1223:
of data that gives a binocular image. Because of its duo-camera system, NASA's research indicate that this technology can detect hazards in rural and wilderness flight environments. Because of this project, NASA has made major contributions toward developing a completely autonomous UAV. Currently, Stereo Vision can construct a stereo vision system, process the vision data, make sure the system works properly, and lastly performs tests figuring out the range of impeding objects and terrain. In the future, NASA hopes this technology can also determine the path to avoid collision. The near-term goal for the technology is to be able to extract information from point clouds and place this information in a historic map data. Using this map, the technology could then be able to extrapolate obstacles and features in the stereo data that are not in the map data. This would aid with the future of space exploration where humans can't see moving, impeding objects that may damage the moving space craft.
650:
1153:
1210:
data from a large database of relevant information like aircraft manuals, accident reports, and close-call reports to give advice to pilots. In the future, NASA wants to implement this technology to create fully autonomous systems, which can then be used for space exploration. In this case, cognitive systems will serve as the basis, and the autonomous system will completely decide on the course of action of the mission, even during unforeseen situations. However, in order for this to happen, there are still many supporting technologies required.
1043:
1262:(RTEG or RTG) are solid-state devices which have no moving parts. They generate heat from the radioactive decay of elements such as plutonium, and have a typical lifespan of more than 30 years. In the future, atomic sources of energy for spacecraft will hopefully be lighter and last longer than they do currently. They could be particularly useful for missions to the Outer Solar System which receives substantially less sunlight, meaning that producing a substantial power output with solar panels would be impractical.
31:
1232:
Autonomy would be able to quickly respond upon encountering an unforeseen event, especially in deep space exploration where communication back to Earth would take too long. Space exploration could provide us with the knowledge of our universe as well as incidentally developing inventions and innovations. Traveling to Mars and farther could encourage the development of advances in medicine, health, longevity, transportation, communications that could have applications on Earth.
1124:
623:
1384:
spacecraft known as
Genesis I and II into Low Earth Orbit along with sending a module known as Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) which is inflated and attached to the International Space Station. The BEAM Module is measured to be 14 feet in length and can be inflated or deflated for ease of transportation. Bigelow Aerospace is working toward developing their own Modules independent of the International Space Station to send tourists and visitors.
619:
second, "extending flight duration and distance capability to ever-increasing ranges out to Mars"; and finally, "developing better robotic vehicles and tools to enable astronauts to explore an asteroid regardless of its size, shape or spin." Furthermore, using asteroids would provide astronauts with protection from galactic cosmic rays, with mission crews being able to land on them without great risk to radiation exposure
1015:
415:
resources that can be mined from space could potentially expand the capabilities of humans and largely benefit society. Leveraging these resources and moving high polluting industries to space could reduce the emissions on Earth and ultimately lead to finding cleaner energy sources. The primary blockers to colonizing space include technological and economic challenges.
400:. Space exploration of the late 20th century was driven by competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to achieve the first spaceflight. Now, the private sector and national governments are again investing in space exploration. However, this time they are motivated by protecting human life from catastrophic events and leveraging the resources of space.
1136:, was a 2 year long, 8 person crew experiment in the 1990s, in an attempt to study human necessities and survival in an isolated environment. The result of which were stressed interpersonal interactions and aloof behavior, including limiting and even ceasing contact between crew members, along with failing to sustain a lasting air-recycling system and food supply.
1287: 1. Physiological effects of living in microgravity will affect your body's chemistry and invoke symptoms such as motion sickness from disorientation. Long term gradual effects from time in space include Bone atrophy from a gravity scarce environment that limits the flow of minerals throughout the body.
1293: 3. Residing in Earth's orbit removes the protections of the Ozone layer which absorbs harmful radiation emitted from the Sun. Living in orbit around Earth exposes humans to ten times more radiation than humans living on Earth. These radiative effects can invoke symptoms such as skin cancer.
1201:
model-based diagnostic. Images obtained by the EO-1 are analyzed on-board and down linked when a change or interesting event occurs. The ASE software has successfully provided over 10,000 science images. This experiment was the start of many that NASA devised for AI to impact the future of space exploration.
1213:
In the future, NASA hopes to use this technology not only in flights on earth, but for future space exploration. Essentially, NASA plans to modify this AI flight
Advisor for Longer range applications. In addition to what the technology is now, there will be additional cognitive computing systems that
1200:
NASA began its autonomous science experiment (ASE) on Earth
Observing-1 (EO-1), which is NASA's first satellite in the millennium program, Earth-observing series launched on November 21, 2000. The autonomy of these satellites is capable of on-board science analysis, re-planning, robust execution, and
441:
Anti and microgravity enable astronauts to execute medical research that is impossible to perform on Earth. For example, NASA's research on new treatment options for complex diseases, such as
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, require the use of a microgravity environment to allow the microparticles in the
1330:
The company Virgin
Galactic with CEO Sir Richard Branson is developing another method to reach planes through Aircraft propulsion. Named SpaceshipTwo which is a biplane that carries a spacecraft as its payload known as WhiteKnightTwo and carries it to cruising altitude where the rocket separates and
1275:
with the hopes of developing innovations which help improve human living conditions in space. Commercialization of space in the private sector will lead to reducing flight costs, developing new methods of sustaining human life in space, and will provide the opportunity for tourists to experience Low
1250:
Changes in space craft development will have to account for an increased energy need for future systems. Spacecraft heading towards the center of the Solar System will include enhanced solar panel technology to make use of the abundant solar energy surrounding them. Future solar panel development is
1222:
For this project, NASA's goal is to implement stereo vision for collision avoidance in space systems to work with and support autonomous operations in a flight environment. This technology uses two cameras within its operating system that have the same view, but when put together offer a large range
1087:
The transitioning gravity magnitudes on the body is detrimental to orientation, coordination, and balance. Without constant gravity, bones suffer disuse osteoporosis, and their mineral density falls 12 times faster than the average elderly adult's. Without regular exercise and nourishment, there can
1359:
The larger variant of the New
Shepard, Blue Origin seeks to increase their payload capabilities by developing a 95-meter-tall rocket capable of reusable flight to space. Its payload is expected to be satellites or to provide humans with the opportunity to view space without astronaut training. Blue
1350:
The Blue Origin website highlights a small launch vehicle sending payloads into orbit. The goal is to reduce the cost of sending smaller payloads into orbit with future intentions to send humans into space. The first stage is reusable while the second stage is expendable. Maximum payload dimensions
1209:
NASA's goal with this project is to develop a system that can aid pilots by giving them real-time expert advice in situations that pilot training does not cover or just aid with a pilot's train of thought during flight. Based on the IBM Watson cognitive computing system, the AI Flight
Adviser pulls
1131:
According to NASA, isolation in space can have detrimental effects on the human psyche. Behavioral issues, such as low morale, mood-swings, depression, and decreasing interpersonal interactions, irregular sleeping rhythms, and fatigue occur independently to the level of training, according to a set
895:
The Boeing
Starliner 1 mission will be the first operational crewed mission of the Boeing Starliner and the first mission to reuse the Starliner Spacecraft. The mission is expected to launch no earlier than December 2021 using the Atlas V rocket with a crew of four astronauts, three NASA astronauts
1368:
Blue Origin's lunar lander is designed to be a flexible lander with capabilities to send both cargo and crew to the lunar surface. This habitat will provide a sustained human presence by providing necessities such as life support systems and lunar rovers to excavate and scout the surrounding lunar
1231:
Autonomous technologies would be able to perform beyond predetermined actions. They would analyze all possible states and events happening around them and come up with a safe response. In addition, such technologies can reduce launch cost and ground involvement. Performance would increase as well.
1160:
As for resupply, efforts have been made to recycle, reuse and produce, to make storage more efficient. Water can be produced through chemical reactions of
Hydrogen and Oxygen in fuel cells, and attempts and methods of growing vegetables in micro-gravity are being developed and will continue to be
1144:
Considering the future possibility of extended, crewed missions, food storage and resupply are relevant limitations. From a storage point of view, NASA estimates a 3-year Mars mission would require around 24 thousand pounds (11 t) of food, most of it in the form of precooked, dehydrated
437:
The unique attributes of space enable astronauts to conduct research that could not otherwise be done on Earth, and the perspective from space looking at Earth enables scientists to gain more insight on the Earth's natural environment. Research conducted at the
International Space Station aims to
1026:
In terms of propulsion, the main challenge is the liftoff and initial momentum, since there is no friction in the vacuum of space. Based on the missions goals, including factors such as distance, load and time of flight, the type of propulsion drive used, planned to use, or in design varies from
618:
suggested the use of asteroids as a gateway for space exploration, with the ultimate destination being Mars. In order to make such an approach viable, three requirements need to be fulfilled: first, "a thorough asteroid survey to find thousands of nearby bodies suitable for astronauts to visit";
1383:
The Bigelow Aerospace Corporation founded by Robert Bigelow is headquartered in Las Vegas. A research and development company with emphasis on constructing space architecture capable of housing humans and creating living conditions suitable for living in space. The company has sent two subscale
1315:
In 2017 Elon Musk announced the development of rocket travel to transport humans from one city to another in under an hour. Elon has challenged SpaceX to improve travel across the world through his reusable rocket propulsion to send up passengers on a suborbital trajectory to their destination.
1169:
The idea of using high level automated systems for space missions has become a desirable goal to space agencies all around the world. Such systems are believed to yield benefits such as lower cost, less human oversight, and ability to explore deeper in space which is usually restricted by long
822:, the founding figure of Western philosophy, science and mathematics. A secondary objective of the mission is to study stellar oscillations or seismic activity in stars to measure stellar masses and evolution and enabling the precise characterization of the planet host star, including its age.
414:
It has been argued that space colonization is a means of ensuring the survival of human civilization given a planetary disaster. Colonizing other planets allows for the dispersal of humans and thus increases the likelihood of survival given a planetary disaster. The availability of additional
1161:
researched. Lettuce has already successfully grown in the ISS's "Veggie plant growth system", and has been consumed by the astronauts, even though large-scale plantation is still impractical, due to factors such as pollination, long growth periods, and lack of efficient planting pillows.
961:
The future possibilities for deep space exploration are limited by a set of technical, practical, astronomical, and human limitations, which define the future of crewed and uncrewed space exploration. As of 2022, the farthest any human-made probe has traveled is the current NASA mission
536:
Initially scheduled to launch in July 2020, but has since been delayed due to testing issues with the rover's landing mechanism. As of May 2022, the launch of the rover is not expected to occur before 2028 due to the need for a new non-Russian landing platform. Once safely landed, the
917:, comprises a crew module which is a fully autonomous 5.3-tonne (12,000 lb) spacecraft designed to carry a 3-member crew to orbit and safely return to the Earth after a mission duration of up to seven days. Its 2.9-tonne (6,400 lb) service module is powered by liquid
2628:
438:
benefit human civilizations on Earth and extend human knowledge of space and space exploration. Currently, NASA's research at the ISS includes biomedical research, material science, technology advancement, and methods to enable further space exploration.
1290: 2. Upcoming habitats are designed for effective transport on rocket systems which means these habitats are small and confined leading to confinement problems and physiological changes in behavior like claustrophobia.
418:
Many private companies are working to make space travel more efficient in hopes to reduce the overall cost of space travel, and thus space colonization. SpaceX has been a dominant leader in this push for efficient exploration with the release of the
626:
The spacecraft's path (green) is shown in a frame of reference where Jupiter remains stationary. Lucy has two close Earth flybys before encountering its Trojan targets. After 2033, Lucy will continue cycling between the two Trojan clouds every six
1270:
NASA continues to focus on solving more difficult problems involving space exploration such as deep space capabilities and improving human life support systems. With that said, NASA has placed the challenge of commercializing space to the private
752:. In September 2018, NASA signed a collaboration agreement with Breakthrough to jointly create the mission concept. This mission would be the first privately funded deep space mission. It would study the content of the plumes ejecting from
1145:
meals of about 1.5 pounds (0.68 kg) a portion. Fresh produce would only be available in the beginning of the flight, since there would not be refrigeration systems. Water's relative heavy weight is a limitation, so on the
1078:
The human element in crewed space exploration adds certain physiological and psychological issues and limitations to the future possibilities of space exploration, along with storage and sustenance space and mass issues.
717:
in Europan orbit, it was decided that it would be safer to inject a spacecraft into an elliptical orbit around Jupiter and make 45 close flybys of the moon instead. The mission began as a joint investigation between the
700:
spacecraft during its eight years in Jupiter orbit, which indicated the existence of a subsurface ocean underneath Europa's ice crust. Plans to send a spacecraft to Europa were initially conceived with projects such as
1596:
2527:
1170:
communications with human controllers. Autonomy will be a key technology for the future exploration of the Solar System, where robotic spacecraft will often be out of communication with their human controllers.
2158:
Breakthrough Initiatives was investigating the feasibility of launching a probe that would look for signs of life in the plume of water vapor and other material wafting from Enceladus' south polar region.
980:
The current status of space-faring technology, including propulsion systems, navigation, resources and storage all present limitations to the development of human space exploration in the near future.
660:(previously known as Europa Multiple Flyby Mission) is an interplanetary mission in development by NASA comprising an orbiter. Set for a launch in 2024, the spacecraft is being developed to study the
988:
The astronomical order of magnitude of the distance between Earth and the nearest stars is a challenge for the current development of space exploration. At the current top speed of 70.2 km/s, the
442:
treatment solution to stay robust. NASA has also reported research investment in microbial vaccine development and microencapsulation of drugs for targeted and more efficient treatment delivery.
1214:
can decide on the right set of actions based upon unforeseen problems in space. However, in order for this to be possible, there are still many supporting technologies that need to be enhanced.
3623:
814:
stars. The emphasis of the mission is on Earth-like planets in the habitable zone around Sun-like stars where water can exist in liquid state. It is the third medium-class mission in ESA's
996:, in around 18,000 years, much longer than a human lifespan and therefore requiring much faster transportation methods than currently available. This top speed was achieved due to the
1284:
Experiencing Low Earth Orbit as a tourist requires accommodations to allow for humans to fly or spend time in space. These accommodations will need to solve the following problems:
1919:
2953:
DIN EN 16604-30-03:2020-10, Raumfahrt_- Ăśberwachung der Weltraumlageerfassung_- Teil_30-03: Beobachtungssystembeschreibungs-Nachricht_(OSDM); Deutsche Fassung EN_16604-30-03:2020
1369:
surface. Further developments on this project include a Human Landing system which are detachable living quarters intended to attach and depart from the Blue Moon Lunar Lander.
319:
2028:
896:
and likely one international partner astronaut from either Japan, Canada, or the European Space Agency. This mission will be the fourth US spaceflight with a female commander.
3719:
2535:
2696:
1000:
where the spacecraft was sped up by a combination of the Sun's gravity and its own propulsion system. The fastest escape velocity from the Solar System is that of
2388:
Starship is the spaceship/upper stage & Super Heavy is the rocket booster needed to escape Earth's deep gravity well (not needed for other planets or moons)
1833:
1188:
The ability to fail flexibly, meaning they are able to continuously change their actions based on what is happening within their system and their surrounding.
1149:(ISS) the use of water per person is limited to 11 litres (2.9 US gal) a day, compared to the average Americans' 132 litres (35 US gal).
2195:Čadek, Ondřej; Tobie, Gabriel; Van Hoolst, Tim; Massé, Marion; Choblet, Gaël; Lefèvre, Axel; Mitri, Giuseppe; Baland, Rose-Marie; Běhounková, Marie (2016).
1070:
presents a mathematical solution for “faster-than-light” travel, but it would require the mass-Energy of Jupiter, not to mention the technical issues.
2770:
2064:
2115:
586:(ISRO). As per some reports emerged, the mission was to be an orbiter to Mars proposed for 2024. However, in a recorded interview in October 2019,
3910:
3606:
1640:
1998:
374:
will later enable permanent and self-sufficient settlements. Further exploration will potentially involve expedition and the other planets and
1615:
3332:
3298:
3223:
1360:
Origin intends the rocket's reusability to last 25 flights into space alleviating costs increasing the possibility of commercialized travel.
3701:
3382:
1182:
The ability to make and carry out decisions on their own, based on information on what they sensed from the world and their current state.
3524:
1810:
2370:
1931:
2800:
2039:
756:
through its southern ice crust. Enceladus's ice crust is thought to be around two to five kilometers thick, and a probe could use an
326:
1862:
1050:
As for future developments, the theoretical possibilities of nuclear based propulsion have been analyzed over 60 years ago, such as
2313:
3577:
2170:
4014:
3184:
3134:
3085:
3043:
3001:
1683:
1500:
1259:
4019:
1398:
2604:
713:, in which a spacecraft would be injected into orbit around Europa. However, due to the adverse effects of radiation from
1872:. 42rd Committee on Space Research Scientific Assembly. 14–22 July 2018. Pasadena, California. p. 432. B4.1-0010-18.
275:
2503:
2090:
1970:
3916:
914:
583:
3455:
2143:
3762:
3680:
3216:
1884:
1682:
Vago, Jorge; Witasse, Olivier; Baglioni, Pietro; Haldemann, Albert; Gianfiglio, Giacinto; et al. (August 2013).
683:
3739:
1066:), but have since been discontinued from practical research by NASA. On the more speculative side, the theoretical
687:
679:
2827:
3670:
2931:
735:
972:, from Earth, while the nearest star is around 4.24 light years away, that is the equivalent of 268142.2 AU.
3768:
3423:
2400:
1975:
1192:
Currently, there are many projects trying to advance space exploration and space craft development using AI.
391:
90:
2669:
2243:
3735:
3209:
2006:
1732:
607:
363:
2905:
2646:"NASA - Renal Stone Risk During Space Flight: Assessment and Countermeasure Validation fact sheet (07/01)"
3792:
2778:
2645:
1146:
530:
285:
217:
192:
2744:
1597:"Stephen Hawking, Mark Zuckerberg, Yuri Milner Launch $ 100M Space Project Called Breakthrough Starshot"
1115:
and incurring possible behavioral changes), as well as the possibility of degenerative tissue diseases.
649:
4040:
3528:
926:
723:
675:
295:
38:
2851:
2451:
2197:"Enceladus's internal ocean and ice shell constrained from Cassini gravity, shape, and libration data"
3798:
3675:
3665:
1760:
1432:
1100:
1028:
719:
709:
509:
132:
1555:
4045:
3966:
1059:
714:
462:
375:
367:
312:
57:
2556:
1107:
has much harsher effects on biological organisms in space. The exposure can include damage to the
3841:
1093:
846:
270:
160:
80:
3945:
3655:
3077:
1108:
569:
251:
97:
3065:
2993:
1616:"Mark Zuckerberg Launches $ 100 Million Initiative To Send Tiny Space Probes To Explore Stars"
1152:
542:
3825:
3473:
3469:
2981:
2291:
2065:"Billionaire aims to jump-start search for alien life and rewrite rules of space exploration"
1542:
1403:
874:
784:
757:
526:
456:
247:
175:
70:
2144:"Billionaire Yuri Milner's Breakthrough Initiatives Eyes Private Mission to Seek Alien Life"
753:
382:. Physical exploration outside the Solar System will be robotic for the foreseeable future.
3935:
3892:
3754:
3660:
3465:
3460:
2697:"Psychology experiment kept six NASA subjects isolated on a Mars-like volcano for 8 months"
2341:
2208:
1705:
1089:
696:
2257:
1952:
686:'s Solar System Exploration program as its second flight. It is also supported by the new
355:. Near-term physical exploration missions, focused on obtaining new information about the
8:
3960:
3774:
3711:
3634:
3496:
3412:
3404:
3278:
3247:
989:
866:
854:
788:
300:
47:
2212:
1655:
3940:
3691:
3587:
3429:
3309:
3140:
3091:
1838:
1460:
1408:
890:
878:
870:
865:-carrying spacecraft. While it will be tested on its own initially, it will be used on
792:
774:
409:
348:
290:
280:
170:
165:
146:
127:
75:
2580:
2371:"Goodbye, BFR … hello, Starship: Elon Musk gives a classic name to his Mars spaceship"
881:
launch vehicle. The combination of spacecraft and booster is called Starship as well.
3835:
3582:
3518:
3238:
3180:
3144:
3130:
3095:
3081:
3039:
2997:
2226:
1889:
1634:
1496:
1464:
1452:
1393:
1378:
969:
862:
799:
795:
550:
352:
344:
222:
2091:"Report: NASA and Yuri Milner Working Together on Life-Hunting Mission to Enceladus"
3786:
3646:
3172:
3122:
3073:
3031:
2989:
2957:
2216:
1894:
1524:
1488:
1444:
1104:
1088:
be cardiovascular deterioration and loss in muscle strength. Dehydration can cause
1067:
1063:
1055:
993:
858:
614:
227:
212:
185:
137:
122:
52:
2881:
2720:
1811:"Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran"
1448:
1042:
3303:
3164:
3023:
1325:
836:
780:
590:
director has indicated the inclusion of a lander and rover. The orbiter will use
490:
486:
260:
207:
107:
102:
65:
22:
3176:
3035:
396:
Investment in space exploration has dramatically shifted since the 20th century
30:
3434:
3286:
2426:
1482:
1272:
1051:
703:
661:
644:
474:
432:
265:
237:
112:
1492:
1164:
945:
will be disposed off before reentry. The capsule would return for a parachute
4034:
3813:
3255:
2230:
1520:
1456:
1351:
are expected to be around 530 cubic feet to be carried past the Karman line.
1112:
1096:
potential in zero-g can shift body fluids upwards and cause vision problems.
997:
950:
815:
664:
538:
379:
371:
232:
202:
180:
3988:
1898:
1786:
1528:
3994:
3950:
3729:
3651:
3114:
2478:
2318:
1036:
1032:
942:
842:
741:
546:
378:, as well as establishing mining and fueling outposts, particularly in the
356:
197:
3544:
3126:
1570:
4000:
3744:
3592:
3539:
3534:
3485:
3440:
3417:
3365:
3353:
3337:
3315:
3292:
3261:
2221:
2196:
1340:
1133:
1123:
930:
922:
591:
482:
478:
155:
622:
359:, are planned and announced by both national and private organisations.
3612:
2366:
946:
925:
launcher no earlier than 2022. About 16 minutes after liftoff from the
918:
518:
466:
397:
3201:
2951:
2005:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Archived from
3874:
3847:
3819:
3617:
3504:
3376:
3370:
3359:
3321:
2961:
2822:
2820:
2116:"NASA is giving advice to Yuri Milner's private mission to Enceladus"
1737:
1185:
The ability to interpret the given goal as a list of actions to take.
1002:
964:
905:
811:
749:
3904:
3886:
3880:
3853:
3696:
3571:
3565:
3509:
3445:
2375:
2262:
1660:
807:
595:
461:
Breakthrough Starshot is a research and engineering project by the
420:
117:
2817:
2404:
1521:"Research in Space: Facilities on the International Space Station"
841:
The SpaceX Starship is planned to be a spacecraft launched as the
787:
for launch in 2026. The mission goals are to search for planetary
744:
space probe mission concept to explore the possibility of life on
3898:
3862:
3780:
3724:
3686:
3602:
3479:
3450:
1265:
791:
across up to one million stars, and to discover and characterize
668:
522:
1971:"Balance of NASA Planetary Science Missions Explored at Hearing"
3955:
3868:
3807:
3642:
3597:
3559:
3549:
3327:
2171:"Saturn moon Enceladus' ice shell likely thinner than expected"
1372:
1310:
1019:
850:
745:
2130:
The first private mission to deep space is gathering momentum.
517:, previously known as the ExoMars rover, is a planned robotic
3831:
3267:
1251:
aimed at their working more efficiently while being lighter.
938:
934:
819:
575:
574:
Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (MOM 2), also called Mangalyaan-2, is
2283:
1834:"With 82 launches in a go, Isro to rocket into record books"
1681:
1156:
The ISS "Veggie plant growth system" and Red Romaine Lettuce
1027:
chemical propellants, such as liquid hydrogen and oxidizer (
818:
programme and named after the influential Greek philosopher
3554:
3514:
3171:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 87–98,
3030:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 87–97,
2859:
1927:
1165:
Artificial Intelligence and robotic space craft development
1035:
propellants. Another propulsion system that may be used is
910:
587:
579:
2801:"Those Veggies Grown on the ISS Get Humans Closer to Mars"
956:
779:
Planetary Transits and Oscillations of Stars (PLATO) is a
3927:
2314:"Elon Musk, Man of Steel, reveals his stainless Starship"
2194:
1863:"Indian Mars and Venus Missions: Science and Exploration"
1279:
1254:
1204:
1014:
803:
2771:"NASA - Human Needs: Sustaining Life During Exploration"
1217:
1132:
of NASA's social experiments. The most famous of which,
598:
and enter into an orbit more suitable for observations.
2452:"Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program | WiredCosmos"
1656:"Rosalind Franklin: Mars rover named after DNA pioneer"
1195:
578:'s second interplanetary mission planned for launch to
1885:"India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus"
1614:
EDT, Seung Lee on 4/13/16 at 2:01 PM (13 April 2016).
877:, where Starship would serve as the second stage on a
653:
Animation of Europa Clipper trajectory around Jupiter
3121:, University of Pittsburgh Press, p. 11, 2005,
2906:"NASA: AI Will Lead the Future of Space Exploration"
2670:"NASA - Vision Impairment and Intracranial Pressure"
1876:
1761:"U.S., Europe Won't Go It Alone in Mars Exploration"
968:, 23.61 billion km (14.67 billion mi), around 157.8
857:
project. It is being designed to be a long-duration
694:
will perform follow-up studies to those made by the
1733:"ExoMars official says launch unlikely before 2028"
1706:"2018 mission: Mars rover prototype unveiled in UK"
2581:"Warp Drives Might Be More Realistic Than Thought"
2244:PLATO spacecraft to find new Earth-like exoplanets
1571:"Breakthrough Starshot: Mission to Alpha Centauri"
2745:"Biosphere 2 test module experimentation program"
2629:"Cardiovascular Deconditioning in Weightlessness"
1752:
1235:
1046:Project Longshot Nuclear Fission Engine schematic
667:through a series of flybys while in orbit around
4032:
2528:"Near-lightspeed nano spacecraft might be close"
2333:
1476:
1474:
933:, the rocket will inject the spacecraft into an
913:'s future Gaganyaan mission, which is the first
385:
1969:Wolfe, Alexis; McDonald, Lisa (July 21, 2017).
1426:
1424:
362:Tentative plans for crewed orbital and landing
2393:
1684:"ExoMars: ESA's Next Step in Mars Exploration"
1514:
1512:
1266:The private sector and space commercialization
545:) mission to search for the existence of past
3217:
3072:, Liverpool University Press, pp. 1–13,
2276:
2249:
1968:
1928:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1471:
1299:
941:. When ready to land, its service module and
473:, to be capable of making the journey to the
320:
2982:"Crowdedness: Why Scarcity of Space Matters"
1421:
1373:Bigelow Aerospace Expandable Activity Module
2305:
1946:
1803:
1778:
1724:
1647:
1639:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1509:
1331:begins to climb out of Earth's atmosphere.
1178:Autonomy is defined by three requirements:
1139:
16:Overview of space exploration in the future
3224:
3210:
2359:
2088:
1854:
1759:de Selding, Peter B. (26 September 2012).
1758:
1697:
1562:
1296:Company Advancements in Commercialization
674:This mission is a scheduled flight of the
327:
313:
3162:
3021:
2220:
2029:"NASA'S FY2016 BUDGET REQUEST – Overview"
1787:"Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2955"
1480:
1099:Furthermore, without Earth's surrounding
729:
553:(TGO), launched in 2016, will operate as
3078:10.3828/liverpool/9781786941763.003.0001
3063:
2932:"What will power tomorrow's spacecraft?"
2879:
2501:
2003:Planetary Missions Program Office (PMPO)
1999:"Solar System Exploration Missions List"
1962:
1518:
1151:
1122:
1111:, (altered cognitive function, reducing
1041:
1013:
992:probe would arrive at the nearest star,
975:
937:300–400 km (190–250 mi) above
648:
621:
450:
3231:
2994:10.7551/mitpress/9780262036276.003.0009
2089:Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (8 November 2018).
1568:
1433:"An obligation to colonize outer space"
1430:
1118:
1082:
957:Limitations with deep space exploration
465:to develop a proof-of-concept fleet of
403:
4033:
2339:
2311:
2258:"Plato planet-hunter in pole position"
1996:
1860:
1831:
1784:
1439:. Human Colonization of Other Worlds.
1280:Limitations to space commercialization
1260:Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators
1255:Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators
1205:Artificial Intelligence Flight Adviser
1009:
849:. The concept is under development by
343:involves both telescopic and physical
4015:List of proposed missions to the Moon
3205:
2979:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2691:
2689:
2557:"RealClearScience - Project Longshot"
2473:
2471:
2365:
2342:"SpaceX BFR has a new name: Starship"
1882:
1861:Haider, Syed A.; et al. (2018).
1785:Jatiya, Satyanarayan (18 July 2019).
1730:
1218:Stereo vision for collision avoidance
1173:
921:engines. It is to be launched on the
884:
560:s and lander's data-relay satellite.
541:rover will begin a seven-month (218-
4020:List of proposed space observatories
3383:Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission
3165:"Bigelow Expandable Activity Module"
2852:"Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment"
2828:"The Future of Aerospace Automation"
2340:Lawler, Richard (20 November 2018).
2255:
2246:. June 21, 2017, Max Planck Society.
2141:
2021:
1832:Laxman, Srinivas (29 October 2016).
1703:
1693:(155). European Space Agency: 12–23.
1653:
1399:List of proposed space observatories
1196:NASA's autonomous science experiment
1073:
501:
445:
2929:
2721:"What Is Biosphere 2 | Biosphere 2"
2107:
2057:
1990:
1883:Bagla, Pallava (17 February 2017).
1675:
1613:
763:
13:
2758:
2686:
2468:
2312:Berger, Eric (29 September 2019).
2256:Amos, Jonathan (29 January 2014).
2113:
1654:Amos, Jonathan (7 February 2019).
1319:
1276:Earth orbit travel in the future.
1127:The Biosphere 2 greenhouse habitat
915:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
830:
825:
584:Indian Space Research Organisation
14:
4057:
3681:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3064:Harrison, Nicholas (2019-06-01),
2502:Harbaugh, Jennifer (2015-08-10).
1953:Europa Clipper passes key review.
1594:
1226:
684:Planetary Missions Program Office
636:
426:
2798:
688:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
481:away. It was founded in 2016 by
29:
3156:
3107:
3057:
3015:
2973:
2944:
2923:
2898:
2873:
2844:
2792:
2737:
2713:
2662:
2638:
2621:
2597:
2573:
2549:
2520:
2495:
2444:
2419:
2237:
2188:
2163:
2135:
2082:
1920:"Europa Multiple Flyby Mission"
1912:
1825:
1813:. AstrotalkUK. October 24, 2019
1704:Katz, Gregory (27 March 2014).
1569:Gilster, Paul (12 April 2016).
1431:Munevar, Gonzalo (2019-06-01).
1245:
680:Large Strategic Science Mission
612:An article in science magazine
563:
3163:Seedhouse, Erik (2014-08-13),
3022:Seedhouse, Erik (2014-12-01),
2479:"Our Engine | Ad Astra Rocket"
2142:Wall, Mike (9 November 2018).
2038:. May 27, 2015. Archived from
1607:
1588:
1345:
1334:
1236:Robotic spacecraft development
1022:plasma based propulsion engine
736:Breakthrough Enceladus mission
1:
2980:Ghose, Anindya (2017-04-17),
1976:American Institute of Physics
1870:Scientific Assembly Abstracts
1449:10.1016/j.futures.2019.02.009
1414:
740:Breakthrough Enceladus is an
631:
392:Benefits of space exploration
386:Benefits of space exploration
2880:Obringer, Lee (2016-06-14).
2534:. 2009-07-08. Archived from
2427:"Voyager - Mission Overview"
2201:Geophysical Research Letters
1595:F, Jessica (14 April 2016).
1363:
1354:
983:
899:
760:to constrain its structure.
608:Exploration of the asteroids
601:
521:, part of the international
7:
3177:10.1007/978-3-319-05197-0_5
3036:10.1007/978-3-319-09262-1_5
2504:"What Is The RS-25 Engine?"
1387:
1147:International Space Station
531:Roscosmos State Corporation
341:future of space exploration
286:Science fiction prototyping
218:Reference class forecasting
10:
4062:
3859:ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030)
1731:Foust, Jeff (3 May 2022).
1376:
1338:
1323:
1308:
1300:Commercialization of space
927:Satish Dhawan Space Centre
903:
888:
834:
772:
733:
724:Applied Physics Laboratory
676:Planetary Science Division
642:
605:
567:
507:
454:
430:
407:
389:
4010:
3979:
3926:
3753:
3710:
3633:
3495:
3403:
3396:
3346:
3277:
3246:
3237:
1493:10.1007/978-1-4614-5514-1
1304:
1240:
1029:Space Shuttle Main Engine
783:under development by the
720:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
710:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
510:Rosalind Franklin (rover)
3967:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
2561:www.realclearscience.com
2403:. SpaceX. Archived from
1924:Solar System Exploration
1481:Seedhouse, Erik (2013).
1140:Resources and sustenance
1060:nuclear pulse propulsion
768:
463:Breakthrough Initiatives
58:Global catastrophic risk
2605:"NASA - Bones in Space"
1899:10.1126/science.aal0781
1529:10.1049/iet-tv.44.17920
847:reusable launch vehicle
715:Jupiter's magnetosphere
682:, and funded under the
496:
376:settlements on the Moon
271:Exploratory engineering
161:Causal layered analysis
3070:Our Civilizing Mission
1550:Cite journal requires
1519:Margasahayam, Ravi N.
1157:
1128:
1109:central nervous system
1047:
1023:
754:Enceladus's warm ocean
730:Breakthrough Enceladus
654:
628:
570:Mars Orbiter Mission 2
98:Historical materialism
3826:Venus Orbiter Mission
3127:10.2307/j.ctt5hjnxh.9
2956:, Beuth Verlag GmbH,
2483:www.adastrarocket.com
2292:European Space Agency
2288:European Space Agency
2036:SpacePolicyOnline.com
1404:Human mission to Mars
1155:
1126:
1045:
1031:), to plasma or even
1017:
976:Technical limitations
785:European Space Agency
758:ice-penetrating radar
652:
625:
594:to lower its initial
527:European Space Agency
525:programme led by the
457:Breakthrough Starshot
451:Breakthrough Starshot
423:, a reusable rocket.
345:explorations of space
176:Cross impact analysis
2930:Allison, Peter Ray.
2538:on September 4, 2013
2431:voyager.jpl.nasa.gov
2407:on 30 September 2019
2369:(19 November 2018).
2222:10.1002/2016GL068634
1842:. Times News Network
1119:Psychological issues
1083:Physiological issues
404:Colonize outer space
364:missions to the Moon
3232:Future spaceflights
3119:Blue on Blue Ground
3024:"Spaceport America"
2882:"Autonomous System"
2754:. November 1, 1990.
2213:2016GeoRL..43.5653C
1010:Propulsion and fuel
869:with an additional
855:private spaceflight
372:scientific outposts
301:Technology scouting
48:Accelerating change
3310:Boeing Starliner-1
2071:. 19 December 2018
1839:The Times of India
1712:. Associated Press
1409:Space colonization
1174:Autonomous systems
1158:
1129:
1048:
1024:
891:Boeing Starliner 1
885:Boeing Starliner 1
879:two-stage-to-orbit
796:extrasolar planets
655:
629:
410:Space colonization
349:robotic spacecraft
291:Speculative design
171:Consensus forecast
166:Chain-linked model
128:Resource depletion
4041:Space exploration
4028:
4027:
3975:
3974:
3836:Comet Interceptor
3800:Rosalind Franklin
3519:Lunar Trailblazer
3392:
3391:
3186:978-3-319-05196-3
3169:Bigelow Aerospace
3136:978-0-8229-9091-8
3087:978-1-78694-176-3
3045:978-3-319-09261-4
3003:978-0-262-03627-6
2988:, The MIT Press,
2207:(11): 5653–5660.
2009:on March 27, 2018
1601:Nature World News
1502:978-1-4614-5513-4
1394:Space exploration
1379:Bigelow Aerospace
1074:Human limitations
1006:at 17 km/s.
555:Rosalind Franklin
551:Trace Gas Orbiter
515:Rosalind Franklin
503:Rosalind Franklin
477:star system 4.37
469:spacecraft named
446:Uncrewed missions
353:human spaceflight
337:
336:
223:Scenario planning
86:Space exploration
4053:
3401:
3400:
3244:
3243:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2962:10.31030/3150333
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2858:. Archived from
2856:ase.jpl.nasa.gov
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2777:. Archived from
2767:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2045:on July 31, 2020
2044:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1966:
1960:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1934:on July 10, 2015
1930:. Archived from
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1428:
1068:Alcubierre drive
1064:Project Longshot
1056:Project Daedalus
994:Proxima Centauri
867:orbital launches
802:stars (like the
764:Space telescopes
559:
529:and the Russian
329:
322:
315:
228:Systems analysis
213:Horizon scanning
186:Real-time Delphi
123:Population cycle
53:Cashless society
33:
19:
18:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4046:Futures studies
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4006:
3981:
3971:
3922:
3749:
3706:
3629:
3491:
3388:
3342:
3304:Axiom Mission 4
3273:
3233:
3230:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3147:
3137:
3115:"Confrontation"
3113:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3098:
3088:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3028:Virgin Galactic
3020:
3016:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2964:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2832:Robotics Online
2826:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2769:
2768:
2759:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2456:wiredcosmos.com
2450:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2433:. 10 April 2022
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2381:
2379:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2193:
2189:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2152:
2150:
2140:
2136:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1959:22 August 2019.
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1881:
1877:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1698:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1652:
1648:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1608:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1575:Centauri Dreams
1567:
1563:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1479:
1472:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1390:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1326:Virgin Galactic
1322:
1320:Virgin Galactic
1313:
1307:
1302:
1282:
1268:
1257:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1207:
1198:
1176:
1167:
1142:
1121:
1105:solar radiation
1092:, and constant
1085:
1076:
1012:
986:
978:
959:
908:
902:
893:
887:
839:
837:SpaceX Starship
833:
831:SpaceX Starship
828:
826:Crewed missions
781:space telescope
777:
771:
766:
738:
732:
678:, designated a
647:
641:
634:
610:
604:
572:
566:
557:
512:
506:
499:
491:Mark Zuckerberg
487:Stephen Hawking
459:
453:
448:
435:
429:
412:
406:
394:
388:
333:
261:Critical design
208:Future workshop
108:Kardashev scale
103:Kondratiev wave
23:Futures studies
17:
12:
11:
5:
4059:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:(11 September)
3998:
3997:(10 September)
3992:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3733:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3610:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3435:Europa Clipper
3432:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3287:SpaceX Crew-10
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3155:
3135:
3106:
3086:
3066:"Introduction"
3056:
3044:
3014:
3002:
2972:
2943:
2922:
2897:
2872:
2843:
2816:
2791:
2757:
2736:
2725:biosphere2.org
2712:
2685:
2661:
2637:
2620:
2596:
2572:
2548:
2519:
2494:
2467:
2443:
2418:
2392:
2358:
2332:
2304:
2275:
2248:
2236:
2187:
2162:
2134:
2114:Harris, Mark.
2106:
2081:
2056:
2020:
1989:
1961:
1945:
1911:
1875:
1853:
1824:
1802:
1777:
1751:
1723:
1696:
1674:
1646:
1606:
1587:
1561:
1552:|journal=
1508:
1501:
1470:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1377:Main article:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1339:Main article:
1336:
1333:
1324:Main article:
1321:
1318:
1309:Main article:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1281:
1278:
1273:space industry
1267:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:Benefits of AI
1225:
1219:
1216:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1141:
1138:
1120:
1117:
1113:motor function
1101:magnetic field
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1052:nuclear fusion
1037:ion propulsion
1011:
1008:
985:
982:
977:
974:
958:
955:
904:Main article:
901:
898:
889:Main article:
886:
883:
835:Main article:
832:
829:
827:
824:
773:Main article:
770:
767:
765:
762:
734:Main article:
731:
728:
704:Europa Orbiter
692:Europa Clipper
658:Europa Clipper
645:Europa Clipper
643:Main article:
640:
638:Europa Clipper
635:
633:
630:
606:Main article:
603:
600:
568:Main article:
565:
562:
508:Main article:
505:
500:
498:
495:
475:Alpha Centauri
455:Main article:
452:
449:
447:
444:
433:Space research
431:Main article:
428:
427:Space research
425:
408:Main article:
405:
402:
390:Main article:
387:
384:
335:
334:
332:
331:
324:
317:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
266:Design fiction
263:
255:
254:
243:
242:
241:
240:
238:Trend analysis
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
189:
188:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
150:
149:
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4058:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Europa Lander
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3814:Solar-C EUVST
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3486:SpainSat NG I
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3256:SpaceX Crew-9
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2933:
2926:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2862:on 2002-10-19
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2802:
2799:Tonn, Shara.
2795:
2781:on 2020-12-05
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2630:
2624:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2159:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2121:
2120:New Scientist
2117:
2110:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1812:
1806:
1788:
1781:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1636:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1544:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1317:
1312:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1277:
1274:
1263:
1261:
1252:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1137:
1135:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:as a shield,
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1090:kidney stones
1080:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:Oberth effect
995:
991:
981:
973:
971:
967:
966:
954:
952:
951:Bay of Bengal
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
897:
892:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
823:
821:
817:
816:Cosmic Vision
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
776:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
737:
727:
725:
721:
716:
712:
711:
706:
705:
699:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
663:
662:Galilean moon
659:
651:
646:
639:
624:
620:
617:
616:
609:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
571:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:solar powered
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
504:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
443:
439:
434:
424:
422:
416:
411:
401:
399:
393:
383:
381:
380:asteroid belt
377:
373:
370:to establish
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
330:
325:
323:
318:
316:
311:
310:
308:
307:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
249:
245:
244:
239:
236:
234:
233:Threatcasting
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:Futures wheel
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
138:Swanson's law
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
45:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
3995:Polaris Dawn
3951:Nano-JASMINE
3799:
3787:MBR Explorer
3730:NEO Surveyor
3356:(March 2026)
3190:, retrieved
3168:
3158:
3148:, retrieved
3118:
3109:
3099:, retrieved
3069:
3059:
3049:, retrieved
3027:
3017:
3007:, retrieved
2985:
2975:
2965:, retrieved
2952:
2946:
2935:. Retrieved
2925:
2914:. Retrieved
2912:. 2017-06-27
2909:
2900:
2889:. Retrieved
2885:
2875:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:the original
2855:
2846:
2835:. Retrieved
2831:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:
2794:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:the original
2775:www.nasa.gov
2774:
2751:
2739:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2715:
2704:. Retrieved
2700:
2677:. Retrieved
2674:www.nasa.gov
2673:
2664:
2653:. Retrieved
2650:www.nasa.gov
2649:
2640:
2623:
2612:. Retrieved
2609:www.nasa.gov
2608:
2599:
2588:. Retrieved
2584:
2575:
2564:. Retrieved
2560:
2551:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:the original
2531:
2522:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:
2497:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:
2459:. Retrieved
2455:
2446:
2435:. Retrieved
2430:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:the original
2395:
2387:
2380:. Retrieved
2374:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2325:30 September
2323:. Retrieved
2319:Ars Technica
2317:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2287:
2278:
2267:. Retrieved
2261:
2251:
2239:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2179:. Retrieved
2177:. 2016-06-21
2174:
2165:
2157:
2151:. Retrieved
2147:
2137:
2129:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2084:
2073:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2040:the original
2035:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
2002:
1997:PMPO staff.
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1974:
1964:
1956:
1955:Jeff Foust,
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1923:
1914:
1902:. Retrieved
1888:
1878:
1869:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1837:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1736:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1709:
1699:
1690:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1659:
1649:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:
1609:
1600:
1590:
1578:. Retrieved
1574:
1564:
1543:cite journal
1532:. Retrieved
1483:
1440:
1436:
1382:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1329:
1314:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1269:
1258:
1249:
1246:Solar panels
1230:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1199:
1191:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1143:
1130:
1098:
1094:hydro-static
1086:
1077:
1049:
1033:nanoparticle
1025:
1001:
987:
979:
963:
960:
943:solar panels
909:
894:
843:second stage
840:
800:yellow dwarf
778:
742:astrobiology
739:
708:
702:
695:
691:
673:
657:
656:
637:
613:
611:
573:
564:Mangalyaan 2
554:
547:life on Mars
535:
514:
513:
502:
470:
460:
440:
436:
417:
413:
395:
361:
357:Solar System
340:
338:
198:Future-proof
85:
4001:Soyuz MS-26
3963:(mid 2020s)
3901:(2031–2032)
3856:(2029–2031)
3745:Superbird-9
3732:(September)
3683:(2026–2027)
3593:Space Rider
3540:Gaganyaan-3
3535:Gaganyaan-2
3482:(September)
3456:Hakuto-R M2
3441:Gaganyaan-1
3420:(September)
3418:Bion-M No.2
3366:Gaganyaan-5
3354:Soyuz MS-29
3338:Gaganyaan-4
3333:Shenzhou 21
3324:(September)
3318:(September)
3316:Soyuz MS-28
3299:Shenzhou 20
3293:Soyuz MS-27
3270:(late 2024)
3262:Shenzhou 19
3258:(September)
2382:22 November
2367:Boyle, Alan
2351:21 November
1957:Space News.
1817:October 30,
1346:New Shepard
1341:Blue Origin
1335:Blue Origin
1134:Biosphere 2
931:Sriharikota
923:GSLV Mk III
875:Super Heavy
873:stage, the
810:stars, and
592:aerobraking
483:Yuri Milner
479:light-years
252:forecasting
246:Technology
156:Backcasting
133:Singularity
113:Moore's law
71:Mathematics
4035:Categories
3989:TĂĽrksat 6A
3613:SSC Demo-1
3609:(February)
3562:(February)
3488:(November)
3424:Blue Ghost
3289:(February)
3264:(November)
3192:2020-11-05
3150:2020-11-05
3101:2020-11-05
3051:2020-11-05
3009:2020-11-05
2967:2020-11-05
2937:2017-11-28
2916:2017-11-28
2891:2017-11-28
2866:2017-10-31
2837:2017-11-28
2810:2017-11-16
2785:2017-11-16
2730:2017-11-15
2706:2017-10-24
2679:2017-10-24
2655:2017-10-24
2614:2017-10-24
2590:2017-10-24
2566:2017-10-24
2542:2017-10-24
2513:2017-10-24
2488:2017-10-24
2461:2017-10-24
2437:2017-10-24
2401:"Starship"
2297:9 February
2269:2014-01-29
2181:2019-02-17
2153:2019-02-17
2125:2019-02-17
2100:2019-02-17
2075:2019-02-17
1795:5 February
1770:5 February
1765:Space News
1710:Excite.com
1667:7 February
1534:2020-11-05
1415:References
947:splashdown
919:propellant
632:Gas Giants
519:Mars rover
467:light sail
398:Space race
281:Hype cycle
248:assessment
147:Techniques
3875:Spektr-UV
3869:SAOCOM-2B
3848:Tianwen-4
3820:Tianwen-3
3808:SAOCOM-2A
3769:Dragonfly
3763:Chang'e 8
3666:ispace M3
3652:Chang'e 7
3618:Tianwen-2
3545:Garatéa-L
3521:(January)
3476:(October)
3437:(October)
3377:Artemis 5
3371:Artemis 4
3360:Artemis 3
3322:Artemis 2
3145:242817633
3096:241371499
2701:USA TODAY
2532:msnbc.com
2411:2 October
2231:1944-8007
2148:Space.com
2013:March 27,
1846:3 October
1738:SpaceNews
1465:151089836
1457:0016-3287
1443:: 38–40.
1364:Blue Moon
1355:New Glenn
1003:Voyager 1
984:Distances
965:Voyager 1
906:Gaganyaan
900:Gaganyaan
863:passenger
812:red dwarf
750:Enceladus
748:'s moon,
602:Asteroids
193:Foresight
3991:(8 July)
3982:launched
3980:Recently
3905:LiteBIRD
3887:EnVision
3881:Spektr-M
3854:Venera-D
3697:ULTRASAT
3656:Rashid 2
3574:Series B
3572:MetOp-SG
3568:Series A
3566:MetOp-SG
3510:ESCAPADE
3474:Juventas
3446:GOSAT-GW
3397:Uncrewed
3312:(August)
3306:(Spring)
2910:Futurism
2376:GeekWire
2346:Engadget
2263:BBC News
2175:GeoSpace
2069:NBC News
1716:29 March
1691:Bulletin
1661:BBC News
1635:cite web
1620:Newsweek
1580:14 April
1388:See also
990:Helios 2
929:(SDSC),
808:subgiant
789:transits
722:and the
596:apoapsis
471:StarChip
421:Falcon 9
118:Peak oil
91:Universe
39:Concepts
3961:TEREX-1
3899:DAVINCI
3893:VERITAS
3883:(2030+)
3863:Luna 28
3842:Harmony
3781:Luna 27
3775:JASMINE
3725:Luna 26
3687:Xuntian
3626:(April)
3624:TRACERS
3603:SPHEREx
3560:LOXSAT1
3531:(April)
3529:SWFO-L1
3505:DESTINY
3480:PROBA-3
3451:GSAT-20
3413:Biomass
3385:(~2030)
3295:(March)
2284:"Plato"
2209:Bibcode
2095:Gizmodo
2049:May 29,
1982:May 29,
1938:July 9,
1890:Science
1625:29 July
1437:Futures
949:in the
871:booster
853:, as a
798:around
697:Galileo
669:Jupiter
582:by the
523:ExoMars
81:Climate
62:Future
3956:PETREL
3919:(2035)
3913:(2035)
3911:Athena
3907:(2032)
3895:(2031)
3889:(2031)
3877:(2030)
3871:(2030)
3865:(2030)
3850:(2029)
3844:(2029)
3838:(2029)
3828:(2028)
3822:(2028)
3816:(2028)
3810:(2028)
3804:(2028)
3795:(2028)
3789:(2028)
3783:(2028)
3777:(2028)
3771:(2028)
3765:(2028)
3643:ALTIUS
3598:SPARCS
3550:HTV-X1
3470:Milani
3379:(2030)
3373:(2028)
3362:(2026)
3328:Vast-1
3239:Crewed
3183:
3143:
3133:
3094:
3084:
3042:
3000:
2229:
1499:
1484:SpaceX
1463:
1455:
1311:SpaceX
1305:SpaceX
1241:Energy
1058:) and
1020:VASIMR
861:- and
851:SpaceX
746:Saturn
665:Europa
627:years.
615:Nature
549:. The
489:, and
181:Delphi
3946:MOM 2
3941:Janus
3832:ARIEL
3802:rover
3755:2028+
3720:FORUM
3702:VOICE
3692:PLATO
3671:LUPEX
3661:IHP-2
3620:(May)
3607:PUNCH
3588:SMILE
3583:NISAR
3461:IHP-1
3430:DISHA
3347:2026+
3268:Fram2
3141:S2CID
3092:S2CID
2805:WIRED
2748:(PDF)
2632:(PDF)
2585:WIRED
2043:(PDF)
2032:(PDF)
1904:1 May
1866:(PDF)
1790:(PDF)
1744:5 May
1687:(PDF)
1461:S2CID
939:Earth
935:orbit
859:cargo
845:of a
820:Plato
793:rocky
775:PLATO
769:PLATO
576:India
558:'
66:Earth
3917:LISA
3740:HALO
3712:2027
3647:FLEX
3635:2026
3578:MULA
3555:IM-3
3525:IMAP
3515:IM-2
3497:2025
3466:Hera
3405:2024
3279:2025
3248:2024
3181:ISBN
3131:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3040:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2886:NASA
2752:NASA
2508:NASA
2413:2019
2384:2018
2353:2018
2327:2019
2299:2017
2227:ISSN
2051:2019
2015:2018
1984:2019
1940:2015
1906:2017
1848:2018
1819:2019
1797:2023
1772:2023
1746:2022
1718:2014
1669:2019
1641:link
1627:2019
1582:2016
1556:help
1497:ISBN
1453:ISSN
1018:The
911:ISRO
707:and
588:VSSC
580:Mars
497:Mars
368:Mars
366:and
351:and
339:The
250:and
76:Race
3928:TBA
3793:MSR
3736:PPE
3676:MMX
3173:doi
3123:doi
3074:doi
3032:doi
2990:doi
2986:Tap
2958:doi
2217:doi
1895:doi
1525:doi
1489:doi
1445:doi
1441:110
806:),
804:Sun
543:sol
347:by
296:TRL
276:FTA
4037::
3834:/
3738:/
3654:/
3645:/
3605:/
3527:/
3517:/
3472:/
3468:/
3426:M1
3179:,
3167:,
3139:,
3129:,
3117:,
3090:,
3080:,
3068:,
3038:,
3026:,
2996:,
2984:,
2908:.
2884:.
2854:.
2830:.
2819:^
2803:.
2773:.
2760:^
2750:.
2723:.
2699:.
2688:^
2672:.
2648:.
2607:.
2583:.
2559:.
2530:.
2506:.
2481:.
2470:^
2454:.
2429:.
2386:.
2373:.
2344:.
2316:.
2290:.
2286:.
2260:.
2225:.
2215:.
2205:43
2203:.
2199:.
2173:.
2156:.
2146:.
2128:.
2118:.
2093:.
2067:.
2034:.
2001:.
1973:.
1926:.
1922:.
1893:.
1887:.
1868:.
1836:.
1763:.
1735:.
1708:.
1689:.
1658:.
1637:}}
1633:{{
1618:.
1599:.
1573:.
1547::
1545:}}
1541:{{
1523:.
1511:^
1495:.
1487:.
1473:^
1459:.
1451:.
1435:.
1423:^
1039:.
970:AU
953:.
726:.
690:.
671:.
533:.
493:.
485:,
3225:e
3218:t
3211:v
3175::
3125::
3076::
3034::
2992::
2960::
2940:.
2919:.
2894:.
2869:.
2840:.
2813:.
2788:.
2733:.
2709:.
2682:.
2658:.
2634:.
2617:.
2593:.
2569:.
2545:.
2516:.
2491:.
2464:.
2440:.
2415:.
2355:.
2329:.
2301:.
2272:.
2233:.
2219::
2211::
2184:.
2103:.
2078:.
2053:.
2017:.
1986:.
1942:.
1908:.
1897::
1850:.
1821:.
1799:.
1774:.
1748:.
1720:.
1671:.
1643:)
1629:.
1603:.
1584:.
1558:)
1554:(
1537:.
1527::
1505:.
1491::
1467:.
1447::
1062:(
1054:(
328:e
321:t
314:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
