1058:
disease were performed by Alfred
Blalock with the assistance of William Longmire, Denton Cooley, and Blalock's experienced technician, Vivien Thomas in 1944 at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Techniques for repair of congenital heart defects without the use of a bypass machine were developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Among them was an open repair of an atrial septal defect using hypothermia, inflow occlusion and direct vision in a 5-year-old child performed in 1952 by Lewis and Tauffe. C. Walter Lillihei used cross-circulation between a boy and his father to maintain perfusion while performing a direct repair of a ventricular septal defect in a 4-year-old child in 1954. He continued to use cross-circulation and performed the first corrections of tetralogy of Fallot and presented those results in 1955 at the American Surgical Association. In the long-run, pediatric cardiovascular surgery would rely on the cardiopulmonary bypass machine developed by Gibbon and Lillehei as noted above.
454:
program, in addition to passing rigorous board certification tests. Two other pathways to shorten the duration of training have been developed: (1) a combined general-thoracic surgery residency consisting of four years of general surgery training and three years of cardiothoracic training at the same institution and (2) an integrated six-year cardiothoracic residency (in place of the general surgery residency plus cardiothoracic residency), which have each been established at many programs (over 20). Applicants match into the integrated six-year (I-6) programs directly out of medical school, and the application process has been extremely competitive for these positions as there were approximately 160 applicants for 10 spots in the U.S. in 2010. As of May 2013, there are 20 approved programs, which include the following:
434:
609:
333:. Typically, this is followed by a fellowship in either Adult Cardiac Surgery, Heart Failure/Transplant, Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery, Aortic Surgery, Thoracic Surgery, Pediatric Cardiac Surgery or Cardiac ICU. Contemporary Canadian candidates completing general surgery and wishing to pursue cardiac surgery often complete a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship in the United States. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada also provides a three-year cardiac surgery fellowship for qualified general surgeons that is offered at several training sites including the
1094:. This takes a number of health factors from a patient and using precalculated logistic regression coefficients attempts to give a percentage chance of survival to discharge. Within the UK this EuroSCORE was used to give a breakdown of all the centres for cardiothoracic surgery and to give some indication of whether the units and their individuals surgeons performed within an acceptable range. The results are available on the CQC website. The precise methodology used has however not been published to date nor has the raw data on which the results are based.
304:(FRACS), denoting that they are qualified specialists. Trainees having completed a training program in General Surgery and have obtained their FRACS will have the option to complete fellowship training in Cardiothoracic Surgery of four years in duration, subject to college approval. It takes around eight to ten years minimum of post-graduate (post-medical school) training to qualify as a cardiothoracic surgeon. Competition for training places and for public (teaching) hospital places is very high currently, leading to concerns regarding
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3750:
3780:
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1049:. This is where a machine is used to perform surgery while being controlled by the heart surgeon. The main advantage to this is the size of the incision made in the patient. Instead of an incision being at least big enough for the surgeon to put his hands inside, it does not have to be bigger than 3 small holes for the robot's much smaller "hands" to get through.
800:. He made an opening in the appendage of the left atrium and inserted a finger into this chamber in order to palpate and explore the damaged mitral valve. The patient survived for several years but Souttar's physician colleagues at that time decided the procedure was not justified and he could not continue.
320:
completed general surgery followed by a fellowship in CV / CT / CVT. During the 1990s, the
Canadian cardiac surgery training programs changed to six-year "direct-entry" programs following medical school. The direct-entry format provides residents with experience related to cardiac surgery they would
991:
performed the first total intentional hemodilution open heart surgery on Terry Gene Nix, age 7, on
February 25, 1960, at Mercy Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK. The operation was a success; however, Nix died three years later in 1963. In March, 1961, Zuhdi, Carey, and Greer, performed open heart surgery
299:
The highly competitive
Surgical Education and Training (SET) program in Cardiothoracic Surgery is six years in duration, usually commencing several years after completing medical school. Training is administered and supervised via a bi-national (Australia and New Zealand) training program. Multiple
584:
offers a special pathway certificate in congenital cardiac surgery which typically requires an additional year of fellowship. This formal certificate is unique because congenital cardiac surgeons in other countries do not have formal evaluation and recognition of pediatric training by a licensing
1066:
The development of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques has reduced the mortality rates of these surgeries to relatively low ranks. For instance, repairs of congenital heart defects are currently estimated to have 4–6% mortality rates. A major concern with cardiac surgery is the
1057:
Pediatric cardiovascular surgery is surgery of the heart of children. The first operations to repair cardio-vascular defects in children were performed by
Clarence Crafoord in Sweden when he repaired coarctation of the aorta in a 12-year-old boy. The first attempts to palliate congenital heart
1169:
The
National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) was a large multicentre study (N = 1218) comparing LVRS with non-surgical treatment. Results suggested that there was no overall survival advantage in the LVRS group, except for mainly upper-lobe emphysema + poor exercise capacity, and significant
453:
residency (typically 5–7 years), followed by a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship (typically 2–3 years). The cardiothoracic surgery fellowship typically spans two or three years, but certification is based on the number of surgeries performed as the operating surgeon, not the time spent in the
40:
1026:. In these operations, the heart is beating during surgery, but is stabilized to provide an almost still work area in which to connect the conduit vessel that bypasses the blockage; in the U.S., most conduit vessels are harvested endoscopically, using a technique known as
1145:
that are particularly damaged by emphysema are removed, allowing the remaining, relatively good lung to expand and work more efficiently. The beneficial effects are correlated with the achieved reduction in residual volume. Conventional LVRS involves
1248:
A prolonged air leak (PAL) can occur in 8–25% of people following lung cancer surgery. This complication delays chest tube removal and is associated with an increased length of hospital stay following a lung resection (lung cancer surgery). The use of
1097:
Infection represents the primary non-cardiac complication from cardiothoracic surgery. Infections can include mediastinitis, infectious myo- or pericarditis, endocarditis, cardiac device infection, pneumonia, empyema, and bloodstream infections.
973:, but he abandoned the method, disappointed by subsequent failures. In 1954 Lillehei realized a successful series of operations with the controlled cross-circulation technique in which the patient's mother or father was used as a '
2172:
Hopkins, P. M.; Seale, H.; Walsh, J.; Tam, R.; Kermeen, F.; Bell, S.; McNeil, K. (1 February 2006). "51: Long term results post conventional lung volume reduction surgery exceeds outcome of lung transplantation for emphysema".
917:
that the repair of intracardiac pathologies was better done with a bloodless and motionless environment, which means that the heart should be stopped and drained of blood. The first successful intracardiac correction of a
1180:
In people who have a predominantly upper lobe emphysema, lung volume reduction surgery could result in better health status and lung function, though it also increases the risk of early mortality and adverse events.
1006:, using the total intentional hemodilution machine. In 1985 Zuhdi performed Oklahoma's first successful heart transplant on Nancy Rogers at Baptist Hospital. The transplant was successful, but Rogers, who had
776:) became common after the turn of the century and falls in the domain of cardiac surgery, but technically cannot be considered heart surgery. One of the more commonly known cardiac surgery procedures is the
300:
examinations take place throughout the course of training, culminating in a final fellowship exam in the final year of training. Upon completion of training, surgeons are awarded a
Fellowship of the
859:
all adopted
Souttar's method. All these men started work independently of each other, within a few months. This time Souttar's technique was widely adopted although there were modifications.
1746:
Stark J, Gallivan S, Lovegrove J, Hamilton JR, Monro JL, Pollock JC, Watterson KG (2000). "Mortality rates after surgery for congenital heart defects in children and surgeons' performance".
267:
typically comprises anywhere from four to six years (or longer) of training to become a fully qualified surgeon. Cardiac surgery training may be combined with thoracic surgery and/or
1709:
Lillehei CW, Cohen M, Warden HE; et al. (1955). "The results of direct vision closure of ventricular septal defects in eight patients by means of controlled cross circulation".
1253:
may reduce the incidence of prolonged air leaks, however, this intervention alone has not been shown to results in a decreased length of hospital stay following lung cancer surgery.
1292:
1087:, sometimes called "pumphead". The symptoms of postperfusion syndrome were initially felt to be permanent, but were shown to be transient with no permanent neurological impairment.
985:
in
Rochester, Minnesota started using a Gibbon type pump-oxygenator in a series of successful operations, and was soon followed by surgeons in various parts of the world.
1920:
Van Dijk D; Jansen E; Hijman R; Nierich A; et al. (2002). "Cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized trial".
528:
271:
and called cardiovascular (CV) / cardiothoracic (CT) / cardiovascular thoracic (CVT) surgery. Cardiac surgeons may enter a cardiac surgery residency directly from
2413:"Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery: ACCP evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)"
1361:
953:
Surgeons realized the limitations of hypothermia – complex intracardiac repairs take more time and the patient needs blood flow to the body, particularly to the
909:
Open heart surgery is a procedure in which the patient's heart is opened and surgery is performed on the internal structures of the heart. It was discovered by
1405:
1295:(removal of an associated tubular section of the associated main bronchial passage during lobectomy with subsequent reconstruction of the bronchial passage)
1240:
There is weak evidence to indicate that participation in exercise programs before lung cancer surgery may reduce the risk of complications after surgery.
836:
1803:
Klitzner, Thomas S.; Lee, Maggie; Rodriguez, Sandra; Chang, Ruey-Kang R. (2006). "Sex-related
Disparity in Surgical Mortality among Pediatric Patients".
1207:
or who have inadequate pulmonary reserve would be unlikely to survive. Even with careful selection, the overall operative death rate is about 4.4%.
1789:
1732:
1037:, and better overall results. Study results are controversial as of 2007, the surgeon's preference and hospital results still play a major role.
1682:
Blalock A, Taussig HB (1948). "The surgical treatment of malformations of the heart in which there is pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia".
1332:
1301:(minimally invasive approach to lobectomy that may allow for diminished pain, quicker return to full activity, and diminished hospital costs)
1151:
988:
632:
628:
1645:
Knowledge: Coarctation of the Aorta. Coarctation is not cardiac (i.e., heart) but is a narrowing of the aorta, a great vessel near the heart
1466:
3826:
1980:
Ford C., McCormick D., Parkosewich J., et al. Safety and effectiveness of early oral hydration in patients after cardiothoracic surgery.
1609:
Warren, Cliff, Dr. Nazih Zuhdi – His Scientific Work Made All Paths Lead to Oklahoma City, in Distinctly Oklahoma, November, 2007, p. 30–33
901:. Many thousands of these "blind" operations were performed until the introduction of heart bypass made direct surgery on valves possible.
1325:
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improvements were seen in exercise capacity in the LVRS group. Later studies have shown a wider scope of treatment with better outcomes.
472:
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4535:
3861:
3279:
1257:
3957:
3620:
128:
122:
2003:
1075:
occurs in 5% of all people undergoing cardiac surgery, and is higher in patients at risk for stroke. A more subtle constellation of
969:
at Jefferson Medical School in Philadelphia reported in 1953 the first successful use of extracorporeal circulation by means of an
1547:
First successful cardiac operation in a human, 1896: a documentation: the life, the times, and the work of Ludwig Rehn (1849–1930)
733:. The patient awoke and seemed fine for 24 hours, but became ill with increasing temperature and he ultimately died from what the
449:
and called cardiothoracic surgery or thoracic surgery. A cardiothoracic surgeon in the U.S. is a physician who first completes a
3219:
2412:
2367:
4355:
3945:
1090:
In order to assess the performance of surgical units and individual surgeons, a popular risk model has been created called the
301:
2786:"Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for prevention of complications after pulmonary resection in lung cancer patients"
4230:
2850:
2025:
Shah, Pallav L.; Weder, Walter; Kemp, Samuel V.; Herth, Felix J.; Slebos, Dirk-Jan; Geffen, Wouter H. van (7 February 2019).
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519:
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943:
533:
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1188:
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4156:
4061:
3655:
2997:
1353:
1105:
Post operative patients of cardiothoracic surgery are at risk of nausea, vomiting, dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia.
741:
on the third postoperative day. The first successful surgery of the heart, performed without any complications, was by
581:
2026:
4361:
1493:
1211:
538:
283:. Cardiac surgeons may further sub-specialize cardiac surgery by doing a fellowship in a variety of topics including
3819:
1571:
1397:
1222:
2027:"Surgical and endoscopic interventions that reduce lung volume for emphysema: a systemic review and meta-analysis"
4368:
4175:
1745:
824:
549:
433:
4614:
4468:
4165:
3773:
3645:
3079:
777:
614:
509:
361:
338:
116:
17:
1125:. In case of pneumothorax, only the apical and the diaphragmatic portions of the parietal pleura are removed.
4696:
4490:
1955:
421:
2080:
Fishman, A; Martinez, F; Naunheim, K; Piantadosi, S; Wise, R; Ries, A; Weinmann, G; Wood, DE (22 May 2003).
1623:
1375:
4475:
4463:
4344:
3991:
3625:
1046:
1033:
Some researchers believe that the off-pump approach results in fewer post-operative complications, such as
1027:
461:
1203:, location and cell type are important limiting factors. In addition, people who are very ill with a poor
4590:
3812:
3269:
832:
403:
329:, cardiac catheterization etc.). Residents in this program will also spend time training in thoracic and
3249:
1318:
682:
488:
2082:"A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema"
4706:
4607:
4422:
4312:
4115:
4066:
3856:
3678:
2868:"Thoracoscopic lobectomy: report on safety, discharge independence, pain, and chemotherapy tolerance"
2727:
Belda-SanchĂs, JosĂ©; Serra-Mitjans, Mireia; Iglesias Sentis, Manuela; Rami, Ramon (20 January 2010).
2319:"Risk factors for 30-day mortality after resection of lung cancer and prediction of their magnitude"
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4501:
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3952:
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3470:
3392:
3387:
3307:
3067:
2872:
2729:"Surgical sealant for preventing air leaks after pulmonary resections in patients with lung cancer"
2270:"Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:History and progress"
1184:
LVRS is used widely in Europe, though its application in the United States is mostly experimental.
773:
639:
499:
493:
1133:
Lung volume reduction surgery, or LVRS, can improve the quality of life for certain patients with
348:
Thoracic surgery is its own separate 2–3 year fellowship of general or cardiac surgery in Canada.
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4439:
4339:
4304:
4150:
3450:
3424:
2915:
1462:
935:
919:
544:
504:
1655:
Crafoord C, Nyhlin G (1945). "Congenital coarctation of the aorta and its surgical management".
1173:
Possible complications of LVRS include prolonged air leak (mean duration post surgery until all
617:. Note the use of a steel retractor to forcefully maintain the exposure of the patient's heart.
4543:
2990:
1463:"Pioneers in Academic Surgery – Opening Doors: Contemporary African American Academic Surgeons"
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2511:
Novoa, Nuria M.; Jiménez, Marcelo F.; Varela, Gonzalo (2017). "When to Remove a Chest Tube".
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2672:"Management of chest tubes after pulmonary resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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4105:
3918:
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3713:
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3540:
3354:
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3116:
1840:"Stroke after cardiac surgery: a risk factor analysis of 16,184 consecutive adult patients"
718:
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409:
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264:
75:
8:
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3793:
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3094:
1995:
1881:"Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery"
1837:
1147:
966:
886:, probably unaware of Sellor's work, used a specially designed dilator in three cases of
726:
714:
482:
466:
397:
4599:
2630:
681:(the sac that surrounds the heart) took place in the 19th century and were performed by
379:
291:, adult-acquired heart disease, weak heart issues, and many more problems in the heart.
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1937:
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Jan Bucerius; Jan F. Gummert; Michael A. Borger; Thomas Walther; et al. (2003).
1820:
1816:
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1714:
1695:
1528:
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1444:
856:
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623:
525:– two resident positions, one Transplant Fellowship; one Congenital resident position
391:
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colitis can also develop when prophylactic or post-operative antibiotics are used.
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2784:
Torres, Maria Fs; PorfĂrio, Gustavo Jm; Carvalho, Alan Pv; Riera, Rachel (2019).
2670:
Coughlin, Shaun M.; Emmerton-Coughlin, Heather M. A.; Malthaner, Richard (2012).
2186:
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for patients in end stage COPD due to underlying emphysema, and can improve lung
978:
879:
812:
808:
797:
645:
594:
574:
450:
276:
173:
2929:
2910:
2886:
2867:
2556:"Chest drainage systems and management of air leaks after a pulmonary resection"
1897:
1880:
1278:
Segmentectomy (removal of an anatomic division of a particular lobe of the lung)
4675:
4432:
4417:
4213:
4190:
4021:
4005:
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3615:
3569:
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3312:
3131:
1298:
1200:
1159:
706:
272:
248:
240:
1971:
CQC website for heart surgery outcomes in the UK for 3 years ending March 2009
4690:
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4289:
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3482:
3344:
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3187:
2809:
2752:
2726:
2695:
2638:
2581:
2532:
2479:
2456:"Preoperative exercise training for patients with non-small cell lung cancer"
2383:
2050:
1933:
1304:
1281:
1230:
931:
883:
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820:
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793:
761:
738:
702:
442:
228:
212:
181:
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2334:
2139:
1523:
1506:
27:
Medical specialty involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax
4334:
3703:
3688:
3514:
3239:
3089:
3074:
3020:
2938:
2895:
2827:
2770:
2713:
2656:
2615:"Air leak after lung resection: pathophysiology and patients' implications"
2599:
2540:
2497:
2436:
2352:
2303:
2285:
2235:
2158:
2107:
2058:
1941:
1906:
1865:
1824:
1767:
1718:
1532:
1122:
1118:
1068:
939:
840:
828:
804:
690:
204:
2428:
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1448:
457:
Integrated six-year Cardiothoracic Surgery programs in the United States:
4511:
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4218:
3898:
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3562:
3507:
3404:
3259:
3234:
3052:
2098:
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236:
197:
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667:
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2845:(sixth ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 433–457.
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1620:"NDepth: Dr.Nazih Zuhdi, the Legendary Heart Surgeon | Newsok.com"
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970:
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3465:
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3324:
3302:
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3141:
2200:
van Agteren, JE; Carson, KV; Tiong, LU; Smith, BJ (14 October 2016).
1636:
Dr. Nazih Zuhdi, the Legendary Heart Surgeon, The Oklahoman, Jan 2010
1138:
1091:
746:
284:
232:
220:
1879:
Newman M; Kirchner J; Phillips-Bute B; Gaver V; et al. (2001).
3229:
3006:
2971:
International Society for Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery
2411:
Colice, GL; Shafazand S; Griffin JP; et al. (September 2007).
1919:
1214:, stages IA, IB, IIA, and IIB are suitable for surgical resection.
894:
252:
165:
145:
87:
2669:
2316:
2123:"Lung volume reduction surgery beyond the NETT selection criteria"
1959:
4630:
3708:
3168:
3136:
3029:
2249:
Kronemyer, Bob (February 2018). "Four COPD Treatments to Watch".
2079:
1619:
1260:
following lung cancer surgery to reduce pulmonary complications.
750:
653:
193:
169:
91:
2866:
Nicastri DG, Wisnivesky JP, Litle VR, et al. (March 2008).
1154:
lung (aim is for 20–30%). This is a surgical option involving a
1141:
type, when other treatment options are not enough. Parts of the
4634:
4170:
2368:"Revisions in the international system for staging lung cancer"
1708:
1488:
Landmarks in Cardiac Surgery by Stephen Westaby, Cecil Bosher,
1479:
Pioneers in Academic Surgery, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1114:
1072:
1007:
848:
722:
698:
317:
224:
149:
2911:"Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: can we afford it?"
1022:" – coronary artery bypass surgery without the aforementioned
807:. In 1948 four surgeons carried out successful operations for
39:
4519:
4349:
4180:
4025:
3840:
2121:
Caviezel, C; Schneiter, D; Opitz, I; Weder, W (August 2018).
1600:
Lawrence H Cohn (2007), Cardiac Surgery in the Adult, page 6+
1019:
954:
244:
177:
3834:
1427:
Aris A (1997). "Francisco Romero, the first heart surgeon".
1229:
exceeds 2 litres or 80% of predicted, the person is fit for
1113:
A pleurectomy is a surgical procedures in which part of the
1045:
A new form of heart surgery that has grown in popularity is
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2975:
2783:
2410:
2199:
2120:
1142:
958:
710:
613:
Two cardiac surgeons performing a cardiac surgery known as
522:
185:
2317:
Strand, TE; Rostad H; Damhuis RA; Norstein J (June 2007).
1221:. If there is no evidence of undue shortness of breath or
1150:
of the most severely affected areas of emphysematous, non-
783:
4629:
2970:
1802:
697:. The first surgery on the heart itself was performed by
2955:
1275:
Sublobar resection (removal of part of lobe of the lung)
529:
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
2865:
1398:"Integrated Thoracic Surgery Residency Programs – TSDA"
2965:
1237:
exceeds 1.5 litres, the patient is fit for lobectomy.
721:
in a 24-year-old man who had been stabbed in the left
2960:
2202:"Lung volume reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema"
1681:
1117:
is removed. It is sometimes used in the treatment of
203:
In most countries, cardiothoracic surgery is further
2242:
2171:
1654:
1588:
Harold Ellis (2000) A History of Surgery, page 223+
1199:Not all lung cancers are suitable for surgery. The
1052:
2510:
2395:
2024:
957:. The patient needs the function of the heart and
890:. Later in 1948 he designed a punch to resect the
2612:
1018:Since the 1990s, surgeons have begun to perform "
961:provided by an artificial method, hence the term
4688:
2454:Cavalheri, Vinicius; Granger, Catherine (2017).
2453:
1128:
1010:, died from an infection 54 days after surgery.
2613:Pompili, Cecilia; Miserocchi, Giuseppe (2016).
2553:
1013:
321:not receive in a general surgery program (e.g.
1333:Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
4615:
3820:
2991:
2175:The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation
1256:There is no strong evidence to support using
1040:
44:Cardiothoracic surgeon performs an operation.
2908:
2840:
1788:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1731:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1187:A less invasive treatment is available as a
803:Cardiac surgery changed significantly after
796:operated successfully on a young woman with
294:
2790:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2733:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2554:Baringer, Kristina; Talbert, Steve (2017).
2460:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2206:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1984:2020;29(4):292–300. doi:10.4037/ajcc2020841
1326:European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
1061:
819:(1914–1948) revived an operation due to Dr
473:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
176:— generally treatment of conditions of the
4622:
4608:
3862:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
3827:
3813:
3280:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2998:
2984:
2274:Journal of Translational Internal Medicice
1258:non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
946:conducted the first cardiac surgery under
938:on September 2, 1952. The following year,
607:
3958:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
3621:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2966:American Association for Thoracic Surgery
2928:
2885:
2817:
2760:
2703:
2646:
2589:
2571:
2487:
2342:
2293:
2248:
2225:
2148:
2138:
2097:
1896:
1855:
1522:
827:using a punch to remove a portion of the
753:, who repaired a stab wound to the right
129:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
123:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
4001:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
2365:
2359:
2267:
1831:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1507:"Tidsskrift for den Norske Legeforening"
1376:"Thoracic Surgery Specialty Description"
729:upon arrival. Access was through a left
432:
4101:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
1913:
1596:
1594:
1562:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 5.
1511:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
784:Early approaches to heart malformations
14:
4689:
2404:
2310:
1872:
1426:
1194:
878:and successfully divided the stenosed
302:Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
4603:
4231:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
3970:enlargement of existing septal defect
3808:
2979:
1577:
1560:History of Cardiac Surgery, 1896–1955
1504:
1364:from the original on 23 January 2012.
904:
520:University of California, Los Angeles
4655:Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
3965:production of septal defect in heart
3759:
3520:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2834:
1993:
1591:
1408:from the original on 31 January 2018
944:Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Vishnevskiy
534:Medical University of South Carolina
351:Cardiac surgery programs in Canada:
3769:
2631:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.11.08
2261:
2114:
2086:The New England Journal of Medicine
2006:from the original on 6 October 2017
1711:Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics
1189:bronchoscopic lung volume reduction
1108:
780:, also known as "bypass surgery."
778:coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
24:
4062:transposition of the great vessels
3987:creation of septal defect in heart
3656:Medical Scientist Training Program
2956:The Cardiothoracic Surgery Network
2909:Casali G, Walker WS (March 2009).
1626:from the original on 25 April 2012
1549:. Rockville, MD : Kabel, 2002
1469:from the original on 29 March 2016
1212:non-small cell lung cancer staging
588:
582:American Board of Thoracic Surgery
316:Historically, cardiac surgeons in
25:
4723:
4362:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
2949:
1956:"Heart Surgery in United Kingdom"
1217:Pulmonary reserve is measured by
539:University of Southern California
4586:
4585:
3788:
3778:
3768:
3758:
3749:
3748:
2961:The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
1817:10.1111/j.1747-0803.2006.00013.x
1696:10.1001/jama.1945.02860200029009
1572:Dictionary of National Biography
1243:
1223:diffuse parenchymal lung disease
1053:Pediatric cardiovascular surgery
441:Cardiac surgery training in the
428:
227:, etc.); the exceptions are the
38:
4369:Left atrial appendage occlusion
3789:
2902:
2859:
2777:
2720:
2663:
2606:
2547:
2504:
2447:
2193:
2165:
2073:
2031:The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
2018:
1987:
1974:
1948:
1796:
1739:
1702:
1675:
1648:
1639:
1612:
1603:
1565:
1293:Sleeve/bronchoplastic resection
1272:(removal of a lobe of the lung)
897:which is often associated with
677:The earliest operations on the
550:University of California, Davis
3646:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3080:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2802:10.1002/14651858.CD010355.pub3
2745:10.1002/14651858.CD003051.pub3
2525:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2016.08.007
2472:10.1002/14651858.CD012020.pub2
2218:10.1002/14651858.CD001001.pub3
1994:Aziz, Fahad (7 January 2017).
1844:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
1552:
1545:Absolon KB, Naficy MA (2002).
1539:
1498:
1482:
1455:
1420:
1390:
1378:. American Medical Association
1368:
1346:
615:coronary artery bypass surgery
510:Mount Sinai Hospital, New York
406:– 1 position every three years
394:– 1 position every three years
382:– 1 position every three years
362:University of British Columbia
339:University of British Columbia
117:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
13:
1:
4491:Radionuclide ventriculography
2268:Gang Hou (30 December 2015).
2043:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30431-4
1857:10.1016/S0003-4975(02)04370-9
1760:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)90001-1
1669:10.1016/S0096-5588(20)31801-8
1441:10.1016/s0003-4975(97)00760-1
1339:
1129:Lung volume reduction surgery
400:– 1 position every other year
376:– 1 position every other year
211:(involving the heart and the
4476:Myocardial perfusion imaging
3626:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3393:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3005:
2187:10.1016/j.healun.2005.11.053
1177:removed is 10.9 ± 8.0 days.
1047:robot-assisted heart surgery
1028:endoscopic vessel harvesting
1014:Modern beating-heart surgery
462:Medical College of Wisconsin
7:
2930:10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.11.008
2887:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.09.014
2841:Fell, SC; TJ Kirby (2005).
2676:Canadian Journal of Surgery
2619:Journal of Thoracic Disease
2560:Journal of Thoracic Disease
2127:Journal of Thoracic Disease
1898:10.1056/NEJM200102083440601
1311:
1284:(removal of an entire lung)
825:Peter Bent Brigham Hospital
258:
10:
4728:
4712:Pulmonary thoracic surgery
4083:for univentricular defect
1319:Annals of Thoracic Surgery
1307:(removal of the esophagus)
1041:Minimally invasive surgery
788:In 1925 operations on the
592:
489:University of Pennsylvania
4645:
4583:
4562:
4534:
4423:Implantable loop recorder
4391:
4246:
4142:
4067:Arterial switch operation
3882:
3875:
3857:Interventional cardiology
3847:
3744:
3666:
3604:
3365:
3293:
3248:
3157:
3028:
3013:
2133:(Suppl 23): S2748–S2753.
1574:– Henry Souttar (2004–08)
664:
652:
638:
622:
606:
601:
445:is combined with general
311:
295:Australia and New Zealand
137:
102:
97:
81:
69:
54:
49:
37:
4502:Coronary catheterization
3992:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
3953:Mitral valve replacement
3936:Aortic valve replacement
3580:Transplantation medicine
3471:Clinical neurophysiology
3388:Obstetric anesthesiology
3308:Interventional radiology
3068:Digestive system surgery
2873:J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg
2843:General Thoracic Surgery
2513:Thoracic Surgery Clinics
2384:10.1378/chest.111.6.1710
1934:10.1001/jama.287.11.1405
1805:Congenital Heart Disease
1263:
1062:Risks of cardiac surgery
774:patent ductus arteriosus
500:University of Washington
494:University of Pittsburgh
279:residency followed by a
4498:Cardiac catheterization
4440:Electrophysiology study
4340:Radiofrequency ablation
4305:Alcohol septal ablation
3451:Intensive care medicine
3425:Mass gathering medicine
3270:Maternal–fetal medicine
2916:Eur J Cardiothorac Surg
2573:10.21037/jtd.2017.11.15
2423:(Suppl. 3): 161S–177S.
2335:10.1136/thx.2007.079145
2140:10.21037/jtd.2018.08.93
1713:. October (4): 447–66.
1524:10.4045/tidsskr.19.0505
1077:neurocognitive deficits
1020:off-pump bypass surgery
936:University of Minnesota
920:congenital heart defect
705:on 4 September 1895 at
545:University of Rochester
505:Northwestern University
289:cardiac transplantation
4544:Impedance cardiography
4166:Coronary artery bypass
3043:Cardiothoracic surgery
2286:10.1515/jtim-2015-0023
2181:(2, Supplement): S61.
1358:– Medical specialties"
1164:diaphragmatic function
1085:postperfusion syndrome
1081:cardiopulmonary bypass
1035:postperfusion syndrome
1024:cardiopulmonary bypass
963:cardiopulmonary bypass
757:on September 7, 1896.
570:University of Michigan
560:University of Kentucky
515:University of Maryland
478:University of Virginia
438:
404:Université de Montréal
386:University of Manitoba
275:, or first complete a
219:(involving the lungs,
158:Cardiothoracic surgery
33:Cardiothoracic Surgeon
4575:Transcutaneous pacing
4379:Heart transplantation
4300:Ventricular reduction
4116:Blalock–Taussig shunt
3694:Personalized medicine
3553:Reproductive medicine
3478:Occupational medicine
3432:Evolutionary medicine
2429:10.1378/chest.07-1359
2366:Mountain, CF (1997).
1100:Clostridium difficile
915:University of Toronto
864:Thomas Holmes Sellors
772:creation, closure of
770:Blalock-Taussig shunt
687:Dominique Jean Larrey
436:
416:University of Toronto
368:University of Calgary
356:University of Alberta
343:University of Toronto
335:University of Alberta
172:of organs inside the
4697:Surgical specialties
4671:Lung transplantation
4549:Ballistocardiography
4106:systemic circulation
3714:Traditional medicine
3674:Alternative medicine
3541:Addiction psychiatry
3355:Transfusion medicine
3350:Medical microbiology
3265:Gynecologic oncology
3117:Reproductive surgery
2400:on 5 September 2003.
2099:10.1056/nejmoa030287
695:Daniel Hale Williams
410:University of Ottawa
374:Dalhousie University
4428:Cardiac stress test
4406:Electrocardiography
4345:Pacemaker insertion
4092:Kawashima procedure
4056:compound procedures
3931:Aortic valve repair
3904:Mitral valve repair
3736:History of medicine
3719:Veterinary medicine
3526:Preventive medicine
3378:Adolescent medicine
3220:Infectious diseases
2625:(Suppl 1): S46–54.
1558:Johnson SL (1970).
1195:Lung cancer surgery
967:John Heysham Gibbon
892:infundibular muscle
866:(1902–1987) of the
835:(1910–1993) at the
709:in Kristiania, now
483:Columbia University
467:Stanford University
398:McMaster University
34:
4481:Cardiovascular MRI
4411:Vectorcardiography
4266:Pericardial window
4261:Pericardiocentesis
4202:Drug-eluting stent
4031:Rastelli procedure
3980:Balloon septostomy
3684:Molecular oncology
3641:Doctor of Medicine
3631:Master of Medicine
3548:Radiation oncology
3420:Emergency medicine
3373:Addiction medicine
3340:Clinical chemistry
3335:Clinical pathology
3127:Transplant surgery
3085:Orthopedic surgery
3063:Colorectal surgery
2688:10.1503/cjs.001411
1982:Am. J. Crit. Care.
1962:on 5 November 2011
1505:Raouf, N. (2019).
1205:performance status
975:heart-lung machine
928:C. Walton Lillehei
911:Wilfred G. Bigelow
905:Open heart surgery
899:Fallot's Tetralogy
888:pulmonary stenosis
876:pulmonary stenosis
872:Fallot's Tetralogy
868:Middlesex Hospital
837:Hahnemann Hospital
766:aortic coarctation
555:Indiana University
439:
422:Western University
327:coronary care unit
306:workforce planning
263:A cardiac surgery
251:countries such as
170:surgical treatment
111:Doctor of Medicine
104:Education required
32:
4684:
4683:
4597:
4596:
4454:Angiocardiography
4400:Electrophysiology
4387:
4386:
4330:Catheter ablation
4313:Conduction system
4238:LeCompte maneuver
4226:Bentall procedure
4087:Norwood procedure
4077:Senning procedure
4072:Mustard procedure
3975:Atrial septostomy
3926:Valve replacement
3802:
3801:
3636:Master of Surgery
3600:
3599:
3585:Tropical medicine
3531:Prison healthcare
3446:Hospital medicine
3410:Disaster medicine
3400:Aviation medicine
3215:Hospital medicine
3122:Surgical oncology
3107:Pediatric surgery
3101:
3048:Endocrine surgery
2852:978-0-7817-3889-7
2566:(12): 5399–5403.
2443:on 14 April 2013.
1360:(in Portuguese).
1356:Ordem dos MĂ©dicos
1251:surgical sealants
926:was performed by
675:
674:
654:OPS-301 code
437:Surgeon operating
392:McGill University
287:cardiac surgery,
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
4719:
4707:Thoracic surgery
4624:
4617:
4610:
4601:
4600:
4589:
4588:
4554:Cardiotocography
4522:
4486:Ventriculography
4459:Echocardiography
4450:
4402:
4318:Maze procedure (
4315:
4281:
4257:
4210:
4209:Obstacle removal
4197:Bare-metal stent
4193:
4153:
4110:pulmonary artery
4102:
4057:
4042:pulmonary artery
4015:Fontan procedure
4010:pulmonary artery
4002:
3966:
3880:
3879:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3792:
3791:
3782:
3772:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3456:Medical genetics
3441:General practice
3318:Nuclear medicine
3193:Gastroenterology
3149:Vascular surgery
3099:
3026:
3025:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2575:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2439:. Archived from
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2394:. Archived from
2378:(6): 1710–1717.
2363:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2212:(10): CD001001.
2197:
2191:
2190:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1991:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1958:. Archived from
1952:
1946:
1945:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1779:
1754:(9208): 1004–7.
1743:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1722:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1502:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1350:
1156:mini-thoracotomy
1109:Thoracic surgery
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
992:on a child, age
948:local anesthesia
725:and was in deep
683:Francisco Romero
668:edit on Wikidata
648:
611:
599:
598:
565:Emory University
447:thoracic surgery
380:Université Laval
331:vascular surgery
323:echocardiography
269:vascular surgery
217:thoracic surgery
83:Activity sectors
42:
35:
31:
21:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4702:Cardiac surgery
4687:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4650:Mediastinoscopy
4641:
4628:
4598:
4593:
4579:
4558:
4530:
4526:Phonocardiogram
4518:
4448:Cardiac imaging
4446:
4398:
4383:
4311:
4295:Septal myectomy
4285:Cardiomyoplasty
4277:
4271:Pericardiectomy
4253:
4242:
4208:
4189:
4149:
4143:Cardiac vessels
4138:
4132:Glenn procedure
4100:
4055:
4038:right ventricle
4000:
3964:
3886:
3871:
3867:Cardiac imaging
3852:Cardiac surgery
3843:
3833:
3803:
3798:
3740:
3729:Chief physician
3662:
3607:
3596:
3590:Travel medicine
3575:Sports medicine
3558:Sexual medicine
3498:Palliative care
3493:Pain management
3437:Family medicine
3415:Diving medicine
3361:
3289:
3251:
3244:
3160:
3153:
3112:Plastic surgery
3058:General surgery
3038:Cardiac surgery
3019:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2907:
2903:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2839:
2835:
2796:(3): CD010355.
2782:
2778:
2739:(1): CD003051.
2725:
2721:
2668:
2664:
2611:
2607:
2552:
2548:
2509:
2505:
2466:(6): CD012020.
2452:
2448:
2409:
2405:
2364:
2360:
2315:
2311:
2266:
2262:
2247:
2243:
2198:
2194:
2170:
2166:
2119:
2115:
2092:(21): 2059–73.
2078:
2074:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1928:(11): 1405–12.
1918:
1914:
1877:
1873:
1836:
1832:
1801:
1797:
1781:
1780:
1744:
1740:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1680:
1676:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1503:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1429:Ann Thorac Surg
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1314:
1288:Wedge resection
1266:
1246:
1236:
1228:
1197:
1131:
1111:
1064:
1055:
1043:
1016:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
979:John W. Kirklin
907:
880:pulmonary valve
813:rheumatic fever
811:resulting from
809:mitral stenosis
798:mitral stenosis
786:
719:coronary artery
671:
644:
618:
602:Cardiac surgery
597:
595:Cardiac surgery
591:
589:Cardiac surgery
575:Yale University
541:– two positions
496:– two positions
485:– two positions
469:– two positions
451:general surgery
431:
314:
297:
277:general surgery
261:
209:cardiac surgery
174:thoracic cavity
142:
140:
105:
84:
72:
71:Occupation type
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4725:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4676:Nuss procedure
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4633:involving the
4627:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4536:Function tests
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4451:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:Bruce protocol
4425:
4420:
4418:Holter monitor
4415:
4414:
4413:
4403:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4316:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4214:Endarterectomy
4211:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4191:Coronary stent
4186:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4159:
4154:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4022:left ventricle
4019:
4018:
4017:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3941:Ross procedure
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3888:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3839:involving the
3832:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3776:
3766:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3667:Related topics
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Medical school
3612:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:Sleep medicine
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3383:Anesthesiology
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3313:Neuroradiology
3310:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:Obstetrics and
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3132:Trauma surgery
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3095:Otolaryngology
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3021:subspecialties
3011:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2950:External links
2948:
2945:
2944:
2901:
2858:
2851:
2833:
2776:
2719:
2682:(4): 264–270.
2662:
2605:
2546:
2503:
2446:
2403:
2358:
2309:
2280:(4): 147–150.
2260:
2241:
2192:
2164:
2113:
2072:
2037:(4): 313–324.
2017:
1986:
1973:
1947:
1912:
1891:(6): 395–402.
1871:
1850:(2): 472–478.
1830:
1795:
1738:
1701:
1674:
1647:
1638:
1611:
1602:
1590:
1576:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1497:
1481:
1454:
1419:
1389:
1367:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1299:VATS lobectomy
1296:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1265:
1262:
1245:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1196:
1193:
1160:elastic recoil
1130:
1127:
1110:
1107:
1079:attributed to
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1015:
1012:
906:
903:
870:operated on a
857:Guy's Hospital
833:Charles Bailey
792:were unknown.
785:
782:
707:Rikshospitalet
673:
672:
665:
662:
661:
656:
650:
649:
642:
636:
635:
626:
620:
619:
612:
604:
603:
593:Main article:
590:
587:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
536:
531:
526:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
486:
480:
475:
470:
464:
430:
427:
426:
425:
419:
413:
407:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
313:
310:
308:in Australia.
296:
293:
273:medical school
260:
257:
249:European Union
241:United Kingdom
205:subspecialized
153:
152:
143:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
126:
120:
114:
106:
103:
100:
99:
95:
94:
85:
82:
79:
78:
73:
70:
67:
66:
65:
64:
61:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
18:Cardiothoracic
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4724:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4592:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Cardioversion
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Dor procedure
4288:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:to the right
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3946:Transcatheter
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3909:Valvuloplasty
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3795:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Public health
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Allied health
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:Oral medicine
3486:
3484:
3483:Ophthalmology
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Cytopathology
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3285:Urogynecology
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:Endocrinology
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:(11): 991–7.
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:"Pleurectomy"
1990:
1983:
1977:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:J Thorac Surg
1651:
1642:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1494:1-899066-54-3
1491:
1485:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1305:esophagectomy
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:Pneumonectomy
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1244:Complications
1241:
1238:
1232:
1231:pneumonectomy
1225:, and the FEV
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
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1139:emphysematous
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4352:implantation
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3884:Heart valves
3704:Rural health
3689:Nanomedicine
3240:Rheumatology
3171: /
3090:Hand surgery
3075:Neurosurgery
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1960:the original
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1885:N Engl J Med
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1402:www.tsda.org
1401:
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1380:. Retrieved
1370:
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1233:. If the FEV
1216:
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1119:pneumothorax
1112:
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1069:neurological
1065:
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841:Philadelphia
829:mitral valve
805:World War II
802:
790:heart valves
787:
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691:Henry Dalton
676:
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440:
424:– 1 position
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388:– 1 position
370:– 1 position
364:– 1 position
358:– 1 position
350:
347:
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298:
262:
216:
208:
202:
200:structures.
190:lung disease
168:involved in
157:
156:
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4512:Cardiac PET
4255:Pericardium
4219:Atherectomy
4157:Angioplasty
3899:Valvulotomy
3774:Wikiproject
3563:Venereology
3508:Neonatology
3405:Dermatology
3260:Gynaecology
3252:gynaecology
3235:Pulmonology
3053:Eye surgery
3015:Specialties
1690:: 189–202.
1663:: 347–361.
1473:12 February
1191:procedure.
1175:chest tubes
1162:as well as
989:Nazih Zuhdi
983:Mayo Clinic
924:hypothermia
882:. In 1948,
760:Surgery in
743:Ludwig Rehn
735:post mortem
731:thoracotomy
717:a bleeding
679:pericardium
659:5-35...5-37
237:New Zealand
198:mediastinal
98:Description
4691:Categories
4666:Bullectomy
4507:Cardiac CT
4374:Cardiotomy
4279:Myocardium
4047:Sano shunt
3837:procedures
3835:Tests and
3536:Psychiatry
3522:(PM&R)
3515:Phlebology
3503:Pediatrics
3330:Anatomical
3295:Diagnostic
3275:Obstetrics
3225:Nephrology
3210:Hematology
3205:Geriatrics
3198:Hepatology
3183:Cardiology
3173:Immunology
2251:DrugTopics
1966:2011-10-21
1340:References
1219:spirometry
971:oxygenator
281:fellowship
141:employment
125:(M.B.B.S.)
50:Occupation
4661:Lobectomy
3887:and septa
3724:Physician
3608:education
3466:Neurology
3461:Narcology
3325:Pathology
3303:Radiology
3178:Angiology
3142:Andrology
2810:1469-493X
2753:1469-493X
2696:1488-2310
2639:2072-1439
2582:2072-1439
2533:1558-5069
2480:1469-493X
2051:2213-2600
2010:4 October
1270:Lobectomy
1148:resection
1092:EuroSCORE
755:ventricle
747:Frankfurt
699:Norwegian
285:pediatric
265:residency
247:and some
233:Australia
221:esophagus
146:Hospitals
139:Fields of
76:Specialty
4591:Category
4324:minimaze
4320:Cox maze
3754:Category
3230:Oncology
3161:medicine
3159:Internal
3007:Medicine
2939:19136272
2896:18329487
2828:30840317
2771:20091536
2714:22854148
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2600:29312751
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2067:73428098
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2000:Medscape
1942:11903027
1907:11172175
1866:12607656
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1776:26116465
1768:10768449
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1630:16 April
1624:Archived
1533:31592616
1467:Archived
1406:Archived
1362:Archived
1312:See also
1071:damage.
942:surgeon
895:stenosis
862:In 1947
768:repair,
701:surgeon
624:ICD-9-CM
341:and the
259:Training
253:Portugal
166:medicine
88:Medicine
4631:Surgery
3876:Surgery
3794:Outline
3764:Commons
3709:Therapy
3606:Medical
3169:Allergy
3137:Urology
3030:Surgery
2819:6402531
2762:7138070
2705:3404148
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1001:⁄
981:at the
934:at the
913:of the
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715:ligated
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646:D006348
194:pleural
160:is the
150:Clinics
131:(MBChB)
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4563:Pacing
4171:MIDCAB
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318:Canada
312:Canada
239:, the
225:thymus
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119:(D.O.)
113:(M.D.)
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4635:chest
4520:sound
4392:Tests
4350:S-ICD
4247:Other
4181:TECAB
4026:aorta
3841:heart
3366:Other
2417:Chest
2372:Chest
2063:S2CID
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1412:8 May
1264:Types
1201:stage
959:lungs
955:brain
727:shock
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245:India
207:into
186:lungs
178:heart
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2806:ISSN
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2155:PMID
2104:PMID
2055:PMID
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1938:PMID
1922:JAMA
1903:PMID
1862:PMID
1821:PMID
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1715:PMID
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1632:2012
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1475:2016
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1143:lung
1135:COPD
1121:and
930:and
851:and
711:Oslo
640:MeSH
580:The
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