180:
1229:
1754:
456:
444:
432:
420:
408:
396:
1740:
356:, a traditional celebration in Santiago de Cuba, took place well after the sugar cane harvest, allowing unemployed workers, mainly African and mulatto slaves and freedmen, to participate in the festivities. Originally intended as a period of rest and diversion for the lower classes, mamarrachos were permitted by Spanish colonial authorities, who believed it would distract the slaves from more subversive activities.
359:
In the present day, Carnival is celebrated on July 18-27 in Havana, Matanzas, and
Santiago de Cuba, in honor of the Revolution, with the final parade held on July 26.. In the past, there were two types of Carnival celebrations in Santiago. The Winter Carnival, held in February or March and supported
51:
It is essential to recognize that carnival in Cuba is not solely rooted in
African traditions but is a multifaceted cultural amalgamation that reflects the country's diverse heritage. Through the centuries, Cuban carnival has evolved, incorporating various elements from African, European, and other
337:
tradition. Some wanted to preserve and civilize it, drawing parallels with
European carnival celebrations. They proposed eliminating elements considered uncivilized, such as the use of dirty shoe polish or indecorous African elements. Instead, they aimed to educate and enlighten participants about
266:
were generally tolerated by the authorities in
Santiago de Cuba. However, there were instances when they were forbidden due to abuses and disturbances caused during the festivities. For example, in 1788, restrictions were imposed due to abuses, and in 1794, because of the moral and physical damage
91:
The mamarrachos were festive events held on various days in summer, including June 24 (St. John's Day), June 29 (St. Peter's Day), July 24 (St. Christine's Day), July 25 (St. James the
Apostle's Day), and July 26 (St. Anne's Day). These celebrations were not religious in the liturgical sense they
363:
On the other hand, the Summer
Carnaval or Carnaval Santiaguero originated during the slavery period and catered to the lower classes, including African and Afro-Cuban influences. As the unemployed sugar and coffee workers, sponsored by local industries, participated in the summer festivities, the
542:
Fernando OrtĂz, in "Las comparsas populares del
Carnaval habanero" in Estudios Afrocubanos, vol, V, La Habana, 1954-6, p.132, observed that there is a chain of festivals that extends from Christmas Eve to the Spring Equinox, probably having their ancient origins in agricultural rites. OrtĂz was
103:" itself does not appear in records until 1757. However, there are earlier records of the festivals dating back to 1679, and they likely existed even before that. Two theories exist about their origin. One suggests that they gradually extended from more traditional European festivals, including
47:
The history of
Carnival in Cuba is a complex interplay of diverse influences and interests. While some may emphasize its continuous historical connection with Africa, a deeper examination reveals that the carnival culture in Cuba has evolved over time, drawing from multicultural Cuban history.
628:
to enter the houses of the well-to-do and perform in hopes of getting a tip. Some people took advantage of the custom by forming groups who rehearsed very little, forced their way into people’s houses, gave a perfunctory performance and then urged the hosts to give them as large a tip as
552:
Costumes were imported or made locally and worn by well-to-do attenders of masked balls. Parodies of famous people, living or dead, dominos, harlequins, etc. were popular. Poor people wore normal clothes and smeared their faces with colored greases or pastes, or wore inexpensive
206:
of St. John and St. Peter date back to 1679, and the first recorded comparsa, "Los
Alegrones," was active in 1757. During the 19th century, there were 46 active comparsas, each with its unique costumes and themes, as documented by Cuban historian Nancy PĂ©rez.
74:" in Spanish, is a pre-Lenten festival that gained popularity in Spain during the middle of the 10th century. It was likely brought to Cuba by Hispanic colonists, and has since become the foundation for traditional celebrations in the country, such as the
367:
Attempts were made to civilize the traditional festivities, and Winter
Carnival was created as a more "civilized" counterpart to the traditional summer celebrations. However, Winter Carnival did not last long due to its individualistic nature. The term
314:
in Santiago de Cuba has been a subject of debate, with some advocating for regulation, reform, or even abolition of the festivities. As early as 1879, there were motions made in the Municipal Council to address the concerns surrounding
282:
with masked members, and black freedmen were not allowed to conceal their faces with paint or masks to prevent potential violent conflicts. In 1841, a proclamation by the Spanish Governor prohibited certain actions during the
291:
directors were required to seek permission before entering private properties, and law officers were instructed to arrest violators, regardless of their status, and anyone carrying offensive arms under their costumes.
126:
festivals in Santiago de Cuba were characterized by a variety of activities. These included animal-drawn carriages, bonfire building, pilgrimages to sanctuaries with torches, and the consumption of beverages like
610:
PĂ©rez says: "The prohibitions of fiestas in 1869 reflect the prevailing state of war which, though not stated explicitly, can be seen in the interest of the authorities in maintaining the 'tranquility' of the
199:," meaning "to appear briefly" like a walk-on appearance in a theater. In the context of carnival or other festivals, comparsas refer to groups of musicians and dancers who perform in the streets.
566:, was not mentioned in documents until 1902, but "according to the testimony of some descendants of the founders of the Cabildo , it existed before the later stages of the colonial era."
92:
were intended to be. Instead, they were public occasions for jubilation and amusement, with festivities centered around music, dancing, and the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
345:
by removing African and Afro-Cuban influences. However, it highlighted the authorities' limited efforts in regulating the festivities through repeated proclamations.
529:
during the major festivals in July. These characters originally gained such importance in the Santiago carnival that carnival itself became identified as the
131:, "Yara" rum, fruit juices, chocolate, soup, beer, and coffee. People also dressed in costumes and masks, attended masked balls with music performed by the
267:
they caused. In 1815 and 1816, the events were banned to prevent drunken coach-drivers and disorderly conduct among participants. In subsequent years, the
1164:
76:
638:
See, for example, an article by José Mas y Perez, dated 1884, but from a reproduction in La Independencia of July 24, 1922, cited in Pérez I 1988:113-4.
250:
were known for their inventiveness and played a pivotal role in shaping the unique music and dance styles that define the Carnaval of Santiago de Cuba.
989:
222:
were distinguished by their orchestral music, scenography, and choreographed dance steps. They were usually accompanied by mobile versions of the
234:
were large gatherings of dancers who followed a selected theme, dancing rhythmically to mainly percussion instruments like drums and metal pans.
326:, as they were seen as ridiculous and detrimental to the city's moral and material interests. Another, more moderate suggestion, was to limit
656:
A pre-Lenten carnival could not, of course, be attended by seasonal workers, most of whom were Afro-Cubans, because it would fall during the
1414:
1293:
1243:
341:
An editorial from La Independencia in 1908 expressed admiration for European traditions and suggested the need for purification of the
287:, including riding horses or vehicles too fast, ridiculing others through speech, song, or verse, and wearing offensive costumes.
1157:
960:
Bettelheim, Judith (25 January 2010) . Coleman, James S. (ed.). "Negotiations of Power in Carnaval Culture in Santiago de Cuba".
111:
to the procession of St. James the Apostle, the patron saint of Santiago de Cuba. These theories may not be mutually exclusive.
295:
Similar proclamations were repeated in subsequent years until the end of the colonial period, reinforcing the regulation of the
48:
Carnival reflects the dynamic power dynamics within Cuban society and serves as an expression of shifting power negotiations.
364:
popularity of Summer Carnaval increased. By the 1940s and 1950s, Carnaval in Santiago and Havana became more commercialized.
575:
In both written sources and spoken language, the terms "comparsa," "conga" and "paseo" may be used in an inconsistent way.
187:
The Carnaval of Santiago de Cuba is marked by various important festivities, with the parades or street performances of
1542:
1407:
1150:
360:
by exclusive organizations, catered to the well-to-do minority of the population with European-style masquerade balls.
1588:
978:
950:
1785:
1479:
543:
referring specifically to the city of Havana, but these festivals are common to all Spanish-speaking cultures.
1484:
521:. "Historically, a group of masked or costumed persons who danced rhythmically in the streets following the
1647:
1564:
1352:
1001:
163:
would also participate in spontaneous parades, and the festivities culminated with a grand parade called
52:
cultural influences, resulting in a unique and vibrant celebration that resonates with the Cuban people.
1800:
1642:
1472:
1467:
1780:
1654:
1489:
1111:
1620:
1124:
969:
Brea, Rafael; Millet, José (2001) . "Glossary of Popular Festivals". In Bettelheim, Judith (ed.).
1273:
1196:
1795:
1450:
1402:
1132:
1707:
1583:
1335:
1330:
1268:
455:
443:
431:
419:
407:
395:
1790:
1637:
330:
to specific days and locations and impose restrictions on offensive behavior and costumes.
1397:
8:
1659:
1360:
1263:
1216:
1191:
941:
Bettelheim, Judith (2001) . "Carnival in Santiago de Cuba". In Bettelheim, Judith (ed.).
658:
1744:
1691:
1610:
1494:
1462:
1325:
1256:
151:, which were tables covered with awnings. Festival-goers engaged in versification with
227:
179:
1630:
1603:
1558:
1419:
1320:
1251:
974:
946:
1342:
1315:
1135:- the Smithsonian Folkways catalog page for this item has samples of music from the
1547:
1512:
1365:
1347:
1298:
518:
479:
472:
253:
237:
40:
1228:
210:
In the 19th century, PĂ©rez categorized the Santiagueran comparsas into two types:
84:
of Santiago de Cuba, which evolved from the former summer festivals known as the "
1625:
1382:
1372:
1310:
1753:
1116:
271:
faced restrictions for fear of disorder and to maintain the city's tranquility.
1303:
1286:
488:
333:
Amidst the discussions, there were different perspectives on how to treat the
1774:
1684:
1281:
988:
del Carmen, Maria; Hernández, Yohemis; González, Carlos Alberto (July 2006).
88:", is distinct from the pre-Lenten carnival celebrated in February or March.
1537:
1142:
1758:
1615:
1387:
380:, despite objections from traditionalists who preferred the original term "
1674:
1426:
1017:
Dale, Olsen A.; Daniel, Sheehy E. (2003). "Cuba". In Henken, Ted (ed.).
1723:
1666:
1445:
1377:
1201:
774:
1080:] (in Spanish). Vol. II. Santiago de Cuba: Editorial Oriente.
1552:
1522:
1067:] (in Spanish). Vol. I. Santiago de Cuba: Editorial Oriente.
484:
274:
Despite the tolerance, there were regulations on paper to govern the
29:
387:
223:
1739:
1527:
1517:
1455:
1173:
1046:] (Dictionary entry) (in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 2024
67:
647:
First mentioned in 1679, but certainly occurring before that date.
1211:
1035:
372:" eventually replaced other names for the celebrations, such as
1026:
Figueredo, D. H. (1998). "Carnivals". In Olsen, Dale A. (ed.).
601:
is someone who participates in a conga as a musician or dancer.
278:. In 1679, black slaves were prohibited from participating in
246:
tended to be more extravagant, requiring greater capital. The
242:
mainly comprised humble individuals with limited means, while
1593:
750:
738:
987:
899:
897:
780:
716:
714:
34:
230:, or sometimes Spanish military bands. On the other hand,
1101:
Carnaval Ă Santiago de Cuba; Le Chant du Monde LDX-A-4250
846:
798:
786:
964:. Vol. 24. African Studies Center (published 1991).
894:
711:
687:
584:
The tajona was a type of parade music and dance of the
348:
55:
909:
858:
834:
822:
810:
726:
114:
882:
870:
762:
322:
One proposal called for the complete prohibition of
147:, rigadoons, and waltzes. Refreshments were sold at
699:
675:
1133:Carnaval in Cuba; Folkways Records FW04065 (1981)
533:, and was thus called until the present century."
388:Posters representing Carnival of Santiago de Cuba
1772:
302:
1172:
1158:
254:Attitude of the colonial authorities to the
202:Records of comparsas in connection with the
310:Throughout its history, the celebration of
33:, have been vibrant public celebrations in
1165:
1151:
1034:
1016:
968:
959:
940:
931:
903:
852:
732:
720:
693:
37:since at least the 17th century, with the
1089:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1025:
934:Cuban Festivals: An Illustrated Anthology
781:del Carmen, Hernández & González 2006
178:
1112:Carnival in Santiago de Cuba photostory
1084:
973:. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers.
945:. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers.
171:, bidding farewell to the celebration.
1773:
1071:
1058:
915:
888:
876:
864:
840:
828:
816:
804:
792:
768:
756:
744:
705:
681:
517:"clown." Various meanings in modern
191:being the most significant. The term "
44:holding a special place among Cubans.
1146:
1021:. Vol. 2. Duke University Press.
195:" originates from the Italian word "
155:, mocking songs often improvised by
349:Winter Carnival vs. Summer Carnival
13:
1044:Dictionary of the Spanish Language
1000:] (in Spanish). Archived from
14:
1812:
1105:
1040:Diccionario de la Lengua Española
1752:
1738:
1227:
454:
442:
430:
418:
406:
394:
262:During the colonial period, the
159:, small groups of revelers. The
936:. New York: Garland Publishing.
650:
641:
632:
614:
604:
591:
578:
569:
556:
546:
1095:
994:La Cultura en Santiago de Cuba
536:
507:
500:
1:
1028:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
992:[Santiago Carnival].
924:
122:During the 19th century, the
669:
495:
107:, while the other links the
7:
1087:Culture and Customs of Cuba
998:Culture in Santiago de Cuba
932:Bettelheim, Judith (1993).
466:
174:
99:are unclear, and the term "
95:The precise origins of the
10:
1817:
1732:
1716:
1700:
1573:
1505:
1435:
1236:
1225:
1181:
513:Sg. and pl.; from Arabic
1378:Belarus, Russia, Ukraine
1019:The Encyclopedia of Cuba
1074:El Carnaval Santiaguero
1061:El Carnaval Santiaguero
759:, pp. 24 & 28.
747:, pp. 22 & 24.
115:A typical 19th-century
1786:Folk festivals in Cuba
1745:Catholicism portal
1085:William, Luis (2000).
853:Brea & Millet 2001
721:Brea & Millet 2001
620:It was the custom for
338:appropriate behavior.
184:
1078:The Santiago Carnival
1072:PĂ©rez, Nancy (1988).
1065:The Santiago Carnival
1059:PĂ©rez, Nancy (1988).
531:Fiesta de mamarrachos
182:
1139:of Santiago de Cuba.
1030:. New York: Garland.
1004:on February 24, 2007
183:Comparsa in Santiago
19:Carnivals, known as
1565:Trinidad and Tobago
1217:Ati-Atihan festival
990:"Carnaval Santiago"
807:, pp. 132–135.
795:, pp. 133–134.
167:on the last day of
1543:Dominican Republic
588:or Haitian-Cubans.
562:A third type, the
303:Opposition to the
185:
1801:Carnivals in Cuba
1768:
1767:
1117:Some pictures of
1036:"Mamarracho, Cha"
564:comparsa carabalĂ
228:orquestas tĂpicas
77:Carnaval habanero
1808:
1781:Santiago de Cuba
1759:World portal
1757:
1756:
1743:
1742:
1648:Negros y Blancos
1231:
1176:around the world
1167:
1160:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1090:
1081:
1068:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1009:
984:
965:
956:
937:
919:
913:
907:
901:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
663:
654:
648:
645:
639:
636:
630:
618:
612:
608:
602:
595:
589:
582:
576:
573:
567:
560:
554:
550:
544:
540:
534:
511:
480:Santiago de Cuba
458:
446:
434:
422:
410:
398:
153:cantos de pullas
41:Santiago de Cuba
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1751:
1737:
1728:
1712:
1696:
1569:
1501:
1431:
1232:
1223:
1177:
1171:
1108:
1098:
1093:
1049:
1047:
1007:
1005:
981:
971:Cuban Festivals
953:
943:Cuban Festivals
927:
922:
914:
910:
904:Bettelheim 2010
902:
895:
887:
883:
875:
871:
863:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
827:
823:
815:
811:
803:
799:
791:
787:
779:
775:
767:
763:
755:
751:
743:
739:
733:Mamarracho 2024
731:
727:
719:
712:
704:
700:
694:Bettelheim 2010
692:
688:
680:
676:
672:
667:
666:
655:
651:
646:
642:
637:
633:
619:
615:
609:
605:
596:
592:
583:
579:
574:
570:
561:
557:
551:
547:
541:
537:
512:
508:
503:
498:
469:
462:
459:
450:
447:
438:
435:
426:
423:
414:
411:
402:
399:
390:
382:Los Mamarrachos
351:
308:
299:' festivities.
260:
177:
133:orquesta tĂpica
120:
80:. However, the
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1748:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1528:Cayman Islands
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1107:
1106:External links
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1032:
1023:
1014:
985:
979:
966:
957:
951:
938:
928:
926:
923:
921:
920:
918:, p. 176.
908:
893:
881:
869:
867:, p. 125.
857:
855:, p. 200.
845:
843:, p. 136.
833:
831:, p. 174.
821:
819:, p. 166.
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
737:
725:
723:, p. 193.
710:
698:
686:
673:
671:
668:
665:
664:
649:
640:
631:
613:
603:
590:
577:
568:
555:
545:
535:
505:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
489:Remedios, Cuba
482:
477:
468:
465:
464:
463:
460:
453:
451:
448:
441:
439:
436:
429:
427:
424:
417:
415:
412:
405:
403:
400:
393:
389:
386:
350:
347:
307:
301:
259:
252:
176:
173:
119:
113:
64:
56:Origin of the
54:
16:Cuban festival
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1813:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:Conga (music)
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:French Guiana
1653:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:South America
1572:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:Puerto Rico (
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1495:New York City
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:United States
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:North America
1434:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
982:
980:976-637-001-X
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
954:
952:976-637-001-X
948:
944:
939:
935:
930:
929:
917:
912:
906:, p. 71.
905:
900:
898:
891:, p. 24.
890:
885:
879:, p. 95.
878:
873:
866:
861:
854:
849:
842:
837:
830:
825:
818:
813:
806:
801:
794:
789:
782:
777:
771:, p. 21.
770:
765:
758:
753:
746:
741:
734:
729:
722:
717:
715:
708:, p. 15.
707:
702:
696:, p. 68.
695:
690:
684:, p. 20.
683:
678:
674:
661:
660:
653:
644:
635:
627:
623:
617:
607:
600:
594:
587:
581:
572:
565:
559:
549:
539:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
510:
506:
490:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
475:
471:
470:
461:Carnival 1983
457:
452:
449:Carnival 1982
445:
440:
437:Carnival 1981
433:
428:
425:Carnival 1981
421:
416:
413:Carnival 1980
409:
404:
401:Carnival 1974
397:
392:
391:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
365:
361:
357:
355:
346:
344:
339:
336:
331:
329:
325:
320:
318:
313:
306:
300:
298:
293:
290:
286:
281:
277:
272:
270:
265:
257:
251:
249:
245:
241:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
181:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
118:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
89:
87:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
63:
59:
53:
49:
45:
43:
42:
36:
32:
31:
26:
22:
1750:
1736:
1643:Barranquilla
1589:GualeguaychĂş
1584:Buenos Aires
1532:
1208:Philippines
1136:
1125:
1118:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1043:
1039:
1027:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:the original
997:
993:
970:
962:African Arts
961:
942:
933:
911:
884:
872:
860:
848:
836:
824:
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
752:
740:
728:
701:
689:
677:
657:
652:
643:
634:
625:
621:
616:
611:population."
606:
598:
593:
585:
580:
571:
563:
558:
548:
538:
530:
526:
522:
514:
509:
473:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
353:
352:
342:
340:
334:
332:
327:
323:
321:
316:
311:
309:
304:
296:
294:
288:
284:
279:
275:
273:
268:
263:
261:
255:
247:
243:
238:
236:
231:
219:
215:
211:
209:
203:
201:
196:
192:
188:
186:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:contradanzas
136:
132:
128:
123:
121:
116:
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
85:
81:
75:
71:
70:, known as "
66:
61:
57:
50:
46:
39:Carnaval of
38:
28:
24:
20:
18:
1791:July events
1490:New Orleans
1451:Quebec City
1415:Switzerland
1353:Netherlands
1096:Discography
916:PĂ©rez 1988b
889:PĂ©rez 1988a
877:PĂ©rez 1988a
865:PĂ©rez 1988a
841:PĂ©rez 1988a
829:PĂ©rez 1988b
817:PĂ©rez 1988a
805:PĂ©rez 1988a
793:PĂ©rez 1988a
769:PĂ©rez 1988a
757:PĂ©rez 1988a
745:PĂ©rez 1988a
706:PĂ©rez 1988a
682:PĂ©rez 1988a
501:Explanatory
374:mamarrachos
354:Mamarrachos
343:mamarrachos
335:mamarrachos
328:mamarrachos
324:mamarrachos
317:mamarrachos
312:mamarrachos
305:Mamarrachos
297:mamarrachos
276:mamarrachos
269:mamarrachos
264:mamarrachos
204:mamarrachos
169:mamarrachos
129:aguardiente
124:mamarrachos
117:Mamarrachos
109:mamarrachos
101:mamarrachos
97:mamarrachos
86:mamarrachos
62:Mamarrachos
1775:Categories
1724:Mardi Gras
1675:Las Tablas
1580:Argentina
1408:Santa Cruz
1403:Las Palmas
1188:Indonesia
925:References
626:relaciones
378:mascaradas
256:Mamarracho
224:danzoneras
165:montompolo
21:carnavales
1708:Australia
1685:Cajamarca
1621:SĂŁo Paulo
1506:Caribbean
1468:Vera Cruz
1357:Portugal
1343:Lithuania
1331:Viareggio
670:Citations
629:possible.
622:comparsas
586:Haitianos
527:comparsas
523:parrandas
519:Castilian
496:Footnotes
485:Parrandas
280:comparsas
258:tradition
197:comparire
189:comparsas
161:comparsas
157:comparsas
30:parrandas
25:charangas
1638:Colombia
1600:Bolivia
1538:Dominica
1523:Barbados
1473:Mazatlán
1388:Slovenia
1248:Belgium
1174:Carnival
1137:Carnaval
1126:Carnaval
1119:carnaval
1050:June 22,
1008:June 22,
599:conguero
515:muharrig
467:See also
370:carnaval
289:Comparsa
193:comparsa
175:Comparsa
145:danzones
135:playing
105:carnaval
82:Carnaval
72:carnaval
68:Carnival
58:Carnaval
1717:Related
1701:Oceania
1692:Uruguay
1671:Panama
1660:Cayenne
1518:Bahamas
1513:Antigua
1456:Toronto
1442:Canada
1383:Croatia
1361:Madeira
1316:Hungary
1299:Cologne
1294:Germany
1278:France
1274:Finland
1269:England
1264:Denmark
1244:Austria
1212:Sinulog
1202:Jakarta
149:mesitas
1667:Guyana
1631:Recife
1611:Brazil
1485:Mobile
1463:MĂ©xico
1446:Ottawa
1427:Turkey
1394:Spain
1373:Slavic
1326:Venice
1311:Greece
1257:Binche
1237:Europe
1197:Jember
1128:Museum
977:
949:
553:masks.
248:congas
244:paseos
239:Congas
232:congas
220:Paseos
216:congas
212:paseos
141:danzas
1681:Peru
1626:Bahia
1604:Oruro
1594:Murga
1559:Ponce
1553:Nevis
1548:Haiti
1420:Basel
1398:Cádiz
1348:Malta
1336:Ivrea
1321:Italy
1304:Mainz
1287:Paris
1252:Aalst
1076:[
1063:[
1042:[
996:[
659:zafra
474:Conga
285:paseo
27:, or
1533:Cuba
1366:Ovar
1282:Nice
1192:Solo
1182:Asia
1052:2024
1010:2024
975:ISBN
947:ISBN
624:and
214:and
35:Cuba
1616:Rio
525:or
487:of
384:."
376:or
226:or
1777::
1038:.
896:^
713:^
597:A
319::
218:.
143:,
139:,
60::
23:,
1561:)
1166:e
1159:t
1152:v
1054:.
1012:.
983:.
955:.
783:.
735:.
662:.
491:.
368:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
