1672:
1699:, although a ÂŁ5 note then had a purchasing power equivalent to ÂŁ273 in 2023, over four times larger than the current largest note of ÂŁ50. On 14 July 1969, the federal government of the United States declared that banknotes of over $ 100 in value would remain legal tender, but any notes in government hands would be destroyed and that no new notes of those denominations would be printed in the future, although such notes were last printed in 1945, 24 years earlier. Canada did the same thing with the CAD$ 1000 banknote beginning on 12 May 2000. Sweden printed 10,000kr banknotes in 1939 and 1958, but declared them invalid after 31 December 1991. Singapore announced on 2 July 2014, that they would no longer produce the SGD$ 10,000 banknote, and it was no longer issued as of 1 October 2014. The
69:
1890:
concept of cash-free bank branches began in Sweden between 2000 and 2005, with a cashless branch being a step towards an upcoming closure of that branch. From around 2008, Swedish banks began giving special hardware to their customers that could be used to process financial transactions (like digital payments of invoices) from home. People still had the choice to use cash, however, and those who wished to do so could still do business in cash at the bank offices that remained.
42:
3972:
1775:. In the United States, almost one-third of the population lacked the full range of basic financial services in 2012. In 2011, an FDIC survey found that approximately one-quarter of households whose annual income was less than $ 15,000 had no bank account. Nationwide, 7.7% of people in United States did not have bank accounts, with levels over 20% in some cities and rural counties, and over 40% in some
1903:
outsized impact. When they organise events and want to take entrance fees or sell items or snacks, many do not carry cash, often there are problems depositing larger amounts of cash into bank accounts, and card reader agreements in banks are expensive. In response, Swedish banks have introduced a mobile telephone payment system known as
468:, and electronic bills and banking, all in widespread use. At this point cash had become actively disfavored in some kinds of transaction which would historically have been very ordinary to pay with physical tender, and larger cash amounts were in some situations treated with suspicion, due to its versatility and ease of use in
802:
A common measure of how close to a "cashless society" a country is becoming is some measure of the number of cashless payments or person to person transactions are done in that country. For instance, the Nordic countries conduct more cashless transactions than most other
Europeans. Levels of cash in
1893:
This trend began around 2008, and peaked in connection with the 2015–17 exchange of all
Swedish coins and banknotes (except for the 10 kronor coin). According to the banks' head offices, cash was no longer required as withdrawals and deposits were possible (in limited amounts) through machines. But
1786:
initiative, Singapore has been moving towards a cashless economy. In 2017, 14.4% of the country's population was over 65 years old, and the majority of seniors still used cash as their only method of payment. Not used to digital payment methods, troubleshooting issues such as managing lost cards or
1610:
money (though stolen cards are still a risk), theft of cash by employees, miscounting of change, and burglary or robbery of cash. The costs of physical security, physically processing cash (withdrawing from the bank, transporting, counting) are also reduced once a business goes completely cashless,
807:
Across the 33 countries covered in the
European Payment Cards Yearbook 2015–16, the average number of card payments per capita per year is 88.4. In comparison, the average Dane makes 268.6 card payments each year, the average Finn 243.6, the average Icelander 375.5, the average Norwegian 353.7, and
491:
By 2016, only about 2% of the value transacted in Sweden was by cash, and only about 20% of retail transactions were in cash. Fewer than half of bank branches in the country conducted cash transactions. The move away from cash is attributed to banks convincing employers to use direct deposit in the
1910:
The banks (and initially media as well) have dismissed complaints about the change as "a problem for elderly people" only, essentially claiming that some were only struggling to learn new technology, rather than being unhappy with a totally new transaction method. Opponents of the change, however,
1902:
The limited availability of cash in Sweden has caused difficulties for smaller boutiques, shops, and convenience stores, which depend on cash, as they can no longer deposit their daily takings or obtain any change. Non-profit organisations, which are very common in Sweden, have also experienced an
1738:
In a digitized economy, payment made will be recorded digitally (cash payments are also typically recorded). With digitally-recorded transactions, certain institutions such as the seller may have potential access to this information (though the record is likely to be anonymous to the seller). Such
823:
Even though a cashless society is widely discussed, most countries are increasing their currency supply. Exceptions are South Africa whose supply of banknotes fluctuates wildly compared to most nations, and Sweden which has significantly reduced its currency supply since 2007. China's currency has
1889:
is one of the best examples of the results of efforts to create a cashless society. Sweden is exceptional in that the amount of cash in circulation has reduced substantially. Swedish society changed profoundly from 2000 to 2017 due to attempts to replace all cash with digital payment methods. The
1694:
Some have proposed a "reduced cash" system, where small bills and coins are available for anonymous, everyday transactions, but high-denomination notes are eliminated. This would make the amount of cash needed to move large amounts of value physically awkward and easier to detect. Large notes are
1715:
Rather than conducting "costly and periodic" surveys and sampling of real-world transactions, "real data" collected on citizens' spending can assist in devising and implementing policies that are deduced from actual data. With recorded financial transactions, the government can better track the
1963:
laws require evidence of sources for higher amounts of cash. The banks in Sweden blame EU laws, but the EU laws allow transactions of below €15,000, while
Swedish banks require evidence and can refuse to accept or confiscate cash without lower limit and have high requirements of documentation.
1815:
as to which payment methods buyers and sellers will adopt and accept. If buyers prefer to use one type of payment method while sellers prefer another, the volume of transactions can be affected due to miscoordination. Such concerns are part of the debate as to whether the government should get
1746:
also comes into place as countries head towards a cashless society. Cashless transactions leave a record in the database of the company as one makes a payment, and this information becomes a way for the prediction of future events. Through a large number of records, data mining then allows the
1724:
As digital payments are made, transactions are kept in records. Cashless payments facilitate the tracking of spending expenditure and record the movement of money. Having recorded transactions, it can help citizens to refine their budget more efficiently because people can see their recorded
1951:
was almost forced to close after their bank of 20 years refused to acknowledge them as a customer after the billiard club refused any other payments but cash (the bank claimed that the cash is not traceable in their crime investigation activities). A traditional summer market in northern
1934:
or "The Cash
Petition". This movement has quickly grown to a considerable size, with many contributors describing troubles caused by the increasingly hostile attitude expressed by banks against cash. The range of complaints covers a wide variety of issues. For instance, the TV3 figure
479:
The 2016 United States User
Consumer Survey Study claims that 75% of respondents preferred a credit or debit card as their payment method while only 11% of respondents preferred cash. Since the founding of both companies in 2009, digital payments can now be made by methods such as
431:
and daily life in many parts of the world, and transactions which would historically have been undertaken with cash are often now undertaken electronically. Some countries now set limits on transactions and transaction values for which non-electronic payment may be legally used.
2920:
1898:
per week, and similar "security rules" for deposits were established as well. Later, all the major regular banks with branches began an enforced process of either closing down branches or making them "cash-free". Today very few cash handling bank branches still exist.
1943:
with the Swish system via his mobile phone, because he almost immediately received an advertisement from the same pharmacy, raising privacy concerns. Svante
Linusson, professor of mathematics, said that "the liquidation of cash is slowly destroying our democracy".
448:. The trend towards the use of non-cash transactions and settlement in daily life began during the 1990s when electronic banking became common. By the 2010s, digital payment methods were widespread in many countries, with examples including intermediaries such as
1923:" ("If war or crisis comes") contained a list of items to store permanently at home to be prepared, which includes "cash in small denominations". A wave of negative criticism followed in Sweden from experts outside the banking sphere expressing their concerns.
2613:
Li, Jun; Panagiotou, Gianni; Webster, Christopher J.; Yan, Aixin; Baker, David; Chow, Billy K. C.; Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Sarkar, Chinmoy; Xu, Zeling; Yueqiong, Ni; Kang, Kang; Zheng, Tingting; Dissanayake, Thrimendra; Heshiki, Yoshitaro (23 September 2017).
380:
This article focuses only on the term "cashless society" in the sense of a move towards a society in which cash is replaced by its digital equivalent—in other words, legal tender (money) exists, is recorded, and is exchanged only in electronic digital
1750:
Going all-digital, these data retrieved from transactions lead to widespread surveillance where individuals can be tracked by both corporations and the government. These records might also be available to hackers and could be made public after a
1611:
as is the risk that the business will not have enough cash on hand to make the change. Cashless payments are also known to be more efficient and safer compared to cash payments, and they can always be traced back afterwards as well.
1795:
When payment transactions are stored in servers, it increases the risks of unauthorized breaches by hackers. Financial cyber attacks and digital crime also form a greater risks when going cashless. Many companies already suffer
1911:
contend that the technological excitement has changed too much too fast, saying that many dangers lurk in the reeds. Concerns have been expressed about a rising number of fraudulent transactions, and the fast development of
3505:
488:. Venmo allows individuals to make direct payments to other individuals without having cash accessible. Square is an innovation that allows primarily small businesses to receive payments from their clients.
1767:, and youth. Electronic transactions require a deposit account (in a bank or other deposit-taking financial institution) and some familiarity with the payment system. Many people in impoverished areas are
1565:
law from 1978, no businesses in the state of
Massachusetts can "discriminate against a cash buyer by requiring the use of credit". It was the only U.S. state to have such a law until March 2019, when
1956:
went into bankruptcy after a computer error. Because people had been required to pay with phones (Swish) and cards, there was not enough money available for them to conduct business in their market.
1811:
Thus far, cashless electronic payment systems have been predominately provided by a variety of different private sector companies. With so many different cashless payment options, there can be
1859:
like gold). Certain types of money could be set to "expire" and be worthless if not spent in specific ways or by specific times. This is also possible with cash, if the government allows high
396:
or coins, but instead with digital information (usually an electronic representation of money). Cashless societies have existed from the time when human society came into existence, based on
1803:
Attacks on or accidental outages of telecommunication infrastructure also prevent electronic payments from working, unlike cash transactions which can continue with minimal infrastructure.
2314:
2039:
3031:
423:
Such a concept has been discussed widely, particularly because the world is experiencing a rapid and increasing use of digital methods of recording, managing, and exchanging money in
3982:
3057:
2815:
2529:
357:
3513:
1828:
If governments were to monopolize cashless payment systems, e.g. by the issuance of CBDC, then in addition to tracking all transactions, the government would also be able to:
1695:
also the most valuable to counterfeit. The United
Kingdom declared only banknotes of ÂŁ5 or less were legal tender near the end of World War II on 16 April 1945 due to fear of
1687:, performing illegal transactions, and funding illegal activity in a cashless society. Many countries have regulated, restricted, or banned private digital currencies such as
2405:
2796:
476:. Additionally, payment with a large amount of cash has been actively prohibited by some suppliers and retailers, to the point of coining the expression of a "war on cash".
2263:
3214:
2560:
1691:, partly to prevent illegal transactions. Large amounts of value can also be stored in real estate, antiques, or commodities like diamonds, gold, silver, and platinum.
3472:
2277:
1800:, including of payment systems. Electronic accounts are vulnerable to unauthorized access and transfer of funds to another account or unauthorized purchases.
1763:
Cashless systems can be problematic for people who currently rely on cash, who are concentrated in certain populations such as the poor, disabled, elderly,
2720:
3159:
1877:
Restrict the type of consumer goods that can be purchased with a certain amount of money (and parents might be able to do the same with allowance money)
2346:
3846:
2884:
2431:
508:
Among the first sociological studies about cashless societies, see Aldo
Haesler, Sociologie de l'argent et postmodernité, Geneva & Paris 1995.
2588:
2457:
1716:
movement of the money through financial records which enables them to track the black money and illegal transactions taking place in the country.
2321:
3385:
2046:
2132:
2229:
1641:, etc.). However, cash has been found to be less likely to transmit disease than commonly touched items such as credit card terminals and
2764:
1915:
contributes to fears of hacking within the system. The debate about a cashless Sweden became more complicated when the Swedish authority
1688:
2967:
3215:"The High Price of a Cashless Society: Exchanging Privacy Rights for Digital Cash, 14J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 303 (1996)"
3536:
2537:
364:
3924:
3673:
2977:
1225:
The amount of cash in circulation was much lower in past decades in all countries except Sweden. The oldest comparative figures at
2154:
3629:
2483:
1671:
3895:
2510:
2255:
3610:
3446:
1663:
found cashless locations (with customers using payment cards or the chain's mobile app) could process transactions 15% faster.
808:
the average Swede 270.2. This makes card payments in the Nordics two-and-a-half to four times higher than the European average.
3185:
3754:; Nordea, Swedbank, SEB and Handelsbanken are all banks that have offices in Sweden, only very few local savings banks remain
2090:
1739:
transactions could allow businesses a way to build an understanding of their customers based on observed spending patterns.
3479:
3133:
313:
2391:
2375:
1226:
3588:
3418:
3976:
3655:
3830:
3765:
3328:
1927:
1585:
became the third U.S. state to outlaw cashless businesses when its ban took effect on 1 July 2019. A requirement in
1561:
A few states and cities in the United States require the ability to pay with cash for certain transactions. Under a
2972:
2288:
3086:
3251:
2797:"Economics Professor: Negative Interest Rates Aimed at Driving Small Banks Out of Business and Eliminating Cash"
4003:
3950:
3732:
1817:
128:
2350:
3850:
2895:
2172:
3003:
400:
and other methods of exchange, and cashless transactions have also become possible in modern times using
323:
255:
230:
123:
3082:
1787:
passwords and managing their expenses can create potential trouble for anyone transitioning from cash.
333:
76:
3718:
2616:"Toward a Metagenomic Understanding on the Bacterial Composition and Resistome in Hong Kong Banknotes"
1894:
for "safety regulations", the maximum amount a bank customer could withdraw was about 5,000 to 10,000
3998:
3784:
1833:
170:
3912:
3160:"Ignoring this one point about a cashless society could have a huge impact on Singaporeans' finance"
2857:
2112:
1666:
1573:, and airport stores have exceptions under the legislation. The bill came shortly after the city of
803:
circulation can widely differ among two countries with a similar measure of cashless transactions.
461:
350:
95:
17:
3392:
3107:
2981:
3802:
3752:
3701:
1764:
308:
198:
118:
35:
2372:
Statistics on payment, clearing and settlement systems in the CPMI countries - Figures for 2018
473:
389:
289:
135:
1725:
transactions in their bank account and know where their ingoings and outgoings are occurring.
3277:
3111:
1812:
1700:
1621:
285:
213:
108:
3356:
2945:
2561:"D.C. Council votes to outlaw cashless stores, allow some prisoners to seek early release"
2371:
1589:
that businesses accept cash took effect on 19 November 2020. A similar law was enacted in
8:
2565:
2388:
Statistics on payment, clearing and settlement systems in 11 countries - Figures for 1988
2009:
338:
85:
2816:"Does going cashless make you tax-rich? Evidence from India's demonetization experiment"
2075:. Hitotsubashi University IER Economic Research Series. Vol. 48. pp. 125–139.
1747:
organization to compile a profile of an individual through its records in the database.
523:
Estimated share of payments done by cashless methods (from studies published 2008–2013)
2694:
2642:
2615:
2100:
1848:
1696:
492:
1960s, banks charging for checks starting in the 1990s, banks launching the convenient
428:
328:
318:
208:
203:
184:
165:
113:
3745:
3735:
3728:
3711:
3572:
3555:
3423:
3035:
2838:
2686:
2666:
2665:
Angelakis, Emmanouil; Bibi, Fehmida; Alghamdi, Ahmed; Elshemi, Adel (February 2014).
2647:
2086:
2004:
1994:
1871:
260:
2698:
3567:
2830:
2678:
2637:
2627:
2076:
1984:
1979:
1912:
1680:
1633:
469:
445:
413:
265:
250:
223:
175:
160:
2834:
2484:"SF 'Cashless Ban' FAQ: How to pay cash at Amazon Go, and more questions answered"
3834:
3333:
3235:
O'Dwyer, Rachel (2018). Gloerich, Inte; Lovink, Geert; De Vries, Paricia (eds.).
2924:
2891:
2019:
1940:
1936:
1904:
1874:
and quickly prevent certain individuals from buying anything or earning any money
1667:
Elimination of high-denomination notes for purposes of reducing criminal activity
1590:
493:
298:
245:
145:
140:
103:
60:
2204:"The Hard Cashless Society: Millennial Economics and Street Hop in Johannesburg"
2081:
68:
3908:
3008:
2014:
1974:
1919:
or "the Authority for Community Protection and Preparedness" in their writing "
1856:
1570:
453:
441:
409:
303:
275:
150:
3992:
3749:
2842:
2632:
1999:
1960:
1895:
1840:
1651:, to state that "Cash poses no particular risk of infection for the public".
1586:
1578:
1562:
270:
240:
218:
2203:
1679:
One significant societal advantage cited by proponents is the difficulty of
2690:
2651:
1989:
1783:
1776:
1582:
1574:
485:
235:
50:
3058:"Singapore to stop issuing S$ 10,000 banknote to prevent money laundering"
2458:"Protecting The 'Unbanked' By Banning Cashless Businesses In Philadelphia"
1233:
Banknotes and coins in circulation per inhabitant in USD at exchange rate
3828:
3827:
The entire folder is available in English; PDF-page 6, folder page 10 at
2746:
1864:
1847:
by discouraging savings (most effective if combined with bans on barter,
1797:
1768:
1752:
1743:
1684:
1607:
401:
193:
2387:
2682:
2432:"New Jersey becomes second state to ban cashless shops and restaurants"
1660:
1627:
1566:
465:
405:
41:
3302:
2667:"Paper money and coins as potential vectors of transmissible disease"
1860:
1844:
457:
46:
2155:"The UK is getting closer to becoming a completely cashless society"
2032:
1839:
Eliminate the storage of cash as a means to escape nominal negative
30:
This article is about the concept of a society which no longer uses
3715:
3537:"As Society Becomes Increasingly Cashless, Is Massachusetts Ready?"
2814:
Das, Satadru; Gadenne, Lucie; Nandi, Tushar; Warwick, Ross (2023).
2071:
Kitamura, Yukinobu (2022). "A Cashless Society: Facts and Issues".
1953:
1772:
1638:
1229:
were from 1978 and only including the USD and 10 other currencies.
424:
393:
155:
3447:"Govt will seek to ensure no one is left behind in cashless drive"
3383:
3357:"2011 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households"
1948:
3877:
3134:"Why is the Singapore Government So Adamant About Going Cashless"
3061:
2045:. The Fletcher School Tufts University. p. 9. Archived from
1852:
1642:
497:
417:
3971:
3697:
2180:
1886:
449:
397:
2230:"A cashless society? Some retailers turn noses up at currency"
1619:
Cash provides a good home for disease-causing organisms (i.e.
496:
smartphone-to-phone payment system in 2012, and the launch of
3056:
Armstrong, Rachel (2 July 2014). Cushing, Christopher (ed.).
1220:
481:
2745:
Auer, Raphael; Cornelli, Giulio; Frost, Jon (3 April 2020).
2721:"WHO Encourages Use Of Contactless Payments Due To COVID-19"
2664:
1614:
3473:"Privacy, Identity, and the Perils of the Cashless Society"
1704:
31:
3925:"Klassisk biljardhall kan tvingas stänga – står utan bank"
3506:"Forever 21: Hackers breached payment system for 7 months"
3589:"An Overview of the Central Bank Digital Currency Debate"
3556:"Adoption of a new payment method: Experimental evidence"
2862:
2530:"Cashless Business Ban Goes into Effect in New York City"
3239:. Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam. p. 151.
2765:"Cash poses no particular risk of infection for public"
3806:
2813:
2612:
1728:
3587:
Portilla, David L.; Fang, Danjie (1 September 2022).
3554:
Arifovic, Jasmina; Duffy, John; Jiang, Janet (2023).
2511:"Rhode Island Retailers Must Take Cash Under New Law"
1710:
1606:
Cashless payments eliminate several risks, including
1930:, started a movement in the spring of 2016 known as
500:
for small merchants to accept credit cards in 2011.
440:
Early ideas of a cashless economy were expressed by
3766:"Ă…terkommande problem pĂĄ Swish: "Mycket olyckligt""
3419:"Singapore ageing at faster pace than a decade ago"
3230:
3228:
2589:"Going Cashless? Bad for Tax Cheats, Privacy, Poor"
2195:
1907:. But this system has suffered from many problems.
1601:
1596:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3553:
3252:"Inclusivity the key to success of cashless drive"
2509:
2406:"No cash allowed: Stores refusing to accept money"
2133:"Sweden leads the race to become cashless society"
1645:. Such concerns prompted the German central bank,
828:Banknotes and coins in circulation at end of 2018
3656:"What Happens When We Become A Cashless Society?"
2744:
2254:rawjapan; Werner, Richard A. (8 February 2016) .
3990:
3355:Burhouse, Susan; Chu, Karyen (20 October 2016).
3329:"Why So Many Americans Don't have Bank Accounts"
3225:
2202:Kai-Lewis, Cole; Naomi, Abimbola (26 May 2016).
818:
3865:
2256:""Negative" Interest Rates and the War on Cash"
1917:Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap—MSB
2790:
2788:
2786:
2315:"Measuring progress toward a cashless society"
2253:
2201:
3611:"Banking transaction tax is a dangerous idea"
2946:"£5 in 1945 → 2020 | UK Inflation Calculator"
2148:
2146:
358:
3586:
3208:
3206:
3004:"Bank of Canada to Stop Issuing $ 1000 Note"
2747:"Covid-19, cash, and the future of payments"
1758:
1719:
1646:
3604:
3602:
3354:
3234:
2794:
2783:
3782:
3763:
3630:"The Cashless Society Is a Creepy Fantasy"
3621:
2795:Blankenship, Mariella (27 December 2020).
2143:
2126:
2124:
2122:
1675:Cash being used to purchase cocaine, 1929.
1221:Amount of cash in circulation (historical)
365:
351:
3985:, Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (UK)
3571:
3219:Journal of Computer & Information Law
3212:
3203:
3055:
2948:. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance
2641:
2631:
2586:
2507:
2403:
2347:"Financial Cards and Payments in Denmark"
2152:
2080:
1870:Governments could conduct more effective
1615:Reducing transmission of disease via cash
1569:passed similar legislation; car rentals,
3948:
3599:
3384:Corporation for Enterprise Development.
2978:United States Department of the Treasury
2558:
2070:
1806:
1670:
40:
3922:
3896:"Det är diskriminerande att vägra cash"
3470:
3444:
2455:
2119:
2040:"The Cost of Cash in the United States"
1703:no longer issues the €500 denomination
14:
3991:
3653:
3249:
3183:
2855:
2587:Sivabalan, Srinivasan (17 July 2017).
2227:
2130:
1939:became annoyed after having paid at a
1881:
1823:
3608:
3534:
3503:
3386:"The Most Unbanked Places in America"
3364:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
3186:"Why we should fear a cashless world"
2885:"Withdrawn Banknotes Reference Guide"
2856:Rogoff, Kenneth S. (25 August 2016).
2718:
2481:
2429:
45:A consumer pays for coffee using the
34:. For the Southern African band, see
3535:Quinn, Cristina (13 February 2018).
3326:
2266:from the original on 2 January 2024.
1654:
516:
3416:
3278:"Going Cashless: Who's Left Behind"
3250:Auyong, Hawyee (4 September 2017).
3157:
3131:
2559:Nirappil, Fenit (1 December 2020).
1729:Disadvantages of a cashless society
24:
3923:Hansson, Anton (19 January 2019).
3674:"Sedel- och myntutbytet 2015-2017"
3627:
3327:Sivy, Michael (20 November 2012).
3275:
2404:Woolhouse, Megan (3 August 2016).
2392:Bank for International Settlements
2376:Bank for International Settlements
2312:
2278:"2016 U.S. Consumer Payment Study"
2228:Tompor, Susan (4 September 2016).
1733:
1711:Better collection of economic data
1227:Bank for International Settlements
25:
4015:
3964:
3785:"Problem med betaltjänsten Swish"
3783:Stefansson, Klara (30 May 2019).
3764:Stefansson, Klara (31 May 2019).
3654:Sorrel, Charlie (15 March 2016).
3609:Kumar, Arvind (5 February 2014).
3445:Mokhtar, Faris (28 August 2017).
3184:Frisby, Dominic (21 March 2016).
3158:Poh, Joanne (16 September 2017).
2921:"Counterfeit and imitation notes"
2482:Angus, Isabela (23 August 2019).
1836:on every person-to-person payment
1581:has also banned cashless stores.
3983:A Cashless Society Working Party
3970:
3951:"Betalhaveri ledde till konkurs"
3949:Vannmoun, Kalle (10 July 2019).
3573:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104410
3417:Toh, Elgin (28 September 2017).
3276:Ng, Nicole (22 September 2017).
2973:Bureau of Engraving and Printing
2508:Nicodemus, Aaron (1 July 2019).
2153:Sheffield, Hazel (21 May 2015).
2139:– via www.theguardian.com.
1790:
1602:Reduced business risks and costs
1597:Advantages of a cashless economy
1556:
392:are not conducted with physical
67:
3942:
3916:
3902:
3888:
3839:
3821:
3795:
3776:
3757:
3739:
3722:
3705:
3691:
3666:
3647:
3580:
3547:
3528:
3497:
3464:
3438:
3410:
3377:
3348:
3320:
3295:
3269:
3243:
3177:
3151:
3132:Poh, Joanne (17 October 2017).
3125:
3100:
3087:Monetary Authority of Singapore
3075:
3049:
3024:
2996:
2960:
2938:
2913:
2877:
2849:
2807:
2757:
2738:
2712:
2658:
2606:
2580:
2552:
2522:
2501:
2475:
2456:Moselle, Aaron (8 March 2019).
2449:
2423:
2397:
2381:
2365:
2339:
2306:
1863:or lets its currency undergo a
1707:banknotes as of 27 April 2019.
1551:
464:payments by electronic card or
3628:Ou, Elaine (15 October 2016).
2430:Geuss, Megan (18 March 2019).
2270:
2247:
2221:
2165:
2064:
1816:involved with the issuance of
511:
13:
1:
3237:MoneyLab, Overcoming the Hype
3083:"Circulation Currency: Notes"
2835:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104907
2719:Huang, Roger (9 March 2020).
2026:
1921:Om Kriget Eller Krisen Kommer
1818:central bank digital currency
819:Amount of cash in circulation
2320:. MasterCard. Archived from
824:decreased from 2017 to 2018
7:
2858:"The Sinister Side of Cash"
2823:Journal of Public Economics
2131:Henley, Jon (4 June 2016).
2082:10.1007/978-981-19-5591-4_7
2000:Cheque § Declining use
1967:
1926:The former head of police,
503:
324:Science fiction prototyping
256:Reference class forecasting
10:
4020:
3307:globalfindex.worldbank.org
3213:Catherine, Downey (1996).
2801:The Washington Independent
1843:, which are used to fight
435:
376:
29:
3504:Smith (1 December 2018).
2620:Frontiers in Microbiology
1759:Problems for the unbanked
1720:Easier consumer budgeting
1647:
813:Euromonitor International
49:app on their phone and a
3560:European Economic Review
3471:Domagoj, Sajter (2011).
3032:"10,000-krona banknotes"
2633:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00632
96:Global catastrophic risk
3938:– via www.svt.se.
3833:5 November 2022 at the
1765:undocumented immigrants
309:Exploratory engineering
199:Causal layered analysis
36:Cashless Society (band)
3593:ABA Business Law Today
3303:"Home | Global Findex"
2593:Bloomberg Businessweek
2173:"Cashless-Society.org"
1676:
1577:passed a similar law.
816:
474:financing of terrorism
390:financial transactions
136:Historical materialism
54:
4004:International finance
3112:European Central Bank
2968:"Large denominations"
1813:coordination problems
1807:Coordination problems
1701:European Central Bank
1674:
1622:Staphylococcus aureus
805:
214:Cross impact analysis
44:
3979:at Wikimedia Commons
2177:Cashless-Society.org
2073:Quest for Good Money
2769:Deutsche Bundesbank
2671:Future Microbiology
2566:The Washington Post
2540:on 28 December 2021
2262:. professorwerner.
2183:on 14 December 2017
2010:Contactless payment
1947:A billiard club in
1882:Criticism in Sweden
1824:Centralised control
1697:Nazi counterfeiting
1648:Deutsche Bundesbank
1234:
829:
524:
339:Technology scouting
86:Accelerating change
3882:kontantupproret.se
3853:on 14 October 2019
3485:on 19 January 2022
2683:10.2217/fmb.13.161
2394:"red books" pg 509
2052:on 1 December 2016
1849:private currencies
1677:
1593:in December 2020.
1232:
827:
522:
460:, contactless and
414:digital currencies
329:Speculative design
209:Consensus forecast
204:Chain-linked model
166:Resource depletion
55:
3975:Media related to
3746:Svenska Dagbladet
3729:Svenska Dagbladet
3712:Svenska Dagbladet
3424:The Straits Times
3398:on 20 August 2016
3282:Dollars And Sense
3036:Sveriges riksbank
2327:on 4 October 2021
2092:978-981-19-5590-7
2005:Cashierless store
1995:Mass surveillance
1913:quantum computers
1872:mass surveillance
1855:, and storage of
1659:Restaurant chain
1655:Transaction speed
1549:
1548:
1218:
1217:
799:
798:
517:Share of payments
375:
374:
261:Scenario planning
124:Space exploration
16:(Redirected from
4011:
3999:Cashless society
3977:Cashless society
3974:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3920:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3898:. 14 March 2019.
3892:
3886:
3885:
3874:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3849:. Archived from
3847:"Teracoms Blogg"
3843:
3837:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3809:on 10 April 2012
3805:. Archived from
3799:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3761:
3755:
3743:
3737:
3726:
3720:
3709:
3703:
3700:bank themselves
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3512:. Archived from
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3478:. Archived from
3477:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3391:. Archived from
3390:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2980:. Archived from
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2901:on 29 March 2017
2900:
2894:. Archived from
2889:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2635:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2536:. Archived from
2526:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2410:The Boston Globe
2401:
2395:
2385:
2379:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2349:. Archived from
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2294:on 2 August 2019
2293:
2287:. Archived from
2282:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2179:. Archived from
2169:
2163:
2162:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2128:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2084:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2044:
2036:
1985:Virtual currency
1980:Digital currency
1681:money laundering
1650:
1649:
1634:Escherichia coli
1235:
1231:
852:(local currency)
830:
826:
814:
525:
521:
470:money laundering
456:systems such as
446:Looking Backward
386:cashless society
367:
360:
353:
266:Systems analysis
251:Horizon scanning
224:Real-time Delphi
161:Population cycle
91:Cashless society
71:
57:
56:
21:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4008:
3989:
3988:
3967:
3962:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3876:
3875:
3866:
3856:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3835:Wayback Machine
3826:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3781:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3744:
3740:
3727:
3723:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3678:www.riksbank.se
3672:
3671:
3667:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3626:
3622:
3607:
3600:
3585:
3581:
3552:
3548:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3517:
3516:on 15 June 2018
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3248:
3244:
3233:
3226:
3211:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3054:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2984:on 25 June 2014
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2925:Bank of England
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:Bank of England
2887:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2854:
2850:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2793:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2771:. 18 March 2020
2763:
2762:
2758:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2663:
2659:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2569:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2402:
2398:
2386:
2382:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2353:on 1 March 2017
2345:
2344:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2260:Liquidity Watch
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2159:The Independent
2151:
2144:
2129:
2120:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:Digital banking
1970:
1959:In general new
1937:Robert Aschberg
1932:Kontantupproret
1884:
1857:precious metals
1834:transaction tax
1826:
1809:
1793:
1782:As part of its
1761:
1736:
1734:Lack of privacy
1731:
1722:
1713:
1669:
1657:
1617:
1604:
1599:
1591:Washington D.C.
1571:parking garages
1559:
1554:
1223:
1044:United Kingdom
856:
851:
849:
844:
836:
834:
821:
815:
812:
800:
519:
514:
506:
438:
410:mobile payments
382:
371:
299:Critical design
246:Future workshop
146:Kardashev scale
141:Kondratiev wave
61:Futures studies
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4017:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3966:
3965:External links
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:Sveriges Radio
3941:
3915:
3909:Dagens Nyheter
3901:
3887:
3864:
3838:
3820:
3794:
3775:
3756:
3738:
3721:
3704:
3690:
3665:
3646:
3620:
3598:
3579:
3546:
3527:
3496:
3463:
3437:
3409:
3376:
3347:
3319:
3294:
3268:
3242:
3224:
3202:
3176:
3150:
3124:
3099:
3074:
3048:
3023:
3009:Bank of Canada
2995:
2959:
2937:
2912:
2876:
2848:
2806:
2782:
2756:
2737:
2711:
2657:
2605:
2579:
2551:
2521:
2500:
2474:
2448:
2422:
2396:
2380:
2364:
2338:
2313:Thomas, Hugh.
2305:
2269:
2246:
2220:
2194:
2164:
2142:
2118:
2109:|journal=
2091:
2063:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2015:Online banking
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:Global economy
1971:
1969:
1966:
1928:Björn Eriksson
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1841:interest rates
1837:
1825:
1822:
1808:
1805:
1792:
1789:
1779:, as of 2016.
1760:
1757:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1668:
1665:
1656:
1653:
1616:
1613:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:United Kingdom
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
961:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
944:
943:
942:United States
940:
937:
934:
931:
927:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
910:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
893:
892:
891:Hong Kong SAR
889:
886:
883:
880:
876:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
859:
858:
853:
846:
841:
838:
820:
817:
810:
797:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
781:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
765:
764:
761:
757:
756:
753:
749:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
733:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
717:
716:
713:
709:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
693:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
677:
676:
673:
669:
668:
665:
661:
660:
657:
653:
652:
649:
645:
644:
641:
637:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
621:
620:
617:
613:
612:
609:
605:
604:
601:
597:
596:
593:
589:
588:
585:
584:United Kingdom
581:
580:
577:
573:
572:
569:
565:
564:
561:
557:
556:
553:
549:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
533:
532:
529:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
505:
502:
454:digital wallet
442:Edward Bellamy
437:
434:
373:
372:
370:
369:
362:
355:
347:
344:
343:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
304:Design fiction
301:
293:
292:
281:
280:
279:
278:
276:Trend analysis
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
227:
226:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
188:
187:
181:
180:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
98:
93:
88:
80:
79:
73:
72:
64:
63:
27:Economic state
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4016:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3905:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3750:Handelsbanken
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3413:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3323:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2947:
2941:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:(2): 249–61.
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2517:
2516:Bloomberg Law
2512:
2504:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1961:money laundry
1957:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:data breaches
1791:Digital fraud
1788:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1777:census tracts
1774:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1742:The issue of
1740:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1662:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1612:
1609:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:New York City
1584:
1580:
1579:San Francisco
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:Massachusetts
1557:United States
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1316:United States
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:South Africa
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:Saudi Arabia
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
962:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
860:
854:
847:
843:Exchange rate
842:
839:
832:
831:
825:
809:
804:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
758:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
694:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
670:
666:
663:
662:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
622:
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
598:
594:
592:United States
591:
590:
586:
583:
582:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
526:
509:
501:
499:
495:
489:
487:
483:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:in his novel
443:
433:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
368:
363:
361:
356:
354:
349:
348:
346:
345:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
291:
287:
283:
282:
277:
274:
272:
271:Threatcasting
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
241:Futures wheel
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
177:
176:Swanson's law
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3954:
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:
3918:
3904:
3890:
3881:
3855:. Retrieved
3851:the original
3841:
3823:
3811:. Retrieved
3807:the original
3797:
3788:
3778:
3769:
3759:
3741:
3724:
3707:
3693:
3681:. Retrieved
3677:
3668:
3660:Fast Company
3659:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3633:
3623:
3614:
3592:
3582:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3540:
3530:
3518:. Retrieved
3514:the original
3509:
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3480:the original
3466:
3454:. Retrieved
3450:
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3422:
3412:
3402:10 September
3400:. Retrieved
3393:the original
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3363:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3332:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3306:
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3281:
3271:
3259:. Retrieved
3255:
3245:
3236:
3218:
3193:. Retrieved
3190:The Guardian
3189:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3163:
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3138:YahooFinance
3137:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3051:
3039:. Retrieved
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3012:. 8 May 2000
3007:
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2982:the original
2971:
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2896:the original
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2861:
2851:
2826:
2822:
2809:
2800:
2775:10 September
2773:. Retrieved
2768:
2759:
2751:BIS Bulletin
2750:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2674:
2670:
2660:
2623:
2619:
2608:
2596:. Retrieved
2592:
2582:
2570:. Retrieved
2564:
2554:
2542:. Retrieved
2538:the original
2534:CBS New York
2533:
2524:
2515:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2436:Ars Technica
2435:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2399:
2383:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2351:the original
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2322:the original
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2289:the original
2284:
2272:
2259:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2233:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2208:eScholarship
2207:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:the original
2176:
2167:
2158:
2137:The Observer
2136:
2072:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2047:the original
2034:
1990:Legal tender
1958:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1892:
1885:
1827:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1784:Smart Nation
1781:
1762:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1723:
1714:
1693:
1678:
1658:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1605:
1583:Rhode Island
1575:Philadelphia
1560:
1552:Legal status
1224:
874:Switzerland
822:
806:
801:
760:Saudi Arabia
680:South Africa
507:
490:
478:
439:
422:
402:credit cards
385:
383:
377:
236:Future-proof
90:
3929:SVT Nyheter
3789:SVT Nyheter
3770:SVT Nyheter
3108:"Banknotes"
2378:"red books"
2357:28 February
2056:17 December
1865:devaluation
1769:underbanked
1753:data breach
1744:data mining
1685:tax evasion
1608:counterfeit
1446:Netherlands
1264:Switzerland
1208:14,410.4803
616:South Korea
544:Netherlands
512:Measurement
406:debit cards
290:forecasting
284:Technology
194:Backcasting
171:Singularity
151:Moore's law
109:Mathematics
3993:Categories
3857:14 October
3813:14 October
3566:: 104410.
2829:: 104907.
2572:11 January
2544:21 January
2331:3 December
2213:21 January
2187:27 January
2027:References
1832:Enforce a
1661:Sweetgreen
1628:Salmonella
1567:New Jersey
1214:Indonesia
1129:Argentina
987:1,116.0961
976:Australia
959:Euro area
925:Singapore
855:Country or
850:inhabitant
835:inhabitant
466:smartphone
429:investment
319:Hype cycle
286:assessment
185:Techniques
3634:Bloomberg
3615:DNA India
3117:25 August
3092:25 August
3067:25 August
3041:25 August
3016:25 August
2988:25 August
2952:25 August
2930:25 August
2905:25 August
2869:25 August
2843:0047-2727
2493:24 August
2234:USA Today
2111:ignored (
2101:cite book
1861:inflation
1845:deflation
1631:species,
1256:2018/1978
1211:2,827,000
990:2,236,000
848:Value per
833:Value per
784:Indonesia
600:Australia
536:Singapore
458:Apple Pay
394:banknotes
231:Foresight
47:Apple Pay
3934:26 March
3831:Archived
3716:Swedbank
3683:26 March
3541:GBH News
3520:10 April
3489:11 April
3312:27 March
3261:10 April
3169:10 April
3143:10 April
2699:42139467
2691:24571076
2652:28450856
2598:10 April
2467:19 March
2441:19 March
2415:19 March
2298:26 March
2264:Archived
1968:See also
1954:Lycksele
1820:(CBDC).
1773:unbanked
1643:PIN pads
1639:COVID-19
1267:$ 10,194
902:109.9127
862:$ 10,194
811:—
752:Malaysia
744:Thailand
720:Colombia
504:Research
425:commerce
416:such as
156:Peak oil
129:Universe
77:Concepts
18:Cashless
3803:"Start"
3456:8 April
3430:8 April
3369:8 April
3340:8 April
3287:8 April
3195:8 April
3164:asiaone
3062:Reuters
2643:5389987
2626:: 632.
1941:chemist
1853:bitcoin
1689:Bitcoin
1545:-0.31%
1536:$ 1,063
1533:$ 1,082
1530:$ 1,553
1504:$ 1,168
1501:$ 1,417
1478:$ 1,444
1475:$ 1,924
1458:$ 1,189
1455:$ 1,272
1452:$ 3,324
1449:$ 4,230
1429:$ 1,205
1426:$ 3,324
1423:$ 4,230
1400:$ 3,324
1397:$ 4,230
1383:$ 1,229
1380:$ 1,127
1377:$ 1,244
1374:$ 3,324
1371:$ 4,230
1368:Belgium
1354:$ 1,300
1351:$ 1,759
1348:$ 3,324
1345:$ 4,230
1342:Germany
1325:$ 1,679
1322:$ 2,927
1319:$ 5,238
1302:$ 2,275
1299:$ 3,728
1296:$ 7,436
1293:$ 8,290
1279:$ 2,008
1276:$ 2,688
1273:$ 3,065
1270:$ 6,371
1259:annual
1238:Country
1191:14.3750
1174:69.6330
1163:Turkey
1146:Brazil
1123:37.6680
1112:Mexico
1106:19.6438
1095:Sweden
1061:Russia
1055:69.6203
1049:$ 1,009
1032:$ 1,417
1015:$ 1,683
1010:Canada
998:$ 1,924
981:$ 2,003
964:$ 2,404
947:$ 4,230
930:$ 5,238
913:$ 6,378
905:911,000
896:$ 8,290
879:$ 8,471
857:region
845:EOY2018
792:Nigeria
608:Germany
576:Belgium
528:Country
498:iZettle
436:History
418:bitcoin
119:Climate
100:Future
53:reader.
3878:"Home"
3698:Nordea
3639:3 July
2841:
2730:3 July
2725:Forbes
2704:3 July
2697:
2689:
2650:
2640:
2488:SFGate
2239:3 July
2089:
1887:Sweden
1524:Sweden
1519:3.74%
1493:4.59%
1472:Canada
1467:4.68%
1441:6.11%
1415:4.98%
1394:France
1389:3.14%
1363:4.68%
1337:6.46%
1311:6.28%
1285:4.15%
1180:India
1177:16,042
1157:5.2915
1140:3.8812
1126:19,318
1109:13,365
1089:8.9562
1078:China
1072:6.8778
1058:70,234
1038:0.7813
1021:3.7500
1004:1.3629
993:Korea
970:1.4166
953:0.8734
936:1.0000
919:1.3617
908:Japan
888:66,346
885:7.8319
871:10,033
868:0.9842
712:Greece
704:Mexico
696:Russia
688:Poland
664:Taiwan
632:Brazil
568:Canada
560:Sweden
552:France
486:Square
450:PayPal
412:, and
398:barter
219:Delphi
51:Square
3483:(PDF)
3476:(PDF)
3451:Today
3396:(PDF)
3389:(PDF)
3360:(PDF)
3256:Today
2899:(PDF)
2888:(PDF)
2819:(PDF)
2695:S2CID
2325:(PDF)
2318:(PDF)
2292:(PDF)
2281:(PDF)
2050:(PDF)
2043:(PDF)
1949:Malmö
1905:Swish
1851:like
1539:$ 772
1527:$ 682
1513:$ 326
1510:$ 470
1507:$ 726
1487:$ 320
1484:$ 554
1481:$ 685
1461:$ 679
1438:10.74
1435:$ 394
1432:$ 747
1420:Italy
1409:$ 605
1406:$ 700
1403:$ 804
1357:$ 680
1334:12.24
1331:$ 428
1328:$ 870
1308:11.45
1305:$ 724
1290:Japan
1202:$ 196
1194:2,945
1185:$ 205
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