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Carignan Crni, Carignan
Frances, Carignan Mouillan, Carignan noir, Carignane Mouilla, Carignane noir, Carignane noire, Carignane violette, Carignanne, Carignano, Carignano di Carmignano, Carignena, Carinena, Carinena Mazuela, Carinena negra, Cencibel, Crignane, Crinana, Crusillo, Girard, Girarde, Grenache du Bois, Grenache du Bois Dur, Karinjan, Karinyan, Kek Carignan, Legno Duro, Legno Duro di Portoferraio, Manuelo Tinto, Manzuela (in Rioja), Marocain, Mazuela, Mollard (in Rioja), Mounesteou, Pinot d'Evora, Plant d'Espagne, Plant de Ledenon, Pokovec, Pokovez, Samso, Samso Crusillo, Sanso, Soptna blau, Tinto Mazuela, and Uva di Spagna.
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1347:. In Chile, old vines of plantings of Carignan are grown without irrigation in the Maule region which accounted for the majority of the country's 675 hectares (1,670 acres) plantings of the grape in 2008. In Argentina there was just 30 hectares (74 acres) of the grape while Uruguay had 486 hectares (1,200 acres) planted in 2009.
541:(410,000 acres) and was France's most widely planted grape variety. However, as France's wine lake problem became more of a concern, authorities within the French government and European Union started an aggressive vine pull scheme where vineyard owners were offered cash subsidies in exchange for pulling up their vines.
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Other recognized synonyms for
Carignan include: Axina de Spagna, Babonenc, Babounenc, Blaue Shopatna, Blaue Sopatna, Blauer Carignan, Blauer Carignant, Boi Dur, Bois de Fer, Bois dure, Bovale Grande di Spagna, Bovale Mannu, Bove Duro, Bove Duro di Spagna, Cafalan Cagnolaro, Cagnolaro tinto, Calignan,
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In 2004, Spain had around 7,000 ha (17,300 acres) of
Carignan planted. By 2008 that number has dropped to around 6,130 hectares (15,100 acres), and to 5,644 hectares (13,950 acres) in 2015. The grape (traditionally called Cariñena, but now officially called Mazuelo, but also spelled Mazuela) has seen
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region. First discovered in the early 20th century, there were 1,652 hectares (4,080 acres) of the grape planted in France in the 1960s but by 2009 that figure had dropped to 411 hectares (1,020 acres). In Spain, Carignan blanc (known as Cariñena blanca throughout most of the country, Samsó blanco in
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In 2003, DNA evidence confirmed that
Carignan/Cariñena was the same variety as the Mazuelo (or Mazuela) grape of Rioja. This was followed by the discovery in 2007 that the Bovale di Spagna and Bovale Grande grapes of Sardinia were also identical to Carignan. DNA profiling was also able to distinguish
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wines. In the late 1990s, there were over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of the grape planted in the Aude and Hérault departments alone but by 2009 the total plantings of
Carignan throughout France had dropped to 53,155 hectares (131,350 acres). While plantings of the grape in France were more than
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it is known as Cariñena (particularly in Aragon), with Cariñano (also in Aragon), Mazuelo, Tinto
Mazuelo, Crujillon (in Aragon) and Samsó (in Catalonia) also being used in Spain. The recent use of Samsó has been controversial because this seems to be an error, as there is a different grape called
458:
Ampelographers do believe that
Carignan is likely a very old variety due to its widespread plantings and the proliferation of numerous different synonyms that give testament to the grape's long history in different wine regions. The grape likely originated in the Aragon region of northwest Spain
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devastated French vineyards in the mid to late 19th century, plantings of
Carignan grew in popularity on the French mainland. Plantings increased even more when Algeria gained independence in 1962. The grape's prominence in France hit a high point in 1988 when it accounted for 167,000 hectares
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for blending varieties or grapes destined for lower priced box and jug wines often do not work well with the expense and labor cost of hand-harvesting. Among the viticultural hazards that
Carignan is susceptible to include powdery mildew and infestation of the vine from grape worms and the
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In the mid-15th century, the Crown of Aragon stretched from
Eastern Spain, across Sardinia and mainland Italy all the way to the eastern Mediterranean. It is during this time that ampelographers believe that Carignan, which likely originated in Aragon, may have been introduced to these
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dispute the 2006 findings and believe that the DNA profiles of both grapes are too distinct to have a close parent-offspring relationship at all. It is more likely, Vouillamoz and others suggest, that Carignan and Graciano were the result of two separate spontaneous
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In California it is spelled with an extra vowel on the end as Carignane. In Italy it is known as Gragnano while in Sardinia it is known as Bovale Grande and Carignano. In Portugal it is known as Pinot Evara even though it has no relation to the
1156:, do make varietal examples of the grape. In 2008, there were 1,193 hectares (2,950 acres) of the grape in Rioja. In 2009, there were 697 hectares (1,720 acres) and 515 hectares (1,270 acres) of Carignan planted in the nearby wine regions of
311:'s red wine blend. The grape's prominence in France hit a high point in 1988 when it accounted for 167,000 hectares (410,000 acres) and was France's most widely planted grape variety. That year, in a drive to increase the overall quality of
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producing countries with significant Carignan plantings include Croatia with 210 hectares (520 acres) in 2009, Cyprus with 366 hectares (900 acres), Malta with 10 hectares (25 acres) and Turkey with 134 hectares (330 acres) in 2010.
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and Grenache, Carignan has mutated to produce white-berried and pink-berried color mutations known as Carignan blanc and Carignan gris, respectively. Carignan blanc is a white mutation of the Carignan grape found primarily in the
479:, adding to confusion over Carignan's history in the region. Another Spanish synonym, Mazuelo, which is used in the Rioja wine region, is believed by ampelographers and wine historians to come from the commune of
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where vineyard owners were offered cash subsidies in exchange for pulling up their vines. Out of all the French wine varieties, Carignan was the most widely affected dropping by 2000 to 95,700 ha (236,000
1296:. In the 1970s and 1980s, Californian Carignane was one of the leading "home winemaking" grapes in production. In 2010, there were 1,373 hectares (3,390 acres) of the grape planted in the state with
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9 times higher than the next major Carignan producing country (Spain), this drop in plantings is indicative of the global trend of decline in "workhorse varieties" like Carignan in favor of what the
1252:. His persistence to produce high quality old vine Carignan encourages other producers to follow and today Israel presents an impressive range of faire to excellent examples of this verity
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where the grape is primarily used for blending. In South Africa, there were 80 hectares (200 acres) of the grape planted in 2012 with the majority found on the shale vineyard soils of the
536:. At some point the grape reached Algeria where it became a high yielding "workhorse" variety that was widely exported to France to add color and weight to French wine blends. After the
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1284:, Carignane (as it is known there) was the third most widely planted grape variety but has since dropped considerably in production. The majority of the vines were planted in the
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vine, which is similarly prone to diseases, but in recent years Australian winemakers have been able to identify true Carignan. Most Australian plantings of Carignan are found in
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Carignan's tendency to produce short shoots with clusters that grow closely to the trunk of the vine means that it is a difficult variety to harvest mechanically. However, the
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with some positive results. Syrah and Grenache are considered its best blending partners being capable of yielding a softer wine with rustic fruit and perfume. In California,
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Like Carignan noir, both Carignan blanc and Carignan gris are late budding and late ripening varieties that are highly susceptible to powdery mildew. According to
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For many years Carignan was the third most widely planted grape in California where it was a major component in the production of many varieties of jug wines.
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765:) is even more rarely found with only 3 hectares (7.4 acres) planted throughout the country in 2008. Here the grape is mostly used for blending with
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Other varieties sometimes confused with Carignan but have been conclusively proven by DNA analysis to be distinct include the Sardinian wine grape
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In 2012, more than 97% of Italy's 1,748 hectares (4,320 acres) of Carignan plantings were in Sardinia with a few scattered plantings throughout
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though it was not yet clear which variety is the parent and which is the offspring. However, some grape geneticist and ampelographers such as
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grape that is also known as Carignan jaune), and Grenache (which is also known as Carignan rouge, Carignane rosso, and Carignane rousse).
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Carignan blanc and Carignan gris can be found to a limited extent in the French wine region of Roussillon along the Spanish border.
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grape which also grown on the island, Cinsault which shares the synonym Samsó in Catalonia with Carignan, the Italian wine grape
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with 800 hectares (2,000 acres) in 2009. The first serious and consistent efforts to produce quality Carignan was at 2002 by
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industry. Though it is not as prominent today, it is still the country's third most widely planted red grape variety after
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787:. While the wines tend to be "shy" in the nose, Robinson notes that the palate can be "luscious" with light, citrus notes.
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of grapes. Other French synonyms include Carignan noir, Bois Dur, Catalan, Roussillonen, Monestel, and Plant de Lédenon.
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the grape is called Samsó or Carinyena, though it is not related to Cinsault which is also known as Samsó in Catalonia.
638:(including Graciano which is known on Sardinia as Bovale Sardo and Bovale Cagnulari) as well as the Valencia wine grape
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suggesting a Phoenician or Italian origin. Instead, the evidence points more strongly to a Spanish origin of the grape.
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plantings sharply decline in its ancestral home of Aragon where it was once a secondary component of wine from the
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in small plantings of around 411 hectares (1,020 acres) and 1 hectare (2.5 acres), respectively, reported in 2008.
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but in recent years, it has been reborn as a flagship wine for many cellars in the south of France as well as in
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which requires a lot of skill to produce a wine of finesse and elegance. Some winemakers have experimented with
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form with some exceptions. Carignan can be a difficult variety for winemakers to work due to its naturally high
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704:(a French wine grape that is also known as Carignan de Bedoin, Carignan de Bedouin, and Carignan de Gigondas),
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In 2006, DNA profiling suggested a parent-offspring relationship between Carignan and the Rioja wine grape
33:"Bois Dur" redirects here. For another wine grape that shares this as well as several other synonyms, see
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Over the years Carignan has been crossed with several varieties to create new wine grapes including with
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Early Italian wine writers speculated that Carignan, known as Carignano in several parts of Italy, was a
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in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Carignan also played an important role in the early development of the
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375:. Carignan is a late budding and ripening grape which requires a warm climate in order to achieve full
585:. The late ripening nature of the grape means that it rarely achieves full ripeness unless planted in
26:"Plant de Ledenon" redirects here. For another wine grape that is also known as Plant De Ledenon, see
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has found some success with a varietal wine made from Carignan vines that were planted in the 1880s.
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region after Grenache. In 2009, Aragon has just 926 hectares (2,290 acres) dedicated to the grape.
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counties seeing a slight increase in interest while plantings the Central Valley have declined.
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Outside of Catalonia, Mazuelo is mostly a secondary blending variety used to add acidity to the
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of southern France due to the grape's inability to sufficiently ripen much further north in the
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Carignan is a late budding and late ripening variety that is often one of the last grapes to be
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Synonyms for the white-berried mutation Carignan blanc include: Feher Carignan and Karinjan.
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Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours
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the grape is still generally called, 'Carinyena') being claimed by the DO body in Aragon.
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Carignan was likely introduced to Sardinia sometime between 1323 and 1720 when the island
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1217:. Here the grape is known as Bovale Grande and is also featured in the DOC wines of
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Despite sharing several synonyms, such as Samsó in Catalonia, Carignan and Cinsault
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have also experimented with growing Carignan in some of their warmer wine regions.
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The popularity of Carignan was largely tied to its ability to produce very large
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Synonyms for the pink-berried mutation Carignan gris include: Szuerke Carignan.
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in the 9th century BC. From there the grape is believed to have spread to other
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Carignan is found around the globe with the vast majority of plantings in
565:. The vine is very vigorous and high yielding, able to easily produce 200
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white wines that can have high acid and alcohol levels with very little
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1036:. Other departments with significant plantings of Carignan include the
893:. In Africa, plantings of Carignan are also found in the north African
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where the grape originated in or the hot Central Valley of California.
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Old bushvine plantings of Carignan can be found in the Priorat region
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Carignan is most widely found in southern France, particularly in the
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Grapes that are also unrelated to Carignan but share synonyms include
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932:. Elsewhere in North America, plantings of the grape can be found in
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difficult. It has an upright growth habit and can be grown without a
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of the grape that are more than 100 years old that are used to make
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254:, it was considered one of the main grapes responsible for France's
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2006:
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948:. In recent years, plantings of the grape have slowly increased in
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More than 97% of Italian Carignan plantings are found in Sardinia
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1996:
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700:(a Spanish wine grape that is also known as Carignan d'Espagne),
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of the northern half of the appellation. Around the villages of
573:(approximately 10.4 tons/acres), if not kept in check by winter
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605:. The vine has some slight resistance to the fungal disease of
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Outside of California, plantings of the grape can be found in
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Carignan as a distinct variety from other varieties known as
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In Mexico, plantings of Carignan are found in the states of
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which is also used as a synonym for the French wine grape
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but this change was implemented due to name Cariñena (in
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wine regions of central Italy and the Spanish wine grape
524:. Here the grape developed in isolation to form distinct
348:
1934:
1020:
Plantings of Carignan are mostly limited to the warm
1424:
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The grape has found an increasing prominence in the
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parents that occurred somewhere in northeast Spain.
315:
and to reduce the growing wine lake phenomenon, the
1509:Third Edition pg 139 Oxford University Press 2006
1350:In Australia the grape was often confused with the
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
855:where it is a permitted grape variety in several
803:component in blends, rather than being made in a
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427:grape variety that was brought to the island of
359:hazards with significant sensitivity to several
1180:where the grape is also known as Bovale Grande.
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1117:wines. The grape is also found in the DOPs of
769:, with a very few varietal examples produced.
307:. The variety was historically a component of
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1950:
1798:Miquel Hudin & Elia Varela Serra (2012),
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246:but is widely planted throughout the western
1005:designates as "improving varieties" such as
617:Relationship and confusion with other grapes
279:believe that the grape likely originated in
968:French departments where Carignan is grown.
936:. In South America, Carignan is planted in
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1957:
1943:
1733:Third Edition pg 101 Abbeville Press 2003
1584:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz
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467:. However, in Zaragoza and other parts of
459:where it possibly named after the town of
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2898:Clarification and stabilization of wine
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1382:The grape is known under a variety of
1090:, where it is the main variety in the
761:Catalonia, and Carinyena blanc in the
242:origin that is more commonly found in
2701:
1938:
1919:
1878:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1853:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1828:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1705:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1680:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1655:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1630:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1605:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1490:
1465:
193:
1821:
1248:, the Bordeaux trained Enologist of
1202:Denominazione di origine controllata
870:Denominazione di origine controllata
13:
779:, Carignan blanc tends to produce
589:in very warm climates such as the
355:). The vine does face significant
332:as the most widely planted grape.
258:and was a substantial producer in
250:and around the globe. Along with
14:
3010:
1982:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1899:
1764:pg 143-145 Mitchell Beazley 1986
1442:
1028:of central France or in the damp
916:, Carignan is planted in several
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2669:
1427:
1267:
1205:(DOC) features a Carignan-based
1152:though a few producers, such as
1072:denominación de origen protegida
471:, the grape is sometimes called
70:Carignan in Viala & Vermorel
1871:
1846:
1774:
858:appellation d'origine contrôlée
838:
799:, the grape is often used as a
518:was under the Spanish influence
2727:
1698:
1673:
1648:
1623:
1598:
1228:The grape is still popular in
1209:from the Sardinian islands of
544:
439:, including the settlement at
287:and was later transplanted to
1:
2924:Glossary of viticulture terms
1788:, Accessed: August 14th, 2013
1731:Jancis Robinson's Wine Course
1420:
1288:and used to make inexpensive
790:
2929:Glossary of winemaking terms
1588:pgs 616-619 Allen Lane 2012
1507:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1451:"The Grand Carignan Tasting"
1192:, where it is often used in
823:and adding small amounts of
7:
1369:
1298:American Viticultural Areas
918:American Viticultural Areas
491:region of northwest Spain.
167:. Late budding and ripening
10:
3015:
2849:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1480:pg 58 Harcourt Books 2001
988:where it is often made as
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25:
18:
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2939:History of the wine press
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2829:Sparkling wine production
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2015:
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1893:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1868:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1843:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1762:Vines, Grapes & Wines
1720:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1695:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1670:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1645:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1620:Accessed: July 16th, 2013
1391:Samsó, which is France's
1282:California's wine history
959:
629:are genetically distinct.
328:) and being surpassed by
171:
148:
132:
108:
94:
83:
75:
63:
47:
42:
21:Carignan (disambiguation)
2999:Red wine grape varieties
2994:Grape varieties of Spain
2934:Wine tasting descriptors
2655:Wine tasting descriptors
2584:Phenolic content in wine
2476:Alternative wine closure
2060:Great French Wine Blight
1964:
1051:
895:wine-producing countries
2824:Malolactic fermentation
1331:Other New World regions
1168:Other Old World regions
739:Carignan blanc and gris
657:that is related to the
603:European Grapevine Moth
1911:Carignan at Wine on VI
1478:Encyclopedia of Grapes
1386:through the world. In
1379:
1277:
1181:
1065:
1022:Mediterranean climates
969:
864:denominación de origen
748:
630:
591:Mediterranean climates
554:
420:
377:physiological ripeness
319:started an aggressive
16:Red wine grape variety
2625:Wine and food pairing
1780:Appellation American
1377:
1275:
1219:Campidano di Terralba
1175:
1107:province of Tarragona
1059:
967:
746:
677:that is grown in the
665:that is grown in the
624:
552:
417:
381:mechanical harvesting
191:French pronunciation:
2276:Muscat of Alexandria
1906:Carignan Renaissance
1198:Carignano del Sulcis
609:, downy mildew, and
465:province of Zaragoza
361:viticultural hazards
339:in the range of 200
19:For other uses, see
2854:Yeast in winemaking
2806:Carbonic maceration
1188:, particularly the
1178:(vineyard pictured)
1154:Marqués de Murrieta
1062:(vineyard pictured)
1038:Pyrénées-Orientales
1026:continental climate
821:carbonic maceration
663:Tintilia del Molise
659:Pascale di Cagliari
642:which is sometimes
538:phylloxera epidemic
528:under the synonyms
445:Mediterranean basin
437:Phoenician colonies
398:and a pink-berried
144:but little used now
76:Color of berry skin
2844:Traditional method
2645:Wine personalities
2349:Cabernet Sauvignon
1888:2015-12-22 at the
1863:2012-05-13 at the
1838:2014-09-11 at the
1715:2013-12-14 at the
1690:2014-09-10 at the
1665:2016-03-03 at the
1640:2014-09-11 at the
1615:2014-09-10 at the
1380:
1278:
1262:Chinese winemakers
1238:Cabernet Sauvignon
1182:
1066:
970:
924:, particularly in
749:
717:Cabernet Sauvignon
631:
607:botrytis bunch rot
555:
485:province of Burgos
421:
303:, and much of the
2981:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2745:Late harvest wine
2695:
2694:
2432:
2431:
2329:Alicante Bouschet
2077:Judgment of Paris
1815:978-0-983-77184-5
1801:Vinologue Empordà
1685:Alicante Bouschet
1610:Carignan Bouschet
1594:978-1-846-14446-2
1505:J. Robinson (ed)
1158:Castile-La Mancha
1119:Costers del Segre
706:Alicante Bouschet
195:[kaʁiɲɑ̃]
184:
183:
3006:
2966:
2965:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2674:
2673:
2589:Proteins in wine
2256:Grüner Veltliner
2204:
2203:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1916:
1894:
1875:
1869:
1850:
1844:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1795:
1789:
1778:
1772:
1758:
1741:
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1702:
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1677:
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1652:
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1517:
1503:
1488:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1317:Washington State
1280:At one point in
1196:winemaking. The
1148:-based wines of
1034:Southwest France
1030:maritime climate
930:Washington State
686:Carignan Boushet
598:economy of scale
579:green harvesting
530:Bovale di Spagna
489:Castile and León
321:vine pull scheme
206:; also known as
205:
204:
203:
197:
192:
89:list of synonyms
68:
57:
52:
40:
39:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2968:Wine portal
2960:
2953:
2944:History of wine
2902:
2886:
2858:
2810:
2792:
2773:Deacidification
2759:
2731:
2726:
2696:
2691:
2676:Wine portal
2668:
2659:
2598:
2560:
2465:
2455:
2428:
2315:
2296:Sauvignon blanc
2231:Cayetana blanca
2199:
2197:grape varieties
2190:
2083:
2011:
1968:
1963:
1928:
1902:
1897:
1890:Wayback Machine
1876:
1872:
1865:Wayback Machine
1851:
1847:
1840:Wayback Machine
1826:
1822:
1816:
1808:, p. 360,
1796:
1792:
1779:
1775:
1759:
1744:
1728:
1724:
1717:Wayback Machine
1703:
1699:
1692:Wayback Machine
1678:
1674:
1667:Wayback Machine
1653:
1649:
1642:Wayback Machine
1628:
1624:
1617:Wayback Machine
1603:
1599:
1583:
1520:
1504:
1491:
1475:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1372:
1356:South Australia
1333:
1270:
1170:
1054:
962:
841:
833:Ridge Vineyards
793:
777:Jancis Robinson
741:
725:Portuguese wine
650:with Carignan.
619:
547:
522:Crown of Aragon
500:José Vouillamoz
425:Phoenician wine
412:
402:also exists in
363:including rot,
291:, elsewhere in
199:
198:
190:
110:Notable regions
71:
55:
48:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3012:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2979:
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2973:
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2958:
2955:
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2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
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2901:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2834:Sugars in wine
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2783:Chaptalization
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
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2741:
2739:
2733:
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2693:
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2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:Classification
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2594:Sugars in wine
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2566:Wine chemistry
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Wine dispenser
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2442:
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2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:Cabernet Franc
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2311:Welschriesling
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:Müller-Thurgau
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2157:
2156:
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2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
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2080:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:Ancient Greece
2030:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1900:External links
1898:
1896:
1895:
1870:
1858:Carignan blanc
1845:
1820:
1814:
1790:
1773:
1742:
1722:
1710:Garnacha Tinta
1697:
1672:
1647:
1622:
1597:
1518:
1489:
1464:
1449:Miquel Hudin.
1440:
1439:
1438:
1422:
1419:
1371:
1368:
1337:Aguascalientes
1332:
1329:
1319:as well as in
1286:Central Valley
1269:
1266:
1257:Old World wine
1169:
1166:
1164:respectively.
1095:vineyard soils
1053:
1050:
1003:European Union
974:Languedoc wine
961:
958:
920:(AVA)s of the
905:as well as in
847:, followed by
840:
837:
792:
789:
774:Master of Wine
740:
737:
690:Petit Bouschet
681:DO of Aragon.
618:
615:
587:vineyard soils
583:growing season
553:Carignan leaf.
546:
543:
510:Vitis vinifera
449:ancient Romans
411:
408:
396:Carignan blanc
392:grape mutation
365:powdery mildew
317:European Union
277:Ampelographers
267:Central Valley
262:production in
182:
181:
176:
169:
168:
157:powdery mildew
150:
146:
145:
134:
130:
129:
112:
106:
105:
96:
92:
91:
85:
81:
80:
77:
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69:
61:
60:
45:
44:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3011:
3000:
2997:
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2991:
2989:
2970:
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2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
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2912:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
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2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
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2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
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2861:
2855:
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2850:
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2837:
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2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
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2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
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2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
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2770:
2768:
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2762:
2756:
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2711:
2709:
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2700:
2688:
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2672:
2666:
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2638:
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2618:
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2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Acids in wine
2577:
2575:
2574:Aroma of wine
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
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2542:
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2509:
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2479:
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2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2438:Major regions
2435:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Montepulciano
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
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2299:
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2269:
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2262:
2259:
2257:
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2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:Carignan gris
1879:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1770:1-85732-999-6
1767:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1739:0-7892-0883-0
1736:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1515:0-19-860990-6
1512:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1487:
1486:0-15-100714-4
1483:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1268:United States
1265:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1250:Vitkin winery
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:Cerveteri DOC
1187:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
993:
992:
991:Vin ordinaire
987:
983:
979:
975:
966:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:United States
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
866:
865:
860:
859:
854:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:deep coloring
798:
788:
786:
782:
778:
775:
770:
768:
764:
759:
754:
745:
736:
734:
730:
726:
723:and with the
722:
721:Ruby Cabernet
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
648:Cariñena (DO)
645:
644:field blended
641:
637:
628:
623:
614:
612:
608:
604:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
551:
542:
539:
535:
534:Bovale Grande
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
511:
506:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
416:
407:
405:
401:
400:Carignan gris
397:
393:
388:
386:
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378:
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370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
322:
318:
314:
313:European wine
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Mediterranean
245:
241:
237:
236:grape variety
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:Bovale Grande
209:
202:
196:
188:
180:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:Historically
135:
133:Notable wines
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
67:
62:
58:
51:
46:
41:
36:
29:
22:
2959:
2816:Fermentation
2667:
2650:Wine tasting
2353:
2271:Muscat blanc
2241:Chenin blanc
2038:Ancient Rome
1881:
1873:
1856:
1848:
1831:
1823:
1800:
1793:
1781:
1776:
1761:
1760:J. Robinson
1730:
1729:J. Robinson
1725:
1708:
1700:
1683:
1675:
1658:
1650:
1633:
1625:
1608:
1600:
1585:
1506:
1477:
1455:. Retrieved
1453:. Wine on VI
1444:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:Pinot family
1401:
1381:
1349:
1334:
1314:
1302:Contra Costa
1279:
1254:
1234:Israeli wine
1230:North Africa
1227:
1211:Sant'Antioco
1206:
1200:
1183:
1177:
1143:
1084:Catalan wine
1081:
1070:
1067:
1064:of Catalonia
1061:
1019:
995:
994:and in some
989:
971:
911:
907:South Africa
868:
862:
856:
842:
839:Wine regions
794:
771:
763:Empordà (DO)
750:
714:
683:
652:
632:
626:
595:
556:
533:
529:
515:
508:
493:
472:
457:
453:DNA analysis
422:
399:
395:
389:
369:downy mildew
357:viticultural
334:
275:
264:California's
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
186:
185:
161:downy mildew
54:
2919:Wine bottle
2891:Other steps
2882:Wine cellar
2839:Süssreserve
2531:Wine cellar
2521:Wine bottle
2462:accessories
2460:Packaging,
2419:Tempranillo
2048:Noah's wine
2028:Phoenicians
1974:Viticulture
1435:Wine portal
1223:Mandrolisai
1146:Tempranillo
997:Vin de pays
976:regions of
952:as well as
817:astringency
781:full-bodied
731:to produce
581:during the
567:hectoliters
545:Viticulture
507:of unknown
433:Phoenicians
373:grape worms
244:French wine
234:) is a red
165:grape worms
84:Also called
2988:Categories
2798:Maceration
2788:Wine press
2778:Destemming
2729:Winemaking
2635:Wine fraud
2630:Wine fault
2615:Oenophilia
2551:Wine label
2546:Wine glass
2511:Port tongs
2409:Sangiovese
2404:Pinot noir
2364:Douce noir
2291:Rkatsiteli
2236:Chardonnay
2226:Catarratto
2200:by acreage
2174:Biodynamic
2137:Aromatized
1926:winemaking
1476:Oz Clarke
1457:11 January
1421:References
1362:region in
1360:Paardeberg
1215:San Pietro
1135:Terra Alta
1086:region of
926:California
797:winemaking
791:Winemaking
758:Roussillon
753:Pinot noir
710:teinturier
627:(pictured)
404:Roussillon
2750:Noble rot
2640:Winemaker
2620:Sommelier
2556:Wine rack
2536:Wine cork
2526:Wine cave
2516:Screw cap
2486:Corkscrew
2451:New World
2446:Old World
2424:Zinfandel
2399:Mourvèdre
2306:Trebbiano
2246:Colombard
2147:Noble rot
2127:Fortified
2105:Sparkling
2072:New World
1806:Vinologue
1378:Carignan.
1364:Swartland
1345:Zacatecas
1306:Mendocino
1294:jug wines
1246:Assaf Paz
1131:Tarragona
1111:bushvines
1092:schistous
1075:(DOP) of
1011:Mourvedre
954:Australia
938:Argentina
914:New World
867:(DO) and
785:aromatics
694:Morrastel
679:Somontano
675:Parraleta
611:phomopsis
561:during a
559:harvested
505:crossings
469:Catalonia
394:known as
305:New World
271:Catalonia
256:wine lake
232:Carignano
228:Carignane
220:Carinyena
127:Catalonia
115:Languedoc
28:Mourvèdre
2765:Pressing
2687:Glossary
2603:Industry
2496:Jug wine
2491:Decanter
2481:Box wine
2379:Isabella
2374:Grenache
2354:Carignan
2301:Sémillon
2286:Riesling
2281:Palomino
2024:Ancient
2007:Vineyard
2002:Veraison
1987:Oenology
1886:Archived
1861:Archived
1836:Archived
1833:Carignan
1784:Carignan
1713:Archived
1688:Archived
1663:Archived
1638:Archived
1613:Archived
1393:Cinsault
1384:synonyms
1370:Synonyms
1352:Bonvedro
1321:Missouri
1123:Montsant
1115:varietal
1099:Poboleda
1077:Cariñena
1046:Vaucluse
1007:Grenache
829:Grenache
825:Cinsault
805:varietal
719:to give
708:(French
696:cross),
655:Nieddera
496:Graciano
477:Cinsault
461:Cariñena
429:Sardinia
390:A white
289:Sardinia
281:Cariñena
260:jug wine
216:Cariñena
187:Carignan
138:Cariñena
119:Sardinia
99:Cariñena
43:Carignan
35:Graciano
2949:Terroir
2907:Related
2755:Vintage
2737:Harvest
2682:Outline
2506:Muselet
2468:storage
2359:Cinsaut
2334:Barbera
2261:Macabeo
2221:Aligoté
2179:Organic
2169:Natural
2122:Dessert
2067:Georgia
2017:History
1997:Terroir
1992:Species
1880:(VIVC)
1855:(VIVC)
1830:(VIVC)
1707:(VIVC)
1682:(VIVC)
1657:(VIVC)
1632:(VIVC)
1607:(VIVC)
1397:Catalan
1388:Spanish
1162:Navarra
1139:Catalan
1127:Penedès
1105:in the
1103:Porrera
1088:Priorat
986:Hérault
946:Uruguay
912:In the
903:Tunisia
899:Morocco
875:Croatia
861:(AOC),
813:tannins
809:acidity
767:Macabeo
733:Argaman
646:in the
575:pruning
571:hectare
563:vintage
520:of the
487:in the
483:in the
481:Mazuela
463:in the
447:by the
431:by the
410:History
385:trellis
301:Algeria
240:Spanish
208:Mazuelo
149:Hazards
123:Algeria
2914:Winery
2877:Solera
2501:Kvevri
2389:Merlot
2384:Malbec
2184:Kosher
2160:Other
2115:Orange
2088:Styles
2055:France
1812:
1768:
1737:
1592:
1513:
1484:
1343:, and
1341:Sonora
1310:Sonoma
1308:, and
1255:Other
1242:Merlot
1133:, and
1044:, and
1013:, and
984:, and
960:France
944:, and
934:Mexico
891:Israel
889:, and
887:Turkey
879:Cyprus
845:France
815:, and
729:Souzão
727:grape
671:Molise
636:Bovale
526:clones
441:Sulcis
419:lands.
371:, and
337:yields
330:Merlot
297:France
285:Aragon
252:Aramon
230:, and
175:number
103:Aragon
95:Origin
2864:Aging
2414:Syrah
2369:Gamay
2339:Bobal
2251:Glera
2216:Airén
2208:White
2164:Table
2152:Straw
2142:Fruit
2100:White
2043:China
1922:Wines
1660:Aubun
1635:Bobal
1325:Texas
1207:rosso
1186:Lazio
1150:Rioja
1137:. In
1052:Spain
1015:Syrah
950:China
942:Chile
883:Malta
853:Italy
849:Spain
751:Like
702:Aubun
698:Bobal
667:Lazio
640:Bobal
473:Samsó
326:acres
309:Rioja
293:Italy
224:Samsó
142:Rioja
56:Vitis
50:Grape
2466:and
2195:Top
2110:Rosé
1966:Wine
1924:and
1810:ISBN
1766:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1459:2018
1323:and
1292:and
1240:and
1221:and
1213:and
1194:rosé
1160:and
1109:are
1101:and
982:Gard
978:Aude
928:and
901:and
851:and
827:and
692:and
669:and
532:and
353:acre
349:tons
347:(11
179:2098
173:VIVC
163:and
140:and
125:and
87:See
79:Noir
2872:Oak
2321:Red
2132:Ice
2095:Red
1300:in
1290:box
1042:Var
1032:of
897:of
795:In
688:(a
577:or
238:of
153:Rot
2990::
1804:,
1745:^
1521:^
1492:^
1467:^
1366:.
1339:,
1327:.
1304:,
1225:.
1129:,
1125:,
1121:,
1048:.
1040:,
1017:.
1009:,
980:,
956:.
940:,
909:.
885:,
881:,
877:,
811:,
735:.
613:.
387:.
367:,
345:ha
341:hl
299:,
295:,
283:,
273:.
226:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
159:,
155:,
121:,
117:,
101:,
2721:e
2714:t
2707:v
2464:,
1958:e
1951:t
1944:v
1786:"
1782:"
1461:.
569:/
351:/
343:/
189:(
59:)
53:(
37:.
30:.
23:.
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