1008:
dissolved and removed in solution. Caverns are often found below the surface in the limestone and as the lime-rich water finds its way underground it begins to drip from the roof of the cavern. It is cold underground so there is little evaporation but some does take place leaving a trace of limestone on the roof. Over thousands of years a stalactite forms from the ceiling as the water continues to drip. When the water drips on to the floor of the cavern some evaporation occurs here also leaving a trace of limestone. Again over thousands of years a stalagmite is formed. A stone pillar is formed when a stalagmite and stalactite meet.
840:
135:
188:
851:
38:
903:. After the ice retreated, the valley was further developed by a meltwater stream flowing across the limestone while it was frozen solid. Watlowes Valley is a particularly good example of a dry valley because it has a textbook profile - the south-facing side is less steep than the north-facing side. This results from the weathering and mass movement processes that have operated in the post-glacial period.
344:
942:- the most spectacular feature in the Yorkshire Dales. At the end of the Ice Age the limestone, which had been frozen solid, once again became permeable, allowing the water to disappear through its joints. Now Malham Cove is a high cliff (83 m high) – it is completely dry, and a great attraction to rock climbers.
798:
Carboniferous
Limestone is a hard sedimentary rock made largely of calcium carbonate. It is generally light-grey in colour. It was formed in warm, shallow tropical seas teeming with life. The rock is made up of the shells and hard parts of millions of sea creatures, some up to 30 cm in length,
1007:
are the two main subsurface features in a
Carboniferous Limestone area. These are formed when rainwater - a weak carbonic acid capable of dissolving limestone - percolates through it via the grykes and joints underground. This means the limestone is pervious. As this happens the limestone is
881:, solution hollows and dolines are very common in the Yorkshire Dales and Brecon Beacons. Typically from 1–20 m deep and 1–60 m across, they form as a result of the subsurface collapse of limestone or through the more gradual dropping of surface material into caves.
830:
but which has all manner of characteristic surface and subsurface features. The
Carboniferous Limestone has been folded and faulted by massive Earth movements which can be seen by the fact that the rocks are now above sea-level and no longer horizontal.
1016:
Because it is brittle, the use of
Carboniferous Limestone for building stone tends to be limited to those areas where it is the most abundantly available rock. However it is extensively quarried for other purposes:
175:. These rocks formed between 363 and 325 million years ago. Within England and Wales, the entire limestone succession, which includes subordinate mudstones and some thin sandstones, is known as the
910:
is an area of almost bare, flat rock and is arguably the most fascinating feature of any area of
Carboniferous limestone. They develop after the rock has been exposed by the scouring action of an
884:
Streams flowing from higher impermeable slopes sink into the ground when they reach permeable limestone. During dry spells all water sinks very quickly on reaching the limestone, through
888:. In wetter conditions water flows a greater distance across the limestone as underground channels and chambers fill up. Large sinkholes are called 'swallowholes' or 'potholes'.
810:
Carboniferous
Limestone has horizontal layers (beds) with bedding planes, and vertical joints. These joints are weaknesses in the rock, which are exploited by agents of both
305:
block is identified as a separate northern province. It is characterised by the presence of numerous ‘blocks’ and ‘basins’ each with its own particular depositional style.
371:
The
Carboniferous Limestone is a significant landscape-forming rock unit in each of the depositional provinces of Great Britain within which it is found.
1402:
1422:
827:
896:
867:
396:
332:
in the east. Though of
Carboniferous age, the limestones of this Scottish province are not assigned to the Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup.
431:. It is here referred to as the ‘north crop’ as distinct from a sub-parallel outcrop, the ‘south crop’ which defines the southern rim of the
416:
203:
was deposited as marine sediments in three distinct ‘provinces’ separated by contemporary landmasses. One of these landmasses was the
102:
74:
927:
923:
55:
1417:
1382:
17:
1392:
81:
1427:
88:
899:
is an excellent example. It was formed originally by a subglacial meltwater stream which existed during the last major
1432:
121:
70:
255:. The Carboniferous Limestone sequence of South Wales and the Bristol area is currently (2012) subdivided thus:
1407:
59:
1397:
1412:
412:
1387:
807:
are frequently in evidence as components of
Carboniferous Limestone; indeed the rock is full of fossils.
676:
653:
444:
204:
1118:
862:
The 'classic limestone walk' is a circular 10 km route from the field centre on the north side of
223:. The limestones deposited to its south form a distinct South Wales-Mendip province which extends from
844:
660:. The limestone is concealed beneath younger rocks to the east and west and to the north through the
95:
1055:
586:
259:
839:
48:
953:, often formed in a limestone area as the result of the collapse of a roof above a cave system.
930:. Grykes have a habitat of their own, which encourages the growth of shade-loving ferns such as
1026:
420:
521:
are formed from
Carboniferous Limestone, showing notable geomorphological features, including
1085:
1041:
634:
432:
388:
134:
822:. Water seeps through the joints in the limestone. This creates a landscape geologists call
1037:
819:
456:
8:
978:
900:
379:
Within Pembrokeshire the Carboniferous Limestone forms the spectacular coastal cliffs at
907:
719:
384:
301:
The limestone found north of the Wales-London-Brabant Massif and south of the emergent
187:
1062:
347:
Cross-section of Carboniferous Limestone bored by Jurassic organisms; borings include
993:
970:
546:
499:
488:
349:
918:. Existing joints are subsequently exploited by the action of chemical weathering
974:
935:
931:
526:
309:
302:
212:
172:
1089:
1048:
966:
818:. They also lead to an important characteristic of Carboniferous Limestone – its
684:
672:
244:
228:
165:
1044:
in the Pennines), it is sufficiently pure for production of chemical-grade lime.
877:
Surface depressions, typically funnel-shaped and variously known as shakeholes,
1033:
739:
715:
711:
696:
661:
657:
638:
614:
495:
440:
428:
404:
392:
1376:
1123:
1101:
759:
692:
688:
680:
649:
522:
463:
where it turns southwards. A very narrow ‘east crop’ and ‘south crop’ run by
317:
240:
224:
169:
154:
139:
850:
954:
871:
855:
786:, western Ireland where it produces one of western Europe's most important
783:
751:
747:
723:
704:
700:
602:
578:
518:
480:
436:
364:
329:
192:
27:
Limestone deposited during the Dinantian Epoch of the Carboniferous Period
1232:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map series sheet E261/2 Bridgend
989:
939:
919:
889:
863:
598:
570:
530:
506:, straddling the England/Wales border and extends southwestwards through
468:
448:
252:
216:
308:
To the north of the Southern Uplands are the limestones of the Scottish
1144:
1078:
1004:
1000:
815:
811:
800:
779:
718:
to the Northumberland Coast where it extends to the Scottish border at
668:
652:
and through which deep gorges have been cut by rivers such as the Wye,
645:
630:
622:
590:
554:
534:
503:
484:
359:
287:
1097:
1022:
985:
965:
Caves are common subsurface features in limestone landscapes. In the
911:
885:
767:
743:
594:
550:
472:
232:
162:
150:
984:
In Ireland there is a large number of show caves open to visitors -
938:. During the last Ice Age, a stream is thought to have poured over
703:
and wraps around the northern margin of the Lake District as far as
37:
1070:
878:
804:
763:
735:
626:
618:
582:
574:
542:
507:
460:
424:
408:
380:
354:
313:
248:
199:
Within Great Britain the suite of rocks known traditionally as the
1029:
wherever it outcrops, particularly in the Mendips and north Wales.
589:. The Carboniferous Limestone belt extends eastwards to form the
451:. It then runs near the southern margin of the national park via
1168:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map series sheet E244/5
915:
606:
538:
475:. West of the bay, the rock forms the renowned southern coast of
464:
325:
220:
158:
1216:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map series sheets E246
648:
is named for the limestone which characterises the heart of the
391:, a natural arch. It forms prominent headlands such as those of
1200:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map series sheet E232
1180:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map series sheet E229
1074:
950:
946:
610:
558:
452:
207:, an east–west aligned belt of land stretching through central
1051:
manufacture at plants in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
343:
335:
The Carboniferous Limestone is widespread throughout Ireland.
823:
787:
738:
and in a very broken band running northeastwards through the
722:. There are scattered outcrops along the north coast of the
476:
400:
236:
208:
1142:
710:
North again, it is a major landscape forming feature in the
1253:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale special map sheet
1241:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale special map sheet
1105:
1093:
1066:
755:
613:. A broader belt forms high ground immediately east of the
511:
321:
1341:
British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map E48 Ulverston
1362:
British Geological Survey 1:625,000 scale geological map
667:
To the north the limestone is exposed once again in east
403:. A narrow, intensely quarried outcrop runs inland from
282:
Abercriban Oolite Subgroup & Clydach Valley Subgroup
892:, Alum Pot and the Buttertubs are well-known examples.
687:
with coastal exposures around the northern margins of
625:
and continuing as a broken outcrop southwards beyond
778:
Carboniferous Limestone occurs most famously around
617:extending south to form the impressive west-facing
467:and north of Cardiff. It turns west again to meet
295:
Castell Coch Limestone Formation (lowermost/oldest)
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1265:British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale maps E94
251:. These rocks continue eastwards at depth beneath
1350:British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map E28
1321:British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map E40
1301:British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale map E99
1374:
854:Carboniferous/Jurassic unconformity surface at
557:are prominent in views across the mouth of the
549:are cut in this rock. The limestone islands of
374:
1054:In ground form, it is used for power industry
746:. There are limited outcrops on the coasts of
969:, there are numerous caves, three of which –
729:
142:, Wales. Carboniferous/Jurassic unconformity.
675:. There are numerous limestone hills in the
149:is a collective term for the succession of
1403:Limestone formations of the United Kingdom
1145:"British Lower Carboniferous Stratigraphy"
1423:Geologic formations of the United Kingdom
1092:, it was used in combination with nearby
1036:in many places. In certain places (e.g.
895:Dry valleys are valleys without streams.
799:encased in carbonate mud. Fossil corals,
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
849:
838:
564:
342:
186:
133:
487:. There are further occurrences in the
14:
1375:
960:
383:along from which are features such as
338:
182:
1152:Geological Conservation Review Series
1143:Cossey P.J. & Adams A.E. (2004).
981:– are now show caves for the public.
494:An important outlier is that of the
419:and extending westwards through the
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
1136:
834:
191:Carboniferous Limestone exposed at
138:Carboniferous Limestone exposed at
24:
1088:when, following the inventions of
793:
569:There are limited outcrops on the
177:Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup
25:
1444:
1077:(in North Wales, where important
866:to the village of Malham, UK via
601:and a zone of country in inland
491:, both inland and on the coast.
435:. The outcrop continues through
268:Oxwich Head Limestone Formation
36:
1356:
1344:
1335:
1315:
1295:
762:and further occurrences around
629:. There are a few outcrops in
161:that were deposited during the
47:needs additional citations for
1418:Geologic formations of Ireland
1383:Carboniferous System of Europe
1259:
1247:
1235:
1226:
1210:
1194:
1174:
1162:
1084:It was important in the early
699:along the western side of the
201:Carboniferous Limestone Series
13:
1:
1393:Geology of the United Kingdom
1129:
734:Limestones occur in southern
407:through Carmarthenshire from
292:Cwmyniscoy Mudstone Formation
227:in the west through southern
1011:
413:Brecon Beacons National Park
375:South Wales and Bristol area
367:, England; scale bar = 1 cm.
274:Honeycombed Sandstone Member
153:occurring widely throughout
7:
1112:
677:Arnside and Silverdale AONB
573:and more extensive ones in
279:Dowlais Limestone Formation
205:Wales-London-Brabant Massif
10:
1449:
1428:Rock formations of Ireland
1170:Pembroke & Linney Head
1119:List of types of limestone
1069:(in the Peak District and
1040:in the Peak District, and
926:and rounded blocks called
773:
730:Midland Valley of Scotland
695:. An outcrop extends from
541:and the coastal cliffs at
1056:flue-gas desulphurisation
957:is an excellent example.
845:Ingleton, North Yorkshire
71:"Carboniferous Limestone"
1433:Rock formations of Wales
1364:Bedrock Geology UK North
260:Pembroke Limestone Group
1081:mines are to be found).
754:, isolated outcrops in
517:The larger part of the
147:Carboniferous Limestone
18:Carboniferous limestone
859:
847:
498:basin which forms the
457:Llangattock escarpment
368:
271:Penderyn Oolite Member
196:
143:
1408:Carboniferous Ireland
1086:Industrial Revolution
1061:In many places it is
1042:Horton in Ribblesdale
853:
843:Carboniferous coral,
842:
635:Titterstone Clee Hill
565:The Northern Province
529:and the show cave of
433:South Wales Coalfield
389:Green Bridge of Wales
346:
265:Oystermouth Formation
262:(uppermost/youngest)
190:
137:
1398:Limestone formations
679:and in the southern
621:escarpment north of
195:, Somerset, England.
56:improve this article
1413:Carboniferous Wales
979:Stump Cross Caverns
961:Subsurface features
870:and back again via
714:and thence through
597:, the neighbouring
339:Geographical extent
183:Depositional basins
1388:Geology of Ireland
1303:Chapel en le Frith
1065:, and has yielded
1021:It is crushed for
908:limestone pavement
860:
848:
720:Berwick-upon-Tweed
577:notably along the
399:and the cliffs at
369:
353:(some with boring
197:
144:
1032:It is burned for
994:Marble Arch Caves
971:Ingleborough Cave
949:is a steep-sided
547:Weston-super-Mare
489:Vale of Glamorgan
350:Gastrochaenolites
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
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1208:
1198:
1192:
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1172:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1140:
975:White Scar Caves
835:Surface features
828:surface drainage
605:running through
527:Burrington Combe
427:above the upper
312:stretching from
303:Southern Uplands
213:English Midlands
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1441:
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1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
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1316:
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1296:
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1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1115:
1014:
967:Yorkshire Dales
963:
897:Watlowes Valley
868:Watlowes Valley
837:
796:
794:Characteristics
776:
732:
685:Whitbarrow Scar
673:Yorkshire Dales
567:
411:, entering the
385:Huntsman's Leap
381:St Govan's Head
377:
341:
320:in the west to
245:Gloucestershire
229:Carmarthenshire
185:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1343:
1334:
1323:Kirkby Stephen
1314:
1294:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1225:
1209:
1193:
1190:Merthyr Tydfil
1173:
1161:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1082:
1059:
1052:
1047:It is used in
1045:
1030:
1013:
1010:
962:
959:
836:
833:
826:, which lacks
795:
792:
775:
772:
740:Pentland Hills
731:
728:
716:Northumberland
712:North Pennines
697:Kirkby Stephen
662:South Pennines
639:Little Wenlock
615:Clwydian Hills
566:
563:
559:Severn Estuary
496:Forest of Dean
441:Pontneddfechan
429:Swansea Valley
421:Black Mountain
405:Carmarthen Bay
393:Stackpole Head
376:
373:
357:in place) and
340:
337:
310:Midland Valley
299:
298:
297:
296:
293:
285:
284:
283:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
266:
184:
181:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1445:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1124:Blarney Stone
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1102:Coal Measures
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:Abraham Darby
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:metalliferous
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
936:dog's mercury
933:
932:hart's tongue
929:
925:
922:to form deep
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
882:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
857:
852:
846:
841:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
791:
789:
785:
781:
771:
769:
765:
761:
760:Stirlingshire
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:Humphrey Head
690:
689:Morecambe Bay
686:
682:
681:Lake District
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:Peak District
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Puffin Island
584:
580:
576:
572:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:Cheddar Gorge
520:
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513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
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486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
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462:
458:
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450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:Lydstep Point
394:
390:
386:
382:
372:
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
351:
345:
336:
333:
331:
327:
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315:
311:
306:
304:
294:
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281:
278:
273:
270:
269:
267:
264:
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:Monmouthshire
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:Pembrokeshire
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
189:
180:
178:
174:
171:
170:Carboniferous
167:
164:
160:
156:
155:Great Britain
152:
148:
141:
140:Ogmore-by-Sea
136:
126:
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115:
112:November 2012
104:
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73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
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1201:
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1176:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1138:
1015:
998:
983:
964:
955:Gordale Scar
944:
905:
894:
883:
876:
872:Gordale Scar
861:
856:Tedbury Camp
820:permeability
809:
797:
790:landscapes.
784:County Clare
777:
752:Berwickshire
748:East Lothian
733:
724:Solway Firth
709:
705:Cleator Moor
701:Vale of Eden
666:
643:
603:Denbighshire
585:and towards
579:Menai Strait
568:
519:Mendip Hills
516:
493:
481:Mumbles Head
437:Ystradfellte
378:
370:
365:Mendip Hills
358:
348:
334:
330:Berwickshire
307:
300:
219:and on into
200:
198:
193:Tedbury Camp
176:
146:
145:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1243:Isle of Man
1202:Abergavenny
990:Ailwee Cave
940:Malham Cove
920:carbonation
890:Gaping Gill
864:Malham Tarn
801:brachiopods
671:and in the
599:Little Orme
571:Isle of Man
531:Wookey Hole
469:Swansea Bay
449:Pontsticill
253:Oxfordshire
217:East Anglia
1377:Categories
1352:Whitehaven
1220:& 247
1218:Worms Head
1188:& 231
1182:Carmarthen
1130:References
1079:Bronze Age
1005:stalactite
1001:stalagmite
816:weathering
812:denudation
780:The Burren
669:Lancashire
646:White Peak
631:Shropshire
623:Llangollen
591:Great Orme
555:Steep Holm
535:Avon Gorge
504:Wye Valley
485:Worms Head
360:Trypanites
288:Avon Group
247:and north
235:and south
151:limestones
82:newspapers
1366:NERC 2007
1311:Ashbourne
1275:Liverpool
1267:Llandudno
1186:Ammanford
1108:industry.
1100:from the
1098:ironstone
1027:aggregate
1023:roadstone
1012:Economics
986:Crag Cave
912:ice sheet
886:sinkholes
879:sinkholes
768:Dumbarton
744:Edinburgh
595:Llandudno
581:, around
551:Flat Holm
473:Porthcawl
417:Llandyfan
233:Glamorgan
163:Dinantian
1291:Oswestry
1255:Anglesey
1113:See also
1071:Weardale
1038:Tunstead
805:crinoids
764:Greenock
742:towards
736:Ayrshire
691:such as
658:Manifold
633:such as
627:Oswestry
619:Eglwyseg
583:Benllech
575:Anglesey
543:Clevedon
537:west of
508:Chepstow
479:between
461:Blorenge
455:and the
445:Penderyn
425:Cribarth
409:Kidwelly
387:and the
355:bivalves
314:Ayrshire
249:Somerset
211:and the
1309:, E124
1305:, E111
1289:, E137
1287:Wrexham
1285:, E121
1281:, E108
1279:Denbigh
1277:, E107
1222:Swansea
1206:Newport
1158:: 1–12.
1104:in the
1073:), and
916:glacier
901:Ice Age
774:Ireland
637:and at
607:Denbigh
539:Bristol
502:of the
465:Cwmbran
326:Lothian
221:Belgium
168:of the
159:Ireland
96:scholar
1331:Settle
1329:, E60
1325:, E50
1307:Buxton
1273:, E96
1269:, E95
1204:, 249
1184:, 230
1075:copper
1049:cement
951:valley
928:clints
924:grykes
611:Ruthin
533:. The
500:cliffs
453:Trefil
173:Period
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1327:Hawes
1283:Flint
1148:(PDF)
947:gorge
824:karst
788:karst
683:e.g.
477:Gower
401:Tenby
318:Arran
237:Powys
209:Wales
166:Epoch
103:JSTOR
89:books
1271:Rhyl
1106:iron
1096:and
1094:coal
1067:lead
1034:lime
1025:and
1003:and
999:The
992:and
977:and
934:and
814:and
803:and
766:and
758:and
756:Fife
750:and
656:and
654:Dove
644:The
609:and
553:and
545:and
512:Undy
483:and
447:and
395:and
328:and
322:Fife
316:and
157:and
75:news
914:or
782:in
593:at
510:to
471:at
459:to
439:to
423:to
415:at
239:to
215:to
58:by
1379::
1156:29
1154:.
1150:.
996:.
988:,
973:,
945:A
906:A
874:.
770:.
726:.
707:.
664:.
641:.
561:.
525:,
514:.
443:,
363:;
324:,
243:,
231:,
179:.
1058:.
858:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
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