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of face photographs and the corresponding caricatures by that artist. The results produced by computer graphic systems are arguably not yet of the same quality as those produced by human artists. For example, most systems are restricted to exactly frontal poses, whereas many or even most manually produced caricatures (and face portraits in general) choose an off-center "three-quarters" view. Brennan's caricature drawings were frontal-pose line drawings. More recent systems can produce caricatures in a variety of styles, including direct geometric distortion of photographs.
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883:(the number and ordering of lines for every face). She obtained a corresponding drawing of an average male face. Then, the particular face was caricatured simply by subtracting from the particular face the corresponding point on the mean face (the origin being placed in the middle of the face), scaling this difference by a factor larger than one, and adding the scaled difference back onto the mean face.
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Though
Brennan's formalization was introduced in the 1980s, it remains relevant in recent work. Mo et al. refined the idea by noting that the population variance of the feature should be taken into account. For example, the distance between the eyes varies less than other features, such as the size
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On the other hand, Liang et al. argue that caricature varies depending on the artist and cannot be captured in a single definition. Their system uses machine learning techniques to automatically learn and mimic the style of a particular caricature artist, given training data in the form of a number
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has more prominent ears than the average person, in his caricature the ears will be much larger than normal. Brennan's system implemented this idea in a partially automated fashion as follows: the operator was required to input a frontal drawing of the desired person having a standardized topology
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Beside the political and public-figure satire, most contemporary caricatures are used as gifts or souvenirs, often drawn by street vendors. For a small fee, a caricature can be drawn specifically (and quickly) for a patron. These are popular at street fairs, carnivals, and even weddings, often with
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Brennan's caricature generator was used to test recognition of caricatures. Rhodes, Brennan and Carey demonstrated that caricatures were recognised more accurately than the original images. They used line drawn images but Benson and
Perrett showed similar effects with photographic quality images.
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Computer graphic system requires quite different skill sets to design a caricature as compared to the caricatures created on paper. Thus, using a computer in the digital production of caricatures requires advanced knowledge of the program's functionality. Rather than being a simpler method of
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is in order – or the art can be employed to make a serious social or political point. A caricaturist draws on (1) the natural characteristics of the subject (the big ears, long nose, etc.); (2) the acquired characteristics (stoop, scars, facial lines etc.); and (3) the vanities (choice of hair
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There have been some efforts to produce caricatures automatically or semi-automatically using computer graphics techniques. For example, a system proposed by
Akleman et al. provides warping tools specifically designed toward rapidly producing caricatures. There are very few software programs
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caricature became an increasingly important communication medium. Gillray became the leading political caricaturist of his time, famous across Europe, while
Rowlandson's vast output used caricature for both political and social caricature and for comic book illustration.
756:. Viviano's caricatures are known for their wide jaws, which Viviano has explained is a result of his incorporation of side views as well as front views into his distortions of the human face. He has also developed a reputation for his ability to do crowd scenes.
428:(1872–1956, British), created and published caricatures of the famous men of his own time and earlier. His style of single-figure caricatures in formalized groupings was established by 1896 and flourished until about 1930. His published works include
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E. Akleman, J, Palmer, R. Logan, "Making
Extreme Caricatures with a New Interactive 2D Deformation Technique with Simplicial Complexes", Proceedings of Visual 2000, pp. Mexico City, Mexico, pp. 165–170, September 2000. See the author's examples on
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In 18th-century usage, 'caricature' was used for any image that made use of exaggerated or distorted features; thus both for comic portraits of specific people and for general social and political comic illustrations such as the satires of
403:, the British caricaturist Ted Harrison said that the caricaturist can choose to either mock or wound the subject with an effective caricature. Drawing caricatures can simply be a form of entertainment and amusement – in which case gentle
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of the nose. Thus even a small variation in the eye spacing is unusual and should be exaggerated, whereas a correspondingly small change in the nose size relative to the mean would not be unusual enough to be worthy of exaggeration.
71:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
924:, where vacationers can have a humorous caricature sketched in a few minutes for a small fee. Caricature artists can sometimes be hired for parties, where they will draw caricatures of the guests for their entertainment.
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A milestone in formally defining caricature was Susan
Brennan's master's thesis in 1982. In her system, caricature was formalized as the process of exaggerating differences from an average face. For example, if
359:
In the 18th century, because of
England's liberal political traditions, relative freedom of speech, and burgeoning publishing industry, London was a hot bed for the development of modern forms of caricature.
156:). Caricatures can be either insulting or complimentary, and can serve a political purpose, be drawn solely for entertainment, or for a combination of both. Caricatures of politicians are commonly used in
376:(1757–1815) advanced it further. Caricature became a valuable tool for political campaigning and both Gillray and Rowlandson established their reputations as caricaturists working as 'hired guns' in the
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History of the
Westminster election, containing every material occurrence ... to which is prefixed a summary account of the proceedings of the late Parliament ... / by Lovers of Truth and Justice
458:(1792–1878, British) created political prints that attacked the royal family and leading politicians. He went on to create social caricatures of British life for popular publications such as
234:(1807-1819) exemplifies this usage. In modern usage, 'caricature' is used predominantly for a portrait of a recognizable individual (much as originally used to describe the works of
1430:
Benson, Philip J.; Perrett, David I. (January 1, 1991). "Perception and recognition of photographic quality facial caricatures: Implications for the recognition of natural images".
714:(1868-1914), a British magazine famous for its weekly full page caricature portraits of leading celebrities of the day, including politicians, sportsmen, writers and other notables.
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Official site of the
International Society of Caricature Artists – a non-profit association devoted to the art of caricature (Formerly the National Caricaturist Network (NCN))
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482:(1808–1879, French) created over 4,000 lithographs, most of them caricatures on political, social, and everyday themes. They were published in the daily French newspapers (
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is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings (compare to:
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Rowlandson the
Caricaturist, A Selection from His Works, with Anecdotal Descriptions of His Famous Caricatures and a Sketch of His Life, Times, and Contemporaries
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caricature creation, it can be a more complex method of creating images that feature finer coloring textures than can be created using more traditional methods.
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magazine. His first cartoons appeared in 1963. Since then he has drawn hundreds of pen-and-ink caricatures of famous writers and politicians for the newspaper.
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Rhodes, Gillian; Brennan, Susan; Carey, Susan (October 1, 1987). "Identification and ratings of caricatures: Implications for mental representations of faces".
281:; the much greater freedom of the press in England allowed its use in biting political satire and furthered its development as an art form in its own right.
266:, who actively sought people with deformities to use as models. The point was to offer an impression of the original which was more striking than a portrait.
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624:. KrĂĽger has published three collections of his works, and has a yearly art calendar from Morpheus International. KrĂĽger's art can be seen frequently in
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446:(1922). He published widely in fashionable magazines of the time, and his works were exhibited regularly in London at the Carfax Gallery (1901–18) and
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Explanations for this advantage have been based on both norm-based theories of face recognition and exemplar-based theories of face recognition.
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558:(1674–1755, Italian) A Rococo artist and theater designer, Ghezzi is widely considered to be the father of modern caricature. He popularised
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in the theater district of New York City: the first artist to do so. Today the images are part of the Billy Rose Theatre Collection of
364:(1697–1764) elevated satirical art into an accepted art form and a succeeding generation of talented artists including names such as
1615:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which focuses on this great caricaturist
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319:), the first known North American caricatures were drawn in 1759 during the battle for Quebec. These caricatures were the work of
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542:(1900–1948, Russian) created more than 700 caricatures of show business celebrities and other notables for the walls of
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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When Men's faces are drawn with resemblance to some other Animals, the Italians call it, to be drawn in Caricatura
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Caricature artists are also popular attractions at many places frequented by tourists, especially oceanfront
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Mosher, Terry. "Drawn and Quartered." Leader and Dreamers Commemorative Issue. Maclean's. 2004: 171. Print.
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Expose not thy self by four-footed manners unto monstrous draughts, and Caricatura representations.
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570:(1903–2003, American) was best known for his simple black and white renditions of celebrities and
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Brennan, Susan E. (1985). "Caricature Generator: The Dynamic Exaggeration of Faces by Computer".
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as an art form in 18th century Italy, inspiring its adoption in Britain and elsewhere in Europe.
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722:(1953, American) has done much work for corporations and in advertising, having contributed to
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L. Liang, H. Chen, Y. Xu, and H. Shum, Example-Based Caricature Generation with Exaggeration,
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Lewis, Michael B.; Johnston, Robert A. (May 1, 1998). "Understanding Caricatures of Faces".
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of 1819 is notable in the context of slavery. He also earned fame as a book illustrator for
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to provide art for U.S. stamps. Permanent collections of Hirschfeld's work appear at the
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stars which used flowing contour lines over heavy rendering. He was commissioned by the
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Susan Brennan, The Caricature Generator, MIT Media Lab master's thesis, 1982. Also see
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Mo, Z.; Lewis, J.; Neumann, U. (2004). "ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Sketches on - SIGGRAPH '04".
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There are numerous museums dedicated to caricature throughout the world, including the
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Working under the pseudonym 'Ape', Pellegrini was one of the leading caricaturists for
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A modern, street-style caricature of a man (c. 2010), with the subject on the right
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became famous for its caricatures of famous people in society. In a lecture titled
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magazine, is used for any other form of comic image, including political satire.
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distortions of the facial features of celebrities, which he renders primarily in
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While the first book on caricature drawing to be published in England was
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The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem
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A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to "Blow Over"—"Let Us Prey."
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Thus, the word "caricature" essentially means a "loaded portrait".
192:—to charge or load. An early definition occurs in the English doctor
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Special Features Award for 1985, 1986, 1987, and 1988, and their
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circles, notably through the works of the Italian Rococo artist
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designed specifically for automatically creating caricatures.
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Some of the earliest caricatures are found in the works of
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The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A
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style, spectacles, clothes, expressions, and mannerisms).
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Published from 1868 to 1914, the London weekly magazine
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is a distorted representation of a person in a way that
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668:(1926–2009, American) is noted for his caricatures in
1568:"A sanctuary for Egyptian caricature opens in Fayoum"
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Preston O (2006). "Cartoons... at last a big draw".
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style with caricature likenesses of film actors for
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686:(1922– 2014, German) A well-known artist since the
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The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
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a machine-translated version of the French article.
1605:International Society of Caricature Artists (ISCA)
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508:in 1957 and became well known for his parodies of
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1634:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 331–336.
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180:some characteristics and oversimplifies others.
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770:Une discussion littéraire à la deuxième Galerie
526:. He has been recognized for his work with the
1223:, September 2007, Queen Mary 2 Lecture Theatre
89:accompanying your translation by providing an
51:Click for important translation instructions.
43:expand this article with text translated from
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1059:. Contemporarylit.about.com. April 10, 2012.
1012:Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
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1544:"Caricature artist for hire in modern use"
230:and many others. The title of the British
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861:An example of a caricature created using
586:in New York, and he boasts a star on the
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1164:"James Gillray: The Art of Caricature"
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1524:from the original on August 13, 2010
520:, and he also contributed covers to
431:Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen
188:The term is derived for the Italian
142:Caricatures of Twenty-five Gentlemen
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1002:Controversial newspaper caricatures
258:graffiti caricature of a politician
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602:) is known for his grotesque, yet
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1620:Spielmann, Marion Harry Alexander
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1221:The History and Art of Caricature
401:The History and Art of Caricature
1516:McGlynn, Katla (June 16, 2010).
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1201:. National Portrait Gallery
1152:. London: William Humphrey.
1148:Humphrey, William. (1794).
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954:Caricatura Museum Frankfurt
692:Federal Republic of Germany
343:(1805), which caricatured
340:The Plumb-pudding in danger
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321:Brig.-Gen. George Townshend
21:Caricature (disambiguation)
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1572:Daily News Egypt (Egypt)
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1127:10.1177/0956474806064768
818:Print advertisement for
777:Lithograph published in
1631:Encyclopædia Britannica
1348:10.1145/1186223.1186294
1085:A History of Caricature
863:computerized techniques
839:George Armstrong Custer
512:satires. He combined a
474:and many other authors.
443:Rossetti and His Circle
110:For more guidance, see
1520:. Huffingtonpost.com.
1219:Ted Harrison lecture,
1183:Grego, Joseph (1880).
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466:(1842). Cruikshanks'
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412:Notable caricaturists
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323:whose caricatures of
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1389:Cognitive Psychology
1082:Lynch, John (1926).
958:Wilhelm Busch Museum
700:political caricature
584:Museum of Modern Art
19:For other uses, see
448:Leicester Galleries
232:Caricature Magazine
210:with the footnote:
172:. In literature, a
139:(1896), taken from
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1250:2009-02-10 at the
1169:2014-07-29 at the
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820:U.S. Savings Bonds
618:The Rolling Stones
544:Sardi's Restaurant
460:The Comic Almanack
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289:A Caricature Group
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91:interlanguage link
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945:Muzeum Karykatury
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555:Pier Leone Ghezzi
455:George Cruikshank
437:The Poets' Corner
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880:Charles III
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712:Vanity Fair
702:in Germany.
696:Grande Dame
651:Der Spiegel
514:comic strip
396:Vanity Fair
317: 1762
296: 1766
178:exaggerates
1649:Caricature
1643:Categories
1043:References
976:Arab world
922:boardwalks
904:Modern use
846:Jack Davis
639:L'Espresso
560:caricatura
450:(1911–57).
416:See also:
279:Grand Tour
174:caricature
158:newspapers
150:caricature
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1205:March 18,
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657:USA Today
645:Penthouse
613:The Times
539:Alex Gard
534:for 1987.
256:Pompeiian
184:Etymology
170:magazines
105:talk page
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1554:Archived
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1269:Archived
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964:and the
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582:and the
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