:Orbiters
10714:Callisto
10709:Ganymede
10558:concepts
10477:En route
10450:(active)
10432:Orbiters
10146:(target)
10144:Proposed
10071:timeline
10057:Orbiters
9905:Timeline
9724:Archived
9681:Archived
9612:(2002).
9562:(1997).
9429:July 26,
9306:July 26,
9234:Archived
9181:July 27,
8979:July 24,
8972:BBC News
8951:July 24,
8944:BBC News
8690:Fox News
8662:BBC News
8504:Archived
8441:Archived
8348:June 26,
8314:April 4,
8288:28990283
8280:24700854
8226:April 7,
8220:BBC News
8192:Phys.org
8172:July 20,
7981:27858995
7940:67840660
7906:(1): 1.
7879:June 22,
7776:20749556
7768:15731440
7639:NBC News
7566:BBC News
7533:July 28,
7501:14508481
7361:July 26,
7299:Archived
7265:Archived
7109:16527971
6700:24111692
6692:27081064
6582:July 30,
6346:April 5,
6316:April 5,
6225:Archived
5902:Archived
5747:34965357
5663:BBC News
5531:July 28,
5348:July 12,
5147:June 15,
5121:July 30,
4968:See also
4792:Archived
4754:Glossary
4648:Missions
4184:Hyperion
4065:ethylene
3591:gigabits
3578:Saturn's
3268:Adrastea
3054:asteroid
2829:Cassini'
2626:momentum
2624:To gain
2584:and the
2529:GPHS-RTG
2513:GPHS-RTG
2314:aerosols
2202:mapping
2200:infrared
2119:Optical
2037:10
1944:Phobos 1
1879:assembly
1597:Hyperion
1479:Earth's
1325:Titan IV
1317:Titan IV
1312:using a
1222:Flagship
1069:Overview
901:Flagship
864:, was a
629:Distance
601:Distance
573:Distance
541:Distance
513:Distance
438:Disposal
338:Dry mass
265:Solstice
219:En route
98:Operator
15842:Portals
15679:Huygens
15494:Related
15480:Oceanus
15412:Huygens
15336:Tsegihi
15025:Climate
14934:Fiction
14927:Related
14872:Huygens
14800:Siarnaq
14795:Paaliaq
14779:Iapetus
14733:Calypso
14728:Telesto
14709:Pallene
14699:Methone
14687:Aegaeon
14672:Pandora
14657:Daphnis
14612:Hexagon
14586:Outline
14532:Commons
14410:Related
14219:by year
14214:by name
13991:GOES 15
13981:GOES 14
13898:flights
13884:InSight
13840:Cassini
13768:Galileo
13693:SIMPLEx
13668:Voyager
13636:Current
13592:Pioneer
13562:Mariner
13541:Robotic
13522:Artemis
13495:Current
13438:Mercury
13430: (
13323:NASA TV
13262:General
13161:History
13059:Caltech
13039:(MAX-C)
13015:FINESSE
12994:SPHEREx
12940:Ulysses
12883:Rosetta
12867:Pioneer
12861:Phoenix
12802:(MarCO)
12788:Mariner
12771:Jason-1
12750:Genesis
12736:Galileo
12561:InSight
12400:Zhurong
12392:Pragyan
12382:Luna 25
12366:InSight
12318:Pragyan
12252:Cassini
12231:ExoMars
12211:Rosetta
12194:PROCYON
12070:Ulysses
12053:Phoenix
12029:Huygens
12017:Genesis
11998:Galileo
11860:Jupiter
11847:Jupiter
11819:Mercury
11736:ExoMars
11711:ICUBE-Q
11691:Queqiao
11643:ARTEMIS
11504:Related
11485:Mariner
11306:DAVINCI
11252:VERITAS
11075:Landers
11029:Shin-en
11003:Galileo
10650:Trident
10634:OKEANOS
10534:(2020s)
10531:Shensuo
10466:Galileo
10440:Galileo
10399:Ulysses
10342:Jupiter
10249:Oceanus
10156:, rings
10125:Planned
10095:Huygens
10087:Landers
9898:Mission
9887:Huygens
9814:Cassini
9806:Cassini
9779:Huygens
9761:Cassini
9754:Cassini
9721:website
9711:by the
9709:website
9697:website
9687:by the
9678:website
9088:May 29,
9054:May 11,
8260:Bibcode
8251:Science
7918:Bibcode
7833:Bibcode
7748:Bibcode
7739:Science
7606:Bibcode
7592:Cassini
7509:4337125
7481:Bibcode
7444:Bibcode
7330:May 10,
7101:3845771
7081:Bibcode
7072:Science
7042:Bibcode
6968:Bibcode
6897:3035894
6867:Bibcode
6817:Bibcode
6730:Bibcode
6672:Bibcode
6663:Science
6405:July 1,
6080:Bibcode
5801:Bibcode
5727:Bibcode
5297:Bibcode
5272:YouTube
5091:July 1,
4982:Galileo
4855:Huygens
4848:Huygens
4802:Cassini
4740:Pandora
4691:Cassini
4671:Cassini
4665:Cassini
4633:Cassini
4538:Cassini
4522:Cassini
4506:Cassini
4472:Cassini
4452:Cassini
4403:Cassini
4396:Cassini
4383:Cassini
4370:Cassini
4358:Cassini
4325:Cassini
4307:Cassini
4292:Cassini
4225:Cassini
4180:Cassini
4165:Cassini
4145:Cassini
4133:Cassini
4082:Cassini
4056:Cassini
4032:Cassini
4015:equinox
3991:Cassini
3971:Iapetus
3967:Cassini
3931:eyewall
3904:methane
3852:Voyager
3848:Cassini
3806:Cassini
3759:Cassini
3748:Cassini
3737:Cassini
3728:Cassini
3716:Cassini
3709:Cassini
3704:Cassini
3696:Cassini
3691:Cassini
3679:Cassini
3655:Huygens
3651:Cassini
3646:Huygens
3642:Cassini
3627:Huygens
3599:Huygens
3586:methane
3574:Cassini
3550:Cassini
3542:Cassini
3537:Cassini
3495:Cassini
3467:Cassini
3455:Cassini
3429:Cassini
3425:Aegaeon
3421:Cassini
3413:Cassini
3409:Daphnis
3403:in the
3401:Cassini
3394:Daphnis
3371:Pallene
3367:Methone
3363:Cassini
3359:Cassini
3335:Cassini
3331:Voyager
3302:causes
3292:Cassini
3234:Cassini
3221:Cassini
3202:Cassini
3195:Jupiter
3151:scholar
3050:Cassini
3043:Cassini
3024:Cassini
2996:Iapetus
2952:Cassini
2937:Cassini
2881:Jupiter
2855:Cassini
2833:Huygens
2825:Cassini
2818:Huygens
2811:Cassini
2799:Cassini
2795:Huygens
2788:Cassini
2783:(ASI).
2776:Cassini
2772:Huygens
2749:Huygens
2726:Huygens
2702:Huygens
2690:Cassini
2679:Cassini
2672:Cassini
2651:Cassini
2646:Cassini
2642:Jupiter
2630:Cassini
2607:MOSFETs
2574:Cassini
2570:Cassini
2565:Ulysses
2559:Galileo
2548:Cassini
2525:Cassini
2510:Cassini
2444:Cassini
2256:gravity
2240:antenna
2226:and an
2185:Cassini
2142:in situ
2111:Summary
2023:Cassini
2013:Cassini
2009:Huygens
1997:Cassini
1991:delta-v
1964:Cassini
1956:Cassini
1933:Cassini
1929:Cassini
1904:, 1988)
1814:Cassini
1806:Cassini
1741:History
1732:Methone
1725:Calypso
1718:Telesto
1632:Pandora
1495:Iapetus
1380:Cassini
1373:⁄
1366:Cassini
1359:equinox
1355:Cassini
1351:Cassini
1343:million
1339:billion
1321:Centaur
1271:Iapetus
1249:Cassini
1234:Voyager
1229:Galileo
1198:Huygens
1185:Cassini
1151:visible
1123:Cassini
1112:Huygens
1100:Huygens
1080:Huygens
1075:Cassini
1063:Cassini
1055:Cassini
1048:Cassini
1044:Cassini
1037:landing
1028:Cassini
1024:Huygens
1017:Cassini
1002:Cassini
976:Cassini
972:Jupiter
945:Cassini
926:Cassini
914:Huygens
909:Cassini
903:-class
861:Cassini
766:Galileo
732:Huygens
684:Huygens
649:Cassini
640:orbiter
611:Jupiter
376: (
319:Huygens
311:Cassini
256:Equinox
199:Overall
162:Website
150:SATCAT
114:Huygens
102:Cassini
87:Huygens
84:orbiter
78:Cassini
48:Cassini
15611:(1698)
15605:(1692)
15597:(1673)
15589:(1659)
15583:(1657)
15577:(1654)
15571:(1651)
15454:TALISE
15439:AVIATR
15435:(2028)
15346:Xanadu
15321:Sinlap
15276:Menrva
15241:Dilmun
15162:Rivers
14824:Phoebe
14790:Kiviuq
14747:Helene
14722:Tethys
14575:Saturn
14177:Madrid
14110:Future
14025:NuSTAR
13956:THEMIS
13878:RHESSI
13815:Spirit
13612:Viking
13602:Ranger
13453:Skylab
13448:Apollo
13443:Gemini
13301:Budget
13254:(2009)
13248:(2004)
13242:(2004)
13236:(2003)
13230:(2002)
13228:CFUSAI
13224:(1996)
13218:(1990)
13212:(1989)
13206:(1987)
13200:(1986)
13198:Rogers
13194:(1986)
13188:(1958)
13182:(1958)
13176:(1915)
13152:Policy
12959:(WIRE)
12953:(WFPC)
12946:Viking
12896:(SRTM)
12889:Seasat
12877:Ranger
12838:Spirit
12776:Kepler
12643:(SMAP)
12637:(MISR)
12546:(AIRS)
12528:Psyche
12521:Euclid
12263:MASCOT
12217:Philae
12200:IKAROS
12118:Spirit
12086:LCROSS
12081:SELENE
12005:Nozomi
11914:Psyche
11681:Danuri
11668:Yutu-2
11473:Venera
11400:Flybys
11390:Zephyr
11369:VISAGE
11302:(2025)
11285:(2028)
11279:(2028)
11268:Flybys
11260:(2031)
11254:(2031)
11248:(2028)
11148:Vega 1
11122:Vega 1
11023:IKAROS
10992:Vega 1
10952:Zond 1
10933:Flybys
10814:Flybys
10704:Europa
10548:(2036)
10540:(2025)
10515:(2029)
10507:(2024)
10349:Flybys
10255:TALISE
10243:AVIATR
10176:SPRITE
10164:Kronos
10154:Saturn
10025:Flybys
9970:(moon)
9951:Saturn
9639:
9620:
9597:
9574:
9548:
9336:May 2,
9017:May 2,
8498:
8286:
8278:
7979:
7971:
7938:
7774:
7766:
7673:
7507:
7499:
7472:Nature
7435:Icarus
7107:
7099:
6986:
6895:
6877:
6835:
6758:
6698:
6690:
6371:
5819:
5745:
5497:May 4,
5467:May 2,
4853:HPOC:
4846:HMCS:
4800:CIMS:
4693:, 2016
4636:'s
4480:visual
4476:Saturn
4406:'s
4354:-class
4328:'s
4314:
4305:
4303:
4127:, and
4117:Saturn
4007:Helene
4005:, and
3995:Saturn
3908:ethane
3770:plumes
3671:Europa
3471:Phoebe
3461:(2004)
3459:Phoebe
3440:A Ring
3327:Viking
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3124:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2972:
2970:
2963:Saturn
2961:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2940:'s
2921:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2892:Saturn
2890:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2858:'s
2814:'s
2791:'s
2786:After
2562:, and
2273:plasma
2244:S-band
2212:plasma
2096:Saturn
2047:travel
1753:(1659)
1697:Helene
1604:Phoebe
1509:Tethys
1388:D ring
1238:Viking
1236:, and
1224:-class
1219:was a
1179:Naming
1145:, the
1051:'s
1035:first
970:, and
956:flybys
918:lander
899:. The
889:Saturn
886:planet
872:, the
674:lander
663:Orbits
638:Saturn
613:
585:
525:
497:
409:SLC-40
387:Rocket
274:Finale
271:
262:
253:
239:
225:
211:
205:
93:lander
82:Saturn
51:'s
15681:probe
15231:Adiri
15075:Lakes
15039:Lakes
15009:Titan
14767:Titan
14741:Dione
14704:Anthe
14693:Mimas
14682:Janus
14662:Atlas
14632:Moons
14622:Rings
14122:NISAR
14077:rover
14049:MAVEN
13969:rover
13950:Swift
13861:rover
13822:LADEE
13817:rover
13809:rover
13786:GRAIL
13781:GALEX
13572:MESUR
13517:Orion
13318:NASA+
13294:Chief
13192:Paine
13033:(AFL)
12929:SVLBI
12908:(SIR)
12902:(SME)
12855:NSCAT
12848:rover
12840:rover
12756:GRACE
12730:GALEX
12649:(TES)
12631:(MLS)
12625:(MSL)
12619:(MRO)
12600:rover
12581:(LBT)
12539:ASTER
12408:2024
12402:rover
12394:rover
12373:2023
12347:2022
12337:2020
12331:2020s
12320:rover
12296:rover
12285:MarCO
12281:2019
12259:2018
12242:2017
12226:rover
12206:2016
12182:2015
12164:LADEE
12160:2014
12148:2013
12142:GRAIL
12138:2012
12126:2011
12120:rover
12103:2010
12097:2010s
12060:2009
12048:2008
12036:2006
12024:2005
12012:2004
11986:2003
11969:2001
11963:2000s
11855:Juice
11833:Venus
11794:rover
11774:rover
11758:MAVEN
11670:rover
11541:VeSpR
11457:Vesta
11379:VOICE
11349:HOVER
11344:HAVOC
10782:Venus
10644:SMARA
10468:Probe
10235:Titan
9968:Titan
8496:S2CID
8478:arXiv
8284:S2CID
8246:(PDF)
8040:(PDF)
7977:JSTOR
7936:S2CID
7908:arXiv
7772:S2CID
7734:(PDF)
7505:S2CID
7268:(PDF)
7182:(PDF)
7154:(PDF)
7135:(PDF)
7097:JSTOR
6984:S2CID
6904:(PDF)
6893:S2CID
6855:(PDF)
6833:S2CID
6756:S2CID
6718:(PDF)
6696:S2CID
6430:(PDF)
5817:S2CID
5754:(PDF)
5743:S2CID
5719:(PDF)
5016:Notes
4875:LGA:
4840:HGA:
4736:Mimas
4732:Janus
4332:rings
4295:'
4229:Dione
4125:Venus
4121:Earth
4036:Titan
3999:Dione
3888:Titan
3582:Titan
3530:orbit
3417:Anthe
3264:Metis
3256:rings
3210:moons
3158:JSTOR
3144:books
3032:Venus
2985:Titan
2914:Venus
2903:Earth
2704:probe
2638:Venus
2582:Pluto
2459:pixel
2420:(RSS)
2391:Radar
2366:(MAG)
2290:(CDA)
2252:-band
2188:'
2170:Radar
2063:Titan
2029:(1.23
1772:'
1704:Atlas
1611:Janus
1590:Mimas
1502:Dione
1473:Titan
1292:hazes
1200:probe
1131:radar
1115:'
1082:probe
1005:'
979:'
964:Earth
960:Venus
922:Titan
893:rings
855:-gənz
851:-nee
672:Titan
551:Earth
523:Venus
495:Venus
346:Power
157:25008
91:Titan
62:Names
15362:Past
15306:Selk
15048:Seas
15030:Life
14760:Rhea
14101:PACE
14044:WISE
14007:Juno
13847:Dawn
13791:WMAP
13731:COBE
13719:Past
13550:Past
13428:X-15
13421:Past
13234:CAIB
13204:Ride
13174:NACA
13144:NASA
13054:NASA
12766:IRAS
12698:Dawn
12653:SWOT
12568:Juno
12430:IM-1
12425:SLIM
12269:Dawn
12224:Yutu
11896:Lucy
11841:Juno
11723:Mars
11635:Moon
11495:Vega
11374:VISE
11364:VICI
11354:VAMP
11339:CUVE
11334:AREE
10599:FIRE
10566:Argo
10447:Juno
10018:Past
9701:NASA
9637:ISBN
9618:ISBN
9595:ISBN
9572:ISBN
9546:ISBN
9523:2017
9516:NASA
9491:2017
9461:2017
9431:2024
9424:NASA
9402:2017
9395:NASA
9372:2018
9361:NASA
9338:2017
9331:NASA
9308:2024
9280:2016
9264:NASA
9242:2021
9209:2015
9183:2024
9148:NASA
9120:2015
9113:NASA
9090:2015
9079:NASA
9056:2015
9044:NASA
9019:2017
9003:NASA
8981:2013
8953:2013
8925:2013
8892:2021
8881:NASA
8858:2021
8847:NASA
8824:2011
8817:NASA
8794:2011
8761:2009
8735:2009
8703:2007
8671:2006
8643:2011
8636:NASA
8613:2013
8581:2011
8569:NASA
8544:2013
8537:NASA
8512:2023
8449:2023
8414:2015
8407:NASA
8384:2015
8373:NASA
8350:2014
8339:NASA
8316:2014
8276:PMID
8228:2014
8200:2018
8174:2021
8167:NASA
8144:2020
8137:NASA
8114:2011
8107:NASA
8081:2015
8055:2011
8044:NASA
8017:2011
8002:NASA
7969:ISSN
7881:2020
7870:NASA
7806:2011
7799:NASA
7764:PMID
7716:2014
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