Carbon monoxide poisoning

1702:) due to the less-acidic arterial pH environment (arterial blood averages pH 7.407 whereas venous blood is slightly more acidic at pH 7.371). The "T-state" of hemoglobin is deoxygenated in venous blood partially due to protonation/ionization caused by the acidic environment hence causing a conformation unsuited for oxygen-binding (in other words, oxygen is 'ejected' upon arrival to the cell because acid "attacks" the amines of hemoglobin causing ionization/protonation of the amine residues resulting in a conformation change unsuited for retaining oxygen). Furthermore, the mechanism for formation of 53: 1501: 1639:. The simplistic understanding for the mechanism of carbon monoxide toxicity is based on excess carboxyhemoglobin decreasing the oxygen-delivery capacity of the blood to tissues throughout the body. In humans, the affinity between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide is approximately 240 times stronger than the affinity between hemoglobin and oxygen. However, certain mutations such as the Hb-Kirklareli mutation has a relative 80,000 times greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen resulting in systemic carboxyhemoglobin reaching a sustained level of 16% COHb. 1210:, mandates the placement of carbon monoxide detectors/alarms on every level of the residence, including the basement, in addition to outside sleeping areas. In new homes, AC-powered detectors must have battery backup and be interconnected to ensure early warning of occupants at all levels. NFPA 720-2009 is the first national carbon monoxide standard to address devices in non-residential buildings. These guidelines, which now pertain to schools, healthcare centers, nursing homes, and other non-residential buildings, include three main points: 1916:, causing more direct fetal tissue hypoxia. Additionally, fetal hemoglobin has a 10 to 15% higher affinity for carbon monoxide than adult hemoglobin, causing more severe poisoning in the fetus than in the adult. Elimination of carbon monoxide is slower in the fetus, leading to an accumulation of the toxic chemical. The level of fetal morbidity and mortality in acute carbon monoxide poisoning is significant, so despite mild maternal poisoning or following maternal recovery, severe fetal poisoning or death may still occur. 1296: 713: 954:, and kitchen stoves during the winter months, which if faulty and/or used without adequate ventilation, may produce excessive carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide detection and poisoning also increases during power outages, when electric heating and cooking appliances become inoperative and residents may temporarily resort to fuel-burning space heaters, stoves, and grills (some of which are safe only for outdoor use but nonetheless are errantly burned indoors). 19722: 9534: 1587:, or have high carboxyhemoglobin levels. One study reported that approximately 30% of people with severe carbon monoxide poisoning will have a fatal outcome. It has been reported that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may increase the likelihood of delayed neuropsychiatric sequelae (DNS) after carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. A device that also provides some carbon dioxide to stimulate faster breathing (sold under the brand name ClearMate) may also be used. 19792: 19780: 1288: 19746: 9558: 19734: 9546: 1276: 1176: 937:

medicine. In autopsy examinations, the appearance of carbon monoxide poisoning is notable because unembalmed dead persons are normally bluish and pale, whereas dead carbon-monoxide poisoned people may appear unusually lifelike in coloration. The colorant effect of carbon monoxide in such postmortem circumstances is thus analogous to its use as a red colorant in the commercial

1566:. Treatment with sodium bicarbonate is controversial as acidosis may increase tissue oxygen availability. Treatment of acidosis may only need to consist of oxygen therapy. The delayed development of neuropsychiatric impairment is one of the most serious complications of carbon monoxide poisoning. Brain damage is confirmed following 1199:

battery- or AC-powered, with or without battery backup. In buildings, carbon monoxide detectors are usually installed around heaters and other equipment. If a relatively high level of carbon monoxide is detected, the device sounds an alarm, giving people the chance to evacuate and ventilate the building. Unlike

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is dark in deoxygenated venous blood, but it has a bright red color when carrying blood in oxygenated arterial blood and when converted into carboxyhemoglobin in both arterial and venous blood, so poisoned cadavers and even commercial meats treated with carbon monoxide acquire an unnatural lively reddish hue.

2168:, after examining many bodies of miners killed in pit explosions. By 1911, Haldane introduced the use of small animals for miners to detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide underground, either white mice or canaries which have little tolerance for carbon monoxide thereby offering an early warning, i.e. 2211:

developed an oxygen inhalation protocol in response to carbon monoxide poisoning in 1814. Similarly, an oxygen inhalation protocol was recommend for malaria (literally translated to "bad air") in 1830 based on malaria symptoms aligning with carbon monoxide poisoning. Other oxygen protocols emerged in

1678:/protein unit of hemoglobin which then enables the binding of additional oxygen to each of the other vacant heme sites. Upon arrival to the cell/tissues, oxygen release into the tissue is driven by "acidification" of the local pH (meaning a relatively higher concentration of 'acidic' protons/hydrogen 1715:

and other physiological functionalities). Carbon monoxide is not 'ejected' due to acid, therefore carbon monoxide poisoning disturbs this physiological process hence the venous blood of poisoning patients is bright red akin to arterial blood since the carbonyl/carbon monoxide is retained. Hemoglobin

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reduces the half life of carbon monoxide to 23 minutes, compared to 80 minutes for oxygen at regular atmospheric pressure. It may also enhance oxygen transport to the tissues by plasma, partially bypassing the normal transfer through hemoglobin. However, it is controversial whether hyperbaric oxygen

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It has been estimated that more than 40,000 people per year seek medical attention for carbon monoxide poisoning in the United States. 95% of carbon monoxide poisoning deaths in Australia are due to gas space heaters. In many industrialized countries, carbon monoxide is the cause of more than 50% of

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reports, "Each year, more than 500 Americans die from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, and more than 2,000 commit suicide by intentionally poisoning themselves." For the 10-year period from 1979 to 1988, 56,133 deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning occurred in the United States, with 25,889

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Chronic exposure to relatively low levels of carbon monoxide may cause persistent headaches, lightheadedness, depression, confusion, memory loss, nausea, hearing disorders and vomiting. It is unknown whether low-level chronic exposure may cause permanent neurological damage. Typically, upon removal

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The ratio of carboxyhemoglobin to hemoglobin molecules in an average person may be up to 5%, although cigarette smokers who smoke two packs per day may have levels up to 9%. In symptomatic poisoned people they are often in the 10–30% range, while persons who die may have postmortem blood levels of

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As many symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning also occur with many other types of poisonings and infections (such as the flu), the diagnosis is often difficult. A history of potential carbon monoxide exposure, such as being exposed to a residential fire, may suggest poisoning, but the diagnosis is

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The NFPA standard is not necessarily enforced by law. As of April 2006, the US state of Massachusetts requires detectors to be present in all residences with potential CO sources, regardless of building age and whether they are owner-occupied or rented. This is enforced by municipal inspectors and

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in which the two treatment options have been compared; of the six performed, four found hyperbaric oxygen improved outcome and two found no benefit for hyperbaric oxygen. Some of these trials have been criticized for apparent flaws in their implementation. A review of all the literature concluded

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The true number of cases of carbon monoxide poisoning is unknown, since many non-lethal exposures go undetected. From the available data, carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common cause of injury and death due to poisoning worldwide. Poisoning is typically more common during the winter months.

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has stated, "carbon monoxide detectors are as important to home safety as smoke detectors are," and recommends each home have at least one carbon monoxide detector, and preferably one on each level of the building. These devices, which are relatively inexpensive and widely available, are either

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offers an alternative to pulse CO-oximetry. Carboxyhemoglobin levels have been shown to have a strong correlation with breath CO concentration. However, many of these devices require the user to inhale deeply and hold their breath to allow the CO in the blood to escape into the lung before the

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One classic sign of carbon monoxide poisoning is more often seen in the dead rather than the living – people have been described as looking red-cheeked and healthy. However, since this "cherry-red" appearance is more common in the dead, it is not considered a useful diagnostic sign in clinical

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Diagnosis is typically based on a HbCO level of more than 3% among nonsmokers and more than 10% among smokers. The biological threshold for carboxyhemoglobin tolerance is typically accepted to be 15% COHb, meaning toxicity is consistently observed at levels in excess of this concentration. The

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from exposure to carbon monoxide, symptoms usually resolve themselves, unless there has been an episode of severe acute poisoning. However, one case noted permanent memory loss and learning problems after a three-year exposure to relatively low levels of carbon monoxide from a faulty furnace.

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contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules, therefore 1 billion heme sites capable of binding gas. The binding of carbon monoxide at any one of these sites increases the oxygen affinity of the remaining three sites, which causes the hemoglobin molecule to retain oxygen that would otherwise be

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As people may continue to experience significant symptoms of CO poisoning long after their blood carboxyhemoglobin concentration has returned to normal, presenting to examination with a normal carboxyhemoglobin level (which may happen in late states of poisoning) does not rule out poisoning.

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has led to poisoning in children. Idling automobiles with the exhaust pipe blocked by snow has led to the poisoning of car occupants. Any perforation between the exhaust manifold and shroud can result in exhaust gases reaching the cabin. Generators and propulsion engines on boats, especially

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fatal poisonings. In the United States, approximately 200 people die each year from carbon monoxide poisoning associated with home fuel-burning heating equipment. Carbon monoxide poisoning contributes to the approximately 5,613 smoke inhalation deaths each year in the United States. The

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may occur in up to 50% of poisoned people after 2 to 40 days. It is difficult to predict who will develop delayed sequelae; however, advanced age, loss of consciousness while poisoned, and initial neurological abnormalities may increase the chance of developing delayed symptoms.

486:, different species and different people across diverse demographics may have different carbon monoxide tolerance levels. The carbon monoxide tolerance level for any person is altered by several factors, including genetics (hemoglobin mutations), behavior such as activity level, 1522:

that the role of hyperbaric oxygen is unclear and the available evidence neither confirms nor denies a medically meaningful benefit. The authors suggested a large, well designed, externally audited, multicentre trial to compare normal oxygen with hyperbaric oxygen. While

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The following guideline values (ppm values rounded) and periods of time-weighted average exposures have been determined in such a way that the carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level of 2.5% is not exceeded, even when a normal subject engages in light or moderate exercise:

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visits a year in the United States. It is the most common type of fatal poisoning in many countries. In the United States, non-fire related cases result in more than 400 deaths a year. Poisonings occur more often in the winter, particularly from the use of

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within the brain. This brain damage occurs mainly during the recovery period. This may result in cognitive defects, especially affecting memory and learning, and movement disorders. These disorders are typically related to damage to the cerebral

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generates additional 'acidic' hydrogen ions that may further stabilize the protonated/ionized deoxygenated hemoglobin. Upon return of venous blood into the lung and subsequent exhalation of carbon dioxide, the blood is "de-acidified" (see also:

4897: 1767:. A delayed return of symptoms have been reported. This results following a recurrence of increased carboxyhemoglobin levels; this effect may be due to a late release of carbon monoxide from myoglobin, which subsequently binds to hemoglobin. 1368:

There are many conditions to be considered in the differential diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning. The earliest symptoms, especially from low level exposures, are often non-specific and readily confused with other illnesses, typically

1131:. The gas is up to 3% CO and may be fatal after just a single breath. Following an explosion in a colliery, adjacent interconnected mines may become dangerous due to the afterdamp leaking from mine to mine. Such an incident followed the 15863: 2124:

discovered carbon monoxide as a molecule containing one carbon and one oxygen atom in 1800, thereby initiating the modern era of research exclusively focused on carbon monoxide. The mechanism for toxicity was first suggested by

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At toxic concentrations, carbon monoxide as carboxyhemoglobin significantly interferes with respiration and gas exchange by simultaneously inhibiting acquisition and delivery of oxygen to cells and preventing formation of

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Allred EN, Bleecker ER, Chaitman BR, Dahms TE, Gottlieb SO, Hackney JD, et al. (November 1989). "Short-term effects of carbon monoxide exposure on the exercise performance of subjects with coronary artery disease".

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was inspired by the death of 7-year-old Nicole Garofalo in 2005 due to snow blocking a home heating vent. Other jurisdictions may have no requirement or only mandate detectors for new construction or at time of sale.

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is also used in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning, as it may hasten dissociation of CO from carboxyhemoglobin and cytochrome oxidase to a greater extent than normal oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygen at three times

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Tritapepe L, Macchiarelli G, Rocco M, Scopinaro F, Schillaci O, Martuscelli E, Motta PM (April 1998). "Functional and ultrastructural evidence of myocardial stunning after acute carbon monoxide poisoning".

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In caves carbon monoxide can build up in enclosed chambers due to the presence of decomposing organic matter. In coal mines incomplete combustion may occur during explosions resulting in the production of

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Small amounts of CO are beneficial and enzymes exist that produce it at times of oxidative stress. A variety of drugs are being developed to introduce small amounts of CO, these drugs are commonly called

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scans. Extensive follow up and supportive treatment is often required for delayed neurological damage. Outcomes are often difficult to predict following poisoning, especially people who have symptoms of

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or other headaches. Carbon monoxide has been called a "great mimicker" due to the presentation of poisoning being diverse and nonspecific. Other conditions included in the differential diagnosis include

441:, some bacteria produce, consume and respond to carbon monoxide whereas certain other microbes are susceptible to its toxicity. Currently, there are no known adverse effects on photosynthesizing plants. 859:

One of the major concerns following acute carbon monoxide poisoning is the severe delayed neurological manifestations that may occur. Problems may include difficulty with higher intellectual functions,

4904: 1351:. These devices function by passing various wavelengths of light through the fingertip and measuring the light absorption of the different types of hemoglobin in the capillaries. The use of a regular 15877: 5467:

Fife CE, Smith LA, Maus EA, McCarthy JJ, Koehler MZ, Hawkins T, Hampson NB (June 2009). "Dying to play video games: carbon monoxide poisoning from electrical generators used after hurricane Ike".

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Thom SR, Taber RL, Mendiguren II, Clark JM, Hardy KR, Fisher AB (April 1995). "Delayed neuropsychologic sequelae after carbon monoxide poisoning: prevention by treatment with hyperbaric oxygen".

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evaluating the therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide. In general, 30% COHb is considered severe carbon monoxide poisoning. The highest reported non-fatal carboxyhemoglobin level was 73% COHb.

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showed that 206 people died from carbon monoxide poisoning in the years of 2001 and 2002. In total carbon monoxide poisoning was responsible for 43.9% of deaths by poisoning in that country. In

12113: 19848: 1163: 756:. Headache is the most common symptom of acute carbon monoxide poisoning; it is often described as dull, frontal, and continuous. Increasing exposure produces cardiac abnormalities including 15870: 1711:) allowing for the deprotonation/unionization of hemoglobin to then re-enable oxygen-binding as part of the transition to arterial blood (note this process is complex due to involvement of 1595:

The precise mechanisms by which the effects of carbon monoxide are induced upon bodily systems are complex and not yet fully understood. Known mechanisms include carbon monoxide binding to

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Raphael JC, Elkharrat D, Jars-Guincestre MC, Chastang C, Chasles V, Vercken JB, Gajdos P (August 1989). "Trial of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide intoxication".

16746: 13518: 16594: 13274: 12154: 19623: 15884: 13513: 5358:

Marc B, Bouchez-Buvry A, Wepierre JL, Boniol L, Vaquero P, Garnier M (June 2001). "Carbon-monoxide poisoning in young drug addicts due to indoor use of a gasoline-powered generator".

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saturation monitor (SpCO%). Note: This is not the same as a pulse oximeter (SpO2%), although some models (such as this one) do measure both the oxygen and carbon monoxide saturation.

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Sato K, Tamaki K, Hattori H, et al. Determination of total hemoglobin in forensic blood samples with special reference to carboxyhemoglobin analysis. For. Sci. Int. 48: 89–96, 1990.

1755:. It has a high affinity for myoglobin, about 60 times greater than that of oxygen. Carbon monoxide bound to myoglobin may impair its ability to utilize oxygen. This causes reduced 14817: 1779:

with less affinity than oxygen, so it is possible that it requires significant intracellular hypoxia before binding. This binding interferes with aerobic metabolism and efficient

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issue, requiring public education on the safe operation of appliances, heaters, fireplaces, and internal-combustion engines, as well as increased emphasis on the installation of

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measurement can be made. As this is not possible in people who are unresponsive, these devices may not appropriate for use in on-scene emergency care detection of CO poisoning.

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delivered to the tissue; therefore carbon monoxide binding at any site may be as dangerous as carbon monoxide binding to all sites. Delivery of oxygen is largely driven by the

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Initial treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning is to immediately remove the person from the exposure without endangering further people. Those who are unconscious may require

1108:, lawn mowers, high-pressure washers, concrete cutting saws, power trowels, and welders. Exposure typically occurs when equipment is used in buildings or semi-enclosed spaces. 14743: 1979:(129–199 AD) speculated that there was a change in the composition of the air that caused harm when inhaled, and symptoms of CO poisoning appeared in Cassius Iatrosophista's 15970: 2071:

conducted the first modern scientific investigation into carbon monoxide poisoning from coal in 1716, notably rejecting villagers attributing death to demonic superstition.

429:. Small amounts of carbon monoxide are naturally produced through many enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions across phylogenetic kingdoms where it can serve as an important 4192:

Fawcett TA, Moon RE, Fracica PJ, Mebane GY, Theil DR, Piantadosi CA (January 1992). "Warehouse workers' headache. Carbon monoxide poisoning from propane-fueled forklifts".

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has been reported following carbon monoxide poisoning. Unlike the findings in animal studies, noise exposure was not a necessary factor for the auditory problems to occur.

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Buckley NA, Isbister GK, Stokes B, Juurlink DN (2005). "Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning : a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence".

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Dueñas A, Felipe S, Ruiz-Mambrilla M, Martín-Escudero JC, García-Calvo C (January 2000). "CO poisoning caused by inhalation of CH3Cl contained in personal defense spray".

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Another mechanism involves effects on the mitochondrial respiratory enzyme chain that is responsible for effective tissue utilization of oxygen. Carbon monoxide binds to

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Gorman DF (June 1999). "Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Unfortunate methodological flaws".

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Austin CC, Ecobichon DJ, Dussault G, Tirado C (December 1997). "Carbon monoxide and water vapor contamination of compressed breathing air for firefighters and divers".

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Liu Q, Zhou L, Zheng N, Zhuo L, Liu Y, Liu L (December 2009). "Poisoning deaths in China: type and prevalence detected at the Tongji Forensic Medical Center in Hubei".

288:, or death. The classically described "cherry red skin" rarely occurs. Long-term complications may include chronic fatigue, trouble with memory, and movement problems. 14717: 2607:

Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, et al. (December 2020). "Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication".

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recommended levels of indoor CO exposure in 24 hours is 4 mg/m. Acute exposure should not exceed 10 mg/m in 8 hours, 35 mg/m in one hour and 100 mg/m in 15 minutes.

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Breath CO monitor displaying carbon monoxide concentration of an exhaled breath sample (in ppm) with its corresponding percent concentration of carboxyhemoglobin.

19320: 17184: 16588: 13268: 9693: 1740:) in addition to the toxicities of excess carbon monoxide inhibiting numerous hemoproteins, metallic and non-metallic targets which affect cellular machinery. 13565: 4769: 3988:

Sokal JA (December 1985). "The effect of exposure duration on the blood level of glucose, pyruvate and lactate in acute carbon monoxide intoxication in man".

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The use of carbon monoxide detectors has been standardized in many areas. In the US, NFPA 720–2009, the carbon monoxide detector guidelines published by the

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (December 2000). "Houseboat-associated carbon monoxide poisonings on Lake Powell--Arizona and Utah, 2000".

1991:, and several others similarly documented early knowledge of the toxicity symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning as caused by coal fumes in the ancient era. 16386: 12566: 17223: 14727: 4707:

Partrick M, Fiesseler F, Shih R, Riggs R, Hung O (2009). "Monthly variations in the diagnosis of carbon monoxide exposures in the emergency department".

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which occurred on 3 March 1944 in Italy, when a freight train with many illegal passengers stalled in a tunnel, leading to the death of over 500 people.

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O'Donnell P, Buxton PJ, Pitkin A, Jarvis LJ (April 2000). "The magnetic resonance imaging appearances of the brain in acute carbon monoxide poisoning".

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The mechanism that is thought to have a significant influence on delayed effects involves formed blood cells and chemical mediators, which cause brain

7624: 16936: 14847: 8926: 5873: 5732: 16564: 7309:"Randomized prospective study comparing the effect of HBO vs 12 hours NBO in non-comatose CO-poisoned patients: results of the preliminary analysis" 5127:

Salameh S, Amitai Y, Antopolsky M, Rott D, Stalnicowicz R (February 2009). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in Jerusalem: epidemiology and risk factors".

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the late 1800s. The use of hyperbaric oxygen in rats following poisoning was studied by Haldane in 1895 while its use in humans began in the 1960s.

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and elsewhere to murder an estimated 700,000 or more people by carbon monoxide poisoning. This method was also used in the gas chambers of several

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is not effective in the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning as these devices may be unable to distinguish carboxyhemoglobin from oxyhemoglobin.

16409: 15910: 14022: 12979: 12561: 4224:

The Nordic Expert Group for criteria documentation of health risks from chemicals. 142, Occupational exposure to chemicals and hearing impairment

2208: 4674:"Deaths from motor-vehicle-related unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning--Colorado, 1996, New Mexico, 1980-1995, and United States, 1979-1992" 1517:

actually offers any extra benefits over normal high flow oxygen, in terms of increased survival or improved long-term outcomes. There have been

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When dealing with CO, time is critical. In the blood stream Carbon Monoxide has an affinity with hemoglobin some 200 times greater than Oxygen.

19471: 16875: 16820: 16814: 16802: 16672: 16666: 16654: 16642: 14121: 5316:

Report on the causes of, and circumstances attending, the explosion which occurred at Easington Colliery, County Durham, on the 29th May, 1951.

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which accounts for approximately 30% of carbon dioxide exportation. Therefore, a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning may experience severe

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Carbon monoxide has a higher diffusion coefficient compared to oxygen, and the main enzyme in the human body that produces carbon monoxide is

1492:. Due to the possible severe effects in the baby, pregnant women are treated with oxygen for longer periods of time than non-pregnant people. 19653: 19404: 16452: 15891: 7746:

Chiang CL, Tseng MC (27 September 2011). "Safe use of electroconvulsive therapy in a highly suicidal survivor of carbon monoxide poisoning".

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Fan HC, Wang AC, Lo CP, Chang KP, Chen SJ (July 2009). "Damage of cerebellar white matter due to carbon monoxide poisoning: a case report".

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of carbon monoxide from 320 minutes, when breathing normal air, to only 80 minutes. Oxygen hastens the dissociation of carbon monoxide from

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Chronic exposure may worsen cardiovascular symptoms in some people. Chronic carbon monoxide exposure might increase the risk of developing

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Brown DB, Mueller GL, Golich FC (November 1992). "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy: a case report".

19528: 19021: 17233: 16808: 16660: 16552: 15849: 14755: 14722: 14711: 13326: 9600: 8446: 8313: 7711:

Seger D, Welch L (August 1994). "Carbon monoxide controversies: neuropsychologic testing, mechanism of toxicity, and hyperbaric oxygen".

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Song KJ, Shin SD, Cone DC (September 2009). "Socioeconomic status and severity-based incidence of poisoning: a nationwide cohort study".

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Farrow JR, Davis GJ, Roy TM, McCloud LC, Nichols GR (November 1990). "Fetal death due to nonlethal maternal carbon monoxide poisoning".

3151: 19613: 19396: 17194: 16913: 16115: 13976: 9472: 7505:

Buckley NA, Juurlink DN (June 2013). "Carbon monoxide treatment guidelines must acknowledge the limitations of the existing evidence".

959: 16790: 16600: 19750: 18777: 16425: 16404: 15987: 15920: 14737: 12591: 6073: 4921: 1694:. In other words, oxygenated arterial blood arrives at cells in the "hemoglobin R-state" which has deprotonated/unionized amino acid 5592: 5512:

Measured CO Concentrations at NIST IAQ Test House from Operation of Portable Electric Generators in Attached Garage – Interim Report

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Humans have maintained a complex relationship with carbon monoxide since first learning to control fire circa 800,000 BC. Primitive

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WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide

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Carbon monoxide poisoning has plagued coal miners for many centuries. In the context of mining, carbon monoxide is widely known as

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Carbon monoxide is a product of combustion of organic matter under conditions of restricted oxygen supply, which prevents complete

17: 8485: 5573:"Carbon monoxide poisonings associated with snow-obstructed vehicle exhaust systems--Philadelphia and New York City, January 1996" 4292:"Chronic carbon monoxide exposure is associated with the increases in carotid intima-media thickness and C-reactive protein level" 19156: 18782: 16869: 16740: 16235: 15644: 15319: 15222: 14887: 14749: 10555: 7435:

Scheinkestel CD, Jones K, Myles PS, Cooper DJ, Millar IL, Tuxen DV (April 2004). "Where to now with carbon monoxide poisoning?".

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Klein KR, Herzog P, Smolinske S, White SR (2007). "Demand for poison control center services "surged" during the 2003 blackout".

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in order to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in a person or to assist in the forensic investigation of a case of fatal exposure.

532:

Carbon monoxide is produced naturally by many physiologically relevant enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions best exemplified by

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Marius-Nunez AL (February 1990). "Myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries after acute exposure to carbon monoxide".

19668: 14792: 13463: 12541: 11530: 11040: 10814: 10615: 7904: 19246: 17228: 17174: 17030: 16446: 15293: 12481: 11045: 7980: 3487: 3458: 1941: 2179:

The first qualitative analytical method to detect carboxyhemoglobin emerged in 1858 with a colorimetric method developed by

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1. A secondary power supply (battery backup) must operate all carbon monoxide notification appliances for at least 12 hours,

19504: 18835: 17238: 17199: 16851: 16766: 16708: 16624: 16558: 16523: 14705: 13346: 13244: 12964: 12159: 11376: 11316: 11292: 8606: 8328: 6951:

Henry JA (2005). "Hyperbaric therapy for carbon monoxide poisoning : to treat or not to treat, that is the question".

3501: 1207: 11999: 19689: 19663: 18904: 16636: 16468: 15324: 14498: 13998: 12366: 11180: 10950: 3474:

Penney, David; Benignus, Vernon; Kephalopoulos, Stylianos; Kotzias, Dimitrios; Kleinman, Michael; Verrier, Agnes (2010),

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probably discovered the toxicity of carbon monoxide upon introducing fire into their dwellings. The early development of

1391: 562: 18815: 7580: 7256: 6409: 5892: 4980:

Cobb N, Etzel RA (August 1991). "Unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths in the United States, 1979 through 1988".

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The extermination of stray dogs by a carbon monoxide gas chamber was described in 1874. In 1884, an article appeared in

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Gandini C, Castoldi AF, Candura SM, Locatelli C, Butera R, Priori S, Manzo L (2001). "Carbon monoxide cardiotoxicity".

3324: 3226: 2956: 2867: 2574: 2525: 2486: 2243:

Over 50 people are suspected to have died from smoke inhalation as a result of the Branch Davidian Massacre during the

1195: 979:, China, 218 deaths from poisoning were reported over a 10-year period with 16.5% being from carbon monoxide exposure. 6460:

Maisel WH, Lewis RJ (October 2010). "Noninvasive measurement of carboxyhemoglobin: how accurate is accurate enough?".

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Campbell NK, Fitzgerald HK, Dunne A (January 2021). "Regulation of inflammation by the antioxidant haem oxygenase 1".

1191:. Carbon monoxide is tasteless, odourless, and colourless, and therefore can not be detected by visual cues or smell. 19618: 14812: 14647: 13673: 13468: 13286: 12526: 12461: 12332: 11535: 10655: 10267: 9830: 9043: 8389: 3108:

Raub JA, Mathieu-Nolf M, Hampson NB, Thom SR (April 2000). "Carbon monoxide poisoning--a public health perspective".

1635:, which is located in nearly all cells and platelets. Most endogenously produced CO is stored bound to hemoglobin as 1304:

confirmed by measuring the levels of carbon monoxide in the blood. This can be determined by measuring the amount of

797: 175: 15736: 8405: 5637: 5536:

Hampson NB, Norkool DM (January 1992). "Carbon monoxide poisoning in children riding in the back of pickup trucks".

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Hampson NB, Hampson LA (March 2002). "Characteristics of headache associated with acute carbon monoxide poisoning".

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Poisoning may also occur following the use of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) due to faulty

720:

The main manifestations of carbon monoxide poisoning develop in the organ systems most dependent on oxygen use, the

19758: 19489: 18820: 17159: 17053: 16648: 15232: 14396: 14273: 13853: 13137: 12476: 12139: 11578: 9562: 9357: 4862:

Hampson NB (September 1998). "Emergency department visits for carbon monoxide poisoning in the Pacific Northwest".

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conducted the first scientific experiments on the effect of carbon monoxide (coal fumes) on animals in the 1730s.

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Headache and dizziness in one to two minutes. Convulsions, respiratory arrest, and death in less than 20 minutes.

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that results in interference with cellular operations, for example: carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin to form

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Thom SR (2005). "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for carbon monoxide poisoning : is it time to end the debates?".

6015:"Deaths from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning and potential for prevention with carbon monoxide detectors" 5946:

Krenzelok EP, Roth R, Full R (September 1996). "Carbon monoxide ... the silent killer with an audible solution".

5755:"Non-professional paint stripping, model prediction and experimental validation of indoor dichloromethane levels" 5446: 5022: 1940:

likewise plagued humankind with carbon monoxide exposure. Apart from the toxicity of carbon monoxide, indigenous

1151: 14971: 18100: 17164: 17115: 17099: 17008: 16881: 16457: 16380: 16216: 15510: 15274: 14431: 14391: 14290: 14010: 13413: 12929: 12762: 12730: 12536: 12144: 11899: 11118: 10784: 10429: 10378: 10118: 9175: 9170: 1356: 7470:

Isbister GK, McGettigan P, Harris I (February 2003). "Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning".

3194: 3177: 19005: 18871: 18825: 18592: 18390: 17204: 16784: 16690: 15192: 14882: 14877: 14682: 14582: 14508: 14381: 13783: 13773: 13292: 12581: 12576: 12466: 12356: 12344: 12322: 11282: 11057: 10804: 9815: 9442: 9180: 8868: 8381: 7609: 7337: 7293: 7125:"Hyperbaric or normobaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning: a randomised controlled clinical trial" 6446: 5929: 2386: 2121: 1555: 1469: 425:

Carbon monoxide is not toxic to all forms of life, and the toxicity is a classical dose-dependent example of

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Carbon Monoxide – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic

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Kubic VL, Anders MW (March 1975). "Metabolism of dihalomethanes to carbon monoxide. II. In vitro studies".

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in pressurized cylinders and fed by tubes into the gas chambers built at various mental hospitals, such as

2079:

is credited with first synthesizing carbon monoxide in 1772 which he had called heavy inflammable air, and

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2. Detectors must be on the ceiling in the same room as permanently installed fuel-burning appliances, and

971:, 1,950 people had been poisoned by carbon monoxide with 254 deaths from 2001 through 2003. A report from 19838: 19828: 19643: 19089: 18857: 18210: 18045: 17819: 17373: 17013: 16863: 16832: 16702: 16606: 16529: 16462: 16366: 16105: 16053: 15502: 15212: 14602: 14467: 14416: 13433: 13039: 12639: 12134: 11929: 11487: 11233: 10739: 9630: 9550: 9165: 6744:

Olson KR (1984). "Carbon monoxide poisoning: mechanisms, presentation, and controversies in management".

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Keleş A, Demircan A, Kurtoğlu G (June 2008). "Carbon monoxide poisoning: how many patients do we miss?".

1518: 549: 17281: 10978: 381:. This procedure is often carried out until symptoms are absent and the HbCO level is less than 3%/10%. 19843: 19772: 19765: 19726: 19658: 19224: 19164: 18840: 18730: 18300: 18270: 17950: 17037: 16684: 15567: 14996: 14577: 13558: 13142: 12624: 12586: 12516: 11688: 11635: 10128: 9586: 9284: 8903: 5511: 5204: 2332: 2304: 1567: 921: 8429: 4898:"2004 Addendum to Overseas and Australian Statistics and Benchmarks for Customer Gas Safety Incidents" 444:

The harmful effects of carbon monoxide are generally considered to be due to tightly binding with the

19558: 18767: 16714: 16630: 16256: 16098: 16083: 16048: 15572: 15334: 15269: 14472: 14446: 14278: 13938: 13351: 12934: 12924: 12723: 12210: 12075: 11520: 11202: 11150: 11106: 10026: 9437: 8931: 8873: 8039:"Carbon monoxide specifically inhibits cytochrome c oxidase of human mitochondrial respiratory chain" 2320: 2014:

used smoke to execute prisoners. Many deaths have been linked to carbon monoxide poisoning including

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between carbon monoxide and cytochrome oxidase is slow, causing a relatively prolonged impairment of

1571: 1523: 892:. Depression may occur in those who did not have pre-existing depression. These delayed neurological 610: 211: 15470: 4560:

Varon J, Marik PE, Fromm RE, Gueler A (1999). "Carbon monoxide poisoning: a review for clinicians".

3079: 19818: 19796: 19209: 19104: 17641: 17433: 16826: 16137: 15997: 15926:

ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers

15704: 15619: 15518: 15360: 15180: 14986: 14852: 13923: 13885: 13649: 12571: 12491: 12272: 11949: 11869: 10892: 10313: 10146: 9432: 9353: 9155: 8539: 8211:"Acute carbon monoxide intoxication during pregnancy. One case report and review of the literature" 7257:"Non-comatose patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning: hyperbaric or normobaric oxygenation?" 6338: 2231: 1796: 1378: 1188: 487: 362: 185: 11849: 7782:"Press Announcements - FDA allows marketing of new device to help treat carbon monoxide poisoning" 6128: 4150:

Myers RA, Snyder SK, Emhoff TA (December 1985). "Subacute sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning".

4033:"Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning" 1670:, upon inhalation of air it was widely thought oxygen binding to any of the heme sites triggers a 19598: 19409: 19129: 18995: 18772: 18240: 18070: 17483: 17448: 17094: 16088: 16065: 15842: 15781: 15634: 15584: 15091: 15086: 15051: 14922: 14857: 14652: 14627: 14607: 14462: 14047: 13986: 13948: 13746: 13523: 13428: 13132: 13087: 13067: 13057: 12857: 12666: 12381: 11894: 11854: 11670: 11135: 11101: 11010: 10930: 10829: 10545: 10390: 10245: 9942: 9869: 9837: 9660: 9655: 9482: 9103: 9013: 8817: 7351:

Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ, Churchill S, Elliott CG, Clemmer TP, et al. (October 2002).

2103: 2003: 1082: 848:, and visual and auditory problems. Carbon monoxide exposure may lead to a significantly shorter 586: 107: 7811:

Gorman D, Drewry A, Huang YL, Sames C (May 2003). "The clinical toxicology of carbon monoxide".

7124: 4770:"Department of Public Health Warns of Dangers of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning During Power Outages" 1876:. Hallmark pathological changes following poisoning are bilateral necrosis of the white matter, 19202: 19172: 19000: 18881: 18561: 18200: 17884: 17859: 17463: 17296: 16696: 15384: 15202: 15101: 15041: 14587: 14436: 14268: 14263: 14201: 13714: 13709: 13690: 13619: 13538: 13443: 13423: 13321: 13213: 12774: 12757: 12745: 12718: 12451: 12317: 11228: 11015: 10488: 10213: 10046: 9889: 9842: 9797: 9777: 8827: 8170:"Circadian variations of blood pressure in patients with sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning" 6060:

NFPA 720: Standard for the Installation of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Detection and Warning Equipment

4107:

Roohi F, Kula RW, Mehta N (July 2001). "Twenty-nine years after carbon monoxide intoxication".

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Goldfrank L, Flomenbaum N, Lewin N, Howland MA, Hoffman R, Nelson L (2002). "Carbon Monoxide".

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The first controlled clinical trial studying the toxicity of carbon monoxide occurred in 1973.

1780: 914: 881: 769: 721: 495: 167: 158: 15756: 8297: 6168:"Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning presenting without a history of exposure: a case report" 6077: 5874:"Final Rule on Regulation of Methylene Chloride in Paint and Coating Removal for Consumer Use" 2946: 2857: 2515: 2476: 924:

at noise exposure conditions that would have limited effects on hearing otherwise. In humans,

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Ryan CM (1990). "Memory disturbances following chronic, low-level carbon monoxide exposure".

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Prockop LD, Chichkova RI (November 2007). "Carbon monoxide intoxication: an updated review".

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Motterlini R, Otterbein LE (September 2010). "The therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide".

2173: 2169: 2115: 2053:, etc. throughout the following centuries including in the modern present day exemplified by 1848: 1671: 1403: 1228:

Gas organizations will often recommend getting gas appliances serviced at least once a year.

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ban on dichloromethane in paint strippers for consumer use took effect in the United States.

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Effects of carbon monoxide in relation to the concentration in parts per million in the air:

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by decreasing the release of maternal oxygen to the fetus. Carbon monoxide also crosses the

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CO is a colorless and odorless gas which is initially non-irritating. It is produced during

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Scheinkestel CD, Bailey M, Myles PS, Jones K, Cooper DJ, Millar IL, Tuxen DV (March 1999).

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Fukuhara M, Abe I, Matsumura K, Kaseda S, Yamashita Y, Shida K, et al. (April 1996).

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Heckerling PS (May 1987). "Occult carbon monoxide poisoning: a cause of winter headache".

1666:. To provide a simplified synopsis of the molecular mechanism of systemic gas exchange in 8: 19538: 19217: 18914: 18757: 18752: 18566: 18526: 18480: 18385: 18170: 17879: 17311: 17179: 16998: 16576: 16276: 16221: 16207: 16110: 15609: 15552: 15531: 15379: 15165: 15071: 15066: 14426: 14227: 13895: 13841: 13724: 13533: 13418: 13256: 13228: 13121: 13044: 12819: 12767: 12656: 12506: 12292: 12262: 12182: 12070: 12065: 11889: 11864: 11620: 11467: 11361: 11356: 10854: 10640: 10515: 10498: 10493: 10451: 10361: 9825: 9538: 9477: 9201: 9160: 8967: 8920: 8863: 8688: 8662: 8568: 8528: 5572: 4673: 4595:

Thom SR (October 2002). "Hyperbaric-oxygen therapy for acute carbon monoxide poisoning".

4085: 2277: 1984: 1721: 1703: 1551: 1500: 1477: 1374: 1090: 1050: 817: 813: 552:, most carbon monoxide is stored as carboxyhemoglobin at non-toxic levels below 3% HbCO. 511: 507: 390: 324: 17341: 15786: 15674: 15624: 7824: 7405: 7143: 6150: 5770: 5671: 4395: 3881: 3657:

Hardy KR, Thom SR (1994). "Pathophysiology and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning".

3121: 2915: 19823: 19593: 19439: 19181: 19094: 18966: 18954: 18830: 18275: 17854: 17784: 17621: 17586: 17571: 17543: 17503: 17493: 17138: 17089: 17058: 16720: 16511: 16286: 16271: 16187: 15835: 15649: 15577: 15449: 15197: 15021: 14797: 14732: 14657: 14622: 14617: 14597: 14537: 14477: 14376: 14258: 14042: 13875: 13751: 13488: 13024: 12752: 12713: 12651: 12386: 12129: 12019: 11944: 11874: 11761: 11583: 11462: 11277: 11267: 11069: 10864: 10468: 9879: 9847: 9719: 9390: 9254: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9038: 8898: 8713: 8235: 8210: 8110: 8082: 7932: 7880: 7855: 7759: 7649: 7417: 7307:

Mathieu D, Mathieu-Nolf M, Durak C, Wattel F, Tempe JP, Bouachour G, Sainty JM (1996).

7237: 7155: 7105: 7062: 7019: 6976: 6928: 6903: 6881: 6289: 6194: 6167: 5987: 5792: 5492: 5419: 5394: 5152: 5109: 4844: 4500: 4415: 4382:

Fechter LD (2004). "Promotion of noise-induced hearing loss by chemical contaminants".

4132: 4013: 3970: 3766: 3739: 3717: 3417: 3371: 3270: 3061: 3010: 2985: 2824: 2717: 2692: 2632: 2566: 2180: 2157: 2138: 2068: 2023: 1988: 1956: 1844: 1812: 1776: 1737: 1691: 1643: 1614: 1584: 1563: 1559: 1263: 1086: 885: 805: 765: 343: 292: 83: 76: 11934: 8055: 8038: 7832: 7724: 7225: 7190: 6792: 6652: 6627: 6603: 6578: 6473: 6385: 6360: 5959: 5850: 5290: 4875: 4573: 4531: 4487: 4470: 4163: 4120: 3129: 2923: 1150:, as the metabolism of dichloromethane produces carbon monoxide. In November 2019, an 19791: 19232: 19026: 18959: 18949: 18792: 18787: 18742: 18725: 18623: 18470: 18450: 18295: 18265: 18155: 18115: 18095: 18085: 18035: 18020: 17995: 17925: 17849: 17774: 17724: 17523: 17488: 17418: 17363: 17003: 16959: 16857: 16329: 16324: 16266: 16202: 16180: 16155: 16070: 15731: 15604: 15594: 14592: 14300: 14295: 14237: 14184: 14067: 14062: 13933: 13890: 13793: 13663: 13634: 13596: 13543: 13250: 13193: 13188: 12919: 12881: 12779: 12698: 12242: 12227: 12108: 12039: 12014: 11969: 11625: 11513: 11477: 11336: 11287: 11207: 11096: 11030: 10940: 10844: 10734: 10690: 10645: 10635: 10620: 10537: 10301: 10218: 9757: 9640: 9620: 9609: 9520: 9080: 9003: 8936: 8893: 8832: 8799: 8736: 8703: 8693: 8652: 8452: 8385: 8303: 8275: 8240: 8191: 8186: 8169: 8150: 8115: 8060: 8019: 7976: 7937: 7885: 7836: 7763: 7728: 7693: 7654: 7561: 7522: 7487: 7452: 7448: 7409: 7374: 7268: 7229: 7194: 7147: 7097: 7093: 7054: 7050: 7011: 7007: 6968: 6964: 6933: 6873: 6859: 6823: 6796: 6761: 6757: 6721: 6698: 6657: 6608: 6559: 6554: 6537: 6518: 6477: 6421: 6390: 6330: 6281: 6222: 6199: 6036: 5963: 5904: 5854: 5819: 5784: 5779: 5754: 5706: 5683: 5615: 5584: 5553: 5484: 5424: 5375: 5337:"Man died from carbon monoxide poisoning after using 'heat beads' in Greystanes home" 5210: 5187: 5144: 5101: 5059: 4997: 4879: 4836: 4751: 4747: 4716: 4685: 4654: 4612: 4577: 4535: 4492: 4407: 4364: 4313: 4272: 4268: 4237: 4227: 4201: 4167: 4124: 4089: 4054: 4005: 3962: 3927: 3853: 3807: 3803: 3771: 3709: 3705: 3674: 3628: 3584: 3543: 3493: 3483: 3454: 3409: 3363: 3320: 3274: 3262: 3222: 3199: 3133: 3065: 3053: 3015: 2952: 2927: 2863: 2828: 2816: 2722: 2673: 2636: 2624: 2580: 2570: 2521: 2482: 2454: 2060: 1975:(384–322 BC) first recorded that burning coals produced toxic fumes. Greek physician 1905: 1788: 1725: 1667: 1636: 1626: 1526:

is used for severe poisonings, the benefit over standard oxygen delivery is unclear.

1508: 1485: 1411: 1395: 1329: 1305: 1280: 889: 741: 606: 456: 312: 304: 171: 146: 141: 67: 18536: 18420: 18415: 17566: 17538: 17518: 17423: 11959: 10575: 9066: 8591: 8533: 7421: 7241: 7159: 7109: 7066: 7023: 6980: 6885: 6293: 5796: 5183: 5156: 5113: 4848: 4504: 4072:

Choi IS (July 1983). "Delayed neurologic sequelae in carbon monoxide intoxication".

4017: 3974: 3421: 19588: 19307: 19278: 19270: 18708: 18345: 18320: 18285: 18255: 18245: 18165: 18060: 18030: 17965: 17935: 17839: 17824: 17709: 17591: 17508: 17473: 17403: 17306: 17020: 16296: 16291: 16281: 16261: 16175: 16160: 16058: 15771: 15599: 15562: 15405: 15016: 15001: 14547: 14542: 14111: 14037: 14032: 13993: 13981: 13918: 13913: 13678: 13478: 13208: 13198: 12947: 12441: 12267: 12205: 12034: 11939: 11630: 11084: 11079: 11074: 10983: 10910: 10824: 10819: 10580: 10439: 10424: 10328: 10250: 10123: 10021: 9682: 9061: 9023: 9018: 8953: 8846: 8741: 8267: 8230: 8222: 8181: 8142: 8105: 8097: 8050: 8009: 7945: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7875: 7867: 7828: 7755: 7720: 7685: 7644: 7636: 7553: 7514: 7479: 7444: 7401: 7364: 7221: 7186: 7139: 7089: 7046: 7003: 6960: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6863: 6855: 6788: 6753: 6688: 6647: 6639: 6598: 6590: 6549: 6538:"The effect of carbon monoxide inhalation on pulse oximetry and transcutaneous PO2" 6508: 6469: 6380: 6372: 6320: 6273: 6189: 6179: 6026: 5955: 5846: 5774: 5675: 5545: 5496: 5476: 5414: 5406: 5367: 5319: 5179: 5136: 5093: 4989: 4871: 4828: 4743: 4646: 4604: 4569: 4527: 4482: 4451: 4419: 4399: 4356: 4303: 4264: 4159: 4136: 4116: 4081: 4044: 4031:

Henry CR, Satran D, Lindgren B, Adkinson C, Nicholson CI, Henry TD (January 2006).

3997: 3954: 3919: 3845: 3799: 3761: 3751: 3721: 3701: 3666: 3620: 3574: 3535: 3444: 3401: 3375: 3353: 3254: 3189: 3125: 3045: 3005: 2997: 2919: 2808: 2712: 2704: 2663: 2616: 2562: 2446: 2270: 2099: 2076: 2072: 2015: 1913: 1708: 1647: 913:. Long-term exposures to carbon monoxide present the greatest risk to persons with 582: 527: 468: 445: 430: 401:. The discovery that hemoglobin is affected by CO emerged with an investigation by 163: 12421: 10749: 7856:"Effects on health of prolonged exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide" 7625:"MRI and neuropsychological correlates of carbon monoxide exposure: a case report" 7541: 6779:

Margulies JL (November 1986). "Acute carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy".

4634: 4518:

Brooks DE, Lin E, Ahktar J (February 2002). "What is cherry red, and who cares?".

4290:

Davutoglu V, Zengin S, Sari I, Yildirim C, Al B, Yuce M, Ercan S (November 2009).

3833: 3523: 2434: 2026:. The most high-profile death by carbon monoxide poisoning may possibly have been 19079: 18909: 18703: 18500: 18490: 18475: 18370: 18365: 18310: 18290: 18230: 18215: 18205: 18120: 18110: 18105: 18080: 18075: 18050: 18025: 17980: 17910: 17889: 17704: 17684: 17548: 17468: 17301: 16197: 16122: 15699: 15664: 15614: 15459: 15444: 15410: 15314: 15145: 15076: 15061: 14981: 14642: 14503: 14242: 14136: 14131: 14099: 13846: 13836: 13818: 13548: 13163: 12812: 12703: 12614: 12486: 12401: 12361: 12302: 12282: 11994: 11984: 11884: 11859: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11700: 11664: 11452: 11302: 11113: 11091: 11035: 11020: 10993: 10685: 10595: 10395: 9665: 9240: 9028: 8948: 8746: 8728: 8544: 8375: 7970: 6325: 6277: 3221:. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization. 2652:"Biological signaling by carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-releasing molecules" 2184: 2111: 2083:

isolated carbon monoxide from coal in 1773 suggesting it to be the toxic entity.

2031: 1968: 1889: 1877: 1792: 1695: 1539: 1415: 1399: 1143: 1093: 975:

showed 3.53 per 100,000 people were poisoned annually from 2001 through 2006. In

910: 849: 833: 825: 801: 753: 566: 434: 398: 378: 336: 253: 203: 134: 60: 15434: 15036: 11904: 7483: 6628:"Carbon monoxide in breath in relation to smoking and carboxyhaemoglobin levels" 6309:"Spectrophotometric measurement of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in blood" 5605: 5570: 5205:

Committee on Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants (1977).

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Headache, dizziness and nausea in five to ten minutes. Death within 30 minutes.

373:

of vehicles in good repair. Treatment of poisoning generally consists of giving

46:

Carbon monoxide intoxication, carbon monoxide toxicity, carbon monoxide overdose

19434: 18934: 18693: 18628: 18602: 18556: 18465: 18460: 18435: 18375: 18355: 18340: 18330: 18190: 18160: 18090: 17864: 17734: 17729: 17679: 17616: 17478: 17458: 17368: 17331: 17321: 17316: 16035: 15746: 15679: 15669: 15429: 15106: 15096: 15056: 14662: 14637: 14632: 14567: 14557: 14441: 13953: 13880: 13768: 13453: 13007: 12789: 12634: 12009: 11964: 11954: 11783: 11751: 11694: 11436: 11426: 11411: 11381: 11326: 11192: 10955: 10799: 10525: 10503: 10483: 10417: 10346: 10294: 10063: 10036: 9991: 9820: 9447: 9420: 9343: 9310: 9245: 8985: 8751: 8698: 8146: 8101: 8014: 7997: 7518: 3756: 3258: 3001: 2812: 2668: 2651: 2281: 2134: 2091: 1764: 1756: 1663: 1654: 1632: 1576: 1352: 1348: 1333: 1200: 1147: 1132: 1074: 837: 749: 574: 537: 533: 515: 499: 483: 414: 406: 385: 374: 370: 366: 355: 300: 296: 207: 193: 189: 17626: 11829: 8352: 6410:"Reliability of new pulse CO-oximeter in victims of carbon monoxide poisoning" 6066: 5679: 5633: 5140: 5097: 4956: 4832: 4798: 4403: 3670: 3624: 3539: 3405: 3358: 3341: 2902:

Omaye ST (November 2002). "Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity".

2450: 1104:-fueled equipment such as portable stoves, and gasoline-powered tools such as 384:

Carbon monoxide poisoning is relatively common, resulting in more than 20,000

19812: 19699: 19381: 19373: 19254: 18929: 18852: 18762: 18587: 18485: 18455: 18440: 18430: 18405: 18395: 18335: 18280: 18260: 18250: 18220: 18195: 18140: 18125: 17985: 17930: 17874: 17844: 17829: 17794: 17754: 17714: 17694: 17689: 17636: 17533: 17513: 17443: 17438: 17398: 16127: 16075: 15963: 15956: 15761: 15751: 15439: 15207: 15170: 15137: 14976: 14179: 14174: 14159: 13741: 13731: 13473: 13397: 13341: 12969: 12827: 12805: 12708: 12683: 12678: 12646: 12029: 11979: 11919: 11914: 11879: 11819: 11814: 11682: 11656: 11598: 11503: 11391: 10925: 10550: 10412: 10341: 10323: 10318: 10289: 10096: 10031: 10016: 9919: 9899: 9752: 9734: 9315: 9206: 9128: 8976: 8761: 8718: 8634: 5067: 4241: 3611:

Kao LW, Nañagas KA (March 2006). "Toxicity associated with carbon monoxide".

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from tank engines, for example, were used to supply the gas to the chambers.

2336: 2130: 1873: 1828: 1712: 1687: 1604: 1184: 1112: 829: 777: 11371: 10789: 10630: 8822: 8518: 8479: 7557: 7542:"Carbon monoxide poisoning. Early awareness and intervention can save lives" 6184: 5410: 963:

of those being suicides, leaving 30,244 unintentional deaths. A report from

712: 665:

Dizziness, nausea, and convulsions within 45 min; insensible within 2 hours

19499: 19461: 18988: 18944: 18649: 18618: 18597: 18571: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18531: 18505: 18425: 18380: 18325: 18305: 18185: 18150: 18135: 17975: 17834: 17809: 17799: 17779: 17759: 17656: 17576: 17498: 17408: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 16993: 16347: 16192: 16170: 16132: 15654: 15242: 15217: 15031: 14929: 14905: 14802: 14562: 14386: 14169: 13870: 13858: 13788: 13778: 13763: 13697: 13644: 13586: 13438: 13218: 12673: 12406: 12312: 12257: 12215: 12200: 12103: 12004: 11909: 11834: 11706: 11615: 11603: 11416: 11197: 11175: 11052: 11005: 10935: 10859: 10834: 10585: 10168: 10106: 10086: 9914: 9645: 9331: 9145: 8244: 8154: 8119: 8064: 7941: 7889: 7840: 7767: 7697: 7689: 7658: 7526: 7491: 7456: 7413: 7378: 7151: 7101: 7058: 7015: 6972: 6937: 6877: 6693: 6676: 6513: 6496: 6481: 6425: 6285: 6203: 6031: 6014: 5908: 5858: 5788: 5619: 5549: 5488: 5480: 5395:"Abatement of toxic levels of carbon monoxide in Seattle ice-skating rinks" 5379: 5371: 5191: 5148: 5105: 5063: 4993: 4840: 4720: 4616: 4539: 4411: 4317: 4276: 4128: 4058: 4049: 4032: 4001: 3966: 3923: 3857: 3775: 3713: 3632: 3579: 3562: 3547: 3413: 3367: 3266: 3203: 3137: 3057: 3019: 2931: 2820: 2726: 2677: 2628: 2584: 2458: 2300: 2292: 2266: 2196: 2107: 2054: 2042: 2011: 2007: 1952: 1944:

may have experienced the neuroactive properties of carbon monoxide through

1869: 1852: 1820: 1081:). Sources of carbon monoxide include cigarette smoke, house fires, faulty 951: 925: 590: 472: 460: 394: 346:

are affected, along with other metallic and non-metallic cellular targets.

340: 52: 19139: 11366: 8279: 8195: 8023: 7871: 7732: 7640: 7565: 7272: 7233: 7198: 6902:

Buckley NA, Juurlink DN, Isbister G, Bennett MH, Lavonas EJ (April 2011).

6868: 6827: 6800: 6765: 6702: 6661: 6612: 6594: 6563: 6522: 6394: 6254:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 237–41. 6040: 5967: 5687: 5588: 5557: 5428: 5001: 4883: 4755: 4689: 4658: 4581: 4496: 4368: 4205: 4171: 4093: 4009: 3958: 3931: 3849: 3811: 3678: 3588: 2037:

In the fifteenth century, coal miners believed sudden death was caused by

19533: 19494: 19416: 19262: 19134: 19062: 18971: 18939: 18924: 18400: 18360: 18235: 18145: 18130: 18055: 17920: 17915: 17869: 17804: 17789: 17764: 17749: 17646: 17581: 17528: 17428: 17336: 17291: 17154: 16977: 16312: 15791: 15776: 15741: 15714: 15694: 15689: 15684: 15589: 15329: 14913: 14371: 14316: 13905: 13808: 13803: 13702: 13685: 13639: 13629: 13553: 13498: 13369: 13311: 13203: 13183: 13173: 13168: 12997: 12959: 12865: 12849: 12629: 12501: 12252: 12087: 12082: 11924: 11746: 11741: 11651: 11457: 11401: 11170: 11165: 11160: 10920: 10809: 10510: 10356: 10333: 10274: 10223: 10156: 10151: 10091: 10053: 9964: 9934: 9909: 9904: 9857: 9742: 9714: 9625: 9411: 9375: 9336: 9322: 9249: 9221: 8680: 8226: 8037:

Alonso JR, Cardellach F, López S, Casademont J, Miró O (September 2003).

7369: 7352: 6643: 6334: 5836: 5823: 4308: 4291: 2308: 2256: 1945: 1885: 1816: 1760: 1749: 1659: 1547: 1546:

may be required. Hypotension requires treatment with intravenous fluids;

1344: 1340: 1295: 1203:, carbon monoxide detectors do not need to be placed near ceiling level. 1105: 1030: 968: 964: 861: 845: 761: 757: 674: 452: 328: 281: 116: 11351: 8708: 6376: 6361:"Evaluation of methods used to estimate inhaled dose of carbon monoxide" 5514:(Report). United States National Institute of Standards and Technology. 5393:

Johnson CJ, Moran JC, Paine SC, Anderson HW, Breysse PA (October 1975).

4608: 3449: 3342:"Use of carbon monoxide as a therapeutic agent: promises and challenges" 2376: 1451:

100% oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure (non-rebreather oxygen mask)

1347:

estimate carboxyhemoglobin with a non-invasive finger clip similar to a

1162: 19583: 19578: 19548: 19481: 19294: 19286: 18983: 18510: 18225: 17990: 17814: 17744: 17699: 17674: 17453: 17063: 16352: 16317: 16165: 15949: 15709: 15420: 15298: 15247: 15129: 15081: 15026: 14321: 14164: 13614: 13591: 13178: 12411: 12222: 12055: 12024: 11989: 11974: 11610: 11588: 11560: 11508: 11346: 11243: 11238: 10998: 10915: 10774: 10759: 10400: 10366: 10240: 10235: 10101: 9986: 9792: 9747: 9650: 9635: 9467: 9365: 9327: 9264: 9228: 9193: 8855: 8574: 7211: 5636:. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 5445:. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 5442: 5289:. Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Archived from 5015: 2244: 2165: 2126: 2095: 2050: 2046: 1964: 1937: 1929: 1881: 1699: 1596: 1489: 1407: 1382: 1309: 950:

This is due to increased domestic use of gas furnaces, gas or kerosene

578: 541: 438: 402: 308: 269: 249: 130: 96: 72: 8501: 8271: 3740:"Carbon monoxide poisoning: systemic manifestations and complications" 2708: 2199:

having been treated with oxygen in 1799 upon inhaling three quarts of

633:

Headache and dizziness within six to eight hours of constant exposure

19188: 19121: 19114: 18445: 18350: 17945: 17769: 17719: 17651: 17326: 15766: 15351: 15124: 14948: 14552: 14421: 14232: 14211: 13828: 13719: 13012: 12842: 11756: 11396: 11223: 11064: 10988: 10960: 10754: 10724: 10680: 10520: 10478: 10351: 10230: 10183: 10068: 10058: 9976: 9772: 9487: 9427: 9380: 9289: 9276: 9233: 9216: 9140: 8791: 8756: 8624: 8563: 6408:

Coulange M, Barthelemy A, Hug F, Thierry AL, De Haro L (March 2008).

5323: 5264: 3885: 2328: 2324: 2312: 2288: 2204: 2176:

in British pits was replaced in 1986 by the electronic gas detector.

2161: 2153: 2027: 1972: 1900:

Carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnant women may cause severe adverse

1840: 1836: 1832: 1752: 1600: 1370: 1128: 1070: 1060: 972: 873: 821: 789: 781: 745: 701:

Unconsciousness after 2–3 breaths. Death in less than three minutes.

545: 332: 307:. Carbon monoxide primarily causes adverse effects by combining with 273: 265: 218: 100: 92: 9578: 4922:"The risk of carbon monoxide poisoning from domestic gas appliances" 3049: 2137:

after 1846 as published in 1857 and also independently published by

2067:

in 1697 in reference to toxic vapors thought to be carbon monoxide.

1287: 231:>20,000 emergency visits for non-fire related cases per year (US) 19624:

Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command

18012: 17286: 15915: 14366: 14361: 14283: 13736: 13624: 13508: 13493: 13002: 12797: 12060: 11766: 11421: 11185: 11145: 10945: 10665: 10190: 10161: 10011: 9959: 9952: 9947: 9385: 9370: 9303: 9293: 9211: 8885: 8629: 7428: 5443:"NIOSH Carbon Monoxide Hazards from Small Gasoline Powered Engines" 3788: 2561:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 131. pp. 191–203. 2262: 1960: 1933: 1909: 1864: 1729: 1682:) caused by an increase in the biotransformation of carbon dioxide 1543: 1386: 1220:

3. Detectors must be located on every habitable level and in every

1166:

Carbon monoxide detector connected to a North American power outlet

893: 865: 793: 773: 729: 491: 426: 285: 261: 120: 88: 4672:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (November 1996).

3473: 2478:

Emergency Medical Responder: Your First Response in Emergency Care

2378: 2183:, and the first quantitative analysis method emerged in 1880 with 812:. Less common symptoms of acute carbon monoxide poisoning include 728:. The initial symptoms of acute carbon monoxide poisoning include 677:, dizziness, and nausea within 20 min; death in less than 2 hours 19603: 19424: 19239: 15150: 13943: 13034: 12952: 12596: 12431: 12416: 12391: 12307: 12247: 11776: 11771: 11593: 11482: 11386: 10744: 10195: 10178: 10173: 9981: 9924: 9724: 9506: 9415: 9132: 8777: 7581:"Treating acidemia in carbon monoxide poisoning may be dangerous" 5571:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (January 1996).

5318:, Cmd 8646, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, p. 39, 5234: 3563:"Unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning from an unlikely source" 3560: 2316: 2236:

The worst accidental mass poisoning from carbon monoxide was the

1925: 1815:(degradation of unsaturated fatty acids). Carbon monoxide causes 1535: 1101: 869: 737: 14818:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

12114:

Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming

9505:

is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to

2800:"A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins" 19151: 19146: 13092: 12974: 12436: 12396: 11331: 11297: 10869: 10839: 9787: 9782: 9767: 9502: 9298: 9259: 8647: 8513: 8209:

Greingor JL, Tosi JM, Ruhlmann S, Aussedat M (September 2001).

8036: 7675: 5893:"Compressed breathing air - the potential for evil from within" 5357: 4953:"Carbon Monoxide Detectors Can Save Lives: CPSC Document #5010" 3944: 3314: 2019: 1999: 1675: 1473: 1179:

A carbon monoxide monitor clipped to the uniform of a paramedic

1142:

Another source of poisoning is exposure to the organic solvent

1136: 1002: 785: 733: 503: 320: 14744:

Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association

7306: 7300: 7248: 6901: 6099:"MGL Ch. 148 §28F1/2 – Nicole's Law, effective March 31, 2006" 5752: 3561:

Struttmann T, Scheerer A, Prince TS, Goldstein LA (Nov 1998).

2693:"Carbon monoxide: An emerging therapy for acute kidney injury" 2690: 1831:. In the brain this causes further mitochondrial dysfunction, 19849:

Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source

19360: 19339: 15971:

The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure

14126: 13581: 11525: 10794: 10779: 10769: 10729: 10695: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10590: 9516: 9512: 8671: 6845: 6577:

Jarvis MJ, Belcher M, Vesey C, Hutchison DC (November 1986).

6210: 5657: 5235:"An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality: Carbon Monoxide (CO)" 4100: 2377:

National Center for Environmental Health (30 December 2015).

2038: 1976: 1901: 1860: 1611: 1275: 1116:

houseboats, has resulted in fatal carbon monoxide exposures.

976: 853: 809: 725: 476: 316: 8208: 8030: 7623:

Devine SA, Kirkley SM, Palumbo CL, White RF (October 2002).

7434: 7122: 6994:

Olson KR (2005). "Hyperbaric oxygen or normobaric oxygen?".

6407: 5753:

van Veen MP, Fortezza F, Spaans E, Mensinga TT (June 2002).

5209:. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. p. 29. 2796: 2606: 1240: 1175: 649:

Slight headache within two to three hours; loss of judgment

11341: 10570: 10565: 8076: 8074: 6576: 5126: 4345: 4289: 4030: 3319:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 1689–1704. 3107: 2691:

Yang X, de Caestecker M, Otterbein LE, Wang B (July 2020).

2296: 1995: 1650: 1610:

and restricting oxygen supply, and carbon monoxide causing

1580: 1221: 920:

In experimental animals, carbon monoxide appears to worsen

877: 467:. Inhaling excessive concentrations of the gas can lead to 448: 256:(CO) at excessive levels. Symptoms are often described as " 14718:

National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology

13519:

Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus

8167: 7507:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

7350: 7116: 6307:

Rodkey FL, Hill TA, Pitts LL, Robertson RF (August 1979).

6152:

WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants

4795:"Avoiding Carbon Monoxide poisoning during a power outage" 4706: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 3480:

WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected Pollutants

3339: 2797:

Hopper CP, Zambrana PN, Goebel U, Wollborn J (June 2021).

19355: 19350: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7622: 7254: 6579:"Low cost carbon monoxide monitors in smoking assessment" 5803: 5392: 5021:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 2006. 4929:

Report to the Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism

4818: 4335:. Springfield Illinois: Charles C Thomas. pp. 93–96. 3733: 3731: 3195:

10.1580/1080-6032(2006)17[144:CMTAHA]2.0.CO;2

2195:

The use of oxygen emerged with anecdotal reports such as

1679: 1343:

can be used to determine carboxyhemoglobin levels. Pulse

351: 257: 19316:

International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office

16797:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

16619:

International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers

12372:

Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei

8071: 7469: 7176: 6306: 4471:"Cherry-red discolouration in carbon monoxide poisoning" 4191: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 2379:"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – Frequently Asked Questions" 2284:

operations as well as euthanizing a variety of animals.

2280:

describing the use of a carbon monoxide gas chamber for

2160:

identified carbon monoxide as the lethal constituent of

2086:

The dose-dependent risk of carbon monoxide poisoning as

744:. These symptoms are often mistaken for a virus such as 19321:

Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)

15864:

Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving

13514:

Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment

7968: 7463: 7353:"Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning" 6217:

Ford MD, Delaney KA, Ling LJ, Erickson T, eds. (2001).

6216: 4955:. US Consumer Product Safety Commission. Archived from 4855: 4339: 4226:. Morata, Thais C. Göteborg: University of Gothenburg. 4178: 3244: 17190:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

16595:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

15179: 13275:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

12155:

Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins

9694:

Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment

8354:

A scientific approach to the paranormal | Carrie Poppy

7810: 7799: 6165: 5705:. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins. p. 1169. 5045: 4903:. Office of Gas Safety, Victoria. 2004. Archived from 4384:

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A

3728: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 1443:

21% oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure (fresh air)

354:

has previously set a threshold of 14% COHb in certain

8621: 8444: 8257: 7896: 7344: 7170: 6625: 6263: 5466: 4559: 3639: 1653:

groups to serve as oxygen binding sites. The average

16387:

International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum

8491: 7969:

Stryer L, Berg J, Tymoczko J, Gatto G (2019-03-12).

7591:(2): 87–97. Archived from the original on 2011-07-03 7385: 7255:

Ducassé JL, Celsis P, Marc-Vergnes JP (March 1995).

6062:. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Agency. 2009. 6012: 4511: 3567:

The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice

3340:

Foresti R, Bani-Hani MG, Motterlini R (April 2008).

2557:

Bleecker ML (2015). "Carbon monoxide intoxication".

437:) and a potential therapeutic agent. In the case of 17224:

14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship

14728:

Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine

8484:International Programme on Chemical Safety (1999). 7205: 6121:"Massachusetts Law About Carbon Monoxide Detectors" 3219:

Environmental Health Criteria 213 (Carbon Monoxide)

3094: 3035: 1266:, so as not to exceed 2% COHb for chronic exposure) 18801: 17144:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 16779:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 16583:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 16518:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 13263:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 12343: 12150:Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques 6813: 5046:McDowell R, Fowles J, Phillips D (November 2005). 2948:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1 2798: 2520:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 309. 2110:, and many others in the context of inhalation of 1534:Further treatment for other complications such as 1328:Carbon monoxide may be quantitated in blood using 1146:, also known as methylene chloride, found in some 536:catalyzing the biotransformation of heme (an iron 16937:United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course 14848:History of decompression research and development 8329:"The (Still) Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe" 6904:"Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning" 6626:Wald NJ, Idle M, Boreham J, Bailey A (May 1981). 6494: 6358: 5945: 5237:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 5048:"Deaths from poisoning in New Zealand: 2001-2002" 4149: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2649: 1936:technologies emerging circa 6,000 BC through the 1806: 510:and other hematological disorders, geography and 19810: 18671: 16870:National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group 16613:International Association for Handicapped Divers 14835: 14808:List of legislation regulating underwater diving 13281:International Association for Handicapped Divers 13023: 11266: 8488:, Environmental Health Criteria 213, Geneva: WHO 6668: 6453: 6166:Bennetto L, Powter L, Scolding NJ (April 2008). 6013:Yoon SS, Macdonald SC, Parrish RG (March 1998). 5169: 3391: 1550:may be required to treat myocardial depression. 1459:100% hyperbaric oxygen (3 atmospheres absolute) 397:. The toxic effects of CO have been known since 17185:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 16589:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 16410:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 15911:Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) 14023:Association of Diving Contractors International 13269:Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas 7853: 7504: 6252:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 6127:. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from 6054: 6052: 6050: 5941: 5939: 4517: 2656:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 2041:; carbon monoxide poisoning has been linked to 19472:Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) 16876:National Association of Underwater Instructors 16821:Rebreather Association of International Divers 16815:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 16803:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 16673:Rebreather Association of International Divers 16667:Professional Technical and Recreational Diving 16655:Professional Association of Diving Instructors 16643:National Association of Underwater Instructors 16565:Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée 14122:List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders 8132: 7995: 6359:Rees PJ, Chilvers C, Clark TJ (January 1980). 5660:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 5535: 4442:Bateman DN (October 2003). "Carbon Monoxide". 4106: 3834:"Clinical practice. Carbon monoxide poisoning" 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3691: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 2888: 2481:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 224. 19654:Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid 19405:Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 16453:Commercial diver registration in South Africa 16024: 12788: 12462:Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit 12281: 9594: 8975: 8607: 7498: 7319:: 7. Archived from the original on 2011-07-02 6535: 6401: 5890: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 2951:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 227–28. 2513: 2372: 1955:tales to explain the origin of fire, such as 609:or greater is dangerous to human health. The 565:. Historically, the therapeutic potential of 19554:Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association 19430:Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System 16399:International Marine Contractors Association 14028:International Marine Contractors Association 12902:International Marine Contractors Association 10891: 6897: 6895: 6497:"Carboxyhaemoglobinaemia and pulse oximetry" 6352: 6047: 5936: 5083: 3909: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 303:, heaters, or cooking equipment that run on 19529:Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia 19022:Environmental impact of recreational diving 17234:Underwater Orienteering World Championships 16809:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 16661:Professional Diving Instructors Corporation 16553:American Canadian Underwater Certifications 15850:Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival 14756:United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit 14723:Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory 14712:European Underwater and Baromedical Society 13607: 13327:Environmental impact of recreational diving 8291: 8289: 7745: 7539: 6908:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6841: 6839: 6837: 6816:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 6674: 6459: 6300: 5884: 5809: 5608:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 5577:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 4947: 4945: 4678:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 4632: 4296:The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 3818: 3782: 3178:"Carbon monoxide toxicity at high altitude" 3154:. American Lung Association. Archived from 1981:Quaestiones Medicae et Problemata Naturalia 1504:A person within a hyperbaric oxygen chamber 1021:Near properly adjusted gas stoves in homes 19745: 19614:Society for Underwater Historical Research 17195:South African Underwater Sports Federation 13977:Testing and inspection of diving cylinders 13833:Hazard identification and risk assessment 9601: 9587: 8614: 8600: 8135:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 8080: 7710: 7275:. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11 6781:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 6428:. Archived from the original on 2011-06-25 5948:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 5911:. Archived from the original on 2010-12-25 5839:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 5634:"NIOSH Carbon Monoxide Dangers in Boating" 5309: 5307: 4736:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 4733: 4727: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4217: 4215: 3947:Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology 3659:Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology 3610: 3387: 3385: 3281: 2983: 2323:. Gassing with carbon monoxide started in 2002:allude to carbon monoxide being used as a 51: 19480: 18778:Physiological response to water immersion 16842: 16426:World Recreational Scuba Training Council 16405:List of diver certification organizations 15988:List of Divers Alert Network publications 15921:IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving 14738:South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society 12592:Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) 12567:US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions 8234: 8202: 8185: 8109: 8054: 8013: 7931: 7879: 7648: 7368: 6927: 6892: 6867: 6778: 6739: 6737: 6692: 6677:"Management of carbon monoxide poisoning" 6651: 6602: 6553: 6512: 6384: 6324: 6193: 6183: 6030: 5778: 5418: 5276: 5274: 5228: 5226: 4979: 4486: 4307: 4048: 3864: 3765: 3755: 3656: 3578: 3521: 3448: 3357: 3193: 3009: 2716: 2667: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2349: 1783:synthesis. Cells respond by switching to 1363: 1241:World Health Organization recommendations 657:Frontal headache within one to two hours 18684:List of researchers in underwater diving 16393:International Diving Schools Association 15878:The new science of skin and scuba diving 14863:List of researchers in underwater diving 13409:Human factors in diving equipment design 9699:Human factors in diving equipment design 8445:Totten S, Bartrop P, Markusen E (2007). 8434:. Munn & Company. 1884. p. 148. 8286: 8090:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 7996:Gorman DF, Runciman WB (November 1991). 7854:Townsend CL, Maynard RL (October 2002). 6834: 5980: 5509: 4942: 4628: 4626: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4330: 2990:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2556: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 1499: 1294: 1286: 1274: 1174: 1161: 711: 18783:Thermal balance of the underwater diver 16914:Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center 16791:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 16741:American Academy of Underwater Sciences 16601:Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee 15645:1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident 15320:International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame 15223:R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle 14888:US Navy decompression models and tables 14750:Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 13120: 12181: 10556:Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment 8406:"10 Things You May Not Know About Waco" 7902: 7860:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 6715: 6570: 6109:from the original on December 30, 2012. 5313: 5304: 4975: 4973: 4861: 4441: 4426: 4381: 4221: 4212: 3879: 3382: 3182:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 2977: 2938: 2190: 2147: 1904:effects. Poisoning causes fetal tissue 1855:in the central nervous system known as 1795:, and eventual cell death. The rate of 14: 19811: 19669:Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center 19400:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 19369:-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle 14793:Civil liability in recreational diving 13464:List of diving hazards and precautions 12542:Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) 11531:Underwater acoustic positioning system 11041:High pressure breathing air compressor 8295: 7578: 7391: 6734: 6266:European Journal of Emergency Medicine 6076:. UK Gas Safe Register. Archived from 5871: 5283:"What Do Carbon Monoxide Levels Mean?" 5280: 5271: 5223: 5016:"Carbon Monoxide poisoning fact sheet" 4468: 3831: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3175: 2965:from the original on 10 September 2017 2876:from the original on 10 September 2017 2855: 2650:Motterlini R, Foresti R (March 2017). 2495:from the original on 10 September 2017 2432: 2090:was investigated in the late 1790s by 1538:, hypotension, cardiac abnormalities, 1063:following an explosion in a coal mine 641:Slight headache in two to three hours 593:, and others in many labs such as the 369:, keeping chimneys clean, and keeping 19051: 18670: 17260: 17259: 17229:Underwater Hockey World Championships 17175:British Underwater Sports Association 16958: 16957: 16447:Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme 16148: 16023: 15816: 15294:1992 cageless shark-diving expedition 14834: 14781: 14097: 13395: 13119: 12482:Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) 12180: 11558: 11046:Low pressure breathing air compressor 10890: 9680: 9608: 9582: 8595: 8373: 7905:"The Action of Carbonic Oxide on Man" 7036: 6993: 6950: 6743: 6720:(Online-Ausg. ed.). : Springer. 6221:. 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World Health Organization. 2021. 3428: 3317:Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies 1392:acute respiratory distress syndrome 563:carbon monoxide-releasing molecules 24: 19467:Submarine escape training facility 19068:Defense against swimmer incursions 16421:Recreational diver course referral 13337:Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands 13148:Outline of recreational dive sites 12552:Special Warfare Diving and Salvage 11724:Variable weight apnea without fins 7760:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.08.017 7478:(6): 557–60, author reply 557–60. 7313:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine 7261:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine 6536:Barker SJ, Tremper KK (May 1987). 6414:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine 5995:from the original on June 23, 2011 5983:"Keeping Watch on Carbon Monoxide" 5735:from the original on 30 March 2017 5258: 4709:Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine 3504:from the original on March 8, 2021 3235: 3026: 2846: 2567:10.1016/B978-0-444-62627-1.00024-X 1847:, which causes delayed reversible 1748:Carbon monoxide also binds to the 1590: 1262:7 mg/m (6 ppm) for 24 h (for 1196:Consumer Product Safety Commission 1135:explosion which killed men in the 931: 707: 409:into the therapeutic potential of 25: 19860: 19619:Society for Underwater Technology 14813:Investigation of diving accidents 13396: 13287:Quintana Roo Speleological Survey 12527:Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) 12367:Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) 11536:Underwater acoustic communication 10268:Underwater acoustic communication 9831:Variable buoyancy pressure vessel 8473: 8056:10.1034/j.1600-0773.2003.930306.x 7629:Environmental Health Perspectives 6746:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 6474:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.05.025 5981:Lipinski ER (February 14, 1999). 5399:American Journal of Public Health 5232: 4864:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 4772:. Tower Generator. Archived from 4562:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 4520:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 4333:Carbon Monoxide The Silent Killer 3892:from the original on 9 March 2009 3744:Journal of Korean Medical Science 2733: 2591: 1843:. The result of these effects is 1250:100 mg/m (87 ppm) for 15 min 917:and in females who are pregnant. 798:central nervous system depression 176:upper respiratory tract infection 19790: 19778: 19744: 19732: 19721: 19720: 19490:Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus 18816:Bühlmann decompression algorithm 17160:Australian Underwater Federation 16649:Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond 15817: 15233:Shallow Water Combat Submersible 14397:Swimming-induced pulmonary edema 14274:Inner ear decompression sickness 13854:Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue 13138:Index of recreational dive sites 12477:Naval Special Operations Command 12140:Australian Underwater Federation 9556: 9544: 9533: 9532: 8465:from the original on 2013-05-26. 8451:. Greenwood. pp. 129, 156. 8438: 8422: 8398: 8367: 8345: 8320: 8316:from the original on 2017-09-10. 8251: 8174:American Journal of Hypertension 8161: 8126: 7989: 7962: 7847: 7774: 7739: 7704: 7669: 7616: 7572: 7533: 7449:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2004.00567.x 7394:The Medical Journal of Australia 7166:from the original on 2008-09-05. 7132:The Medical Journal of Australia 7094:10.2165/00139709-200524030-00006 7073: 7051:10.2165/00139709-200524030-00005 7030: 7008:10.2165/00139709-200524030-00003 6987: 6965:10.2165/00139709-200524030-00002 6959:(3): 149–50, discussion 159–60. 6944: 6860:10.2165/00139709-200524020-00002 6807: 6772: 6709: 6619: 6555:10.1097/00000542-198705000-00014 6529: 6488: 6257: 6244: 6235: 6159: 6142: 6113: 5872:US EPA, OCSPP (22 August 2019). 5780:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2002.01109.x 5595:from the original on 2017-06-24. 5347:from the original on 2015-07-19. 4696:from the original on 2017-06-24. 4194:Journal of Occupational Medicine 3804:10.1097/00003246-199804000-00034 3706:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2002.02055.x 3090:from the original on 2014-04-14. 2389:from the original on 5 July 2017 2250: 2114:, much of which occurred at the 1253:60 mg/m (52 ppm) for 30 min 1029:Exhaust from automobiles in the 413:in 1793, and later confirmed by 323:and expelling carbon dioxide as 276:. Large exposures can result in 27:Toxic effects of carbon monoxide 19779: 19574:Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club 19250:-class deep submergence vehicle 16919:Underwater Escape Training Unit 14700:Diving Medical Advisory Council 14694:Diving Diseases Research Centre 12532:Special Forces Command (Turkey) 7400:(11): 563, author reply 564–5. 7088:(3): 157–8, discussion 159–60. 7045:(3): 155–6, discussion 159–60. 6718:Handbook on Hyperbaric Medicine 6172:Journal of Medical Case Reports 6091: 6006: 5974: 5865: 5830: 5812:Drug Metabolism and Disposition 5746: 5719: 5651: 5640:from the original on 2007-10-13 5626: 5599: 5564: 5529: 5518:from the original on 2013-02-24 5503: 5460: 5449:from the original on 2007-10-29 5435: 5386: 5351: 5329: 5267:Publishing Company. p. 90. 5261:The Changing Global Environment 5252: 5241:from the original on 2008-12-18 5198: 5184:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.09.013 5163: 5120: 5077: 5052:The New Zealand Medical Journal 5039: 5028:from the original on 2008-12-18 4914: 4890: 4812: 4787: 4762: 4700: 4665: 4588: 4462: 4375: 4324: 4283: 4248: 4143: 4065: 4024: 3981: 3938: 3903: 3880:Shochat GN (17 February 2009). 3685: 3554: 3515: 3333: 3210: 3169: 3144: 3072: 944: 555: 17165:British Freediving Association 16882:Technical Diving International 16458:Divers Institute of Technology 16381:European Underwater Federation 16217:Surface-supplied diving skills 14432:Hyperbaric treatment schedules 14392:Salt water aspiration syndrome 14291:High-pressure nervous syndrome 13566:Diver behaviour and competence 13414:Human factors in diving safety 12930:Baited remote underwater video 12763:Underwater search and recovery 12731:Underwater cutting and welding 12537:Special Forces Group (Belgium) 12145:British Freediving Association 11900:Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych 11559: 11119:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 10785:Diving Unlimited International 10430:Mechanism of diving regulators 10119:Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor 8357:, 27 March 2017, pp. 4:01 8002:Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 7924:10.1113/jphysiol.1895.sp000578 7585:Journal of Hyperbaric Medicine 7540:Tomaszewski C (January 1999). 7437:Emergency Medicine Australasia 6920:10.1002/14651858.CD002041.pub3 6501:British Journal of Anaesthesia 5897:Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine 5172:Forensic Science International 3613:Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 3038:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 2684: 2643: 2507: 1951:Early civilizations developed 1807:Central nervous system effects 1041:Exhaust from a home wood fire 13: 1: 19006:Underwater diving environment 18826:Reduced gradient bubble model 18821:Haldane's decompression model 17205:Underwater Society of America 16785:Diving Science and Technology 16691:Scuba Educators International 15885:Professional Diver's Handbook 15193:Advanced SEAL Delivery System 14883:Pearling in Western Australia 14878:Timeline of diving technology 14683:Aerospace Medical Association 14583:Guybon Chesney Castell Damant 14509:Psychological fitness to dive 14382:Instinctive drowning response 13784:Gas blending for scuba diving 13293:Woodville Karst Plain Project 12582:Underwater Demolition Command 12577:Underwater Construction Teams 12467:Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) 12427:Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine 12357:Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) 12323:United States military divers 11283:Continental Shelf Station Two 11058:Gas blending for scuba diving 8382:Associated University Presses 8043:Pharmacology & Toxicology 7833:10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00005-2 7725:10.1016/S0196-0644(94)70136-9 7226:10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90592-8 7191:10.1016/S0196-0644(95)70261-X 7002:(3): 151, discussion 159–60. 6793:10.1016/S0735-6757(86)80008-0 5960:10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90159-X 5851:10.1016/S0735-6757(00)90070-6 5314:Roberts HC (September 1952), 4876:10.1016/S0736-4679(98)00080-8 4574:10.1016/S0736-4679(98)00128-0 4532:10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00469-3 4488:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79807-X 4164:10.1016/S0196-0644(85)81022-2 4121:10.1016/S0303-8467(01)00119-6 3990:Journal of Applied Toxicology 3522:Goldstein M (December 2008). 3482:, World Health Organization, 3130:10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00217-6 2924:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00387-6 2517:In a Page: Emergency medicine 2514:Caterino JM, Kahan S (2003). 2342: 1971:who shared fire with humans. 1819:cell and platelet release of 1620: 1556:advanced cardiac life support 1256:30 mg/m (26 ppm) for 1 h 1157: 605:On average, exposures at 100 569:, notably carbon monoxide as 521: 420: 19569:Nautical Archaeology Society 19564:Nautical Archaeology Program 19392:NATO Submarine Rescue System 18673:Science of underwater diving 18411:Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper 18316:Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 17170:British Octopush Association 16487:Divers Academy International 16416:Nautical Archaeology Society 16094:Public safety diver training 16080:Occupational diver training 14972:Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont 14837:History of underwater diving 14073:Standard operating procedure 13864:Hierarchy of hazard controls 12897:Helix Energy Solutions Group 12547:Special Service Group (Navy) 12512:Special Air Service Regiment 12472:Naval Service Diving Section 12298:Canadian Armed Forces Divers 11677:Constant weight without fins 10263:Through-water communications 8260:Journal of Forensic Sciences 8187:10.1016/0895-7061(95)00342-8 7713:Annals of Emergency Medicine 7179:Annals of Emergency Medicine 7037:Seger D (2005). "The myth". 6758:10.1016/0736-4679(84)90078-7 6462:Annals of Emergency Medicine 6278:10.1097/MEJ.0b013e3282efd519 4748:10.1016/0735-6757(87)90320-2 4269:10.1016/0887-6177(90)90007-C 4152:Annals of Emergency Medicine 3528:Journal of Emergency Nursing 2215: 1895: 1743: 1519:randomized controlled trials 1488:, thus turning it back into 1421: 1418:or toxic alcohol poisoning. 1323: 1270: 1259:10 mg/m (9 ppm) for 8 h 1170: 698:12,800 ppm (1.28%), (12.8‰) 260:-like" and commonly include 7: 19644:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 19090:Underwater domain awareness 18858:Physiology of decompression 18046:Michael Barratt (astronaut) 16864:Global Underwater Explorers 16703:Scuba Schools International 16607:Global Underwater Explorers 16530:Scuba Schools International 16463:Health and Safety Executive 16106:Recreational diver training 15213:Motorised Submersible Canoe 14603:Robert William Hamilton Jr. 14468:Diving Medical Practitioner 14417:Demand valve oxygen therapy 13434:Underwater diving emergency 13040:Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun 12640:Recreational diver training 12135:Scuba Schools International 11234:Combat rubber raiding craft 10740:Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique 9631:Atmospheric pressure diving 8083:"Carbon monoxide poisoning" 7998:"Carbon monoxide poisoning" 7903:Haldane J (November 1895). 7748:General Hospital Psychiatry 7484:10.1056/NEJM200302063480615 4651:10.1056/NEJM199811263392206 4635:"Carbon monoxide poisoning" 4456:10.1383/medc.31.10.41.27810 4361:10.1056/NEJM198911233212102 3882:"Toxicity, Carbon Monoxide" 3524:"Carbon monoxide poisoning" 2986:"Carbon monoxide poisoning" 2621:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586 2435:"Carbon monoxide poisoning" 1183:Prevention remains a vital 748:or other illnesses such as 630:35 ppm (0.0035%), (0.035‰) 548:. Aside from physiological 327:. Additionally, many other 10: 19865: 19659:Neutral Buoyancy Simulator 18841:Varying Permeability Model 18731:Underwater computer vision 17038:Underwater target shooting 16685:Scuba Diving International 16045:Competence and assessment 15568:Peter Henry Michael Holmes 13559:Uncontrolled decompression 13143:List of wreck diving sites 12625:Commercial offshore diving 12587:Underwater Demolition Team 12517:Special Actions Detachment 11689:Dynamic apnea without fins 11636:Underwater target shooting 11181:Launch and recovery system 10951:Launch and recovery system 10129:Submersible pressure gauge 9285:Arthropod bites and stings 8904:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning 8302:. CRC Press. p. 754. 8215:Emergency Medicine Journal 8147:10.1016/j.ajem.2008.10.021 8102:10.1177/014107680109400604 8081:Blumenthal I (June 2001). 8015:10.1177/0310057X9101900403 7519:10.1164/rccm.201212-2262LE 6326:10.1093/clinchem/25.8.1388 4931:. Feb 2012. Archived from 3757:10.3346/jkms.2001.16.3.253 3259:10.1038/s41577-020-00491-x 3247:Nature Reviews. Immunology 3002:10.1177/014107680109400604 2984:Blumenthal I (June 2001). 2862:. CRC Press. p. 569. 2813:10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001 2697:Medicinal Research Reviews 2669:10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2016 2433:Guzman JA (October 2012). 2333:Hartheim Euthanasia Centre 2327:. The gas was supplied by 2305:Chelmno extermination camp 2254: 2229: 2226:Deaths by smoke inhalation 2219: 1919: 1624: 1554:are treated with standard 1334:chromatographic techniques 1308:compared to the amount of 1001:Natural atmosphere level ( 922:noise-induced hearing loss 876:, irritability, a strange 690:6,400 ppm (0.64%), (6.4‰) 682:3,200 ppm (0.32%), (3.2‰) 670:1,600 ppm (0.16%), (1.6‰) 525: 19716: 19677: 19632: 19559:Karst Underwater Research 19517: 19452: 19306: 19103: 19058: 19052: 19047: 19014: 18897: 18870: 18768:Equivalent narcotic depth 18741: 18692: 18679: 18666: 18642: 18611: 18580: 18519: 18011: 17898: 17665: 17605: 17557: 17350: 17272: 17268: 17255: 17216: 17124: 17108: 17072: 17046: 16986: 16970: 16966: 16953: 16927: 16899: 16755: 16747:CMAS Scientific Committee 16729: 16715:United Diving Instructors 16631:Israeli Diving Federation 16539: 16500: 16477: 16435: 16365: 16340: 16305: 16257:Advanced Open Water Diver 16249: 16234: 16099:Scientific diver training 16084:Commercial diver training 16049:Competency-based learning 16034: 16030: 16025:Training and registration 16019: 15996: 15980: 15934: 15901: 15827: 15823: 15812: 15633: 15573:Johnson Sea Link accident 15530: 15458: 15419: 15393: 15372: 15350: 15343: 15335:Women Divers Hall of Fame 15307: 15286: 15270:Raid on Alexandria (1941) 15260: 15115: 14962: 14939: 14896: 14843: 14830: 14788: 14777: 14671: 14524: 14517: 14486: 14473:Diving Medical Technician 14455: 14447:Therapeutic recompression 14409: 14352: 14340:Carbon monoxide poisoning 14330: 14309: 14279:Isobaric counterdiffusion 14251: 14220: 14145: 14110: 14106: 14093: 14009: 13962: 13939:Diving systems technician 13904: 13817: 13662: 13452: 13404: 13391: 13360: 13352:Underwater diving on Guam 13302: 13227: 13156: 13128: 13115: 12988: 12935:In-water surface cleaning 12910: 12880: 12724:Archaeology of shipwrecks 12613: 12211:Commercial offshore diver 12193: 12189: 12176: 12122: 12096: 12048: 11792: 11734: 11644: 11571: 11567: 11554: 11496: 11445: 11315: 11216: 11203:Recreational Dive Planner 11151:Built-in breathing system 11134: 11107:Pressure swing adsorption 10969: 10903: 10899: 10886: 10713: 10654: 10536: 10467: 10377: 10204: 10137: 10079: 10027:Lightweight demand helmet 10002: 9933: 9868: 9806: 9733: 9707: 9689: 9676: 9616: 9528: 9500: 9496: 9460: 9404: 9352: 9275: 9191: 9127: 9120: 9079: 9052: 9044:Tricyclic antidepressants 8984: 8966: 8912: 8884: 8854: 8845: 8808: 8790: 8770: 8727: 8679: 8670: 8661: 8643: 8580:Carbon monoxide poisoning 8554: 8495: 8299:Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 7912:The Journal of Physiology 7608:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7336:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7292:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6445:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6125:Trial Court Law Libraries 5928:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5680:10.1080/00984109708984073 5510:Emmerich SJ (July 2011). 5341:The Sydney Morning Herald 5141:10.1080/15563650801986711 5098:10.1080/15563650903158870 4833:10.1080/15563650601031676 4469:Simini B (October 1998). 4404:10.1080/15287390490428206 3671:10.3109/15563659409017973 3625:10.1016/j.cll.2006.01.005 3540:10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014 3406:10.1016/j.jns.2007.06.037 3359:10.1007/s00134-008-1011-1 2859:Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 2451:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.007 1524:hyperbaric oxygen therapy 1189:carbon monoxide detectors 982: 363:carbon monoxide detectors 246:Carbon monoxide poisoning 235: 227: 217: 212:hyperbaric oxygen therapy 199: 186:Carbon monoxide detectors 181: 157: 140: 126: 106: 82: 66: 59: 50: 42: 38:Carbon monoxide poisoning 37: 19664:Space Systems Laboratory 17434:Fernando Garfella Palmer 17282:Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro 16833:Technical Extended Range 16827:Trimix Scuba Association 16138:Stress exposure training 15705:Fernando Garfella Palmer 14987:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli 14853:History of Diving Museum 13924:Diver medical technician 13674:Ascending and descending 13650:Non-freezing cold injury 12492:Russian commando frogmen 12273:Underwater archaeologist 10893:Diving support equipment 10314:Emergency locator beacon 10147:Diver propulsion vehicle 6074:"Gas Safety in the Home" 3832:Weaver LK (March 2009). 2232:Charcoal-burning suicide 2220:See also the categories 1529: 1379:chronic fatigue syndrome 1371:flu-like viral syndromes 662:800 ppm (0.08%), (0.8‰) 654:400 ppm (0.04%), (0.4‰) 646:200 ppm (0.02%), (0.2‰) 638:100 ppm (0.01%), (0.1‰) 18:Carbon monoxide toxicity 19599:Save Ontario Shipwrecks 19410:Russian submarine AS-34 19130:American submarine NR-1 18996:Recreational dive sites 18773:Maximum operating depth 18520:Writers and journalists 18041:Serena Auñón-Chancellor 17484:Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova 17449:Swietenia Puspa Lestari 17095:Underwater orienteering 16089:Military diver training 16066:Diver training standard 15843:U.S. Navy Diving Manual 15762:Chris and Chrissy Rouse 15585:Gerard Anthony Prangley 15087:Willard Franklyn Searle 15052:Christian J. Lambertsen 14858:History of scuba diving 14782: 14653:Charles Wesley Shilling 14628:Christian J. Lambertsen 14608:Henry Valence Hempleman 14463:Diving Medical Examiner 14048:Emergency response plan 13987:Sustained load cracking 13949:Life support technician 13524:Single point of failure 13429:Scuba diving fatalities 13133:Recreational dive sites 13088:ASM-DT amphibious rifle 13068:AAI underwater revolver 13058:SPP-1 underwater pistol 12667:Underwater construction 12382:Frogman Corps (Denmark) 11895:Elisabeth Kristoffersen 11671:Constant weight bi-fins 11102:Membrane gas separation 11011:Carbon dioxide scrubber 10931:Diving platform (scuba) 10546:Carbon dioxide scrubber 10391:Atmospheric diving suit 9943:Atmospheric diving suit 9838:Diving weighting system 9661:Surface-supplied diving 9656:Surface oriented diving 9483:List of types of poison 9039:Serotonergic substances 7558:10.3810/pgm.1999.01.496 6185:10.1186/1752-1947-2-118 5411:10.2105/AJPH.65.10.1087 5281:Gosink T (1983-01-28). 3346:Intensive Care Medicine 1823:, and the formation of 1472:on site. Administering 1013:Average level in homes 880:, speech disturbances, 417:between 1846 and 1857. 19001:Underwater environment 18882:Underwater exploration 18812:Decompression models: 17885:John Ernest Williamson 17464:Anna Marguerite McCann 17297:Amelia Behrens-Furniss 17116:Underwater photography 17100:Underwater photography 16987:Snorkeling/breath-hold 16697:Scottish Sub Aqua Club 16492:Norwegian diver school 16116:ISO training standards 15385:Tham Luang cave rescue 15203:Dry Combat Submersible 15102:Pierre-Marie Touboulic 15042:Karl Heinrich Klingert 14588:Kenneth William Donald 14437:In-water recompression 14269:Dysbaric osteonecrosis 14264:Decompression sickness 14202:Compression arthralgia 13715:Decompression practice 13691:Canoe and kayak diving 13620:Decompression sickness 13444:Water surface searches 13424:Safety-critical system 13322:Diving in the Maldives 13214:Underwater photography 13053:Heckler & Koch P11 12775:Underwater videography 12758:Underwater photography 12746:Nondestructive testing 12719:Underwater archaeology 12452:Marine Raider Regiment 12318:Royal Navy ships diver 12076:Shallow-water blackout 11229:Canoe and kayak diving 11016:Cascade filling system 10489:Decompression cylinder 10214:Alternative air source 10047:Standard diving helmet 9890:Decompression cylinder 8771:Other non-toxic metals 8448:Dictionary of Genocide 7975:. Macmillan Learning. 7690:10.1053/crad.1999.0369 7552:(1): 39–40, 43–8, 50. 6694:10.1378/chest.97.1.165 6032:10.1001/jama.279.9.685 5728:Trimdon Grange, Durham 5550:10.1001/jama.267.4.538 5481:10.1542/peds.2008-3273 5372:10.1054/jcfm.2001.0474 4994:10.1001/jama.266.5.659 4050:10.1001/jama.295.4.398 4002:10.1002/jat.2550050611 3924:10.1378/chest.97.2.491 3792:Critical Care Medicine 3580:10.3122/jabfm.11.6.481 2559:Occupational Neurology 2238:Balvano train disaster 1781:adenosine triphosphate 1763:, which may result in 1558:protocols. If severe, 1505: 1364:Differential diagnosis 1300: 1292: 1284: 1180: 1167: 1121:diving air compressors 1111:Riding in the back of 915:coronary heart disease 862:short-term memory loss 770:central nervous system 722:central nervous system 717: 573:, was investigated by 496:cardiovascular disease 299:. This can occur from 268:, weakness, vomiting, 248:typically occurs from 168:alcoholic ketoacidosis 159:Differential diagnosis 95:, weakness, vomiting, 19649:Neutral buoyancy pool 19331:Submarine rescue ship 19326:McCann Rescue Chamber 19085:Rugged compact camera 19073:Diver detection sonar 18920:Confined water diving 18634:James Joseph Magennis 18271:Michael López-Alegría 18001:Aristotelis Zervoudis 17740:John Christopher Fine 17414:John Christopher Fine 17080:Immersion finswimming 16909:Defence Diving School 16773:British Sub-Aqua Club 16571:British Sub-Aqua Club 15558:Francis P. Hammerberg 15238:Siluro San Bartolomeo 15228:SEAL Delivery Vehicle 15161:Standard diving dress 15007:Charles Anthony Deane 14992:Joseph-Martin Cabirol 14954:Jason deCaires Taylor 14873:Man in the Sea Museum 14868:Lyons Maritime Museum 14207:Decompression illness 14190:Middle ear barotrauma 14058:Diving superintendent 14053:Diving safety officer 13972:Breathing gas quality 13577:Overconfidence effect 13239:British Sub-Aqua Club 13064:Underwater revolvers 12741:Underwater inspection 12736:Underwater demolition 12662:Offshore construction 12557:Tactical Divers Group 12447:Marinejegerkommandoen 12377:Decima Flottiglia MAS 12333:U.S.Navy master diver 12238:Diving superintendent 12233:Diving safety officer 11845:Mandy-Rae Cruickshank 11718:Variable weight apnea 11251:Diving support vessel 11026:Diving air compressor 10701:Standard diving dress 10676:Diving air compressor 10459:Full-face diving mask 10447:Single-hose regulator 10435:Regulator malfunction 10338:Navigation equipment 10280:Diving safety harness 9895:Decompression trapeze 9885:Decompression chamber 9151:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism 7872:10.1136/oem.59.10.708 7641:10.1289/ehp.021101051 7546:Postgraduate Medicine 7082:Toxicological Reviews 7039:Toxicological Reviews 6996:Toxicological Reviews 6953:Toxicological Reviews 6848:Toxicological Reviews 6595:10.1136/thx.41.11.886 4797:. CDC. Archived from 4074:Archives of Neurology 3959:10.1081/CLT-100102878 3850:10.1056/NEJMcp0808891 3738:Choi IS (June 2001). 2439:Critical Care Clinics 2170:canary in a coal mine 2164:, the gas created by 2129:in 1793, followed by 2116:Pneumatic Institution 1672:conformational change 1503: 1404:diabetic ketoacidosis 1298: 1290: 1278: 1224:zone of the building. 1178: 1165: 1098:electrical generators 939:meat-packing industry 715: 595:Pneumatic Institution 473:nervous system damage 433:(subcategorized as a 278:loss of consciousness 113:Loss of consciousness 19695:Scuba diving therapy 19685:Nautilus Productions 19609:Sea Research Society 19544:Divers Alert Network 18977:Torricellian chamber 18887:Deep-sea exploration 18848:Equivalent air depth 18719:Modulated ultrasound 18714:Underwater acoustics 18181:Christopher E. Gerty 18176:Michael L. Gernhardt 18066:Timothy J. Broderick 17941:William Hogarth Main 17632:Jean-Michel Cousteau 17597:Krzysztof Starnawski 16679:Sub-Aqua Association 15943:The Darkness Beckons 15474:diving bell accident 15401:John Day (carpenter) 14923:Queen Anne's Revenge 14688:Divers Alert Network 14613:Leonard Erskine Hill 14494:Atrial septal defect 14195:Pulmonary barotrauma 14155:Alternobaric vertigo 13799:Scuba gas management 13759:Diver communications 13375:Underwater Bike Race 13332:Scuba diving tourism 13317:Diving in East Timor 13083:APS underwater rifle 13078:ADS amphibious rifle 12694:Public safety diving 12689:Potable water diving 12522:Special Boat Service 12497:Sappers Divers Group 12457:Minedykkerkommandoen 11855:Leonardo D'Imporzano 11713:Skandalopetra diving 11473:Hyperbaric stretcher 11432:T1200 Trenching Unit 11407:Sea Dragon-class ROV 11256:HMS Challenger (K07) 11156:Decompression tables 11126:Oxygen compatibility 10561:Cryogenic rebreather 10406:Scuba cylinder valve 10307:Screw gate carabiner 10285:Emergency gas supply 10246:Diver's cutting tool 10112:Helium release valve 10042:Shallow water helmet 9970:Standard diving suit 9816:Buoyancy compensator 9763:Emergency gas supply 8384:. pp. 169–170. 8333:Smithsonian Magazine 8227:10.1136/emj.18.5.399 7370:10.1056/NEJMoa013121 6644:10.1136/thx.36.5.366 6514:10.1093/bja/66.5.625 5731:, 16 February 1882, 5287:Alaska Science Forum 4309:10.1620/tjem.219.201 2261:In ancient history, 2191:Historical treatment 2148:Historical detection 2081:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2012:Emperor Lucius Verus 1994:Documented cases by 1859:, which can lead to 1857:Grinker myelinopathy 1825:oxygen free radicals 1801:oxidative metabolism 1785:anaerobic metabolism 1734:respiratory acidosis 1698:(regarding nitrogen/ 1608:cytochrome c oxidase 1552:Cardiac dysrhythmias 1514:atmospheric pressure 1357:Breath CO monitoring 842:acute kidney failure 716:CO toxicity symptoms 675:increased heart rate 465:cellular respiration 365:, proper venting of 223:Risk of death: 1–31% 19834:Medical emergencies 19539:Coral Reef Alliance 18915:Benign water diving 18758:Cold shock response 18527:Michael C. Barnette 18481:Douglas H. Wheelock 18386:David Saint-Jacques 18171:Ronald J. Garan Jr. 17880:Michele Westmorland 17180:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 16999:Underwater football 16577:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 16277:Introductory diving 16222:Underwater searches 16208:Diamond Reef System 16111:Introductory diving 15935:General non-fiction 15857:Underwater Handbook 15757:François de Roubaix 15610:Lothar Michael Ward 15553:Victor F. Guiel Jr. 15380:Alpazat cave rescue 15287:Scientific projects 15166:Sub Marine Explorer 15072:Joseph Salim Peress 15067:Ernest William Moir 14427:Hyperbaric medicine 14228:Freediving blackout 13896:Situation awareness 13842:Job safety analysis 13725:Ratio decompression 13534:Cold shock response 13484:Entanglement hazard 13419:Life-support system 13257:Comhairle Fo-Thuinn 13122:Recreational diving 13049:Underwater pistols 12943:Cavitation cleaning 12768:Underwater searches 12657:Marine construction 12507:Special Air Service 12293:Army engineer diver 12263:Public safety diver 12183:Professional diving 12071:Deep-water blackout 12066:Freediving blackout 11890:Mehgan Heaney-Grier 11621:Underwater football 11468:Hyperbaric lifeboat 11362:Goldfish-class ROUV 11357:Global Explorer ROV 11319:underwater vehicles 10855:Shearwater Research 10516:Scuba configuration 10499:Manifolded twin set 10494:Independent doubles 10452:Twin-hose regulator 10362:Surface marker buoy 9521:foodborne illnesses 9478:Lists of poisonings 9161:Shellfish poisoning 8869:Aluminium phosphide 8431:Scientific American 7825:2003Toxgy.187...25G 6377:10.1136/thx.35.1.47 6219:Clinical Toxicology 6149:"Carbon monoxide". 5771:2002InAir..12...92V 5672:1997JTEHA..52..403A 5129:Clinical Toxicology 5086:Clinical Toxicology 4821:Clinical Toxicology 4609:10.1056/NEJMe020103 4396:2004JTEHA..67..727F 4331:Shephard R (1983). 4222:Johnson AC (2009). 3122:2000Toxgy.145....1R 2916:2002Toxgy.180..139O 2615:(24): 13273–13311. 2475:Schottke D (2016). 2278:Scientific American 2122:William Cruickshank 1985:Julian the Apostate 1839:sequestration, and 1722:carbaminohemoglobin 1704:carbaminohemoglobin 1478:non-rebreather mask 1428: 1091:internal combustion 1087:wood-burning stoves 1051:catalytic converter 882:Parkinson's disease 818:atrial fibrillation 814:myocardial ischemia 618: 512:barometric pressure 508:sickle cell disease 488:rate of ventilation 391:portable generators 325:carbaminohemoglobin 19839:Natural gas safety 19829:Industrial hygiene 19637:Astronaut training 19594:Rubicon Foundation 19440:URF (Swedish Navy) 19225:Russian submarine 19213:-class submersible 19183:Deepsea Challenger 19168:-class bathyscaphe 19095:Underwater vehicle 18967:Penetration diving 18955:Black-water diving 18831:Thalmann algorithm 18643:Commercial salvors 18276:Joseph B. MacInnis 17785:Joseph B. MacInnis 17622:David Attenborough 17544:Peter Throckmorton 17504:Andreas Rechnitzer 17494:Mendel L. Peterson 17355:archaeologists and 17139:AIDA International 17090:Underwater cycling 17073:Open Circuit Scuba 17059:Apnoea finswimming 16971:Surface snorkeling 16721:YMCA SCUBA Program 16512:AIDA International 16287:Master Scuba Diver 16272:CMAS** scuba diver 16250:Core diving skills 16188:Finning techniques 16054:Refresher training 15836:NOAA Diving Manual 15650:Ricardo Armbruster 15578:Edwin Clayton Link 15450:Natalia Molchanova 15198:Cosmos CE2F series 15156:Porpoise regulator 15022:Auguste Denayrouze 14798:Diving regulations 14733:Rubicon Foundation 14658:Edward D. Thalmann 14623:Felix Hoppe-Seyler 14618:Brian Andrew Hills 14598:John Scott Haldane 14573:Albert A. Bühlmann 14538:Arthur J. Bachrach 14478:Hyperbaric nursing 14377:Immersion diuresis 14259:Avascular necrosis 14043:Diving regulations 13752:Scuba gas planning 13074:Underwater rifles 12753:Underwater logging 12714:Submarine pipeline 12652:Hyperbaric welding 12387:Fuerzas Especiales 12130:AIDA International 12020:Devrim Cenk Ulusoy 11945:Natalia Molchanova 11875:Francisco Ferreras 11762:Snorkel (swimming) 11584:Apnoea finswimming 11488:Reserve gas supply 11463:ENOS Rescue-System 11278:Aquarius Reef Base 11070:Gas reclaim system 10865:Submarine Products 10538:Diving rebreathers 9880:Decompression buoy 9848:Integrated weights 9473:EPA list of hazard 9255:Alpha-Bungarotoxin 8999:Anticholinesterase 8555:External resources 8296:Penney DG (2007). 7678:Clinical Radiology 7579:Peirce EC (1986). 6716:Mathieu D (2006). 6313:Clinical Chemistry 5988:The New York Times 5703:Medical toxicology 3176:Lipman GS (2006). 2856:Penney DG (2007). 2807:. 111–112: 45–63. 2181:Felix Hoppe-Seyler 2158:John Scott Haldane 2141:in the same year. 2139:Felix Hoppe-Seyler 2069:Friedrich Hoffmann 2065:carbonarii halitus 1989:Caelius Aurelianus 1948:fireside rituals. 1912:and combines with 1845:lipid peroxidation 1813:lipid peroxidation 1777:cytochrome oxidase 1771:Cytochrome oxidase 1738:metabolic acidosis 1732:(potentially both 1692:carbonic anhydrase 1615:lipid peroxidation 1585:metabolic acidosis 1564:sodium bicarbonate 1560:metabolic acidosis 1506: 1426: 1330:spectrophotometric 1301: 1293: 1285: 1264:indoor air quality 1232:Legal requirements 1194:The United States 1181: 1168: 886:cortical blindness 806:respiratory arrest 766:cardiac arrhythmia 762:low blood pressure 718: 616: 601:Signs and symptoms 344:cytochrome oxidase 305:carbon-based fuels 293:incomplete burning 147:Carboxylhemoglobin 77:emergency medicine 19844:Suicide by poison 19806: 19805: 19712: 19711: 19708: 19707: 19513: 19512: 19448: 19447: 19160:class bathyscaphe 19043: 19042: 19039: 19038: 19035: 19034: 19027:Low impact diving 18960:Blue-water diving 18950:Open-water diving 18866: 18865: 18793:Work of breathing 18788:Underwater vision 18726:Underwater vision 18662: 18661: 18658: 18657: 18624:Ian Edward Fraser 18471:John Morgan Wells 18451:Mark T. Vande Hei 18296:K. Megan McArthur 18266:Kjell N. Lindgren 18201:José M. Hernández 18156:Andrew J. Feustel 18116:Philippe Cousteau 18096:Catherine Coleman 18086:Gregory Chamitoff 18056:Robert L. Behnken 18036:Richard R. Arnold 18021:Andrew Abercromby 17996:Valerie van Heest 17926:Jochen Hasenmayer 17850:Philippe Tailliez 17775:Henry Way Kendall 17725:Bernard Delemotte 17524:Stephanie Schwabe 17489:John Peter Oleson 17419:George R. Fischer 17364:Michael Arbuthnot 17357:environmentalists 17262:Underwater divers 17251: 17250: 17247: 17246: 17004:Underwater hockey 16960:Underwater sports 16949: 16948: 16945: 16944: 16895: 16894: 16891: 16890: 16858:Cave Diving Group 16478:Commercial diving 16361: 16360: 16341:Specialist skills 16330:Master Instructor 16325:Diving instructor 16306:Leadership skills 16267:CMAS* scuba diver 16230: 16229: 16203:Low impact diving 16181:Valsalva maneuver 16156:Combat sidestroke 16071:Diving instructor 16015: 16014: 16011: 16010: 15904:Codes of Practice 15808: 15807: 15804: 15803: 15800: 15799: 15732:Henry Way Kendall 15605:Richard A. Walker 15595:Robert John Smyth 15308:Awards and events 15263:covert operations 15256: 15255: 14826: 14825: 14773: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14593:William Paul Fife 14528:diving physiology 14405: 14404: 14348: 14347: 14301:Nitrogen narcosis 14296:Hydrogen narcosis 14185:Dental barotrauma 14089: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14081: 14080: 14068:Operations manual 14063:Diving supervisor 13934:Diving supervisor 13929:Diver's attendant 13891:Safety data sheet 13794:Rebreather diving 13658: 13657: 13597:Willful violation 13544:Nitrogen narcosis 13387: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13251:Cave Diving Group 13194:Rebreather diving 13189:Open-water diving 13111: 13110: 13107: 13106: 13103: 13102: 12920:Abrasive waterjet 12876: 12875: 12780:Underwater survey 12699:Scientific diving 12609: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12243:Diving supervisor 12228:Diving instructor 12172: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12109:Octopus wrestling 12040:Nataliia Zharkova 12015:William Trubridge 11970:Umberto Pelizzari 11626:Underwater hockey 11550: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11514:Saturation spread 11337:Atlantis ROV Team 11317:Remotely operated 11311: 11310: 11288:Helgoland Habitat 11208:Saturation system 11097:Nitrox production 11031:Diving air filter 10882: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10845:Oceanic Worldwide 10735:Aqua Lung America 10709: 10708: 10691:Scuba replacement 10671:Diver's umbilical 10636:Siebe Gorman CDBA 10621:Mark IV Amphibian 10258:Diver's telephone 10219:Octopus regulator 9758:Decompression gas 9641:Saturation diving 9621:Diving activities 9610:Underwater diving 9576: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9456: 9455: 9438:Poisonous animals 9116: 9115: 9081:Vitamin poisoning 9075: 9074: 8962: 8961: 8841: 8840: 8786: 8785: 8589: 8588: 8374:Haine EA (1993). 8272:10.1520/JFS12982J 8180:(4 Pt 1): 300–5. 7982:978-1-319-11467-1 6103:malegislature.gov 3489:978-92-890-0213-4 3476:"Carbon monoxide" 3460:978-92-4-003422-8 3152:"Carbon Monoxide" 3080:"Carbon monoxide" 2945:Ferri FF (2016). 2709:10.1002/med.21650 2061:Georg Ernst Stahl 2004:method of suicide 1637:carboxyhemoglobin 1627:Carboxyhemoglobin 1509:Hyperbaric oxygen 1496:Hyperbaric oxygen 1486:carboxyhemoglobin 1466: 1465: 1432:Oxygen pressure О 1412:methemoglobinemia 1396:altitude sickness 1306:carboxyhemoglobin 1281:carboxyhemoglobin 1067: 1066: 901:Chronic poisoning 884:-like syndromes, 772:symptoms include 705: 704: 490:, a pre-existing 457:carboxyhemoglobin 313:carboxyhemoglobin 243: 242: 192:, maintenance of 172:aspirin poisoning 142:Diagnostic method 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 19856: 19794: 19782: 19781: 19748: 19747: 19736: 19735: 19724: 19723: 19633:Neutral buoyancy 19589:Reef Life Survey 19478: 19477: 19454:Submarine escape 19341:Deep-submergence 19337: 19336: 19308:Submarine rescue 19105:Deep-submergence 19101: 19100: 19049: 19048: 18895: 18894: 18799: 18798: 18709:Neutral buoyancy 18690: 18689: 18668: 18667: 18496:Jeffrey Williams 18346:Nicholas Patrick 18321:Andreas Mogensen 18286:Thomas Marshburn 18256:Dominic Landucci 18246:Karen Kohanowich 18166:Satoshi Furukawa 18061:Randolph Bresnik 18031:Clayton Anderson 17966:Arthur C. Clarke 17936:Jarrod Jablonski 17840:Wesley C. Skiles 17825:Leni Riefenstahl 17710:Jacques Cousteau 17592:Claudia Serpieri 17509:William R. Royal 17474:Charles T. Meide 17404:James P. Delgado 17342:Arne Zetterström 17307:Jacques Cousteau 17270: 17269: 17257: 17256: 17125:Sports governing 17021:Underwater rugby 16968: 16967: 16955: 16954: 16930:training courses 16902:training centres 16840: 16839: 16730:Scientific diver 16436:Commercial diver 16433: 16432: 16371:and registration 16297:Supervised diver 16292:Open Water Diver 16282:Low Impact Diver 16262:Autonomous diver 16247: 16246: 16176:Frenzel maneuver 16161:Diver navigation 16146: 16145: 16059:Skill assessment 16032: 16031: 16021: 16020: 15825: 15824: 15814: 15813: 15787:Esbjörn Svensson 15772:Wesley C. Skiles 15675:Cláudio Coutinho 15625:Arne Zetterström 15600:Albert D. Stover 15563:Craig M. Hoffman 15406:Charles Spalding 15348: 15347: 15177: 15176: 15017:Louis de Corlieu 15002:Jacques Cousteau 14894: 14893: 14832: 14831: 14779: 14778: 14548:Peter B. Bennett 14543:Albert R. Behnke 14522: 14521: 14218: 14217: 14143: 14142: 14108: 14107: 14095: 14094: 14038:Contingency plan 14033:Code of practice 13994:Diving regulator 13982:Hydrostatic test 13919:Chamber operator 13902: 13901: 13679:Emergency ascent 13605: 13604: 13450: 13449: 13393: 13392: 13209:Technical diving 13199:Sidemount diving 13154: 13153: 13117: 13116: 13021: 13020: 12948:Pressure washing 12786: 12785: 12442:Marine Commandos 12341: 12340: 12279: 12278: 12268:Scientific diver 12206:Commercial diver 12191: 12190: 12178: 12177: 12035:Alessia Zecchini 11940:Alexey Molchanov 11850:Yasemin Dalkılıç 11631:Underwater rugby 11569: 11568: 11556: 11555: 11521:Hot water system 11446:Safety equipment 11264: 11263: 11085:Gas storage tube 11080:Gas storage quad 11075:Gas storage bank 10984:Activated carbon 10911:Boarding stirrup 10904:Access equipment 10901: 10900: 10888: 10887: 10825:Johnson Outdoors 10820:HeinrichsWeikamp 10658:diving equipment 10656:Surface-supplied 10581:Halcyon PVR-BASC 10465: 10464: 10440:Regulator freeze 10425:Diving regulator 10329:Shark-proof cage 10124:Pneumofathometer 10022:Free-flow helmet 9705: 9704: 9683:Diving equipment 9678: 9677: 9603: 9596: 9589: 9580: 9579: 9560: 9559: 9548: 9547: 9536: 9535: 9509:, which is rare. 9498: 9497: 9433:Venomous animals 9125: 9124: 8982: 8981: 8973: 8972: 8874:Organophosphates 8852: 8851: 8729:Dietary minerals 8677: 8676: 8668: 8667: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8493: 8492: 8467: 8466: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8416: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8349: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8238: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8189: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8113: 8087: 8086:(Free full text) 8078: 8069: 8068: 8058: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8017: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7950: 7944:. Archived from 7935: 7909: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7883: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7808: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7661:. Archived from 7652: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7607: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7372: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7335: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7291: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7129: 7128:(Free full text) 7120: 7114: 7113: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7034: 7028: 7027: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6931: 6899: 6890: 6889: 6871: 6843: 6832: 6831: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6741: 6732: 6731: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6696: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6655: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6557: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6516: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6337:. Archived from 6328: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6261: 6255: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6197: 6187: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6056: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5943: 5934: 5933: 5927: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5782: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5701:Dart RC (2004). 5698: 5692: 5691: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071:(Free full text) 5066:. Archived from 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5027: 5020: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4926: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4630: 4621: 4620: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4557: 4544: 4543: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4490: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4439: 4424: 4423: 4390:(8–10): 727–40. 4379: 4373: 4372: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4311: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4028: 4022: 4021: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3877: 3862: 3861: 3829: 3816: 3815: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3769: 3759: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3654: 3637: 3636: 3608: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3452: 3442: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3361: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3312: 3279: 3278: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3197: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3105: 3092: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3033: 3024: 3023: 3013: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2899: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2853: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2802: 2794: 2731: 2730: 2720: 2703:(4): 1147–1177. 2688: 2682: 2681: 2671: 2662:(3): C302–C313. 2647: 2641: 2640: 2609:Chemical Reviews 2604: 2589: 2588: 2554: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2430: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2374: 2271:Second Punic War 2100:Tiberius Cavallo 2077:Joseph Priestley 2073:Herman Boerhaave 2057:investigations. 1942:Native Americans 1914:fetal hemoglobin 1709:hyperventilation 1642:Hemoglobin is a 1562:is treated with 1429: 1425: 987: 986: 830:high blood sugar 619: 615: 583:Tiberius Cavallo 528:Gasotransmitters 482:As pioneered by 431:neurotransmitter 164:Cyanide toxicity 55: 35: 34: 21: 19864: 19863: 19859: 19858: 19857: 19855: 19854: 19853: 19819:Carbon monoxide 19809: 19808: 19807: 19802: 19704: 19673: 19636: 19634: 19628: 19521: 19519: 19509: 19476: 19444: 19342: 19335: 19302: 19219:Limiting Factor 19106: 19099: 19080:Offshore survey 19054: 19031: 19010: 18910:Altitude diving 18893: 18873: 18862: 18804: 18797: 18744: 18737: 18704:Metre sea water 18695: 18688: 18675: 18654: 18638: 18607: 18576: 18515: 18501:Sunita Williams 18491:Dafydd Williams 18476:Joachim Wendler 18371:Kathleen Rubins 18366:Garrett Reisman 18311:Simone Melchior 18291:Matthias Maurer 18231:Norishige Kanai 18216:Akihiko Hoshide 18206:John Herrington 18121:Timothy Creamer 18111:Fabien Cousteau 18106:Craig B. Cooper 18081:Scott Carpenter 18076:Berry L. Cannon 18051:Robert A. Barth 18026:Joseph M. Acaba 18007: 17981:John Chatterton 17911:Graham Balcombe 17900: 17894: 17890:J. Lamar Worzel 17705:Neville Coleman 17685:Georges Beuchat 17667: 17661: 17609: 17607: 17601: 17559: 17553: 17549:Cristina Zenato 17469:Innes McCartney 17356: 17354: 17352: 17346: 17302:James F. Cahill 17274: 17264: 17243: 17212: 17129:and federations 17128: 17126: 17120: 17104: 17068: 17042: 16982: 16962: 16941: 16929: 16923: 16901: 16887: 16844: 16838: 16759: 16757: 16756:Technical diver 16751: 16733: 16731: 16725: 16545: 16543: 16541: 16535: 16504: 16502: 16496: 16479: 16473: 16439: 16437: 16431: 16372: 16370: 16368: 16357: 16336: 16301: 16241: 16239: 16237: 16226: 16198:Buddy breathing 16144: 16123:Teaching method 16037: 16026: 16007: 15992: 15976: 15930: 15903: 15897: 15819: 15796: 15737:Artur Kozłowski 15700:Maurice Fargues 15665:Berry L. Cannon 15636: 15629: 15620:Bradley Westell 15615:Joachim Wendler 15533: 15526: 15522:diving accident 15514:diving accident 15506:diving accident 15498:diving accident 15496:Stena Seaspread 15490:diving accident 15482:diving accident 15461: 15454: 15445:Nicholas Mevoli 15415: 15411:Ebenezer Watson 15389: 15368: 15339: 15315:Hans Hass Award 15303: 15282: 15277:Rainbow Warrior 15275:Sinking of the 15262: 15252: 15184: 15182: 15175: 15146:Magnesium torch 15117: 15111: 15077:Auguste Piccard 15062:John Lethbridge 14982:Georges Beuchat 14964: 14958: 14941: 14935: 14898: 14892: 14839: 14822: 14784: 14761: 14675: 14673: 14667: 14643:Neal W. Pollock 14529: 14527: 14513: 14504:Fitness to dive 14482: 14451: 14401: 14354: 14344: 14332: 14326: 14305: 14247: 14243:Oxygen toxicity 14216: 14147: 14141: 14132:Motion sickness 14113: 14102: 14100:Diving medicine 14077: 14014: 14012: 14005: 13964: 13958: 13900: 13847:Risk assessment 13837:Hazard analysis 13820: 13813: 13665: 13654: 13603: 13549:Oxygen toxicity 13455: 13448: 13400: 13379: 13362: 13356: 13304: 13298: 13230: 13223: 13164:Altitude diving 13152: 13124: 13099: 13026: 13019: 12990: 12984: 12912: 12906: 12883: 12872: 12784: 12704:Ships husbandry 12616: 12601: 12487:Royal Engineers 12402:Grup Gerak Khas 12362:Commando Hubert 12348: 12346: 12339: 12328:U.S. Navy diver 12303:Clearance diver 12284: 12277: 12185: 12164: 12118: 12092: 12044: 12000:Martin Štěpánek 11995:Aharon Solomons 11985:Stig Severinsen 11935:Stéphane Mifsud 11885:Flavia Eberhard 11860:Flavia Eberhard 11825:Derya Can Göçen 11810:Peppo Biscarini 11805:Simone Arrigoni 11800:Deborah Andollo 11788: 11730: 11701:No-limits apnea 11665:Constant weight 11640: 11563: 11542: 11492: 11453:Diver down flag 11441: 11318: 11307: 11303:Tektite habitat 11269: 11262: 11212: 11137: 11130: 11114:Oxygen analyser 11092:Helium analyzer 11036:Water separator 10994:Molecular sieve 10971: 10965: 10895: 10874: 10717: 10715: 10705: 10657: 10650: 10596:Interspiro DCSC 10532: 10470: 10463: 10396:Diving cylinder 10382: 10380: 10373: 10206: 10200: 10139: 10133: 10080:Instrumentation 10075: 10004: 9998: 9929: 9871: 9864: 9808: 9802: 9729: 9708:Basic equipment 9703: 9685: 9672: 9666:Unmanned diving 9612: 9607: 9577: 9568: 9524: 9510: 9492: 9452: 9400: 9348: 9271: 9187: 9112: 9107: 9071: 9048: 9014:Benzodiazepines 8958: 8944:Carbon monoxide 8932:Ethylene glycol 8908: 8880: 8837: 8804: 8782: 8766: 8723: 8657: 8639: 8620: 8590: 8585: 8584: 8550: 8549: 8504: 8486:Carbon Monoxide 8476: 8471: 8470: 8459: 8443: 8439: 8428: 8427: 8423: 8414: 8412: 8404: 8403: 8399: 8392: 8377:Railroad Wrecks 8372: 8368: 8360: 8358: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8337: 8335: 8325: 8321: 8310: 8294: 8287: 8256: 8252: 8207: 8203: 8166: 8162: 8141:(6): 757.e5–7. 8131: 8127: 8085: 8079: 8072: 8035: 8031: 7994: 7990: 7983: 7967: 7963: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7918:(5–6): 430–62. 7907: 7901: 7897: 7852: 7848: 7809: 7800: 7790: 7788: 7780: 7779: 7775: 7754:(1): 103.e1–3. 7744: 7740: 7709: 7705: 7674: 7670: 7621: 7617: 7601: 7600: 7594: 7592: 7577: 7573: 7538: 7534: 7503: 7499: 7468: 7464: 7433: 7429: 7390: 7386: 7363:(14): 1057–67. 7349: 7345: 7329: 7328: 7322: 7320: 7305: 7301: 7285: 7284: 7278: 7276: 7253: 7249: 7220:(8660): 414–9. 7210: 7206: 7175: 7171: 7127: 7121: 7117: 7078: 7074: 7035: 7031: 6992: 6988: 6949: 6945: 6914:(4): CD002041. 6900: 6893: 6844: 6835: 6812: 6808: 6777: 6773: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6714: 6710: 6673: 6669: 6624: 6620: 6575: 6571: 6534: 6530: 6493: 6489: 6458: 6454: 6438: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6406: 6402: 6357: 6353: 6344: 6342: 6305: 6301: 6262: 6258: 6249: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6229: 6215: 6211: 6164: 6160: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6134: 6132: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6083: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6058: 6057: 6048: 6011: 6007: 5998: 5996: 5979: 5975: 5944: 5937: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5889: 5885: 5870: 5866: 5835: 5831: 5808: 5804: 5751: 5747: 5738: 5736: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5699: 5695: 5656: 5652: 5643: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5604: 5600: 5569: 5565: 5534: 5530: 5521: 5519: 5508: 5504: 5465: 5461: 5452: 5450: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5405:(10): 1087–90. 5391: 5387: 5356: 5352: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5312: 5305: 5296: 5294: 5279: 5272: 5257: 5253: 5244: 5242: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5207:Carbon Monoxide 5203: 5199: 5168: 5164: 5125: 5121: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5058:(1225): U1725. 5044: 5040: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4978: 4971: 4962: 4960: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4860: 4856: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4732: 4728: 4705: 4701: 4684:(47): 1029–32. 4670: 4666: 4631: 4624: 4593: 4589: 4558: 4547: 4516: 4512: 4467: 4463: 4440: 4427: 4380: 4376: 4355:(21): 1426–32. 4344: 4340: 4329: 4325: 4288: 4284: 4253: 4249: 4234: 4220: 4213: 4190: 4179: 4148: 4144: 4105: 4101: 4070: 4066: 4029: 4025: 3986: 3982: 3943: 3939: 3908: 3904: 3895: 3893: 3878: 3865: 3844:(12): 1217–25. 3830: 3819: 3787: 3783: 3736: 3729: 3690: 3686: 3655: 3640: 3609: 3596: 3559: 3555: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3505: 3490: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3400:(1–2): 122–30. 3390: 3383: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3313: 3282: 3243: 3236: 3229: 3217:Raub J (1999). 3215: 3211: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3106: 3095: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3050:10.1038/nrd3228 3034: 3027: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2959: 2943: 2939: 2900: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2870: 2854: 2847: 2833: 2831: 2795: 2734: 2689: 2685: 2648: 2644: 2605: 2592: 2577: 2555: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2489: 2473: 2466: 2431: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2375: 2350: 2345: 2287:As part of the 2259: 2253: 2234: 2228: 2218: 2193: 2185:Josef von Fodor 2150: 2112:factitious airs 2032:Edgar Allan Poe 1969:Greek mythology 1922: 1898: 1890:cerebral cortex 1878:globus pallidus 1809: 1793:lactic acidosis 1773: 1746: 1629: 1623: 1593: 1591:Pathophysiology 1540:pulmonary edema 1532: 1498: 1454:1 hours 20 min 1446:5 hours 20 min 1435: 1424: 1400:lactic acidosis 1366: 1326: 1273: 1243: 1234: 1201:smoke detectors 1173: 1160: 1148:paint strippers 1144:dichloromethane 1094:vehicle exhaust 1080: 1026:100 to 200 ppm 985: 947: 934: 932:Fatal poisoning 911:atherosclerosis 903: 838:muscle necrosis 834:lactic acidosis 826:pulmonary edema 802:unconsciousness 758:fast heart rate 754:gastroenteritis 710: 708:Acute poisoning 603: 567:factitious airs 558: 544:and eventually 530: 524: 435:gasotransmitter 423: 399:ancient history 379:supportive care 371:exhaust systems 356:clinical trials 337:Cytochrome P450 254:carbon monoxide 204:Supportive care 194:exhaust systems 152: 151:3% (nonsmokers) 150: 135:carbon monoxide 61:Carbon monoxide 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19862: 19852: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19804: 19803: 19801: 19800: 19788: 19776: 19769: 19762: 19754: 19742: 19730: 19717: 19714: 19713: 19710: 19709: 19706: 19705: 19703: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19681: 19679: 19675: 19674: 19672: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19646: 19640: 19638: 19635:facilities for 19630: 19629: 19627: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19611: 19606: 19601: 19596: 19591: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19571: 19566: 19561: 19556: 19551: 19546: 19541: 19536: 19531: 19525: 19523: 19515: 19514: 19511: 19510: 19508: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19486: 19484: 19475: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19458: 19456: 19450: 19449: 19446: 19445: 19443: 19442: 19437: 19435:Type 7103 DSRV 19432: 19427: 19422: 19414: 19413: 19412: 19407: 19394: 19389: 19388: 19387: 19379: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19347: 19345: 19343:rescue vehicle 19334: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19312: 19310: 19304: 19303: 19301: 19300: 19292: 19284: 19276: 19268: 19260: 19252: 19244: 19237: 19230: 19222: 19215: 19207: 19200: 19193: 19186: 19179: 19178: 19177: 19170: 19162: 19154: 19149: 19144: 19132: 19127: 19119: 19111: 19109: 19098: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19076: 19075: 19065: 19059: 19056: 19055: 19045: 19044: 19041: 19040: 19037: 19036: 19033: 19032: 19030: 19029: 19024: 19018: 19016: 19012: 19011: 19009: 19008: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18992: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18980: 18979: 18964: 18963: 18962: 18957: 18947: 18942: 18937: 18935:Inshore diving 18932: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18907: 18901: 18899: 18898:Classification 18892: 18891: 18890: 18889: 18878: 18876: 18868: 18867: 18864: 18863: 18861: 18860: 18855: 18850: 18845: 18844: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18809: 18807: 18796: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18749: 18747: 18739: 18738: 18736: 18735: 18734: 18733: 18723: 18722: 18721: 18711: 18706: 18700: 18698: 18687: 18686: 18680: 18677: 18676: 18664: 18663: 18660: 18659: 18656: 18655: 18653: 18652: 18646: 18644: 18640: 18639: 18637: 18636: 18631: 18629:Sydney Knowles 18626: 18621: 18615: 18613: 18609: 18608: 18606: 18605: 18603:John Volanthen 18600: 18595: 18593:Richard Harris 18590: 18584: 18582: 18578: 18577: 18575: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18562:Trevor Jackson 18559: 18557:Hillary Hauser 18554: 18549: 18544: 18539: 18537:Philippe Diolé 18534: 18529: 18523: 18521: 18517: 18516: 18514: 18513: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18473: 18468: 18466:Shannon Walker 18463: 18461:Rex J. Walheim 18458: 18453: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18436:Daniel M. Tani 18433: 18428: 18423: 18421:Hervé Stevenin 18418: 18416:Robert Sténuit 18413: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18388: 18383: 18378: 18376:Dick Rutkowski 18373: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18356:Thomas Pesquet 18353: 18348: 18343: 18341:Luca Parmitano 18338: 18333: 18331:John D. Olivas 18328: 18323: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18301:Craig McKinley 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18223: 18218: 18213: 18208: 18203: 18198: 18193: 18191:Chris Hadfield 18188: 18183: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18161:Michael Fincke 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18091:Steve Chappell 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18028: 18023: 18017: 18015: 18009: 18008: 18006: 18005: 18004: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17970: 17969: 17968: 17960: 17959: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17904: 17902: 17896: 17895: 17893: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17865:Albert Tillman 17862: 17860:Valerie Taylor 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17735:Candice Farmer 17732: 17730:David Doubilet 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17680:Tamara Benitez 17677: 17671: 17669: 17663: 17662: 17660: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17634: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17617:Samir Alhafith 17613: 17611: 17610:and presenters 17603: 17602: 17600: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17567:Pascal Bernabé 17563: 17561: 17555: 17554: 17552: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17539:Robert Sténuit 17536: 17531: 17526: 17521: 17519:Gunter Schöbel 17516: 17511: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17479:Mark M. Newell 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17459:Robert F. Marx 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17424:Anders Franzén 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17369:Robert Ballard 17366: 17360: 17358: 17348: 17347: 17345: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17332:Dick Rutkowski 17329: 17324: 17322:Trevor Hampton 17319: 17317:Dottie Frazier 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17278: 17276: 17266: 17265: 17253: 17252: 17249: 17248: 17245: 17244: 17242: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17220: 17218: 17214: 17213: 17211: 17210: 17209: 17208: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17149: 17148: 17147: 17141: 17135:International 17132: 17130: 17122: 17121: 17119: 17118: 17112: 17110: 17106: 17105: 17103: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17076: 17074: 17070: 17069: 17067: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17050: 17048: 17044: 17043: 17041: 17040: 17035: 17034: 17033: 17028: 17018: 17017: 17016: 17011: 17001: 16996: 16990: 16988: 16984: 16983: 16981: 16980: 16974: 16972: 16964: 16963: 16951: 16950: 16947: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16940: 16939: 16933: 16931: 16928:Military diver 16925: 16924: 16922: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16905: 16903: 16900:Military diver 16897: 16896: 16893: 16892: 16889: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16879: 16873: 16867: 16861: 16855: 16848: 16846: 16837: 16836: 16830: 16824: 16818: 16812: 16806: 16800: 16794: 16788: 16782: 16776: 16770: 16763: 16761: 16753: 16752: 16750: 16749: 16744: 16737: 16735: 16727: 16726: 16724: 16723: 16718: 16712: 16706: 16700: 16694: 16688: 16682: 16676: 16670: 16664: 16658: 16652: 16646: 16640: 16634: 16628: 16622: 16616: 16610: 16604: 16598: 16592: 16586: 16580: 16574: 16568: 16562: 16556: 16549: 16547: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16533: 16527: 16521: 16515: 16508: 16506: 16498: 16497: 16495: 16494: 16489: 16483: 16481: 16475: 16474: 16472: 16471: 16466: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16443: 16441: 16430: 16429: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16407: 16402: 16396: 16390: 16384: 16377: 16375: 16367:Diver training 16363: 16362: 16359: 16358: 16356: 16355: 16350: 16344: 16342: 16338: 16337: 16335: 16334: 16333: 16332: 16322: 16321: 16320: 16309: 16307: 16303: 16302: 16300: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16253: 16251: 16244: 16232: 16231: 16228: 16227: 16225: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16213: 16212: 16211: 16210: 16200: 16190: 16185: 16184: 16183: 16178: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16152: 16150: 16143: 16142: 16141: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16120: 16119: 16118: 16113: 16103: 16102: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16062: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16042: 16040: 16028: 16027: 16017: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16009: 16008: 16006: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15994: 15993: 15991: 15990: 15984: 15982: 15978: 15977: 15975: 15974: 15967: 15960: 15953: 15946: 15938: 15936: 15932: 15931: 15929: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15907: 15905: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15895: 15888: 15881: 15874: 15867: 15860: 15853: 15846: 15839: 15831: 15829: 15821: 15820: 15810: 15809: 15806: 15805: 15802: 15801: 15798: 15797: 15795: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15747:Kirsty MacColl 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15723: 15722: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15680:E. Yale Dawson 15677: 15672: 15670:Cotton Coulson 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15641: 15639: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15581: 15580: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15539: 15537: 15528: 15527: 15525: 15524: 15516: 15512:Waage Drill II 15508: 15500: 15492: 15484: 15476: 15472:Byford Dolphin 15467: 15465: 15456: 15455: 15453: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15430:Stephen Keenan 15426: 15424: 15417: 15416: 15414: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15397: 15395: 15391: 15390: 15388: 15387: 15382: 15376: 15374: 15370: 15369: 15367: 15366: 15361:Sinking of MV 15357: 15355: 15345: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15311: 15309: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15301: 15296: 15290: 15288: 15284: 15283: 15281: 15280: 15272: 15266: 15264: 15258: 15257: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15189: 15187: 15174: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15135: 15127: 15121: 15119: 15113: 15112: 15110: 15109: 15107:Jacques Triger 15104: 15099: 15097:Augustus Siebe 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15057:Yves Le Prieur 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14997:John R. Clarke 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14968: 14966: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14956: 14951: 14945: 14943: 14940:Underwater art 14937: 14936: 14934: 14933: 14926: 14919: 14911: 14902: 14900: 14891: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14828: 14827: 14824: 14823: 14821: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14789: 14786: 14785: 14775: 14774: 14771: 14770: 14767: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14760: 14759: 14753: 14747: 14741: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14709: 14703: 14697: 14691: 14685: 14679: 14677: 14672:Diving medical 14669: 14668: 14666: 14665: 14663:Jacques Triger 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14638:Charles Momsen 14635: 14633:Simon Mitchell 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14578:John R. Clarke 14575: 14570: 14568:Alf O. Brubakk 14565: 14560: 14558:George F. Bond 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14534: 14532: 14526:Researchers in 14519: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14490: 14488: 14484: 14483: 14481: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14459: 14457: 14453: 14452: 14450: 14449: 14444: 14442:Oxygen therapy 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14413: 14411: 14407: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14358: 14356: 14350: 14349: 14346: 14345: 14343: 14342: 14336: 14334: 14328: 14327: 14325: 14324: 14319: 14313: 14311: 14310:Carbon dioxide 14307: 14306: 14304: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14261: 14255: 14253: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14224: 14222: 14215: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14198: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14162: 14157: 14151: 14149: 14140: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14118: 14116: 14104: 14103: 14091: 14090: 14087: 14086: 14083: 14082: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14019: 14017: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14003: 14002: 14001: 13991: 13990: 13989: 13984: 13974: 13968: 13966: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13956: 13954:Stand-by diver 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13910: 13908: 13899: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13881:Permit To Work 13878: 13876:Lockout–tagout 13873: 13868: 13867: 13866: 13856: 13851: 13850: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13831: 13825: 13823: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13774:Doing It Right 13771: 13769:Diver training 13766: 13761: 13756: 13755: 13754: 13749: 13747:Rule of thirds 13739: 13734: 13729: 13728: 13727: 13722: 13717: 13707: 13706: 13705: 13695: 13694: 13693: 13683: 13682: 13681: 13670: 13668: 13660: 13659: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13611: 13609: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13563: 13562: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13530:Physiological 13528: 13527: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13503: 13502: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13466: 13460: 13458: 13447: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13405: 13402: 13401: 13389: 13388: 13385: 13384: 13381: 13380: 13378: 13377: 13372: 13366: 13364: 13358: 13357: 13355: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13308: 13306: 13303:Diving tourism 13300: 13299: 13297: 13296: 13290: 13284: 13278: 13272: 13266: 13260: 13254: 13248: 13242: 13235: 13233: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13160: 13158: 13151: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13129: 13126: 13125: 13113: 13112: 13109: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13101: 13100: 13098: 13097: 13096: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13072: 13071: 13070: 13062: 13061: 13060: 13055: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13031: 13029: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13015: 13010: 13008:Hawaiian sling 13000: 12994: 12992: 12986: 12985: 12983: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12956: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12916: 12914: 12908: 12907: 12905: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12888: 12886: 12878: 12877: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12870: 12863: 12855: 12847: 12840: 12833: 12825: 12817: 12810: 12803: 12794: 12792: 12790:Salvage diving 12783: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12771: 12770: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12670: 12669: 12664: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12635:Diver training 12632: 12627: 12621: 12619: 12611: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12353: 12351: 12338: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12330: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12289: 12287: 12276: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12219: 12218: 12213: 12203: 12197: 12195: 12187: 12186: 12174: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12165: 12163: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12126: 12124: 12120: 12119: 12117: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12073: 12063: 12058: 12052: 12050: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12010:Tanya Streeter 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11965:Herbert Nitsch 11962: 11960:Guillaume Néry 11957: 11955:Patrick Musimu 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11930:Kate Middleton 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11865:Şahika Ercümen 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11796: 11794: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11786: 11784:Water polo cap 11781: 11780: 11779: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11752:Hawaiian sling 11749: 11744: 11738: 11736: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11715: 11710: 11704: 11698: 11695:Free immersion 11692: 11686: 11680: 11674: 11668: 11659: 11654: 11648: 11646: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11575: 11573: 11565: 11564: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11533: 11523: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11511: 11500: 11498: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11449: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11437:VideoRay UROVs 11434: 11429: 11427:SJT-class ROUV 11424: 11419: 11414: 11412:Seabed tractor 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11382:Mini Rover ROV 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11327:8A4-class ROUV 11323: 11321: 11313: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11274: 11272: 11261: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11248: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11193:Diving chamber 11190: 11189: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11142: 11140: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11128: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11104: 11094: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11050: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 11002: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10979:Air filtration 10975: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10956:Messenger line 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10907: 10905: 10897: 10896: 10884: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10800:Maurice Fernez 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10721: 10719: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10542: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10529: 10528: 10526:Sling cylinder 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10504:Scuba manifold 10496: 10491: 10486: 10484:Bailout bottle 10475: 10473: 10462: 10461: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10432: 10422: 10421: 10420: 10418:Reclaim helmet 10410: 10409: 10408: 10403: 10393: 10387: 10385: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10347:Diving compass 10344: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10295:Bailout bottle 10292: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10271: 10270: 10260: 10255: 10254: 10253: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10227: 10226: 10221: 10210: 10208: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10187: 10186: 10181: 10171: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10149: 10143: 10141: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10083: 10081: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10064:Full-face mask 10061: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10037:Reclaim helmet 10034: 10029: 10024: 10014: 10008: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9994: 9992:Hot-water suit 9989: 9979: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9939: 9937: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9876: 9874: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9821:Power inflator 9812: 9810: 9809:trim equipment 9804: 9803: 9801: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9739: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9711: 9709: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9623: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9606: 9605: 9598: 9591: 9583: 9574: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9554: 9542: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9464: 9462: 9458: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9448:Mycotoxicology 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9408: 9406: 9405:Related topics 9402: 9401: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9362: 9360: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9344:Tick paralysis 9341: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9311:Scorpion venom 9308: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9287: 9281: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9243: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9198: 9196: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9137: 9135: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9085: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9058: 9056: 9054:Cardiovascular 9050: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8990: 8988: 8979: 8977:Drug overdoses 8970: 8968:Pharmaceutical 8964: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8916: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8890: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8860: 8858: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8814: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8674: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8619: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8587: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8571: 8569:article/819987 8559: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8536: 8521: 8505: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496:Classification 8490: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8474:External links 8472: 8469: 8468: 8458:978-0313346422 8457: 8437: 8421: 8397: 8390: 8366: 8344: 8319: 8309:978-0849384189 8308: 8285: 8266:(6): 1448–52. 8250: 8221:(5): 399–401. 8201: 8160: 8125: 8070: 8029: 7988: 7981: 7961: 7895: 7866:(10): 708–11. 7846: 7798: 7773: 7738: 7703: 7668: 7665:on 2012-07-07. 7635:(10): 1051–5. 7615: 7571: 7532: 7497: 7462: 7427: 7384: 7343: 7299: 7247: 7204: 7169: 7115: 7072: 7029: 6986: 6943: 6891: 6869:1959.13/936317 6833: 6822:(11): 1011–4. 6806: 6771: 6733: 6727:978-1402043765 6726: 6708: 6667: 6618: 6569: 6542:Anesthesiology 6528: 6487: 6452: 6400: 6351: 6319:(8): 1388–93. 6299: 6256: 6243: 6234: 6228:978-0721654850 6227: 6209: 6158: 6141: 6112: 6090: 6065: 6046: 6005: 5973: 5935: 5883: 5864: 5829: 5802: 5745: 5718: 5712:978-0781728454 5711: 5693: 5650: 5625: 5614:(49): 1105–8. 5598: 5563: 5528: 5502: 5475:(6): e1035-8. 5459: 5434: 5385: 5350: 5343:. 2015-07-18. 5328: 5303: 5270: 5251: 5222: 5216:978-0309026314 5215: 5197: 5178:(1–3): 88–94. 5162: 5119: 5076: 5073:on 2011-07-14. 5038: 5007: 4969: 4941: 4938:on 2015-03-12. 4913: 4910:on 2015-09-24. 4889: 4854: 4811: 4786: 4761: 4726: 4699: 4664: 4645:(22): 1603–8. 4622: 4603:(14): 1105–6. 4587: 4545: 4510: 4481:(9134): 1154. 4461: 4425: 4374: 4338: 4323: 4282: 4247: 4233:978-9185971213 4232: 4211: 4177: 4158:(12): 1163–7. 4142: 4099: 4064: 4043:(4): 398–402. 4023: 3980: 3937: 3902: 3863: 3817: 3798:(4): 797–801. 3781: 3727: 3684: 3638: 3594: 3553: 3514: 3488: 3466: 3459: 3427: 3381: 3332: 3326:978-0071360012 3325: 3280: 3253:(7): 411–425. 3234: 3228:978-9241572132 3227: 3209: 3168: 3143: 3093: 3071: 3025: 2976: 2958:978-0323448383 2957: 2937: 2887: 2869:978-0849384189 2868: 2845: 2732: 2683: 2642: 2590: 2576:978-0444626271 2575: 2540: 2527:978-1405103572 2526: 2506: 2488:978-1284107272 2487: 2464: 2400: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2282:slaughterhouse 2255:Main article: 2252: 2249: 2217: 2214: 2201:hydrocarbonate 2192: 2189: 2149: 2146: 2135:Claude Bernard 2092:Thomas Beddoes 2088:hydrocarbonate 2055:Carrie Poppy's 2020:Empress Fausta 2016:Emperor Jovian 1983:circa 130 AD. 1921: 1918: 1897: 1894: 1808: 1805: 1772: 1769: 1765:brain ischemia 1757:cardiac output 1745: 1742: 1713:chemoreceptors 1668:layman's terms 1664:Haldane effect 1655:red blood cell 1633:heme oxygenase 1625:Main article: 1622: 1619: 1592: 1589: 1577:cardiac arrest 1531: 1528: 1497: 1494: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1423: 1420: 1365: 1362: 1353:pulse oximeter 1349:pulse oximeter 1325: 1322: 1312:in the blood. 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1218: 1215: 1172: 1169: 1159: 1156: 1133:Trimdon Grange 1078: 1075:carbon dioxide 1065: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1006: 999: 995: 994: 991: 990:Concentration 984: 981: 946: 943: 933: 930: 902: 899: 890:depressed mood 778:hallucinations 750:food poisoning 709: 706: 703: 702: 699: 695: 694: 691: 687: 686: 683: 679: 678: 671: 667: 666: 663: 659: 658: 655: 651: 650: 647: 643: 642: 639: 635: 634: 631: 627: 626: 623: 622:Concentration 602: 599: 575:Thomas Beddoes 571:hydrocarbonate 557: 554: 538:protoporphyrin 534:heme oxygenase 526:Main article: 523: 520: 516:metabolic rate 500:cardiac output 484:Esther Killick 469:hypoxic injury 459:which affects 422: 419: 415:Claude Bernard 411:hydrocarbonate 407:Thomas Beddoes 386:emergency room 367:gas appliances 319:from carrying 301:motor vehicles 297:organic matter 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 215: 214: 201: 197: 196: 190:gas appliances 183: 179: 178: 161: 155: 154: 144: 138: 137: 128: 124: 123: 110: 104: 103: 86: 80: 79: 70: 64: 63: 57: 56: 48: 47: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19861: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19816: 19814: 19799: 19798: 19793: 19789: 19787: 19786: 19777: 19775: 19774: 19770: 19768: 19767: 19763: 19761: 19760: 19755: 19753: 19752: 19743: 19741: 19740: 19731: 19729: 19728: 19719: 19718: 19715: 19701: 19700:Seabed mining 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19682: 19680: 19676: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19641: 19639: 19631: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19545: 19542: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19530: 19527: 19526: 19524: 19516: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19487: 19485: 19483: 19479: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19459: 19457: 19455: 19451: 19441: 19438: 19436: 19433: 19431: 19428: 19426: 19423: 19421: 19420: 19415: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19402: 19401: 19399: 19395: 19393: 19390: 19386: 19385: 19380: 19378: 19377: 19372: 19371: 19370: 19368: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19348: 19346: 19344: 19338: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19313: 19311: 19309: 19305: 19299: 19298: 19293: 19291: 19290: 19285: 19283: 19282: 19277: 19275: 19274: 19269: 19267: 19266: 19261: 19259: 19258: 19253: 19251: 19249: 19245: 19243: 19242: 19238: 19236: 19235: 19231: 19229: 19228: 19223: 19221: 19220: 19216: 19214: 19212: 19208: 19206: 19205: 19201: 19199: 19198: 19194: 19192: 19191: 19187: 19185: 19184: 19180: 19176: 19175: 19171: 19169: 19167: 19163: 19161: 19159: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19142: 19138: 19137: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19125: 19120: 19118: 19117: 19113: 19112: 19110: 19108: 19102: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19074: 19071: 19070: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19060: 19057: 19050: 19046: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19019: 19017: 19013: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18978: 18975: 18974: 18973: 18970: 18969: 18968: 18965: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18952: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18930:Inland diving 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18911: 18908: 18906: 18903: 18902: 18900: 18896: 18888: 18885: 18884: 18883: 18880: 18879: 18877: 18875: 18869: 18859: 18856: 18854: 18853:Oxygen window 18851: 18849: 18846: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18813: 18811: 18810: 18808: 18806: 18803:Decompression 18800: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18763:Diving reflex 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18750: 18748: 18746: 18740: 18732: 18729: 18728: 18727: 18724: 18720: 18717: 18716: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18701: 18699: 18697: 18691: 18685: 18682: 18681: 18678: 18674: 18669: 18665: 18651: 18648: 18647: 18645: 18641: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18616: 18614: 18610: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18588:Craig Challen 18586: 18585: 18583: 18579: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18558: 18555: 18553: 18550: 18548: 18545: 18543: 18540: 18538: 18535: 18533: 18530: 18528: 18525: 18524: 18522: 18518: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18486:Peggy Whitson 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18456:Koichi Wakata 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18441:Robert Thirsk 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18431:James Talacek 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18406:Steve Squyres 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18396:Robert Sheats 18394: 18392: 18389: 18387: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18374: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18336:Takuya Onishi 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18281:Sandra Magnus 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18261:Jon Lindbergh 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18251:Timothy Kopra 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18221:Mark Hulsbeck 18219: 18217: 18214: 18212: 18209: 18207: 18204: 18202: 18199: 18197: 18196:Jeremy Hansen 18194: 18192: 18189: 18187: 18184: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18141:Jeanette Epps 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18126:Jonathan Dory 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18018: 18016: 18014: 18010: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17986:Clive Cussler 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17973: 17971: 17967: 17964: 17963: 17961: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17951:Jack Sheppard 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17931:Jill Heinerth 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17908: 17906: 17905: 17903: 17897: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17875:Stan Waterman 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17845:E. Lee Spence 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17830:Peter Scoones 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17795:Agnes Milowka 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17755:Stephen Frink 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17715:John D. Craig 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17695:Jonathan Bird 17693: 17691: 17690:Adrian Biddle 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17672: 17670: 17668:photographers 17664: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17637:Richie Kohler 17635: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17614: 17612: 17604: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17564: 17562: 17556: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17534:E. Lee Spence 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17514:Margaret Rule 17512: 17510: 17507: 17505: 17502: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17444:Graham Jessop 17442: 17440: 17439:David Gibbins 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17399:Eugenie Clark 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17361: 17359: 17349: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17279: 17277: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17258: 17254: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17221: 17219: 17215: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17136: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17127:organisations 17123: 17117: 17114: 17113: 17111: 17107: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17083: 17081: 17078: 17077: 17075: 17071: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17051: 17049: 17045: 17039: 17036: 17032: 17031:United States 17029: 17027: 17024: 17023: 17022: 17019: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17006: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16985: 16979: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16969: 16965: 16961: 16956: 16952: 16938: 16935: 16934: 16932: 16926: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16898: 16883: 16880: 16877: 16874: 16871: 16868: 16865: 16862: 16859: 16856: 16853: 16850: 16849: 16847: 16841: 16834: 16831: 16828: 16825: 16822: 16819: 16816: 16813: 16810: 16807: 16804: 16801: 16798: 16795: 16792: 16789: 16786: 16783: 16780: 16777: 16774: 16771: 16768: 16765: 16764: 16762: 16758:certification 16754: 16748: 16745: 16742: 16739: 16738: 16736: 16732:certification 16728: 16722: 16719: 16716: 16713: 16710: 16707: 16704: 16701: 16698: 16695: 16692: 16689: 16686: 16683: 16680: 16677: 16674: 16671: 16668: 16665: 16662: 16659: 16656: 16653: 16650: 16647: 16644: 16641: 16638: 16635: 16632: 16629: 16626: 16623: 16620: 16617: 16614: 16611: 16608: 16605: 16602: 16599: 16596: 16593: 16590: 16587: 16584: 16581: 16578: 16575: 16572: 16569: 16566: 16563: 16560: 16557: 16554: 16551: 16550: 16548: 16544:certification 16538: 16531: 16528: 16525: 16522: 16519: 16516: 16513: 16510: 16509: 16507: 16503:certification 16499: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16484: 16482: 16476: 16470: 16467: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16442: 16438:certification 16434: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16400: 16397: 16394: 16391: 16388: 16385: 16382: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16374: 16373:organisations 16369:certification 16364: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16345: 16343: 16339: 16331: 16328: 16327: 16326: 16323: 16319: 16316: 16315: 16314: 16311: 16310: 16308: 16304: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240:certification 16233: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16209: 16206: 16205: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16195: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16173: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16153: 16151: 16147: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16128:Muscle memory 16126: 16125: 16124: 16121: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16108: 16107: 16104: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16079: 16077: 16076:Diving school 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16046: 16044: 16043: 16041: 16039: 16033: 16029: 16022: 16018: 16004: 16003: 16001: 15999: 15995: 15989: 15986: 15985: 15983: 15979: 15973: 15972: 15968: 15966: 15965: 15964:Shadow Divers 15961: 15959: 15958: 15957:The Last Dive 15954: 15952: 15951: 15947: 15945: 15944: 15940: 15939: 15937: 15933: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15908: 15906: 15902:Standards and 15900: 15894: 15893: 15889: 15887: 15886: 15882: 15880: 15879: 15875: 15873: 15872: 15868: 15866: 15865: 15861: 15859: 15858: 15854: 15852: 15851: 15847: 15845: 15844: 15840: 15838: 15837: 15833: 15832: 15830: 15826: 15822: 15815: 15811: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15752:Agnes Milowka 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15721: 15718: 15717: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15638: 15632: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15579: 15576: 15575: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15543:Roger Baldwin 15541: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15529: 15523: 15521: 15517: 15515: 15513: 15509: 15507: 15505: 15501: 15499: 15497: 15493: 15491: 15489: 15485: 15483: 15481: 15477: 15475: 15473: 15469: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15457: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15440:Audrey Mestre 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15418: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15398: 15396: 15392: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15377: 15375: 15373:Diver rescues 15371: 15365: 15364: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15349: 15346: 15342: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15306: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15289: 15285: 15279: 15278: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15267: 15265: 15259: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15208:Human torpedo 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15190: 15188: 15186: 15178: 15172: 15171:Vintage scuba 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15141: 15136: 15134: 15133: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15122: 15120: 15114: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14977:William Beebe 14975: 14973: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14965:and inventors 14961: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14946: 14944: 14938: 14932: 14931: 14927: 14925: 14924: 14920: 14918: 14917: 14912: 14910: 14909: 14904: 14903: 14901: 14897:Archeological 14895: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14845: 14842: 14838: 14833: 14829: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14790: 14787: 14780: 14776: 14757: 14754: 14751: 14748: 14745: 14742: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14713: 14710: 14707: 14704: 14701: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14676:organisations 14670: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14531: 14523: 14520: 14516: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14485: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14454: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14408: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14359: 14357: 14351: 14341: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14331:Breathing gas 14329: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14308: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14250: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14225: 14223: 14219: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14180:Barodontalgia 14178: 14176: 14175:Aerosinusitis 14173: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14160:Barostriction 14158: 14156: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14144: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14119: 14117: 14115: 14109: 14105: 14101: 14096: 14092: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14018: 14016: 14008: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13995: 13992: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13979: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13961: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13911: 13909: 13907: 13903: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13816: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13744: 13743: 13742:Dive planning 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13732:Dive briefing 13730: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13718: 13716: 13713: 13712: 13711: 13710:Decompression 13708: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13699: 13696: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13687: 13684: 13680: 13677: 13676: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13667: 13661: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13606: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13592:Trait anxiety 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13569: 13568: 13567: 13564: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13539:Decompression 13537: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13506: 13504: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13471: 13470: 13469:Environmental 13467: 13465: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13457: 13451: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13406: 13403: 13399: 13398:Diving safety 13394: 13390: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13363:and festivals 13361:Diving events 13359: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13342:Shark tourism 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13307: 13301: 13294: 13291: 13288: 13285: 13282: 13279: 13276: 13273: 13270: 13267: 13264: 13261: 13258: 13255: 13252: 13249: 13246: 13243: 13240: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13231:organisations 13226: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13155: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13130: 13127: 13123: 13118: 13114: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13063: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13050: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13028: 13022: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12993: 12987: 12981: 12980:Water jetting 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12970:Thermal lance 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12938: 12937: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12917: 12915: 12909: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12889: 12887: 12885: 12879: 12869: 12868: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12854: 12853: 12848: 12846: 12845: 12841: 12839: 12838: 12834: 12832: 12831: 12826: 12824: 12823: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12811: 12809: 12808: 12804: 12802: 12801: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12791: 12787: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12709:Sponge diving 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12684:Police diving 12682: 12680: 12679:Pearl hunting 12677: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12647:Hazmat diving 12645: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12612: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12572:US Navy SEALs 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12422:JW Komandosów 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12342: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12280: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12179: 12175: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12123:Organisations 12121: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12047: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12030:Danai Varveri 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11980:Annelie Pompe 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11920:Audrey Mestre 11918: 11916: 11915:Jacques Mayol 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11880:Pierre Frolla 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11820:Sara Campbell 11818: 11816: 11815:Michael Board 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11791: 11785: 11782: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11725: 11722: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11708: 11705: 11702: 11699: 11696: 11693: 11690: 11687: 11684: 11683:Dynamic apnea 11681: 11678: 11675: 11672: 11669: 11666: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11657:Vertical Blue 11655: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11600: 11599:Pearl hunting 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11557: 11553: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11506: 11505: 11504:Diving spread 11502: 11501: 11499: 11495: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11392:ROV KIEL 6000 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11314: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11265: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11252: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11163: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11136:Decompression 11133: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11112: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11054: 11051: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10981: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10970:Breathing gas 10968: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10926:Diving ladder 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10889: 10885: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10750:René Cavalero 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10718:manufacturers 10712: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10653: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10551:Carleton CDBA 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10466: 10460: 10457: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10426: 10423: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10414: 10413:Diving helmet 10411: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10376: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10342:Distance line 10340: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10324:Safety helmet 10322: 10320: 10319:Rescue tether 10317: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10300: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10290:Bailout block 10288: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10251:Diver's knife 10249: 10248: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10203: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10097:Dive computer 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10032:Orinasal mask 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10019: 10018: 10017:Diving helmet 10015: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10001: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9920:Jersey upline 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9900:Dive computer 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9870:Decompression 9867: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9843:Ankle weights 9841: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9805: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9753:Breathing air 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9735:Breathing gas 9732: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9679: 9675: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9599: 9597: 9592: 9590: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9565: 9564: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461:Miscellaneous 9459: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9443:Deadly fungus 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9403: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9345: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9316:Charybdotoxin 9314: 9313: 9312: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9274: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9207:Batrachotoxin 9205: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9190: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9109: 9104:Megavitamin-B 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8818:Sulfuric acid 8816: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8610: 8605: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8542: 8541: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8503: 8498: 8494: 8487: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8441: 8433: 8432: 8425: 8411: 8407: 8401: 8393: 8391:0-8453-4844-2 8387: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8370: 8356: 8355: 8348: 8334: 8330: 8323: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8292: 8290: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8121: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8075: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8008:(4): 506–11. 8007: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7965: 7951:on 2011-07-08 7947: 7943: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7684:(4): 273–80. 7683: 7679: 7672: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7611: 7605: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7575: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7333: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7289: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7185:(4): 474–80. 7184: 7180: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7138:(5): 203–10. 7137: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6752:(3): 233–43. 6751: 6747: 6740: 6738: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6589:(11): 886–7. 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6468:(4): 389–91. 6467: 6463: 6456: 6448: 6442: 6427: 6423: 6420:(2): 107–11. 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6341:on 2019-12-16 6340: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6247: 6238: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6154: 6153: 6145: 6131:on 2013-03-05 6130: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6080:on 2013-05-02 6079: 6075: 6069: 6061: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5940: 5931: 5925: 5910: 5906: 5903:(2): 145–51. 5902: 5898: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5818:(2): 104–12. 5817: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5666:(5): 403–23. 5665: 5661: 5654: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5544:(4): 538–40. 5543: 5539: 5532: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5308: 5293:on 2008-12-25 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5263:. Dordrecht: 5262: 5255: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5135:(2): 137–41. 5134: 5130: 5123: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5092:(8): 818–26. 5091: 5087: 5080: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5042: 5024: 5017: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4988:(5): 659–63. 4987: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4959:on 2009-04-09 4958: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4906: 4899: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4827:(3): 248–54. 4826: 4822: 4815: 4801:on 2011-12-12 4800: 4796: 4790: 4776:on 2012-04-26 4775: 4771: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3750:(3): 253–61. 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3665:(6): 613–29. 3664: 3660: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3619:(1): 99–125. 3618: 3614: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3534:(6): 538–42. 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3386: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3352:(4): 649–58. 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3239: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3158:on 2008-05-28 3157: 3153: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3044:(9): 728–43. 3043: 3039: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910:(2): 139–50. 2909: 2905: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2840:ScienceDirect 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2529: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2510: 2494: 2490: 2484: 2480: 2479: 2471: 2469: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445:(4): 537–48. 2444: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2340: 2338: 2337:Exhaust fumes 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2251:Weaponization 2248: 2246: 2241: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2210: 2209:Samuel Witter 2206: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2131:Adrien Chenot 2128: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2049:experiences, 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874:basal ganglia 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849:demyelination 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829:peroxynitrite 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:carbonic acid 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1605:mitochondrial 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1502: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480:shortens the 1479: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1289: 1282: 1277: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1238: 1229: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185:public health 1177: 1164: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1113:pickup trucks 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033:central area 1032: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1010:0.5 to 5 ppm 1009: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 989: 988: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 955: 953: 952:space heaters 942: 940: 929: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 907: 898: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786:unsteady gait 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 714: 700: 697: 696: 692: 689: 688: 684: 681: 680: 676: 672: 669: 668: 664: 661: 660: 656: 653: 652: 648: 645: 644: 640: 637: 636: 632: 629: 628: 624: 621: 620: 614: 612: 608: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 529: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 447: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 395:power outages 392: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 347: 345: 342: 341:mitochondrial 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 220: 216: 213: 209: 205: 202: 198: 195: 191: 188:, venting of 187: 184: 180: 177: 173: 169: 165: 162: 160: 156: 153:10% (smokers) 148: 145: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 114: 111: 109: 108:Complications 105: 102: 98: 94: 90: 87: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 69: 65: 62: 58: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 19795: 19783: 19771: 19764: 19756: 19749: 19737: 19725: 19500:Steinke hood 19462:Escape trunk 19418: 19397: 19383: 19375: 19366: 19296: 19288: 19281:Shinkai 6500 19280: 19273:Shinkai 2000 19272: 19264: 19256: 19247: 19240: 19233: 19226: 19218: 19210: 19203: 19196: 19189: 19182: 19173: 19165: 19157: 19140: 19123: 19115: 18989:Wreck diving 18945:Night diving 18874:environments 18650:Keith Jessop 18619:Lionel Crabb 18598:Rick Stanton 18572:John Mattera 18552:Bob Halstead 18547:Bret Gilliam 18542:Gary Gentile 18532:Victor Berge 18506:Reid Wiseman 18426:Nicole Stott 18391:Josef Schmid 18381:Tara Ruttley 18326:Karen Nyberg 18306:Jessica Meir 18186:David Gruber 18151:Albert Falco 18136:Sylvia Earle 18071:Justin Brown 17976:Leigh Bishop 17835:Brian Skerry 17820:Pierre Petit 17810:Steve Parish 17800:Noel Monkman 17780:Rudie Kuiter 17760:Peter Gimbel 17657:Andrew Wight 17577:Mark Ellyatt 17558:Scuba record 17499:Richard Pyle 17409:Sylvia Earle 17394:Cathy Church 17389:Hugh Bradner 17384:Louis Boutan 17379:Mensun Bound 17217:Competitions 17085:Sport diving 16994:Spearfishing 16540:Recreational 16348:Rescue Diver 16236:Recreational 16193:Scuba skills 16171:Ear clearing 16133:Overlearning 15969: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15890: 15883: 15876: 15869: 15862: 15855: 15848: 15841: 15834: 15818:Publications 15660:David Bright 15655:Allan Bridge 15635:Scuba diving 15548:John Bennett 15532:Professional 15519: 15511: 15503: 15495: 15488:Star Canopus 15487: 15480:Drill Master 15479: 15471: 15435:Loïc Leferme 15394:Early diving 15362: 15276: 15261:Military and 15243:Welfreighter 15218:Necker Nymph 15139: 15131: 15092:Gordon Smith 15047:Peter Kreeft 15037:Émile Gagnan 15032:Henry Fleuss 14930:Whydah Gally 14928: 14921: 14915: 14907: 14803:Duty of care 14648:John Rawlins 14563:Robert Boyle 14530:and medicine 14387:Laryngospasm 14339: 14333:contaminants 14170:Air embolism 14137:Surfer's ear 14011:Occupational 13871:Incident pit 13859:Risk control 13789:Night diving 13779:Drift diving 13764:Diver rescue 13698:Buddy diving 13645:Hyperthermia 13608:Consequences 13587:Task loading 13439:Water safety 13219:Wreck diving 12866: 12860:Royal George 12859: 12851: 12843: 12836: 12829: 12821: 12813: 12806: 12799: 12674:Media diving 12407:Jagdkommando 12313:Minentaucher 12258:Police diver 12216:Hazmat diver 12005:Walter Steyn 11950:Dave Mullins 11910:Enzo Maiorca 11905:Loïc Leferme 11870:Emma Farrell 11840:Robert Croft 11835:Carlos Coste 11707:Static apnea 11661:Disciplines 11645:Competitions 11616:Spearfishing 11417:Seafox drone 11198:Diving stage 11176:Clump weight 11053:Gas blending 11021:Diver's pump 11006:Booster pump 10936:Diving stage 10860:Siebe Gorman 10835:Morse Diving 10586:Halcyon RB80 10469:Open-circuit 10169:Diving stage 10107:Diving watch 10087:Bottom timer 9915:Diving stage 9853:Trim weights 9807:Buoyancy and 9646:Scuba diving 9626:Diving modes 9561: 9549: 9537: 9332:Latrodectism 9323:spider venom 9146:Haff disease 9067:Dipyridamole 9009:Barbiturates 8943: 8919: 8681:Toxic metals 8573: 8562: 8538: 8523: 8508: 8447: 8440: 8430: 8424: 8413:. Retrieved 8409: 8400: 8376: 8369: 8359:, retrieved 8353: 8347: 8336:. Retrieved 8332: 8322: 8298: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8218: 8214: 8204: 8177: 8173: 8163: 8138: 8134: 8128: 8096:(6): 270–2. 8093: 8089: 8049:(3): 142–6. 8046: 8042: 8032: 8005: 8001: 7991: 7972:Biochemistry 7971: 7964: 7953:. Retrieved 7946:the original 7915: 7911: 7898: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7819:(1): 25–38. 7816: 7812: 7789:. Retrieved 7785: 7776: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7719:(2): 242–8. 7716: 7712: 7706: 7681: 7677: 7671: 7663:the original 7632: 7628: 7618: 7604:cite journal 7593:. Retrieved 7588: 7584: 7574: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7513:(12): 1390. 7510: 7506: 7500: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7443:(2): 151–4. 7440: 7436: 7430: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7332:cite journal 7321:. Retrieved 7316: 7312: 7302: 7288:cite journal 7277:. Retrieved 7264: 7260: 7250: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7135: 7131: 7118: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7042: 7038: 7032: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6911: 6907: 6854:(2): 75–92. 6851: 6847: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6787:(6): 516–9. 6784: 6780: 6774: 6749: 6745: 6717: 6711: 6687:(1): 165–9. 6684: 6680: 6670: 6638:(5): 366–9. 6635: 6631: 6621: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6548:(5): 677–9. 6545: 6541: 6531: 6507:(5): 625–6. 6504: 6500: 6490: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6441:cite journal 6430:. Retrieved 6417: 6413: 6403: 6371:(1): 47–51. 6368: 6364: 6354: 6343:. Retrieved 6339:the original 6316: 6312: 6302: 6272:(3): 154–7. 6269: 6265: 6259: 6251: 6246: 6237: 6218: 6212: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6155:. WHO. 2010. 6151: 6144: 6133:. Retrieved 6129:the original 6124: 6115: 6102: 6093: 6082:. Retrieved 6078:the original 6068: 6059: 6025:(9): 685–7. 6022: 6018: 6008: 5997:. Retrieved 5986: 5976: 5954:(5): 484–6. 5951: 5947: 5924:cite journal 5913:. Retrieved 5900: 5896: 5886: 5877: 5867: 5845:(1): 120–1. 5842: 5838: 5832: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5737:, retrieved 5727: 5721: 5702: 5696: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5642:. Retrieved 5628: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5520:. Retrieved 5505: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5451:. Retrieved 5437: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5340: 5331: 5315: 5295:. Retrieved 5291:the original 5286: 5260: 5254: 5243:. Retrieved 5206: 5200: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5068:the original 5055: 5051: 5041: 5030:. Retrieved 5010: 4985: 4981: 4961:. Retrieved 4957:the original 4933:the original 4928: 4916: 4905:the original 4892: 4870:(5): 695–8. 4867: 4863: 4857: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4803:. Retrieved 4799:the original 4789: 4778:. Retrieved 4774:the original 4764: 4742:(3): 201–4. 4739: 4735: 4729: 4715:(3): 161–7. 4712: 4708: 4702: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4642: 4638: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4568:(1): 87–93. 4565: 4561: 4526:(2): 213–4. 4523: 4519: 4513: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4447: 4443: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4332: 4326: 4302:(3): 201–6. 4299: 4295: 4285: 4263:(1): 59–67. 4260: 4256: 4250: 4223: 4197: 4193: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4080:(7): 433–5. 4077: 4073: 4067: 4040: 4036: 4026: 3996:(6): 395–7. 3993: 3989: 3983: 3953:(1): 35–44. 3950: 3946: 3940: 3918:(2): 491–4. 3915: 3911: 3905: 3894:. Retrieved 3841: 3837: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3747: 3743: 3700:(3): 220–3. 3697: 3693: 3687: 3662: 3658: 3616: 3612: 3573:(6): 481–4. 3570: 3566: 3556: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3506:, retrieved 3479: 3469: 3450:10665/345329 3436: 3430: 3397: 3393: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3316: 3250: 3246: 3218: 3212: 3188:(2): 144–5. 3185: 3181: 3171: 3160:. Retrieved 3156:the original 3146: 3113: 3109: 3083: 3074: 3041: 3037: 2996:(6): 270–2. 2993: 2989: 2979: 2967:. Retrieved 2947: 2940: 2907: 2903: 2878:. Retrieved 2858: 2838:– via 2832:. Retrieved 2805:Nitric Oxide 2804: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2612: 2608: 2558: 2531:. Retrieved 2516: 2509: 2497:. Retrieved 2477: 2442: 2438: 2391:. Retrieved 2382: 2293:World War II 2286: 2275: 2260: 2242: 2235: 2197:Humphry Davy 2194: 2178: 2151: 2143: 2120: 2108:Humphry Davy 2085: 2064: 2059: 2043:supernatural 2039:evil spirits 2036: 2008:ancient Rome 1993: 1980: 1953:mythological 1950: 1923: 1899: 1870:white matter 1853:white matter 1821:nitric oxide 1810: 1797:dissociation 1774: 1747: 1718: 1641: 1630: 1594: 1548:vasopressors 1533: 1507: 1467: 1367: 1345:CO-oximeters 1338: 1327: 1318: 1314: 1302: 1244: 1235: 1227: 1205: 1193: 1182: 1141: 1125: 1118: 1110: 1106:leaf blowers 1068: 1018:5 to 15 ppm 956: 948: 945:Epidemiology 935: 926:hearing loss 919: 908: 904: 858: 846:skin lesions 719: 604: 591:Humphry Davy 559: 556:Therapeutics 531: 481: 461:gas exchange 453:hemoproteins 443: 424: 383: 360: 348: 329:hemoproteins 290: 245: 244: 29: 19534:CMAS Europe 19495:Momsen lung 19135:Bathyscaphe 19063:Bathysphere 18972:Cave diving 18940:Muck diving 18925:Deep diving 18753:Blood shift 18567:Steve Lewis 18401:Dewey Smith 18361:Marc Reagan 18241:Scott Kelly 18236:Les Kaufman 18146:Sheck Exley 18131:Pedro Duque 17921:Martyn Farr 17916:Sheck Exley 17870:John Veltri 17805:Pete Oxford 17790:Luis Marden 17765:Monty Halls 17750:Ric Frazier 17647:Andy Torbet 17627:Ramón Bravo 17582:Sheck Exley 17529:Myriam Seco 17429:Honor Frost 17374:George Bass 17337:Teseo Tesei 17312:Billy Deans 17292:Mary Bonnin 17155:AIDA Hellas 17047:Breath-hold 16978:Finswimming 16734:authorities 16501:Free-diving 16440:authorities 16313:Dive leader 15998:Dive guides 15892:Basic Scuba 15792:Josef Velek 15782:Rob Stewart 15777:Dewey Smith 15742:Yuri Lipski 15715:Steve Irwin 15695:Sheck Exley 15690:Milan Dufek 15685:Deon Dreyer 15590:Per Skipnes 15504:Venture One 15330:NOGI Awards 14942:and artists 14372:Hypothermia 14317:Hypercapnia 14252:Inert gases 13906:Diving team 13809:Wall diving 13804:Solo diving 13703:buddy check 13686:Boat diving 13640:Hypercapnia 13630:Hypothermia 13554:Seasickness 13499:Wave action 13370:Diversnight 13312:Dive center 13204:Solo diving 13184:Muck diving 13174:Deep diving 13169:Cave diving 13157:Specialties 12998:Limpet mine 12960:Lifting bag 12884:contractors 12630:Dive leader 12502:Shayetet 13 12253:Media diver 12194:Occupations 12088:Hypothermia 12083:Hypercapnia 11925:Karol Meyer 11830:Goran Čolak 11747:Diving suit 11742:Diving mask 11652:Nordic Deep 11458:Diving shot 11402:Scorpio ROV 11171:Closed bell 11166:Bell cursor 11161:Diving bell 10921:Diving bell 10810:Oscar Gugen 10511:Pony bottle 10357:Line marker 10334:Snoopy loop 10275:Diving bell 10224:Pony bottle 10157:Closed bell 10152:Diving bell 10092:Depth gauge 10054:Diving mask 9965:Sladen suit 9935:Diving suit 9910:Diving shot 9905:Diving bell 9858:Weight belt 9743:Bailout gas 9715:Diving mask 9563:WikiProject 9376:Fish toxins 9337:Loxoscelism 9250:Snake venom 9222:Physalaemin 9194:vertebrates 9034:Paracetamol 8327:Geiling N. 7786:www.fda.gov 7267:(1): 9–15. 6250:R. Baselt, 5765:(2): 92–7. 5366:(2): 54–6. 5259:Singer SF. 4450:(10): 233. 4200:(1): 12–5. 4115:(2): 92–5. 3116:(1): 1–14. 2383:www.cdc.gov 2309:death camps 2257:Gas chamber 1946:shamanistic 1886:hippocampus 1817:endothelial 1761:hypotension 1750:hemeprotein 1660:Bohr effect 1341:CO-oximeter 1332:methods or 1279:Finger tip 1085:, heaters, 1057:30,000 ppm 1031:Mexico City 969:South Korea 965:New Zealand 475:, and even 439:prokaryotes 377:along with 375:100% oxygen 282:arrhythmias 208:100% oxygen 117:arrhythmias 43:Other names 19813:Categories 19759:Dive sites 19584:Reef Check 19579:PADI AWARE 19549:Green Fins 19482:Escape set 19174:Trieste II 18984:Ice diving 18745:physiology 18511:Kimiya Yui 18226:Emma Hwang 18101:Robin Cook 17991:Bill Nagle 17956:Bill Stone 17899:Underwater 17855:Ron Taylor 17815:Zale Parry 17745:Rodney Fox 17700:Eric Cheng 17675:Doug Allan 17666:Underwater 17608:filmmakers 17606:Underwater 17587:Nuno Gomes 17572:Jim Bowden 17454:Pilar Luna 17353:scientists 17351:Underwater 17109:Rebreather 17064:Freediving 16353:Solo diver 16318:Divemaster 16166:Diver trim 15950:Goldfinder 15710:Guy Garman 15637:fatalities 15536:fatalities 15423:fatalities 15421:Freediving 15363:Conception 15299:Mission 31 15248:Wet Nellie 15183:propulsion 15116:Historical 15082:Joe Savoie 15027:Ted Eldred 15012:John Deane 14322:Hypocapnia 14165:Barotrauma 14013:safety and 13886:Redundancy 13821:management 13666:procedures 13615:Barotrauma 13572:competence 13505:Equipment 13179:Ice diving 13025:Underwater 12989:Underwater 12939:Brush cart 12615:Underwater 12412:JW Formoza 12223:Divemaster 12097:Historical 12056:Barotrauma 12025:Fatma Uruk 11990:Tom Sietas 11975:Liv Philip 11793:Freedivers 11611:Snorkeling 11589:Freediving 11572:Activities 11561:Freediving 11509:Air spread 11372:Kaşif ROUV 11347:Deep Drone 11268:Underwater 11244:Subskimmer 11239:Liveaboard 10999:Silica gel 10916:Diver lift 10790:Drägerwerk 10775:Dive Xtras 10760:Cressi-Sub 10401:Burst disc 10379:Underwater 10367:Silt screw 10241:Dive light 10236:Buddy line 10102:Dive timer 9987:Dive skins 9826:Dump valve 9793:Travel gas 9748:Bottom gas 9651:Snorkeling 9636:Freediving 9511:including 9468:Antibiotic 9396:Strychnine 9366:Cinchonism 9328:Latrotoxin 9277:Arthropods 9265:Batroxobin 9176:Neurotoxic 9171:Diarrhetic 9121:Biological 8864:Pesticides 8856:Phosphorus 8792:Metalloids 8575:Patient UK 8415:2021-05-28 8361:2021-05-27 8338:2021-05-03 7955:2009-09-15 7813:Toxicology 7595:2009-10-29 7323:2008-05-16 7279:2007-10-05 6432:2009-07-17 6345:2009-07-17 6178:(1): 118. 6135:2013-02-22 6084:2013-05-27 5999:2009-09-09 5915:2013-04-14 5759:Indoor Air 5644:2007-10-15 5583:(1): 1–3. 5522:2012-04-18 5469:Pediatrics 5453:2007-10-15 5297:2008-12-16 5245:2008-12-16 5032:2008-12-16 4963:2009-04-30 4805:2011-11-23 4780:2011-11-23 3896:2009-04-27 3162:2009-09-14 3110:Toxicology 2904:Toxicology 2834:6 November 2343:References 2245:Waco siege 2230:See also: 2166:combustion 2127:James Watt 2104:James Lind 2096:James Watt 2063:mentioned 2051:witchcraft 2047:paranormal 1965:Prometheus 1938:Bronze Age 1930:metallurgy 1882:cerebellum 1827:including 1787:, causing 1648:prosthetic 1646:with four 1621:Hemoglobin 1597:hemoglobin 1490:hemoglobin 1408:meningitis 1383:chest pain 1375:depression 1310:hemoglobin 1158:Prevention 1046:7,000 ppm 1038:5,000 ppm 673:Headache, 587:James Lind 579:James Watt 542:biliverdin 522:Physiology 451:moiety of 446:prosthetic 421:Background 403:James Watt 309:hemoglobin 270:chest pain 182:Prevention 97:chest pain 73:Toxicology 19824:Accidents 19757:Indexes: 19257:Sea Cliff 19190:Ictineu 3 19141:Archimède 19116:Aluminaut 18446:Bill Todd 18351:Tim Peake 18211:Paul Hill 18013:Aquanauts 17946:Tom Mount 17901:explorers 17770:Hans Hass 17720:Ben Cropp 17652:Ivan Tors 17642:Paul Rose 17327:Hans Hass 17275:of diving 17151:National 17054:Aquathlon 17009:Australia 16699:(ScotSAC) 15767:Dave Shaw 15727:Jim Jones 15464:incidents 15354:incidents 15352:Dive boat 15344:Incidents 15125:Aqua-Lung 15118:equipment 14963:Engineers 14949:The Diver 14908:Commodore 14553:Paul Bert 14487:Screening 14456:Personnel 14422:First aid 14410:Treatment 14353:Immersion 14233:Hyperoxia 14212:Dysbarism 14114:disorders 13963:Equipment 13829:Checklist 13720:Pyle stop 13045:Powerhead 13013:Polespear 12913:equipment 12911:Tools and 12844:Mary Rose 12830:Lusitania 12822:Laurentic 11757:Polespear 11735:Equipment 11579:Aquathlon 11397:ROV PHOCA 11367:Kaikō ROV 11224:Dive boat 11217:Platforms 11138:equipment 11065:Gas panel 10989:Hopcalite 10961:Moon pool 10805:Technisub 10755:Cis-Lunar 10725:AP Diving 10716:equipment 10681:Gas panel 10521:Sidemount 10479:Scuba set 10383:apparatus 10381:breathing 10352:Dive reel 10231:Bolt snap 10207:equipment 10184:PowerSwim 10140:equipment 10069:Half mask 10059:Band mask 10005:and masks 9977:Rash vest 9872:equipment 9773:Hydreliox 9488:Pollution 9428:Cnidocyte 9381:Lathyrism 9294:Bee venom 9290:Bee sting 9234:Coturnism 9217:Bufotenin 9202:Amphibian 9181:Paralytic 9156:Scombroid 9141:Ciguatera 9099:Vitamin E 9094:Vitamin D 9089:Vitamin A 8810:Nonmetals 8757:Manganese 8689:Beryllium 8663:Inorganic 8625:Poisoning 8564:eMedicine 8410:FRONTLINE 5324:1842/5365 5265:D. Reidel 5233:Green W. 4242:939229378 3886:emedicine 3508:March 18, 3498:696099951 3275:231762031 3066:205477130 2829:233205099 2637:224824871 2329:IG Farben 2325:Action T4 2313:Treblinka 2289:Holocaust 2265:executed 2247:in 1993. 2216:Incidents 2205:water gas 2162:afterdamp 2154:whitedamp 2028:Cleopatra 1973:Aristotle 1896:Pregnancy 1841:apoptosis 1837:leukocyte 1835:leakage, 1833:capillary 1753:myoglobin 1744:Myoglobin 1601:myoglobin 1482:half-life 1422:Treatment 1324:Measuring 1271:Diagnosis 1171:Detectors 1129:afterdamp 1071:oxidation 1061:Afterdamp 973:Jerusalem 874:psychosis 850:life span 822:pneumonia 790:confusion 782:dizziness 746:influenza 625:Symptoms 550:signaling 546:bilirubin 333:myoglobin 274:confusion 266:dizziness 250:breathing 228:Frequency 219:Prognosis 200:Treatment 131:Breathing 101:confusion 93:dizziness 68:Specialty 19751:Glossary 19727:Category 19520:interest 19227:Losharik 19204:Jiaolong 19166:Sea Pole 18581:Rescuers 17287:Aquanaut 17273:Pioneers 17026:Colombia 16817:(ProTec) 16760:agencies 16669:(ProTec) 16597:(FFESSM) 16546:agencies 16505:agencies 16038:training 15981:Research 15916:DIN 7876 15520:Wildrake 15460:Offshore 15185:vehicles 14746:(SAUHMA) 14674:research 14518:Research 14367:Drowning 14362:Asphyxia 14284:Taravana 14146:Pressure 13737:Dive log 13625:Drowning 13570:Lack of 13509:Freeflow 13494:Silt out 13489:Overhead 13305:industry 13277:(FFESSM) 13003:Speargun 12814:La Belle 12345:Military 12283:Military 12061:Drowning 11772:Swimfins 11767:Speargun 11478:Jackstay 11422:SeaPerch 11352:Épaulard 11186:Wet bell 11146:Air-lock 10972:handling 10946:Jackstay 10941:Downline 10850:Porpoise 10666:Air line 10626:Porpoise 10302:Lifeline 10191:Towboard 10162:Wet bell 10138:Mobility 10012:Anti-fog 9960:Dry suit 9953:Newtsuit 9948:JIM suit 9539:Category 9391:Mushroom 9371:Ergotism 9356: / 9330: / 9304:Melittin 9292: / 9248: / 9212:Bombesin 9131: / 9108:syndrome 8937:Methanol 8899:Nicotine 8886:Nitrogen 8833:Fluoride 8828:Chlorine 8823:Selenium 8737:Chromium 8714:Thallium 8635:Overdose 8630:Toxicity 8463:Archived 8314:Archived 8245:11559621 8155:19751650 8120:11387414 8065:12969439 7942:16992272 7890:12356933 7841:12679050 7791:21 March 7768:21958445 7698:10767186 7659:12361932 7527:23767905 7492:12572577 7457:15239731 7422:28464628 7414:10397050 7379:12362006 7242:26710636 7164:Archived 7160:18861051 7152:10092916 7110:71227659 7102:16390215 7067:40639134 7059:16390214 7024:41578807 7016:16390212 6981:70992548 6973:16390211 6938:21491385 6886:30011914 6878:16180928 6482:20646785 6426:18500075 6294:20998393 6286:18460956 6204:18430228 6107:Archived 5993:Archived 5909:22692708 5859:10674554 5797:13941392 5789:12216472 5733:archived 5638:Archived 5620:11917924 5593:Archived 5516:Archived 5489:19482736 5447:Archived 5380:16083675 5345:Archived 5239:Archived 5192:19854011 5157:44624059 5149:18720104 5114:22203132 5106:19640232 5064:16286939 5023:Archived 4849:29853571 4841:17453875 4721:19860138 4694:Archived 4617:12362013 4540:11858933 4505:40041894 4444:Medicine 4412:15192865 4318:19851048 4277:14589544 4129:11516551 4059:16434630 4018:35144795 3975:46035819 3967:11327225 3890:Archived 3858:19297574 3776:11410684 3714:11903546 3694:Headache 3633:16567227 3548:19022078 3502:archived 3422:23892477 3414:17720201 3368:18286265 3267:33514947 3204:16805152 3138:10771127 3088:Archived 3084:ernet.in 3058:20811383 3020:11387414 2963:Archived 2932:12324190 2874:Archived 2821:33838343 2727:31820474 2678:28077358 2629:33089988 2585:26563790 2493:Archived 2459:22998990 2387:Archived 2311:such as 2301:gas vans 2263:Hannibal 1961:Pkharmat 1934:smelting 1910:placenta 1888:and the 1865:necrosis 1730:acidosis 1696:residues 1644:tetramer 1544:acidosis 1387:migraine 1316:30–90%. 1083:furnaces 998:0.1 ppm 894:sequelae 888:, and a 866:dementia 856:damage. 794:seizures 774:delirium 730:headache 724:and the 492:cerebral 427:hormesis 331:such as 311:to form 286:seizures 262:headache 121:seizures 89:Headache 84:Symptoms 19785:Outline 19739:Commons 19604:SeaKeys 19518:Special 19425:SRV-300 19382:DSRV-2 19374:DSRV-1 19265:Shinkai 19241:Nautile 19158:Harmony 19107:vehicle 18696:physics 18612:Frogmen 17972:Wrecks 17560:holders 16799:(IANTD) 16621:(IANTD) 16591:(FEDAS) 16480:schools 16428:(WRSTC) 16389:(IDRCF) 15828:Manuals 15151:Nikonos 15138:SP-350 15132:Calypso 14916:Monitor 14740:(SPUMS) 14355:related 14238:Hypoxia 14148:related 13944:Gas man 13914:Bellman 13635:Hypoxia 13479:Delta-P 13474:Current 13456:hazards 13271:(FEDAS) 13035:Gyrojet 13027:firearm 12991:weapons 12953:Pigging 12925:Airlift 12852:Monitor 12597:UNGERIN 12432:KOPASKA 12417:JW GROM 12392:Fukuryu 12308:Frogman 12248:Haenyeo 12049:Hazards 11777:Monofin 11594:Haenyeo 11497:General 11483:Jonline 11387:OpenROV 11270:habitat 10745:Beuchat 10576:Dolphin 10196:Wet sub 10179:Monofin 10174:Swimfin 10003:Helmets 9982:Wetsuit 9925:Jonline 9725:Swimfin 9720:Snorkel 9551:Commons 9507:argyria 9416:Stinger 9386:Locoism 9166:Amnesic 9133:Seafood 9062:Digoxin 9029:Opioids 9024:Lithium 9019:Cocaine 9004:Aspirin 8994:Alcohol 8986:Nervous 8954:Toluene 8927:Ethanol 8921:alcohol 8894:Cyanide 8847:Organic 8800:Arsenic 8704:Mercury 8694:Cadmium 8653:History 8545:D002249 8280:2262778 8236:1725677 8196:8722431 8111:1281520 8024:1750629 7933:1514663 7881:1740215 7821:Bibcode 7733:8037390 7650:1241033 7566:9924492 7273:7742714 7234:2569600 7199:7710151 6929:7066484 6828:1445151 6801:3778597 6766:6491241 6703:2403894 6662:7314006 6613:3824275 6564:3578881 6523:2031826 6395:7361284 6195:2390579 6041:9496987 5968:8765117 5767:Bibcode 5688:9388533 5668:Bibcode 5589:8531914 5558:1370334 5497:6375808 5429:1163706 5420:1776025 5002:1712865 4884:9752939 4756:3580051 4690:8965803 4659:9828249 4582:9950394 4497:9798630 4420:5731842 4392:Bibcode 4369:2682242 4206:1552375 4172:4061987 4137:1280793 4094:6860181 4010:4078220 3932:2298080 3812:9559621 3767:3054741 3722:8773611 3679:7966524 3589:9876005 3376:6982787 3118:Bibcode 3011:1281520 2912:Bibcode 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