Ion Luca Caragiale

10970: 1371: 5350:, whose jealousy leads them to act irrationally. Thus, Iancu Pampon, an assistant-barber and former police officer, and his female counterpart, the republican suburbanite Mița Baston, are determined to uncover their partners' amorous escapades, and their hectic inquiry combines real clues with figments of imagination, fits of passionate rage with moments of sad meditation, and violent threats with periods of resignation. Glimpses into this type of behavior have been noted in other plays by Caragiale: Cazimir placed emphasis on the fact that Farfuridi is shown to be extremely cautious towards all unplanned changes, and consumes much of his energy in preserving a largely pointless daily routine. 1475:, which he edited and wrote single-handedly for the duration of the war. Zarifopol believed that, through the series of light satires he contributed for the magazine, Caragiale was trying out his style, and thus "entertaining the suburbanites, in order to study them". A piece he authored of the time featured an imaginary barber and amateur artist, Năstase Știrbu, who drew a direct parallel between art, literature and cutting hair—both the theme and the character were to be reused in his later works. Similarly, a fragment of prose referring to two inseparable friends, Șotrocea and Motrocea, was to serve as the first draft for the 1899: 2197:"), and notably expanded on the early years of their friendship and on one of Eminescu's earliest amorous disappointments. In an essay of the following year, he showed himself critical of a wave of Eminescu imitators, commenting: "A lot of reasonable people will walk the path and of the people that know them only a few will raise their hats; whereas an insane person will be followed by all the people. That is why the success of the has overcome all the editors' expectations". He also reprinted his recollections from the world of theater, alongside pieces originally published in 2644: 3420: 5263:, is thought to symbolize simple townsfolk, utterly confused by the political battle going on around them, and ignored by all the notabilities. Like his counterpart, the police agent Ghiță Pristanda, the inebriated elector has no relevant personal ambition, and stands for the so-called "government dowry"—people afraid of losing their offices, and ready to back whoever is in power. According to Călinescu, the inebriated citizen worships authority as a "supreme god", despite all its absurdities. He repeatedly claims to have served Trahanache during 4884:"plebs incapable of work and lacking employment, impoverished suburban small traders and street vendors, petty dangerous agitators of the villages and of the areas adjacent to towns, bullying election agents; and then the hybrid product of all levels of schooling, semi-cultured intellectuals, lawyers and lawyerlings, professors, teachers and teacherlings, semi-illiterate and unfrocked priests, illiterate schoolteachers—all of them beer garden theorists; next come the great functionaries and the little clerks, most of them removable from office." 3949:"In truth, just as much as the architect's plan is not yet the final accomplishment of his intent—that is to say, the monument—but only its conventional recording , so too is the dramaturg's writing not yet the accomplishment of his intent — that is to say, the comedy — but the conventional recording, to which will be added the personal elements, in order to depict a development of human circumstances and deeds. In short: just as an architect's plan bears little resemblance to a painting, so does drama bear little resemblance to a poem." 5908: 4823: 55: 3934:. He was specific about this requirement—on one occasion, he used sarcasm to overturn a common misconception, saying: "Literature is an art that needs not be learned; whoever knows how to turn letters into syllables and the latter into words has had sufficient preparation to engage in literature." Commenting on this, Vianu stressed: " even under the appearance of ease, lets us catch sight of the severe law of his art" (adding elsewhere that " was a scrupulous and tormented artist"). 800: 2178: 5398: 1798: 4673: 2134:; the latter was Jewish. For the two liberal leaders, Kremnitz and Brociner, who had authored works critical of the Romanian establishment, were aiding to construct a negative image of the Romanian nation. Hasdeu insisted that Caragiale was himself creating problems for the country, while Sturza, showing himself more lenient in this respect, insisted that Caragiale's plays had failed to display a love for "the truth, the beautiful and the good". He stressed: 343: 4261: 2885: 2045: 5555:(although it is not known if their separate portrayals of Macaire were familiar to him) — among these drawings was one showing notabilities embracing one another while picking each other's pockets, which shows similarities with Caragiale's own take on society. According to Cazimir, it is possible that he knew Daumier's work from early on, as several other subjects caricatured by the French artist bear a remarkable resemblance to his texts. 3964: 3591: 10989: 3431: 4121:, which depicts the battle between two unnamed political camps, the dramatist alluded to the conflict between Brătianu's moderates and Rosetti's extremists (as indicated by the fact that all the main characters attend the same rallies). This view was disputed by Zarifopol, who argued that the more pragmatic grouping stands for the Conservatives, and the demagogic one for the National Liberals as a whole. 1884:, petty ambitions, and incoherent demagogy, it was an instant hit with the public. Arguably the high point of Caragiale's career, it became one of the best-known works of its kind in Romanian literature. Maiorescu was pleased by its success, and believed that it was a sign of maturity in Romanian society, which, as he put it, was "starting to laugh" at the National Liberal rhetoric. 2306:. Although he invested time and work in the enterprise, and even affiliated with the International Association of Waiters for a short period, he eventually decided not to renew his contract upon the years' end. His period in Buzău was noted for its other results: in February 1895, the press reported that Caragiale had given a public lecture on "the causes of human stupidity". 1965:" the present-day poems with a political intent, the odes on solemn days, the theatrical compositions for dynastic glorifications are a simulacrum of art, and not the real art. Even patriotism, the most important sense for the citizen of a state in his actions as a citizen, has no place in art as an ad-hoc form of patriotism . Is there a single lyric of French patriotism in 2294:, in which he asked authorities if it was normal for a former Head of Theaters not to have a stable source of income—the intended recipient did not acknowledge this offer, and the Caragiale-Macedonski conflict escalated after he continued to attack the latter in the press. One year later, Caragiale leased the restaurant catering to the train station in 1661:, who went on to portray some of his most popular characters. The play was a hit, and acclaim reached Caragiale despite the fact that he had refused to have his name printed on the posters. Caragiale was soon outraged to discover that, by the second staging, his text had been toned down by the government-appointed Head of Theaters, the National Liberal 2321: 1794:, a woman writer who was also Eminescu's mistress. For a while, Caragiale and Micle had a love affair, although she continued to see the poet. This caused the friendship between Eminescu and Caragiale to sour. The former was jealous of Cargiale's relations with Micle, while she resented the poet's affair with Mite Kremnitz. 4971:, as well as all his dramas, with providing some of the first truly believable portrayals in local literature. Vianu stressed that Classicist borrowings in Caragiale's writings were limited, indicating that Caragiale parted with the notion of "generic types" to look for the "social" ones. In parallel, literary critic 3186:("Taking in view his role, he was grand, the little one"), with "ca" and "rol" spelling out his name (and thus allowing the poem to read "Carol was grand, the little one"). He continued to publish various works in several other newspapers and magazines, including various Tranylvanian papers and the Iași-based 1225:) was using the name solely because it reminded people of the word "genius", was the first act in a long polemic between the two literary figures. Caragiale turned Aamsky into a character on his own, envisaging his death as a result of overwork in editing magazines "for the country's political development". 5353:

Many of Caragiale's writings reproduce discussions between clerks on their time off, which usually take the shape of generic and awkward forays into culture or politics. Several of the characters in his sketches spuriously claim to be personal friends of major political figures of the day, or to have

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In Vianu's assessment, the universal human nature was important to Caragiale, but not made instantly obvious (as opposed to the immediate importance his characters were meant to have in the eyes of his public). Vianu illustrated this concept after investigating the manner in which Caragiale completed

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into the conflict, attempted to replace the pro-Conservative leadership of the National Party with a selection of politicians favored by the National Liberals. As Sturdza came to lead the cabinet, both he and Brote retracted their previous statements, but again provoked the National Party by alleging

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at the Sfinții Petru și Pavel school in the city, and never pursued any form of higher education. He was probably enlisted directly in the second grade, as records do not show him to have attended or graduated the first year. Notably, Caragiale was taught history by Constantin Iennescu, who was later

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believed that Caragiale was living at the expense of the German state. Cioculescu rejected this assessment, arguing that it relied on hearsay and pointing out that the chronological order provided by Dragomirescu was inaccurate. In 1992, historian Georgeta Ene proposed that Caragiale was acting as a

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The appointment caused some controversy at the time: Ion Luca Caragiale, unlike all his predecessors (the incumbent C.I. Stăncescu included), was both a professional in the field and a person of modest origins. As the National Liberals intensified their campaign against him, the dramatist drafted an

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Confessing at some point that "the world was my school", Caragiale dissimulated his background and critical eye as a means to blend into each environment he encountered, and even adopted the manners and speech patterns he later recorded in his literary work. He thus encouraged familiarity, allowing

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was equivalent to stripping the bone of its flesh piece by piece, and then throwing it to the dogs—without having been able to fully document the leg of veal or its substance. Nevertheless, as Tudor Vianu indicated, although Caragiale preferred observation and spontaneity to speculation, he was not

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in the capital have had the occasion to welcome among them of a noisy young man, a bizarre spirit who seemed destined, were he to have devoted himself to letters or the arts, to be entirely original. Indeed, this young man's appearance, his hasty gestures, his sarcastic smile , his always irritated

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The writer had an unprecedented familiarity with the social environments, traits, opinions, manners of speech, means of expression and lifestyle choices of his day — from the rural atmosphere of his early childhood, going through his vast experience as a journalist, to the high spheres of politics

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During the same period, Caragiale had the initiative to publish short fragments he had translated from classical pieces, leaving readers to guess who their authors were—Vianu, citing the speculations made by other critics, presumed that these were writers admired by both Caragiale and his friend,

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had taken in his work, while defending the literary society, which was, as he put it, "lost from the public eye at a time of political obscurity". Reviewing his own merits as a writer and manager, he elaborated and later put into practice a program for state-run theaters — according to Vianu, it

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Caragiale's wealthy relative, Catinca Momulo Cardini (commonly known Catinca Momuloaia), who was the widow of a famous restaurateur and the cousin of his mother Ecaterina, died in 1885, and the writer had the prospect of inheriting a large fortune. He nonetheless became involved in a trial with

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and editor of its literary supplement. A chronicle he contributed at the time discussed the philosophical writings of Dobrogeanu-Gherea: while sympathetic to his conclusions, Caragiale made a clear statement that he was not interested in the socialist doctrine or any other ideology ("Any idea,

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in spring-summer 1878). The newspaper was actually issued as a collaborative effort, which makes it hard to identify the authors of many other articles. According to Slavici, Caragiale occasionally completed unfinished contributions by Eminescu whenever the latter had to leave unexpectedly.

2924:. Initially amazed by the similarity between the two texts, Caragiale carried out his own investigations, and, in the end, discovered that neither the writing nor Kemény had ever existed. Employing Ștefănescu Delavrancea as his lawyer, he brought Caion to trial: a court sentenced Caion for 3370:(before the Conservative-Democrats decided another person was more suited for the position). His involvement in politics engendered a collateral conflict with his son Mateiu, after the latter expressed a wish to become part of the administration (a project ridiculed by Caragiale-father). 3353:

to offer him a position in the Conservative Party, as a means to reform the system from within. Caragiale rejected the offer: by then, he had grown disillusioned with the traditional political groupings, and had decided to sever all his links with them. Instead, in 1908, he joined the

3883:(the favorite technique of Naturalists). Language takes the central role in his work, often compensating for the lack of detail. To this was added his tendency to reduce texts to their essence—he shortened down not only his own text, but also his occasional translations of stories by 5515:, which have been shown to develop themes he later explored in depth. Among the minor 19th century dramatists whose comedic works were familiar to Caragiale, and in many ways similar to his, own was Costache Halepliu. Another often-cited influence is his predecessor and adversary 2625:

that its leaders were the actual radicals. In harsh terms, Caragiale exposed the understanding Sturdza had with Brote. Soon after, he authored a short story about a con artist who traveled to the imagined Transylvanian town of Opidul-nou, posing as the nationalist Romanian writer

4934:: the former are, in his view, driven by situations and circumstances, whereas the latter sees Caragiale developing his original perspective to its fullest. This, he argues, was determined by important social changes—a move from a traditional world—awkwardly attempting to digest 2633:. In October 1897, he was outraged by news that Sturdza had given in to Austro-Hungarian demands, and that he had expelled Transylvanian nationalists from Romania: Caragiale held a speech in which he argued that Romanians living abroad were "indispensable" to the Romanian state. 3002:

In the wake of the scandal, Caragiale attempted to resume contacts with Maiorescu, and visited him several times. His former mentor was reticent, and finally rejected the offer for reconciliation – writing in his diary, he defined Caragiale's attempts as "apple-polishings" and

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poet, and was shocked to find out that he was ridiculing the much younger Eminescu. He thus decided to criticize Alecsandri in public, during a March 1884 meeting of the society—Maiorescu recorded in his private notes that " Caragiale aggressive and rude toward Alecsandri."

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Sturdza's discourse contributed to the academy's negative vote (20 votes against and 3 in favor), and rose Caragiale's anger. In parallel, Dobrogeanu-Gherea's candidature for the prize was rejected with 16 votes against and 8 for. In 1897, writing for the Conservative paper

3805:. He often sketched out alternative endings to his stories, and selected the ones he felt came most natural. Nevertheless, Zarifopol also noted that, late in his life, the writer contemplated adding a didactic message to one of his writings, which was to remain unfinished. 790:

Ion Luca Caragiale was discreet about his ethnic origin for the larger part of his life. In parallel, his foreign roots came to the attention of his adversaries, who used them as arguments in various polemics. As his relations with Caragiale degenerated into hostility,

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characters as personal friends, and garnishes the stories with intimate details. Late in his life, he even confessed that the affair involving Venturiano, Dumitrache, and Dumitrache's wife Veta was partly based on an amorous misadventure he experienced as a young man.

1410:, who were both employed by the paper. This order of events remains unclear, and depends on sources saying that Eminescu was employed by the paper in March 1876. Other testimonies indicate that it was actually Eminescu who arrived last, beginning work in January 1878. 4908:"A wave of charm, of reconciliation with life passes above all , one which, if it only assumes light and superficial shapes, experienced by naive people with harmless manias, is a sign that the collective existence is taking place in shelter from the great trials." 3333:

The brochure attracted instantaneous attention in his native country, and its success was notable: it sold around 13,000 copies. There were notable differences between the two versions, which were the result of Caragiale's answer to criticism and suggestions from

1704:— a play centered on an uncultured "Red" pensioner and his naive wife, who overhear a street brawl and believe that a revolution is imminent. It was also then that his first memoirs from the world of theater were published, which coincided with the release of 2574:, investigating the mundane reasons behind it—the piece is generally attributed to Caragiale. The writer placed the blame for Odobescu's death on his much younger lover, Hortensia Racoviță, and hailed his wife, Sașa Odobescu, as a model of devoted womanhood. 2029:

Conservatives). Caragiale requested to be appointed Head of Theaters, which also implied leadership of the National Theater. Although Maiorescu was initially opposed, Caragiale eventually received the post. The ultimate decision was attributed to Romania's

4987:, because his victory was to give the play more depth. Caragiale was thus quoted saying that Dandanache was "more stupid" than the clueless politician Tache Farfuridi, and "more of a scoundrel" than the unprincipled and cunning journalist Nae Cațavencu. 5282:. In one sketch, a couple of ladies dine in an opulent salon, while cursing their maid, gossiping, and showing interest in vulgar subjects. The characters in these writings tend to resemble each other, evidencing the generic traits of the well-to-do. 2021:, he contributed two theater chronicles. In parallel, he taught classes at the privately run Sfântul Gheorghe High School in Bucharest. This episode of his career ended in 1888, when Maiorescu ascended to the office of Minister of Education in the 1034:

for the Prahova County Tribunal. Throughout his life, Caragiale refused to talk about his training in the theater, and hid it from the people closest to him (including his wife Alexandrina Burelly, who came from an upper middle class environment).

5301:. In several of his sketches and stories, characters are driven to despair by their inability to cope with real or presumed changes in their environment. This is shown to have happened to characters such as Leiba Zibal, Stavrache—the pub owner in 6025:

and in Ploiești. He was the subject of portraits and caricatures by various artists, and, in 2007, upon the completion of a five-year project involving cartoonists inside and outside Romania, he was designated "the most portrayed writer" by the

5488:, whom Caragiale praised on several occasions, was the author of short stories which several authors have identified as less accomplished versions of Rică Venturiano. A similar connection has been traced between the various sketches authored by 5191:

and "magnetism"—two processes in which he sees the universal source for all discomfort or disease. In parallel, Zarifopol argued, the writer had even allowed ironic reflections on the impact of various theories to seep into a more serious work,

2149:, the writer lashed out at Sturdza and his partisans, claiming that they viewed all humorous talents as "unholy", "useless to the nation", and "downright perilous". Vianu noted that Caragiale's article directly aimed at Sturdza's reverence for 795:

is known to have referred to his former friend as "that Greek swindler". Aware of such treatment, the writer considered all references to his lineage to be insults. On several occasions, he preferred to indicate that he was "of obscure birth".

3027:. The latter event caused tensions between Mateiu and his father—Caragiale-son believed that he had been cheated out of the inheritance, and was angered by Ion Luca's decision to stop subsidizing him after he failed to complete his studies. 1009:

of Wallachia; Cuza's subsequent reforms were to be an influence on the political choices Caragiale made in his old age. The new ruler visited his primary school later in 1859, being received with enthusiasm by Dragoșescu and all his pupils.

827:, who speculated that Caragiale's conservative mindset was possibly owed to the "lazyness of one true Oriental" (elsewhere, he referred to the writer as "a lazy southerner, fitted with definitely supranormal intelligence and imagination"). 5415:, Ion Luca Caragiale built on a vast literary legacy. According to literary historian Ștefan Cazimir: "No writer ever had as large a number of precursors , just as no other artistic synthesis was ever more organic and more spontaneous." 4168:

His criticism of both the nationalist discourse and liberal-inspired education generated subjects for several of his shorter satirical writings. Caragiale thus authored a mock-pamphlet advertising the program of a new cultural society,

2070:(known as Luky; born 1893) and Ecaterina (or Tușchi; born 1894; later married name: Logadi). Several years later, the Caragiales brought Mateiu into their home, and Ion Luca enrolled him at Anghel Demetrescu's Sfântul Gheorghe College. 5168:

named Pițurcă. Eventually, Leonida is convinced that revolution cannot be on the rise, since the authorities have banned the firing of weapons within city limits. Similar fallacies are uttered by one of the secondary characters in

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thus mimicked the common answer to any important or merely exacerbated problem, and Caragiale also used it to illustrate what he saw as a common national feature. In one of his early editorials for the magazine, he claimed that

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Macedonski supported the lost cause until the very end, and refused to distance himself from Caion even as the latter admitted to the court that he had invented the story. His magazine also accused Caragiale of having copied

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With Venturiano, Caragiale also introduces criticism of the liberal journalist and lawyers. A law school student, Venturiano contributes long and exaggerated articles to the republican press, which recall those authored by

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In January 1889, he married Alexandrina, the daughter of architect Gaetano Burelly. She was a member of the Bucharest elite, which served to improve Ion Luca Caragiale's social standing. They had two children of their own:

5249:, is centered on a disregard for content and a rigor for memorizing irrelevant details. It has been proposed that Rostogan is at least partly based on Vasile Grigore Borgovan, a Transylvanian-born educator and resident of 5055:. George Călinescu also believed that, aside from his individual nature, Zibal provided readers with an accurate insight into Jewish reactions to systemic persecution and death threats. Such assessments were rejected by 5074:

s Rică Venturiano. As Vianu commented, Caragiale exploited the theme to so much success that it took another generation for youthful love to be presented in a non-comedic context (with the common signature writings of

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were using their republican basis as an asset, inciting to rebellion only when their demands were not met. He frequently ridiculed the cult with which Rosetti surrounded figures of international republicanism, such as

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to Bucharest, imitating the exaggerated style of other theater chroniclers—the article ended with Caragiale confessing that he had not actually seen the two perform. In one other instance, as a means to comment on

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access to the back-rooms of politics and journalism. Although often alarmed by political or social developments, they tend to accommodate them quickly, and often encourage each other during very long stays at the

5123:. Danadanche, shown to have been sidelined from politics, makes a comeback at a time when the factions needs his inoffensive presence as a third-party, and, although senile, has a vast experience in blackmailing. 4880:, his late and disillusioned work, Caragiale lashed out at the traditional class of political clients, with an indictment which, Tudor Vianu believed, also served to identify the main focus of his other writings: 2936:

in June 1902. Several commentators believe that this was owed to a strong National Liberal presence among members of the jury. During the retrial, Caion retracted all his previous claims, and instead argued that

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credited Caragiale's sense of irony with having corrected the tendencies of his day, and, through this, with helping create an urban literature. Caragiale's interest in Realism was however denied by some of his

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Although few in number, Caragiale's plays constitute the most accomplished expression of Romanian theatre, as well as being important venues for criticism of late-19th-century Romanian society. They include the

4084:("spinach"). The writer thus identified late 19th-century Romanian liberalism "empty talk", and his attacks on demagogy partly mirrored Maiorescu's views about the National Liberals' "inebriation with words". 6055:'s Hohenzollerndamm. His name was given to streets, avenues, parks or quarters in many Romanian cities—such landmarks include the Bucharest street he lived on around 1900, a street in Ploiești, a quarter in 6006: 2828:

pub in front of the National Theater. It soon became the site of a literary circle, which included, among others, Tony Bacalbașa and Ion Brezeanu, the satirist Dumitru Constantinescu-Teleormăneanu (known as

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by the Transylvanian-born Bazilie Dragoșescu (whose influence on his use of the language he was to acknowledge in one of his later works). At the age of seven, he witnessed enthusiastic celebrations of the

873:. In one of his photographs, he posed in Oriental costume and sitting cross-legged, which was interpreted by Vianu as an additional reference to his Balkan background. Two of his biographers, Zarifopol and 5884:, published a common signature novel on the writer, which was criticized for its style, tone, and inaccuracies. The short story writer Brătescu-Voinești proposed that Ion Luca Caragiale's love affair with 4920:

argued that Caragiale actually hated the people who inspired his works, and claimed that the writer had made this clear during one of their conversations. His account was considered doubtful by researcher

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s discourse, Caragiale had by then turned against Maiorescu, probably due to his perception that the society had failed to support his cause at the Academy. In May 1892, he used a public conference at the

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and elsewhere, he created the famous background character Nenea Iancu ("Uncle Iancu"), building on his colloquial name and his status as a regular client of the beer gardens. He introduces several of his

4900:("the most bitter"). On several occasions, Caragiale showed or even defined himself as a sentimental, and his modesty was acknowledged by several of his friends. Vianu noted that, alongside his Christian 1632:, and continued to contribute there even after 1885, when the society began to decline in importance. It was here that all his major comedies were first presented to the public. He did not, however, join 1106:, with whom Ion Luca was to have cordial relations as well as rivalries, had previously been employed for the same position by the manager Iorgu Caragiale. In addition to his growing familiarity with the 10485:

Cristea-Enache, chapters "Filo-logia şi alte iubiri", "Dumitru Radu Popa. American Dream", "Mircea Cărtărescu. Levantul pe orizontală", "Ioan Lăcustă. Un prozator profund", "Horia Gârbea. Un computer cu

4896: 2219:("Two Notes"), an article accusing Maiorescu of having modified and censored some of Eminescu's poems, and of having exploited the poet for financial gain. Around that time, he ceased contributing to 3941:

who tells you which way to go: one doesn't known if he is to go down the road he points to, or down the road he is looking at". Speaking in the late 1890s, he also likened writing for the stage with

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The republican agitation is no longer emphasized in Caragiale's later works, as republicanism slowly faded out of the mainstream liberal discourse. Noting this, several critics believe that, in his

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politician, and he is successful in doing so—Cațavencu rallies around him a group of teachers and other state employees. The only person who is able to stop his rise is Agamiță Dandanache, an old

4053:. He recorded the way in which National Liberal politicians claimed to take inspiration from the revolt, and pointed out that the 1848 slogans had become rallying calls for the most banal causes. 2009:

Despite his earlier conflicts with the National Liberals, Caragiale, who still faced problems in making a living, agreed to contribute pieces for the party press, and thus briefly associated with

432: 5051:. He thus noted that, for all the differences in style between the two authors, both their characters stood for the Jewish people as a whole. This assessment was backed by Maiorescu's adversary, 4994:

was more vague in this respect, giving little insight into morals and states of mind, whereas the other, longer, novellas did depict feelings and occasionally provided additional details such as

4653:, he repeatedly tried to convince the Dobrogeanu-Ghereas to leave their home in Romania and join him abroad. Nonetheless, he criticized the philosopher when the latter refused to be decorated by 5826:. It was not until 2019 that one of his plays - A Lost Letter - was performed in English. The translation used on that occasion, at the Romanian Cultural Institute in London, is available here: 1175:

and republican wing of the liberal trend—a movement commonly referred to as "the Reds". As he later confessed, he frequently attended its congresses, witnessing the speeches held by Reds leader

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was written and published — Caragiale, who was aware of its faults, indicated that it was a work from his youth, and dated it to 1876. His account is challenged by several details in the text.

1140: 572:. As a result of these conflicts, the most influential of Caragiale's critics barred his access to the cultural establishment for several decades. During the 1890s, Caragiale rallied with the 5099:, where political boss Trahanache cannot tell that his wife Joițica is having an affair with Tipătescu, and, when confronted with the evidence, is more interested in proving that she is not. 375:

playwright, short story writer, poet, theater manager, political commentator and journalist. Leaving behind an important cultural legacy, he is considered one of the greatest playwrights in

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Caragiale is believed to have used and developed several themes already present in Romanian theatre. One such precursor is the author of comedies Teodor Myller, especially through his play

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Despite his brief association with the mainstream Conservatives, Caragiale was probably never their partisan, and only hoped that the party could open the way for the reforms advertised by

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asked him to reconsider, he threatened to quit). Late in his life, he reserved explicit criticism for the new generation of Symbolists, whose work, he argued, belonged to "the church" of

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Nevertheless, various authors believe that a young Caragiale did indeed support nationalist liberal policies, and presume that he was behind a series of anti-Jewish columns, published by

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to be extended to all residents of Romania. Around 1907, he tried his hand at writing a legislative proposal, according to which the Romanian state was to extend citizenship all resident

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he authored late in life. Nevertheless, Caragiale is foremost known and acclaimed for his urban themes, which form the background to the vast majority of his most accomplished writings.

1054:, and, with tacit approval from the new authorities, even did so several times each. By the age of 18, he was an enthusiastic supporter of the liberal current, and sympathized with its 3395: 3242:

The essay, written in harsh tones, listed what Caragiale saw as the major social problems tolerated by Romanian administrations: he discussed the landowning class, successor to the

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as a venue to make known his claims against the former Minister of Education and his associates, which caused a definitive rift between the two public figures. Caragiale also wrote

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In 1903–1904, the Caragiales traveled through various European countries, while the dramatist again considered establishing his residence in Transylvania. They eventually moved to

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over a background of superficial culture, immediately struck a chord with the majority-conservative grouping. Its reception was one of the pivotal moments in the second period of

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and seemingly superficial man, Mitică expresses himself through either platitudes or clichés he believes are clever, and, illustrating a tendency Caragiale first recorded in his

10903: 1285: 5028:, who also stressed that Caragiale always avoided applying the Naturalist technique to its fullest, while George Călinescu himself believed that the characters' motivations in 3038:

country, where he hoped to lead a more comfortable life and be closer to the centers of culture. He was especially interested in gaining easier access to the major stages for

1934: 10752: 9473: 5852:, who stood accused of having forged certain details for commercial gain. Direct or covert depictions of Caragiale are also present in several fiction works, starting with a 1845:

attacks (owing to a disease that was to kill him in 1889). Caragiale reportedly broke into tears. This succession of events also saw him becoming involved in conflicts among

1171:, given that, after Luca Caragiali died in 1870, he was the sole provider for his mother and sister. Following his return to Bucharest, he became even more involved with the 11285: 6039: 5152:

depicts the long-term effects of republican discourse on its fascinated audience, through the sayings and actions of Leonida. The latter, whose source of income is a state

4852:, an ironist to the point where his partners of dialog were never sure if they were spoken to 'seriously' ." In one of his pieces from 1899, he welcomed the famous actors 4641:

Caragiale maintained a friendship with Dobrogeanu-Gherea for much of his life. He was especially interested in news of Dobrogeanu-Gherea having become involved in the 1905

4377:. Prominent nationalists and traditionalists tended to be reserved in their assessment of Caragiale's literary contributions—they include his friend Eminescu and historian 1018:

the mayor of Ploiești. The young Caragiale opted to follow in his uncles' footsteps, and was taught declamation and mimic art by Costache at the latter's theater school in

5633: 4729: 3725:

had to Romanian-language poetry. Vianu nonetheless pointed out the immense difference in style and approach between the Eminescu and Caragiale, noting that, to Eminescu's

485: 2499:, who made his name through portrayals of Caragiale's characters, for, among others, his "sober and refined interpretation". Later that year, he published a new novella, 5095:, where the aged Dumitrache fails to note even the most obvious signs that his wife Veta is in love with his good friend Chiriac. A more complex situation is present in 5067:

One of Caragiale's main and earliest types is that of the young man gripped by love, expressing himself through emphatic and Romantic clichés—its main representative is

4384:

Nonetheless, Ion Luca Caragiale was, according to Zarifopol, a passionate advocate of tradition in front of innovation, and "a defender of the well-established truths".

2126:

Both Hasdeu and Sturdza hinted at the influence exercised over Caragiale by their adversary Maiorescu, and went on to compare the dramatist with foreign writers such as

1455:

over that period, but it is assumed that several unsigned chronicles, covering foreign events, are his contributions (as are two short story adaptations of works by the

10619: 5493: 5238: 4200: 2277:

area. He probably moved on soon after, and purchased a pub on a neighboring street. In a letter he wrote at the time, the writer showed that he was planning to move to

4602:—this clashed with the views he had expressed earlier in life, and Caragiale was careful not to let it seem that he had returned to the "Red" liberalism of his youth. 3239:("1907, From Spring to Autumn") was, alongside earlier essays by Eminescu and Maiorescu, the most important works of social analysis to be written by that generation. 764:

alike. Luca Caragiali had himself performed with his brothers during his youth, before opting to settle down. All three had stood criticism for not taking part in the

4232: 11090: 11085: 5303: 4723: 2501: 5706:, many of which are still present in both cultural reference. Nevertheless, his uncomfortable criticism has occasionally seen him assigned a secondary place in the 5379: 4414: 5313: 5245:

expatriates in Romania whose sympathies went to the liberal current. His discourse, through which Caragiale sarcastically illustrates liberal tenets in respect to

4930: 4792: 4332: 1481: 4983:: the author was for long undecided about which character was to win the electoral battle on which the play centers, but opted for Agamiță Dandanache, the senile 405:, an influential literary society with which he nonetheless parted during the second half of his life. His work, spanning four decades, covers the ground between 11260: 10823: 5994: 5039:

Maiorescu was especially fond of the way in which Caragiale balanced his personal perspective and the generic traits he emphasized: speaking of Leiba Zibal, the

4531:. This work is believed to have inspired a 1908 parody by Caragiale, in which the writer proclaimed his support for Take Ionescu. According to poet and essayist 4165:

and its anti-Jewish stances, or to his "powerful intelligence", which contrasted with the "instinctual, almost zoological nature" of the antisemitic discourse.

1313: 3688:

Caragiale's body was transported to Bucharest in a freight train, which lost its way on the tracks and arrived with a major delay. He was eventually buried in

3560: 869:

On one occasion, Caragiale mentioned that his paternal grandfather was "a Greek cook". In several contexts, he referred to his roots as being in the island of

6074:(Polirom Press, 2018) has as main character a 17-year old Ion Luca Caragiale, and depicts his involvement with the coup d'état attempt from 8 August 1870, in 5753: 3500: 2860:, was circulated among the guests. Hasdeu put aside his differences in opinion and sent in a congratulatory letter. In it, he deemed the dramatist "Romania's 2435:("How Peasants Communicate"), which mockingly recorded a lengthy and redundant dialog between two villagers, as well as a portrait of the deceased politician 503: 10664: 6014: 6528: 1932:

gone unpunished. The controversy saw Maiorescu taking his friend's side and publishing an essay highly critical of National Liberal cultural tenets (titled

1646: 8506: 6284: 5480: 5171: 3308: 2983: 4613:: he compared the latter's way of dining on a leg of veal, laboriously carving it into sections, to his philosophical approach. Caragiale thus noted that 1673:

versions for their own benefit. It was restored to the National Theater's repertoire in 1883, and was so successful that state theaters in cities such as

10810: 5799: 3636: 2612: 2057:

for the Bucharest press, outlining his intentions and explaining the circumstances of his appointment. In it, he attributed his own rise to the interest

1989:

The article played an essential part in reconciling the dramatist to the general public, but also led to a polemic between Maiorescu and the philosopher

1748: 10742: 5124: 5024:, he only adopted the psychological technique in satirical contexts, as a means to parody its use. A similar view was expressed by Vianu's predecessor, 4922: 2657:

In 1895, the writer followed the Radical group into its unusual merger with the Conservative Party. This came at a time of unified opposition, when the

11240: 11105: 11100: 10792: 5971: 3141: 1547:

in an album. His concise musings are contemplative in tone, and some of them have been construed by some present-day reviewers to contain evidence of

5521: 4171: 3510:, a rural-themed account of demonic temptation, which Vianu called "one of the most perfect short stories to have been written in Romanian language". 2683:

opinion or system is absolutely irrelevant to me, in the most absolute sense"). He also published an article criticizing Dimitrie Sturdza; its title,

11095: 10941: 5881: 5002:. Also according to Vianu, Ion Luca Caragiale, unlike the Naturalists, was generally not interested in offering the reader access to his characters' 4483: 3400: 3081:. Paraphrasing a Romanian proverb which speaks of "the black bread of exile", the dramatist jokingly referred to his relocation as "the white loaf" ( 2678: 2649: 2145: 1476: 479: 6002: 5233: 4565: 4359: 11235: 8973:

Călinescu, pg. 179; Cazimir (1967), pp. 45–46, 49, 58; Cioculescu, pp. 5, 10, 93, 96, 107–110; Vianu, Vol. I, p. 310; Vol. II, pp. 201–202, 203–204

5474:, and treasured them as exceptional samples of concise humor. He was similarly impressed by the works of Moise's contemporary, the prolific author 4735: 4371:

favored by Ștefănescu Delavrancea; during his final years, he also questioned the aesthetic value of Ștefănescu Delavrancea's medieval-themed play

3907: 3506: 1689: 1658: 1640:

as a third force in Romanian politics, and remained a staunch independent over the following years. Caragiale was nevertheless associated with the

1089: 509: 5941: 5788: 5335: 5998: 5140: 4373: 3999:

His interest in first-hand investigation of the human nature was accompanied, at least after he reached maturity, by a distaste for generous and

3231:, and decided to write a lengthy essay, in which he condemned the agrarian policies of both National Liberal and Conservative governments from a 3196: 2995:

was shut down soon after this episode. In parallel, the National Theater offered Caragiale a degree of satisfaction, when it decided to showcase

1619:

argued, had by then only benefited the upper strata of Romanian society, leaving the rest with an incomplete and increasingly falsified culture.

1543:, was herself a writer, and later became Eminescu's lover. During several meetings, Caragiale was asked by Maiorescu to write down a series of 909:

and made public in 2002 offered an alternative take on the Caragiales' origin. According to this perspective, Ștefan Caragiali was a native of

838:

status and often foreign origin, he argued, set them apart irrespective of their period—others in this category were, in chronological order,

10933: 6334: 6325: 6127: 6118: 5849: 4999: 4582:

However, over the same period, Caragiale ridiculed several socialist militants, referring to one of their leaders with the derisive nickname

4013:, and by its image in National Liberal discourse. Nevertheless, he claimed that there was a clear difference between the first generation of 2607: 2472: 2290: 2245: 4664:, who was trying to make his way back into Romania, and closely followed news of street clashes between his supporters and the authorities. 3860:, mimicry, and witty comebacks. Zarifopol quoted him saying that he admired the traditional forms of entertainment, and that he admired the 3366:. He briefly returned to Romania several times after 1908, campaigning in favor of the Ionescu and being himself proposed for a seat in the 2661:

themselves returned to their group of origin. Caragiale came to identify with the policies endorsed by a new group of Conservative leaders,

2495:, praying for Ferdinand's health. In 1898, he wrote a lengthy essay on the state of Romanian theater, in which he notably praised the actor 1834: 866:

proposed that Caragiale's Wallachian origin was of particular importance, serving to explain his political choices and alleged social bias.

6262: 5742: 2801:, where he was assigned the column "Notițe critice" ("Critical Notes"). This material formed the bulk of his collected short prose volume, 1443:

and Eminescu were engaged in a harsh polemic with the Reds, and especially their leader Rosetti. It was also then that Romania entered the

988:), Caragiale was educated in Ploiești. During his early years, as he later indicated, he learned reading and writing with a teacher at the 5582: 5008: 4717: 447: 11145: 5877: 4689: 4050: 3895:. At times, he added a lyrical, meditative or autobiographical, perspective to his works: this trait was especially obvious in his later 3821: 3494: 2592: 1349: 1039: 710: 581: 497: 5827: 11245: 11225: 11110: 6823: 4569:

pieces, and probably agreed to lecture for the Workers' Club in the capital. Some of his writings were hosted by the socialist journal

2199: 1276: 467: 10897: 5529:. The two authors nonetheless differ in many ways, with Caragiale assuming a more complex role, and observing a more complex society. 5346:, and plays a part in female behavior as depicted in all his other comedies. A special kind of fear animates the main protagonists of 5014: 4741: 4322:

argued that the writer's main interest was not in criticizing the liberals, but actually in an overall rejection of the most embedded

3648:

was celebrating its 50th year. Caragiale also witnessed one of the first aviation flights, that of the Romanian Transylvanian pioneer

2788:

in June 1899. In 1901, the position was suppressed due to cutbacks in budget spending. This coincided with Sturdza's third mandate as

2233: 1938:, it was to be reprinted in 1889, as a preface to Caragiale's collected plays). In it, the critic, who was influenced by the ideas of 11230: 11215: 5267:'s ousting, but his supposed patron only acknowledges him once, when asking party members to "escort this honorable person outside". 4112:, and indicated that the National Liberal public had very vague and impractical notions of what a republican state actually implied. 2459:("Revenge")—he is known to have been annoyed by the longueurs of the piece, and struck out large portions of it to improve the flow. 2093:

Award. Caragiale's conflict with the National Liberals reached its peak, as two of their representatives inside the forum, historian

1356:

concluded that the accusation was false, and that only one polemical article on a political topic could be traced back to Caragiale.

11275: 11210: 10696: 6461: 6018: 1684:

Caragiale subsequently took part in directing his plays at the National Theater, where his main collaborator was actor and manager

1202:

were sarcastic in tone, and targeted various literary figures of the day. In June 1874, Caragiale amused himself at the expense of

3389:). Just days after, when Cuza's group offered to host a Caragiale festival, he refused to participate, citing his respect for the 3342:

socialist who had been expelled from Romania early in the year. Caragiale elaborated on some of the essay's themes in a series of

3023:

and his mother, but was again made rich by the death of his sister Lenci in autumn 1905—she left him the administrator of 160,000

952:

twice in a row, which is generally avoided in Romanian due to its scatological connotations. It has however become one of the few

11220: 11065: 11016: 4049:. At one point, he argued that, had they not died young, the leaders of 1848 could have found themselves best represented by the 3195:

His subsequent work comprised mostly correspondence with other literary figures, such as Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Mihail Dragomirescu,

6682: 2542:. Despite this, Caragiale was again an associate of the National Liberals later the same year, when the Conservative cabinet of 4685: 3517:("New Sketches") saw print in 1910. During that period, after giving endorsement to a project outlined by his fellow dramatist 2165:"manipulated the baggage of big words with which the phony liberal school has been filling empty heads for fifty years on end". 1271: 545: 10949: 10642: 10616: 5776: 5059:, who opposed generalizations and commented that the work only referred to "he ingenious cruelty of a man maddened by fear". 3583:, Caragiale stressed that such persecutions carried the risk of escalating tensions in the region. Later, he visited Goga in 1997:

who claimed that Maiorescu was contradicting himself). Dobrogeanu-Gherea argued in favor of Caragiale's work, but considered

1522:, the influential literary society which was also a center for anti-National Liberal politics. Initially, Caragiale met with 779:. On one occasion, he defined the landscape of his youth as "the quagmires of Ploiești". Although it prompted his biographer 5293:

take the central stage in several of Caragiale's writings. From early on, Caragiale's minute analysis of mounting terror in

3250:; he noted that, while the commerce was dominated by foreigners, the administration was gripped by a no longer aristocratic 760:, managed theater troupes and were very influential figures in the development of early Romanian theatre — in Wallachia and 11155: 11150: 11130: 4786:, who was argued to have done the same for the countryside. Caragiale was especially proud of the opening paragraph in his 4014: 3972: 2706:, and found it to be an essential institution in Romanian culture. Nevertheless, he was distancing himself from the purest 2189:

During the controversy, Caragiale published two memoirs of Eminescu—the poet had died in June 1889. One of them was titled

1392:

The young journalist began drifting away from National Liberal politics soon after 1876, when the group came to power with

1043: 529: 4975:

argued that "he typological structure is present in Caragiale's work as a supporting structure, without being essential."

3721:, Caragiale's writings signify "the highest expression" of Romanian theatre, mirroring and complimenting the contribution 2916:, where he provided direct comparisons between the two texts. This was received with enthusiasm by Caragiale's old rival, 2062:

signified "punctuality and rigor". He nonetheless resigned at the end of the season, and resumed his literary activities.

823:, which, in Vianu's view, mirrored a type "which must have been found in his lineage". A similar opinion was expressed by 11250: 11190: 11185: 6520: 4095:

and inflammatory rhetoric he saw the main threat to Romanian society. The writer believed that, ever since having ousted

3842: 1953: 1494: 1375: 787:", Caragiale's account was disputed by several other researchers, who noted that the family had a good social standing. 11280: 11180: 10827: 4635: 3544: 2789: 2098: 1397: 4279:

representatives. This is especially evident in his 1907 essay and in some of his stories. Caragiale claimed that both

4080:, as tenets prevalent in the literature of his day. For Caragiale, the resulting liberal-inspired literary works were 3915:

inspiration. Zarifopol claimed that, although Caragiale often rejected the tendency of other writers to capitalize on

3258:. As several commentators noted, many of the topics brought up by Caragiale built on the critical overview adopted by 3085:). He did not however isolate himself completely, becoming very close to the group of Romanian students attending the 1763:. Profiting from the proximity between his new residence and Iași, Ion Luca Caragiale became a regular participant in 1657:

was first staged by the National Theater. Its production brought the first association between Caragiale and comedian

11255: 11140: 10911: 10888: 10841: 10818: 10508: 10447: 6415: 5573: 5156:, notably supports the notion that the "Red" republic will provide each clerk with a salary, a pension, as well as a 5135:. Tache Farfuridi, a competitor to both, has been described by Cazimir as a conformist self-seeker, in the manner of 4622:

in defense of his aesthetic guidelines. Late in his life, Caragiale also sparked debates after deriding the emerging

4344: 3667:

He died suddenly at his home in Berlin, very soon after returning from his trip. The cause of death was indicated as

3350: 3228: 3133: 2849: 2510: 1887:

Ion Luca Caragiale was romantically involved with an unmarried young woman, Maria Constantinescu, who worked for the

1841:

In June 1883, while visiting Maiorescu's house, he received news that Eminescu had suffered the first in a series of

1611:

discourse, Maiorescu criticism of "forms without a foundation"—the concept itself referred to the negative impact of

1444: 604: 589: 5951: 5822:

attributed this to the technical problems posed by translations, as well as to the tendency of staging his works as

4802:

also noted that, among cities and towns, Caragiale preferred Bucharest and those provincial centers most exposed to

3922:

Caragiale arguably won as much acclaim for his rigorous approach to playwriting as for his accomplished style. With

3140:, vehemently rejected the aesthetics of Berlin in their conversations. Delavrancea was accompanied by his daughter, 11270: 11200: 11165: 11125: 5511:("Kir Troancă's Daughter"). The writer was most likely very familiar with the comedies authored by his two uncles, 4846:

people to reveal their histories, motivations, and culture. Vianu recounted: "The man was a consummate actor and a

2480: 2351:

and self-importance of the emerging modern Romanian society. According to Vianu, this was a theme first debated by

1400:. According to many versions, Eminescu, who was working on the editorial staff of the main Conservative newspaper, 749:). She is known to have been Greek herself, and, according to historian Lucian Nastasă, some of her relatives were 10661: 5976: 5628: 5325:". Among the group of insane characters in Caragiale's work, Călinescu counted those of sketches and stories like 4696:

as well as socialist). An incessant traveler, Caragiale carefully investigated everyday life in most areas of the

4336:

characters, including the effeminate high life chronicler Edgar Bostandaki, are caricatures of the Conservatives.

3552: 2873: 2078:

Early in 1890, at the same time as his volume of collected works, Caragiale published and staged his rural-themed

11265: 11175: 11075: 10709: 6044: 3664:'s offer to carry out a public subscription in his favor, arguing that he could not accept such financial gains. 3531:

By that time, Ion Luca Caragiale became remarkably close to a new generation of ethnic Romanian intellectuals in

2754:. He also took a more sympathetic but still distant view of Maiorescu. At the time, he befriended the young poet 977: 82: 8503: 4963:

favored by Caragiale placed types of characters at the center of literary creativity, owing to the influence of

3061:

capital, settling down in spring 1905. The choice was considered unusual, since the writer knew only some basic

1942:, argued that Caragiale had not failed in uplifting the human spirit, precisely because he had risen above both 11115: 11026: 8156:

Cioculescu, pp. 25–28, 271; Mîndra, pg. 274; Ornea, pp. 203–204; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 185–186; Vol. III, pg. 281

6356:

Cazimir (1967), pp. 73–76; Cioculescu, pp. 6–7; Mîndra, pp. 5–6; Perpessicius, pg. 237; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 176

5616: 5460: 5418:

A man of the theater first and foremost, Caragiale was well-acquainted with the work of his predecessors, from

5040: 4559:, but was nonetheless ambivalent to their goals. As Cioculescu noted, he welcomed the Bucharest celebration of 4138: 3367: 3042:, as a means to satisfy his desire for quality in that field (he had by then come to adore the compositions of 2833:), and the academic I. Suchianu. At the time, the Caragiales rented a house in Bucharest, near the present-day 2780:. Again pressed by financial problems, he returned to a bureaucratic post—this time with the administration of 2154: 1370: 74: 7641:

Cazimir (1967), pp. 28–29; Ornea, pp. 9, 20, 24; Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 334, 335–336, 401; Vol. II, pp. 61–62, 180

5164:

noted that this request had already been voiced in real life, and issued as a political program by an obscure

4400:", and disagreed with Eminescu on the nature of religion (at a time when the poet was a passionate student of 1119:. It was also recorded that, at some point between 1870 and 1872, he was employed in the same capacity by the 11205: 11070: 6649: 5366:

having decided to invade Romania. In one instance, Caragiale invents Caracudi, a newspaperman who writes his

5120: 4758:

The author depicted the city in all stages of its development and in all its atmospheres — from nightlife to

4459: 4392:

identity, frequently appealing to God and the saints in both his private life and his writings. According to

4010: 3377:

became a mouthpiece of Ionescu's party, Caragiale received news that its headquarters had been vandalized by

3355: 3086: 765: 593: 364: 11003: 5780: 5111:, and who, using a "Red" discourse, attacks politicians on all sides with turbulent remarks and recourse to 3661: 3200: 3171:

and the Conservatives to a great fish that spat him out. A poem he published during the same year ridicules

3015:

Having gained access to the Momulo Cardini inheritance, Caragiale became a rather wealthy man. According to

2265:. Financial constraints forced Caragiale to become an entrepreneur, and, in November of that year, opened a 1669:

was removed from the season's program. Over the following years, independent troupes staged the play or its

636: 11170: 11160: 11135: 10387: 7683: 5577: 5298: 5136: 5052: 4888:

Direct criticism was nonetheless rare in Caragiale's fiction: Vianu believed to have found traces of it in

4779: 4631: 4610: 3657: 3339: 3330:

reached Romania and had caused the local press to wonder who had condemned the system in such harsh words.

3273: 3164: 3102: 2893: 2785: 2262: 2109: 1990: 1731: 1323:

It was also then that he contributed a serialized overview of Romanian theater, published by the newspaper

1240:(one of which was another attack on Macedonski). The first of these works, an 1873 sonnet dedicated to the 1218:

origin. The article contributed by Caragiale, in which he speculated that Macedonski (referred to with the

780: 620: 6163: 3652:. In January 1912, as he turned 60, Caragiale declined taking part in the formal celebration organized by 3521:, he aided in the creation of a new privately run Bucharest theater, and recorded its inauguration in his 2339:, which ceased print after a few months, before being revived in 1901 and becoming an important venue for 1147:

Ion Luca made his literary debut in 1873, at the age of 21, with poems and humorous chronicles printed in

11195: 11120: 11050: 7650:

Cazimir (1967), pp. 28–29; Ornea, pp. 20, 24, 39; Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 332, 409; Vol. II, pp. 61–62, 64, 69

5197: 4925:, who believed that Ibrăileanu was using it to back a polemic and singular overview of Caragiale's work. 4642: 4404:). Cioculescu called this trait "primitive religiosity". The writer is also known to have convinced that 3930:

and others, he belonged to the first generation of Romanian authors to take a noted interest in imposing

3488: 1384: 1006: 681: 4252:, who originally doubted them, eventually agreed that they formed an integral part of Caragiale's work. 2427:(1 January 1894), before withdrawing from its leadership. During his short stay, he printed an unsigned 917:, was changed on Prince Caragea's request. Various authors also believe that Caragiale's ancestors were 10500: 7687: 6746:

Spiritul critic în cultura românească: Spiritul critic în Muntenia – Critica socială extremă: Caragiale

5986: 5702:

and the views Romanians take of themselves. His comedies and various stories have produced a series of

5132: 4645:

scandal, after the aging socialist decided to offer his help to the refugee sailors as they arrived in

2347:

discourse. Its title, translatable as "the Romanian trifle" or "the Romanian nonsense", alluded to the

2014: 1982: 1341:, the series constituted "one of the most solid critical contributions to the history of our theater". 1027: 5540: 4339:

Caragiale contrasted the other major writers of his generation, including his friends Mihai Eminescu,

2805:, and notably comprised satirical pieces ridiculing the Romanian press' reaction to the activities of 6856: 5828:

https://www.pdf2html5.com/pdfupload/server/php/uploads/admin_oxffauqbza/lost-letter-2019/complete.php

4946:

culture—, to a more stable and prosperous environment. A similar division was applied by Ibrăileanu.

4904:, this contributed to his distant, calm and often sympathetic overall take on society. In his words: 2423: 1755:

National Liberal cabinet, assigned him the office of inspector general for the Moldavian counties of

473: 17: 7632:

Cazimir (1967), pp. 27–28; Ornea, pg. 24; Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 335–336, 401, 409; Vol. II, pp. 61, 180

6548:

Cristea-Enache, chapter "Corespondenţa inedită Mihai Eminescu – Veronica Micle. Filigranul geniului"

4814:

also appealed to the writer, and an impressive number of his sketches relate to it in various ways.

4579:, himself a socialist at the time, "sometime after 1890, Caragiale briefly flirted with socialism." 4515:

Nevertheless, Caragiale was not entirely opposed to newer trends in poetry and art. Literary critic

4418:, a short story about a proverbially unlucky fellow, is thought to have referred to its author. His 3937:

Caragiale compared writers who could not dissimulate their intent and generate a good story with "a

3152: 2840:

In early 1901, as Ion Luca Caragiale entered his 25th year in literature, his friends offered him a

2714:

writers whom the society had criticized or ridiculed — among these, he indicated his personal rival

1710: 1429:, the relationship between Caragiale and Eminescu partly replicated that between the latter and the 1344:

Macedonski later alleged that, in his contributions to the liberal newspapers, the young writer had

775:

Especially in his old age, the writer emphasized his family's humble background and his status as a

10677: 5734: 5497: 5107:

and his collaborators. A more elaborate such character is Nae Cațavencu, who plays a major part in

4811: 4614: 4389: 4296: 4061: 3277: 3046:). According to Tudor Vianu, Caragiale was also showing signs that he was about to enter a vaguely 2715: 2587: 2094: 2034:

having asked Maiorescu to reconsider, or, alternatively, to the support offered by the influential

989: 561: 6329: 6115: 5489: 5428: 5339:, where the clerk Lefter Popescu goes through the tribulations of having lost his winning ticket. 5076: 4326:

tenets, which, in Călinescu's view, had engendered "a lack of faith in the country's own powers".

4153:

who did not enjoy foreign protection—in its manuscript form, this document was kept by his friend

4022: 3464: 3188: 3065:

expressions. This has led some commentators to speculate that the move was politically motivated.

2987:. In one memorable incident of 14 February 1902, while he was hosting a literary festivity at the 2739: 2521:

In 1895, at the age of 43, Caragiale decided to join the Radical Party, led at the time by former

2090: 1898: 1120: 271:

Everyday life, morals and manners, politics, social criticism, literary criticism, music criticism

4984: 4928:

According to Vianu, there is a manifest difference between Ion Luca Caragiale's comedies and his

4591: 4504:. Zarifopol also noted that, for as long as he lived, the writer derided the innovative works of 4184: 3833: 3759: 3733:

genius", the dramatist opposed his "great classical and realist endowment, a social, voluble and

3631: 3536: 2617: 2348: 1172: 998: 573: 414: 285: 5758: 5445: 4890: 4783: 4117: 3215: 2965: 1872: 1705: 1607:

s direct influence on literature. To varying degrees, they all complimented the main element of

1433: 1059: 1030:. He was not able to find full employment in this field, and, around the age of 18, worked as a 438: 396: 10769: 6027: 5965: 5648: 5588: 5020: 4747: 4354: 4265: 3923: 3623: 3475: 2626: 2599:, but their policies were overturned by the National Liberals, who appealed to nationalist and 2484: 2239: 1421:

and in Eminescu's house on Sfinților Street, where they planned to co-author a massive work on

1203: 870: 588:, he came to voice strong criticism for Romanian politicians of all colours in the wake of the 5923:. 2002, the 150th anniversary of Ion Luca Caragiale's birth, was celebrated in Romania as the 5644: 5069: 3841:

advocates, who attempted to link his entire work with Maiorescu's guidelines: on the basis of

3479: 3209: 2726:, he published works by Hasdeu alongside those of his other contemporaries and predecessors — 2436: 2185:, across the street from the city railway station, where Caragiale leased a restaurant in 1895 1567: 451:. In addition to these, Caragiale authored a large number of essays, articles, short stories, 426: 5900: 5811: 5738: 5250: 3849:

postulated that his humor was pure, and did not draw on any special circumstance or context.

3802: 3745: 3668: 2947: 2468: 1685: 1270:

Over the following years, Caragiale collaborated on various mouthpieces of the newly created

985: 887: 707: 684: 380: 174: 6820: 6740: 5927:(the "Caragiale Year"). Annual theater festivals in his honor are held in Bucharest and the 5904:, where his lifestyle and contribution to literature appear to be the subjects of derision. 4917: 4576: 4571: 4158: 3386: 3178:

on the occasion of his fortieth year in power, while parodying the style of republican poet

3159:. He had closely followed Bădărău's career up to that point, and, in July 1906, authored an 863: 465:. In many cases, his creations were first published in one of several magazines he edited — 11060: 11055: 6093:

According to his birth certificate, published and discussed by Constantin Popescu-Cadem in

5818:. Outside Romania, the impact of Ion Luca Caragiale's literature was much reduced—the 1996 5768: 5707: 5558:

Ion Luca Caragiale was also keenly aware and receptive of his contemporaries' works and of

5270:

In a number of his short stories and sketches, Caragiale makes use of another particularly

5246: 4697: 4447: 4038: 3880: 3693: 3470: 3455: 3390: 3043: 2917: 2727: 2285: 1881: 1211: 1111: 1107: 918: 717:). Known to locals as Luca Caragiali, he later built a reputation as a lawyer and judge in 687:—Ștefan Caragiali, as his grandfather was known locally, worked as a cook for the court in 569: 10784: 10597: 5890: 5752:. Several of his theatrical writings have been the subject of essays authored by director 5620: 5358:. Gravitating in this environment are the petty journalists, who boast access to unlikely 5161: 4357:, all of whom were advocating a return to the rural sphere and peasant traditionalism. In 4249: 3016: 2643: 2302:). His successive businesses were all struggling, and Caragiale was often on the verge of 1809:

Just one year after, Caragiale was moved back to Wallachia, becoming inspector general in

1353: 874: 8: 10851: 10646: 10391: 8515: 5764: 5504:(himself the author of sarcastic pieces ridiculing the liberal politicians and lawyers). 5419: 5330: 5264: 5180: 4501: 4300: 4203:, a caricature of both the liberal educators and the Transylvanian "Latinists". While in 4142: 4096: 3976: 3888: 3846: 3676: 3540: 3419: 3066: 2795:

At the same time, Caragiale was contributing to Luigi Cazzavillan's newly founded daily,

2781: 2773: 2221: 1978: 1939: 1908: 1817:. He was ultimately stripped of this position in 1884, and found himself on the verge of 1726: 1628: 1325: 1293: 1023: 1002: 35: 10728: 10693: 8209: 6022: 5772: 5569: 5492:, in which Transylvanian writers are the object of ridicule, and Caragiale's character, 4972: 4349: 4319: 4179:

proposals to the point of arguing that " a nation must always fear other nations". Like

4026: 3809: 3603: 2718:, whom he acknowledged to be among "the most remarkable figures of our literature", and 1692:, replacing emphatic declamation with a more natural and studied perspective on acting. 831: 11080: 10627: 8205: 5845: 5660: 5609: 5512: 5237:, quickly dismisses all important things he is confronted with. Similarly, the teacher 5115:. He profits from the more moderate attitudes of his adversaries to proclaim himself a 4661: 4657: 4595: 4552: 4471: 4442:

Ion Luca Caragiale was mostly critical of literary experiments and the newer stages of

4311: 4161:, his rejection of antisemitic views was owed either to his failure to relate with the 4105: 3984: 3876: 3775: 3576: 3483: 3445: 3335: 3179: 3175: 2988: 2909: 2834: 2810: 2755: 2719: 2666: 2621: 2571: 2212: 2150: 1888: 1739:. He was practically unemployed after returning, and, in 1881, gave up his position at 1573: 1536: 1192: 1148: 1093: 1068: 1022:, where he was accompanied by his mother and sister. It is also probable that he was a 1014: 981: 757: 648: 525: 518: 514: 241: 31: 11013: 9461: 5894:, but his theory remains controversial. Caragiale is also probably present in his son 4516: 4275:, the writer showed himself to be a vocal critic of the Conservative doctrine and its 4223:

feel (showing the Romanians ready to do battle against all their perceived enemies in

4003:

theories. Caragiale viewed their impact on Romanian society with a critical eye. Like

2691:, and only after Caragiale claimed that it reflected the original meaning of the word 2543: 2491:, who had fallen severely ill — it shows Caragiale to be a passionate defender of the 2476: 2320: 1928:

by members of the public — critics deemed it "immoral", due to its frank depiction of

680:

descent, whose members first arrived in Wallachia soon after 1812, during the rule of

603:

He was both a friend and rival to writers such as Mihai Eminescu, Titu Maiorescu, and

11035: 10965: 10945: 10924: 10907: 10884: 10855: 10837: 10814: 10796: 10773: 10756: 10504: 10443: 9513: 9477: 6411: 6278: 5936: 5807: 5715: 5668: 5664: 5593: 5516: 5484:

contributors, and whose work served as a source for at least one of his own stories.

5165: 5025: 4857: 4810:

and other Wallachian stations on the way to Transylvania). The enclosed world of the

4782:

of the urban elite. This large fresco drew comparisons with his generation colleague

4540: 4509: 4493: 4299:

had been formally abolished a generation earlier). Cioculescu attributed this to an "

4208: 4195:

by introducing new forms of speech and writing that aimed to return it closer to its

4192: 3988: 3884: 3763: 3255: 3098: 2820:

He continued to pursue a business career, and, in 1901, inaugurated his own company,

2747: 2695:("stain"), explaining that it referred to Sturdza's unusual persistence in politics. 2662: 2452: 2031: 1877: 1850: 1767:

s activities, becoming good friends with some of its most important representatives (

1593: 993: 895: 677: 376: 359: 6479:

Cioculescu, pp. 14, 29; Mîndra, pg. 5; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 197–198; Vol. III, pg. 74

6071: 5861: 5815: 5793: 5721:

In parallel, Caragiale's techniques have influenced 20th century dramatists such as

5548: 5405: 5087:

figures, heads of families who seem unable or unwilling to investigate their wives'

4536: 4488:

s literary supplement, Caragiale refused to publish a descriptive poem by the young

4018: 3268: 2577:

This episode of his life coincided with a period when relations between Romania and

2332: 1565:

s 15th anniversary, and where Caragiale read his first draft of the celebrated play

1512:

It was probably through Eminescu that Ion Luca Caragiale came into contact with the

1081: 1050:, he and his friends agreed to support the move by voting "yes" during a subsequent 10974: 10601: 6466: 6169: 5920: 5916: 5895: 5869: 5730: 5576:

as the main representatives of Zola's style in local literature. At the same time,

5449: 4960: 4451: 4150: 4057: 3749: 3518: 3423: 3020: 2956: 2865: 2591:, which inflamed passions among the Hungarians and led the authors to be indicted. 2547: 2340: 2101: 2086: 1966: 1920:, a lighter satire of suburban morals and amorous misadventures, was received with 1892: 1822: 1802: 1776: 1422: 957: 855: 652: 565: 557: 318: 297: 5560: 5437: 4109: 4056:

His almost lifelong critique of the liberal current, marked by his conflicts with

3927: 3783: 3754: 3653: 3627: 2414: 2324: 2119:

defended his friend, Sturdza contrasted Caragiale's works with his own version of

1862:

Momuloaia's other relatives, which prolonged itself until the early 20th century.

1814: 1688:. Together, they are credited with having put a stop to the techniques favored by 1301: 1096:

at the National Theater in the capital, a period about which he reminisced in his

772:

printed in 1848. The Caragiali brothers had two sisters, Ecaterina and Anastasia.

628: 11020: 11007: 10736: 10713: 10700: 10681: 10668: 10623: 9509: 8510: 6827: 6291: 6122: 5946: 5907: 5865: 5726: 5624: 5533: 5485: 5157: 5131:, created around the first generation of Romanian liberals, and likened him to a 5080: 4709: 4654: 4314:. When disappointed with their failure to promote change, he moved on to support 4245: 4029:—and the new liberal establishment, which, as he believed, had come to cultivate 3931: 3912: 3892: 3817: 3709:, stressing that " attacked each other often because we loved each other a lot." 3532: 3316:. In its original, the work was later printed under Caragiale's signature by the 3295: 3281: 3172: 3062: 3039: 2731: 2669:

among them. He was upset when Lahovari died not too long after, and authored his

2578: 2492: 2356: 2131: 1718: 1460: 1418: 1281: 1072: 293: 10961: 5814:, and he is known to have been cited as an influence by the Absurdist dramatist 5803: 4704:, he asked Alceu Urechia to send his regards to over 40 of his acquaintances in 4555:

during the final decades of his life, the writer maintained connection with the

4100: 3980: 1810: 1760: 1752: 1393: 10528:

Cioculescu, pp. 28, 70–71, 111, 121–122, 367, 368; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 184, 195

6677: 6645: 5885: 5873: 5841: 5699: 5688: 5687:

during the 19th and early 20th century, as well as the traces they left on the

5683:, as well as illustrating the experiments undertaken by conflicting schools of 5601: 5597: 5536: 5526: 5501: 5500:

was also linked to affinities in comedic styles, as was his companionship with

5471: 5433: 5367: 5188: 5056: 4935: 4822: 4807: 4803: 4700:

and Transylvania. He was an unusually sociable man: in one of his letters from

4489: 4327: 4280: 4224: 4154: 4046: 3875:, Caragiale's literature is indebted to dialog, as well as, in rarer cases, to 3829: 3794: 3789: 3782:

in his works is further enhanced in his drama and comedies by his adherence to

3722: 3689: 3672: 3619: 3595: 3572: 3110: 3106: 3094: 3035: 3031: 2735: 2630: 2464: 2377: 2254: 2116: 2067: 2022: 1826: 1791: 1768: 1756: 1527: 1448: 1246: 1168: 1103: 953: 824: 792: 706:

as the curator of the Mărgineni Monastery (which, at the time, belonged to the

703: 695: 656: 624: 612: 553: 410: 388: 384: 383:, as well as one of its most important writers and a leading representative of 323: 5857: 5402:

We are all honest people, let's embrace one another, and let this be over with

4838: 4512:, but pointed out that Caragiale had never actually read or seen their plays. 3856:

environment of virtually permanent human contact, with its humor condensed in

2884: 2335:

and the illustrator Constantin Jiquidi, he established the satirical magazine

1214:, who had publicized his claim that he was a "Count Geniadevsky", and thus of 1139: 54: 11044: 9681:

Ornea, pp. 64, 221–223, 229; Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 312–313; Vol. II, pp. 198–200

9501: 9465: 8618:

Cioculescu, pp. 94–95, 117–119, 120, 122–123, 208–311; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 189

7351:

Ornea, pp. 151–258; Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 305, 398; Vol. II, pp. 9, 136–137, 221

6047:

was opened for the public in 1979. Memorial plaques have also been set up in

5932: 5833: 5747: 5722: 5275: 5116: 5104: 4939: 4853: 4532: 4528: 4463: 4378: 4284: 4092: 4088: 4042: 3992: 3825: 3779: 3703: 3611: 3568: 3404: 3313: 3126: 3058: 2806: 2620:

activist. Brote, who fled Transylvania and planned to directly implicate the

2488: 2270: 2127: 2105: 2038: 1744: 1633: 1612: 1540: 1456: 1176: 1110:, the young Caragiale educated himself by reading the philosophical works of 1055: 847: 843: 776: 644: 632: 597: 541: 406: 289: 164: 107: 8690:

Cioculescu, pp. 28–29, 121, 127, 268; Mîndra, p. 275; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 189

6052: 5565: 4660:(1909). Around 1907, the dramatist was also interested in the activities of 4087:

Caragiale centered some of his first attacks on the "Reds" and their leader

3227:

In 1907, Caragiale was shaken by the outbreak and violent repression of the

3118: 3078: 1413:

Slavici later recalled that three of them engaged in lengthy discussions at

1062:— a short-lived stated created by the liberal groups, in an attempt to oust 799: 10893: 8825:

Călinescu, pp. 181–182; Cioculescu, pp. 203–207, 262; Vianu, Vol. I, p. 313

6993:

Cazimir (1967), pg. 128; Cioculescu, pp. 18–19, 270–271; Ornea, pp. 215–216

6516: 5956: 5837: 5823: 5552: 5456: 5359: 5242: 5208: 5203:

Several other of Caragiale's characters have traditionally been considered

4943: 4505: 4419: 4397: 4393: 4340: 4315: 4292: 4241: 4188: 4162: 4146: 4130: 4041:. He exemplified the latter group by citing some of its prominent members: 4000: 3942: 3734: 3649: 3363: 3359: 3137: 3090: 3047: 3024: 2999:, leaving the public to see that it was only remotely similar to his play. 2970: 2853: 2743: 2496: 2428: 2418: 2410: 2278: 2253:

circles as an outsider to the cause, and soon became good friends with the

1784: 1772: 1600:—together with Caragiale, they soon became the foremost representatives of 1597: 1407: 1338: 1124: 1076: 941: 835: 722: 640: 533: 459:, as well as occasional works of poetry and autobiographical texts such as 456: 392: 221: 169: 6116:"Grecii, mai interesaţi de opera lui I.L.Caragiale decit conaţionalii săi" 5397: 4796:, which, he believed, the "corner of a slum" was suggested to perfection. 4646: 3740:

Critics and historians place Caragiale's style midway between the delayed

3182:; without making direct references to the monarch, it features the lyrics 2900:

described as "a real pathological character", issued a claim that, in his

2228:

Late in 1892, Caragiale published two volumes of prose, including his new

2177: 1797: 1588:

activities, characterized by the society's expansion to Bucharest and its

1530:, during a visit to the house of Dr. Kremnitz, physician to the family of 753:

members of the Tabay family. The couple also had a daughter, named Lenci.

10994: 10916: 10859: 10777: 10435: 9517: 7011:

Perpessicius, pp. 150, 190, 235–236, 290–291; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 176–77.

6172:'s George Bariţ Institute of History, Cluj-Napoca. Retrieved 3 July 2007. 6060: 5960: 5703: 5692: 5684: 5639: 5423: 5377:

is placed in numerous of his works. Aside from deduced self-portraits in

5355: 5279: 5184: 5128: 5047:

who defends himself out of fear, he drew a comparison with Shakespeare's

4799: 4672: 4627: 4599: 4587: 4385: 4318:

and his dissident grouping. Uniquely among students of Caragiale's work,

4307: 4260: 3916: 3901: 3798: 3771: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3599: 3459: 3450: 3408: 3382: 3207:, meaning to combine the characters of his two most successful comedies ( 3074: 2974: 2942: 2897: 2711: 2600: 2528:; one year later, he began contributing to its mouthpiece, the newspaper 2525: 2373: 2266: 2158: 2120: 2054: 1970: 1943: 1736: 1548: 1426: 1258: 1244:

Agostino Mazzoli, is believed to have been his first contribution to the

968: 882: 812: 784: 730: 714: 577: 491: 217: 128: 10928: 10800: 10760: 9481: 7897:

Cioculescu, p. 21; Mîndra, p. 274; Ornea, p. 200; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 183

6832: 6075: 6034: 5856:

first shown during his lifetime, and including novels by Goga, Slavici,

5539:, at a time when the latter had been turned into a comedic character by 5470:, as an early influence, recalling how, as a child, he used to read his 5259:, an unnamed inebriated man who makes brief but relevant appearances in 5196:, where two students terrify the innkeeper Zibal by casually discussing 4586:(itself a derivative of "spinach"). Instead, his loose association with 3698: 3322: 3199:, and Zarifopol. He was also in touch with psychologist and philosopher 2912:

author, István Kemény. Caion expanded on this in articles published by

2864:". Nevertheless, on 23 March 1902, the National Liberal majority in the 2299: 2138:"Mr. Caragiale should learn how to respect his nation, and not mock it." 1592:

of the arts. Other writers who marked this stage were Creangă, Slavici,

718: 651:, who were major figures of the 19th century Romanian theatre. His sons 11031: 6521:"Romania and the Balkans. From Geocultural Bovarism to Ethnic Ontology" 6263:""Caragiale la Berlin: Exil voluntar sau "misiune sub acoperire"? (I)"" 5767:. Caragiale's short stories and novellas have inspired authors such as 5711: 5475: 5441: 5084: 5003: 4995: 4964: 4913: 4862: 4752: 4623: 4605:

In one of his articles, Ion Luca Caragiale commented with irony on the

4524: 4431: 4427: 4220: 4212: 4145:, he advocated its full integration into Romanian society, calling for 4134: 3938: 3872: 3741: 3706: 3640:

to abandon their dissident politics. In August 1911, he was present in

3430: 3378: 3263: 3232: 3129:, and, in 1908, confessed that he was devastated by news of his death. 2905: 2814: 2751: 2444: 2440: 2393: 2389: 2303: 1958: 1818: 1670: 1334: 1330: 1115: 1051: 922: 878: 839: 750: 342: 253: 154: 141: 136: 10704: 7162:

Cioculescu, pg. 92; Perpessicius, pp. 238–239; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 178

7119:

Cioculescu, pp. 17–21; Mîndra, pp. 9, 273; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 177–178

5832:

Several authors have left memoirs of Ion Luca Caragiale. They include

5647:'s novel as a source, was held as evidence of Caragiale's interest in 4271:

In some of his early articles, and again as he distanced himself from

3019:, the writer soon lost most of the funds earned, transferring them to 2861: 2044: 1974: 1210:, whose taste he questioned. Soon after, he ridiculed the rising poet 9030:

Cazimir (1967), pp. 36–38; Cioculescu, pg. 16; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 65

8771:

Cioculescu, pp. 29–30, 271–273; Ornea, p. 208; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 191

8663:

Cioculescu, pp. 28–29, 121, 123, 268–271; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 189–190

8645:

Cioculescu, pp. 28–29, 119–124; Ornea, p. 228; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 189

8346:

Cioculescu, pp. 124, 133; Mîndra, pp. 16, 274; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 188

5228: 5220: 5216: 5112: 5033: 4556: 4443: 4030: 3564: 3522: 3440: 3317: 3285: 3251: 2929: 2797: 2582: 2554:, a National Liberal newspaper, were centered on new attacks against 2250: 1830: 1662: 1589: 1490: 1406:, asked to be joined by Caragiale and the Transylvanian prose writer 1379: 1167:. He mostly performed basic services for the editorial staff and its 1019: 910: 891: 859: 688: 660: 616: 417:, building on an original synthesis of foreign and local influences. 372: 245: 187: 78: 9773:

Vianu, Vol. I, p. 314; Vol. II, pp. 197–198; Vol. III, pp. 74, 75–76

8780:

Cioculescu, pp. 272–273; Ornea, p. 208; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 191, 192

7201:

Mîndra, p. 273; Ornea, p. 200; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 147, 178, 224–225

6056: 5993:. Several educational institutions were named in his, including the 5810:. According to various authors, Caragiale was also a predecessor of 5212: 3766:, rejected Romantic tenets, and, as early as the 1870s, opposed the 3121:. In 1906, together with Zarifopol, he visited Beethoven's house in 2570:

published an unsigned article which discussed the suicide of writer

2104:, reported unfavorably. Additional criticism was voiced by the poet 1558:

In 1878, Caragiale and Maiorescu left for Iași, where they attended

726: 10983: 10979: 10876: 9940:

Cazimir (1967), pp. 55–56; Cioculescu, pp. 56–59, 83–84, 85–88, 113

8636:

Cioculescu, pp. 80, 260, 278, 279, 297, 301–302, 364; Ornea, p. 228

8564:

Cioculescu, pp. 209–210, 231–236, 259; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 189, 198

7555:

Cioculescu, pg. 280; Perpessicius, pg. 148; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 150

5784: 5615:

Discussing the latter works, Vianu noted that they reminded one of

5605: 5467: 5363: 5322: 5318: 5224: 5204: 5088: 4619: 4401: 4368: 4077: 4073: 4034: 3963: 3857: 3767: 3675:

recounted that, on that very night, Caragiale-father was rereading

3548: 2892:

Soon after, Caragiale became involved in a major literary scandal.

2670: 2403: 2385: 2381: 2274: 2123:, claiming that it altogether lacked a moral and national quality. 1929: 1842: 1581: 1552: 1544: 1532: 1430: 1241: 1180: 1156: 1064: 769: 761: 699: 237: 146: 8034:

Cioculescu, pp. 23–24; Ornea, pp. 207–208; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 185

6048: 3590: 2768:

Around that time, Caragiale began collaborating with the formerly

2295: 2284:

In November 1893, as a gesture of goodwill towards his adversary,

2182: 367:

30 January] 1852 – 9 June 1912), commonly referred to as

11000: 7668:

Ornea, pp. 319–320; Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 334, 335–336, 401, 409–410

7406:

Cioculescu, pp. 184–186; Mîndra, pg. 273; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 180

6426:

Cioculescu, pp. 300–301; Mîndra, pp. 5–6; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 176

5928: 5463: 5411:

Aside from the many authors whose works he quoted, translated or

5374: 5290: 5153: 5048: 4848: 4775: 4626:, a school of thought which took its inspiration from socialism, 4618:

averse to pure philosophical analysis, and frequently quoted the

4606: 4560: 4497: 4409: 4005: 3896: 3865: 3853: 3681: 3247: 3160: 3114: 2925: 2872:

for the Năsturel Herăscu Award — despite a favorable report from

2841: 2596: 2506: 2448: 2258: 2229: 2194: 2079: 1994: 1947: 1925: 1674: 1518: 1263: 1237: 1219: 1207: 1031: 901:

Investigations carried out by the Center of Theatric Research in

804: 452: 443: 401: 280: 257: 225: 213: 86: 27:

Romanian writer, political commentator and journalist (1852–1912)

9039:

Călinescu, pg. 181; Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 307–308; Vol. II, pg. 195

7510:

Cioculescu, pg. 313; Ciupală, pg. 25; Perpessicius, pp. 277, 290

6984:

Cioculescu, pp. 8, 18–19, 270–271; Mîndra, pg. 8; Ornea, pg. 216

6943:

Cioculescu, pp. 6–7; Mîndra, pp. 8, 272; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 176

5478:, whose accomplishments he praised during talks with his fellow 5274:

theme, and investigates the glamorous but superficial impact of

5241:, who is present or named in several sketches, stands for those 5091:

relations with younger men. This behavior is notably present in

4630:

and traditionalism. He is also known to have been amused by the

3971:

in 1872, and illustrating the differences of opinion inside the

3148: 3117:, where he would meet with Zarifopol, as well as vacationing in 2702:

s inquiries, he showed that he had yet again come to reevaluate

2539: 1678: 1513: 1497:'s arrival to Bucharest, and the street reactions to the event. 948:. The definitive full version of his name features the syllable 7501:

Ciupală, pg. 25; Perpessicius, pg. 277; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 180

6683:

Artiști și idei literare române: Publicul și arta lui Caragiale

6010: 5935:. Caragiale's work has been the subject of many productions in 5710:

and the academic discourse, a tendency notably endorsed by the

5672: 5623:

believed them to have been indirectly inspired by the works of

5544: 5412: 4705: 4701: 4677: 4650: 4423: 4364: 4204: 4176: 3813: 3584: 3303: 3054: 2933: 2792:, and further aggravated the conflict between the two figures. 2369: 1921: 1722: 1402: 1309: 1233: 1215: 1184: 1038:

In 1866, Caragiale witnessed Cuza's toppling by a coalition of

906: 902: 820: 816: 585: 537: 422: 249: 233: 229: 209: 131: 103: 10833: 9404:

Călinescu, pg. 180; Cioculescu, pg. 7; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 204

8546:

Cioculescu, pp. 120, 122–123, 250, 262; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 188

8328:

Cioculescu, pp. 133–140; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 188, 373–374, 387

8129:

Cioculescu, pp. 25–26; Ornea, pg. 208; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 185

6408:

Patrimoine littéraire européen: anthologie en langue française

5637:, but this hypothesis was rejected by Zarifopol. In addition, 3797:

argued that, for most of his life, Caragiale, the opponent of

2920:, who publicized the controversy through one of his journals, 2585:

leaders in Austro-Hungarian-ruled Transylvania had signed the

2409:

In parallel, Cargiale resumed his contacts with Transylvanian

9878:

Cazimir (1967), p. 143; Ornea, p. 221; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 202

9066:

Mîndra, pg. 270; Vianu, Vol. I, pg. 311; Vol. II, pp. 203–204

5853: 5676: 5211:

and even regional identities. One of the most famous ones is

4901: 4715:

Several of his major works have a rural setting—they include

4543:

whose paintings were often exhibited in Bucharest galleries.

4288: 4237: 4196: 3343: 3243: 3168: 3089:

and to other young people: among them were poet and essayist

2991:, Macedonski was heckled and responded by blowing a whistle. 2817:

revolutionary who had attempted to set up a base in Romania.

1345: 1163:, the contraction of his family name, and the more elaborate 1128: 851: 721:, and married Ecaterina, the daughter of a merchant from the 261: 205: 10371: 10369: 8315: 8313: 5939:

and television—films based on his writings include the 1958

5317:). Șerban Cioculescu referred to the latter three as "great 4133:, which was mostly represented by the National Liberals and 3702:, argued that he preferred Caragiale's humor to that of the 3272:

against the Romanian political establishment, replacing the

2676:

Caragiale also became a collaborator on Filipescu's journal

834:

included Caragiale among a group of "Balkan" writers, whose

10279:

Cazimir (1967), pp. 96–101; Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 310–311, 314

8232:

Cioculescu, pg. 10; Ornea, pg. 208; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 187

6030:(with over 1,500 individual drawings in a single exhibit). 5596:. Late in his life, Caragiale discovered the literature of 4834: 4830: 4771: 4763: 4405: 3696:

was saddened by the news of his death, and, in a letter to

3641: 3262:. To the social and political problems, the text offered a 3122: 2776:, who enlisted his anonymous contributions to the magazine 2530: 2398: 1829:

administration. It is probably during this period that his

886:

was a likely self-reference: in that fragment of text, the

159: 9865: 9863: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9737: 9735: 9716: 9714: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9072: 8960: 8958: 8390: 8388: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8162: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7816: 7814: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7592: 7590: 7588: 5695:'s opinion, this was partly owed to his keen musical ear. 5342:

Anxiety over imminent events grips the main characters in

3567:

on his work). He decided to support the poet and activist

3438:

Beginning in 1909, Caragiale resumed his contributions to

1329:, in which Caragiale attacked the inferiority of Romanian 10366: 10066:

Cioculescu, p. 80; Vianu, Vol. I, p. 309; Vol. II, p. 201

8999: 8997: 8310: 7963:

Cioculescu, p. 23; Mîndra, p. 274; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 184

7470: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7221: 7219: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7088: 7086: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6330:"I.L. Caragiale, fiul unui emigrant din Cefallonia (III)" 5680: 5568:

were a noted source of inspiration, and the parallel led

4454:. Much of his own poetry, especially pieces published in 3852:

Through many of his traits, Caragiale was connected to a

3808:

His role in the Romanian context was likened to those of

3556: 3458:

during the early 19th century and the late stages of the

3147:

He also traveled back into Romania for intervals—when in

1876:, was first shown to the public. A fresco of conflicting 556:. He came to clash with National Liberal leaders such as 524:

Ion Luca Caragiale was interested in the politics of the

10672: 8925:

Cioculescu, p. 69; Mîndra, p. 25; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 192

8244: 7342:

Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 397–398; Vol. II, pp. 9, 110, 136–137

6189: 6187: 5888:

and Eminescu's anger provide the key to Eminescu's poem

3246:, having maintained as much possible from the legacy of 3030:

He was by then enchanted with the idea of moving into a

2085:— both writings were presented for consideration to the 1849:

members: like Pogor, Caragiale objected to the style of

1681:

made efforts to have it included in their own programs.

1447:

as a means to secure her complete independence from the

1088:

He returned to Bucharest later that year, after manager

830:

In his main work on the history of Romanian literature,

11027:

Collection of Caragiale's caricatures, at Caricatura.ro

10296: 10294: 9860: 9799: 9797: 9753: 9732: 9711: 9112: 9069: 8955: 8385: 8159: 7984: 7909: 7811: 7756: 7713: 7585: 5911:

Ion Luca Caragiale memorial house in his native village

5532:

Ion Luca Caragiale is known to have been amused by the

4295:(which was by then nonetheless defunct, as traditional 3399:, grouping short pieces about cultural figures such as 2595:

politicians in Romania had succeeded in negotiating an

1451:. Caragiale reportedly took little interest in editing 10807:

Femeia în societatea românească a secolului al XIX-lea

10414:

Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 203–204, 240–241; Vol. III, p. 246

10230: 10228: 9958:

Cazimir (1967), pp. 55, 133–134; Cioculescu, pp. 85–88

9949:

Cazimir (1967), pp. 55, 112–119; Cioculescu, pp. 83–84

9672:

Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 312, 313–314; Vol. II, pp. 198, 205

8994: 8456: 8454: 8303: 8301: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7777: 7775: 7459: 7216: 7131: 7083: 6884: 6551: 6482: 6063:. A street in Chișinău also bears the name Caragiale. 6037:

has been turned into a museum honoring Caragiale (the

3393:. It was also during the period that he published his 2687:(roughly: "A Scoundrel"), was reluctantly accepted by 694:

Ion Luca's father, who reportedly originated from the

10923:, Vol. I-III, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1970–1971. 10146: 10144: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9316: 9314: 9312: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8319:

Cioculescu, pp. 132–133; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 188, 373

8089: 8087: 8085: 8021: 8019: 7808:

Cioculescu, pp. 124, 130–131; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 182

7483:

Cioculescu, pp. 5–6; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 82, 117, 180

7452: 7450: 7448: 7433:

Cioculescu, pp. 190–191; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 180, 186

6776:

David Binder, "Vlachs: a Peaceful Balkan People", in

6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6184: 5919:

posthumously, in 1948, upon the proposal of novelist

4806:

influences (specifically, the summer retreats in the

4219:

with sarcastic verses that were meant to enhance its

4199:

roots. In his stories, Caragiale created the teacher

3302:("A Romanian patriot"), was originally hosted by the 1155:. He published relatively few articles under various 607:, while maintaining contacts with, among others, the 11286:

Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously

10291: 9967:

Cioculescu, pp. 179–180, 183–184; Ornea, pp. 210–211

9794: 9391: 9389: 9171: 9169: 8762:

Cioculescu, pp. 27–28, 29–30; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 191

8373:

Cazimir (1967), pp. 100–101; Cioculescu, pp. 136–137

7941: 7939: 7790:

Cioculescu, pp. 124, 129–132; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 182

7379: 7377: 7375: 7188: 7186: 7067: 7065: 5763:, whose interpretation of the texts made use of the 4236:

during the early 1880s. This was for long disputed:

4215:

writings—he completed Alecsandri's nationalist poem

3326:. The author had agreed to make himself known after 2534:. He was also briefly associated with the newspaper 117:

Car., Ein rumänischer Patriot, Luca, i, Ion, Palicar

30:"Caragiale" redirects here. Not to be confused with 10617:"Portretele lui Caragiale expuse din nou la Madrid" 10519:

Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 178, 197; Vol. III, pp. 75, 137

10225: 8537:

Cioculescu, pp. 122, 209, 217; Perpessicius, p. 442

8451: 8298: 7823: 7772: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6651:

Introduceri la ediţia critică I.L. Caragiale, opere

5321:", while Iosifescu defined Zibal and Stavrache as " 4303:" Caragiale felt in respect to his former patrons. 3482:, and was occasionally classified as an example of 3312:. The translation had been completed by his friend 3266:solution—Caragiale expected Carol I to carry out a 1539:. The doctor's wife and Maiorescu's sister-in-law, 1274:, and, in May 1877, created the satirical magazine 483:. In some of his later fiction writings, including 399:, he is seen as one of the main representatives of 10431: 10429: 10186:Cazimir (1967), pp. 149–157; Cioculescu, pp. 89–92 10141: 9902: 9895: 9893: 9457: 9455: 9309: 9127:Cioculescu, p. 9; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 193–194, 196 8828: 8082: 8016: 7445: 7047:Cioculescu, pp. 19–21; Ornea, pp. 205–206, 209–217 6533: 5187:tenets, the sources for his absurd theories about 4396:, Caragiale defined himself as "a right-believing 4255: 3203:. At the time, Caragiale planned to start work on 2004: 980:, Prahova County (the present-day I. L. Caragiale 815:noted, Caragiale's outlook on life was explicitly 548:, evidencing both his respect for their rivals at 10630:, 11 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007. 10590: 10588: 10318:Cazimir (1967), pp. 89–93; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 88 9386: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9166: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8337:Cioculescu, pg. 133; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 188, 373 7936: 7582:Cioculescu, pp. 308, 362; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 188 7372: 7183: 7062: 7055: 7053: 6868: 6866: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6462:"Caragiale: 'ai avesi, tomnilor, cu numele meu?'" 6410:, De Boeck Université, Paris, 2000, pp. 478–479; 5608:themes served as a model for some of Caragiale's 3618:, becoming friends with other Romanian activists— 2281:, and considered starting a career as a teacher. 1957:). In reference to accusations that the play was 1075:). Later in life, as his opinions veered towards 11091:20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights 11086:19th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights 11042: 9812:Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 309–310; Vol. II, pp. 200–201 8469:Cioculescu, p. 308; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 188, 198 8364:Cioculescu, pp. 133–140; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 374 7393: 7391: 7389: 7209: 7207: 6955: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6283:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6165:Genealogia între ştiinţă, mitologie şi monomanie 6107: 6105: 6103: 5307:—, as well as Anghelache (the suicide victim in 5215:, a recurring character who stands for ordinary 4470:(among the best-known of these targets was poet 3919:images, he often used them in his own writings. 2758:, and helped to promote his works in the press. 2483:). It was also then that he authored a piece on 1280:. Later in 1877, he also translated a series of 1191:, he made the acquaintance of republican writer 10426: 9994:Cazimir (1967), pp. 143–144; Ornea, pp. 220–221 9890: 9690:Ornea, pp. 221–223; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 199–200 9636:Cioculescu, pp. 6, 7–8; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 193 9452: 9012:Cioculescu, pp. 107–108; Vianu, Vol. I, pg. 310 8934:Cioculescu, pp. 267–268; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 192 8898:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 192; Vol. III, pp. 74, 75–77 8871:Cioculescu, pp. 126–127; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 192 8681:Cioculescu, p. 301; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 190–191 8448:Cioculescu, pp. 222–231; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 203 7933:Cioculescu, p. 22; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 183, 184 7676: 7674: 7306:Cioculescu, pg. 75; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 178–179 7080:Cioculescu, pp. 52–53; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 177. 6930: 6928: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6406:Dan Mănucă, "Caragiale", in Jean-Claude Polet, 5452:. Reportedly, Labiche was his favorite author. 4523:("In the City with Three Hundred Churches"), a 4437: 3958: 3235:perspective. According to Vianu, the resulting 3151:, he associated with the maverick Conservative 2784:, and appointed by the Conservative cabinet of 2343:. The new publication's spirit was indebted to 11261:Chairpersons of the National Theatre Bucharest 10585: 9268: 8851: 8430:Cioculescu, pp. 352, 357–358, 360–362, 363–364 8259:Cioculescu, p. 28; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 187–188 8198: 8196: 8102:Cioculescu, pp. 24–25; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 185 7972:Mîndra, pp. 10–11, 274; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 183 7870:Perpessicius, pp. 190, 191, 194, 235, 290, 300 7753:Perpessicius, pg. 239; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 181 7710:Cioculescu, p. 21; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 180–181 7050: 6863: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6265:. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007 5547:, he purchased the cartoons of French artists 5285: 4450:'s style, especially after the latter adopted 3953: 2606:Thus, Sturdza offered a measure of support to 2013:(a journal issued by historian and politician 1708:'s own book of memoirs, the well-known volume 1179:; he thus became intimately acquainted with a 10883:, Vol. II, Editura Minerva, Bucharest, 1998. 10168:Călinescu, pp. 179–180; Cazimir (1967), p. 56 9546:Cioculescu, pp. 23, 46–47; Ornea, pp. 208–209 9365:Cioculescu, pp. 41–43; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 185 8627:Cioculescu, pp. 96–97; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 192 8495: 8004:Cioculescu, pp. 40–41; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 185 7386: 7204: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6698: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6181:Mîndra, pp. 5–6, 272; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 176 6100: 5631:also drew a parallel between Poe's works and 3219:) into one play—this was never accomplished. 2856:, and where a special single-issue magazine, 2089:, in view of receiving its annual prize, the 1717:Accompanied by Maiorescu, Caragiale left for 1665:. When he asked for an official explanation, 676:Ion Luca Caragiale was born into a family of 552:and his connections with the literary critic 9356:Vianu, Vol. I, p. 312; Vol. II, pp. 184, 199 9329:Cioculescu, pp. 269, 271; Ornea, pp. 206–209 8816:Vianu, Vol. I, p. 313; Vol. II, pp. 191, 205 8493: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8477: 8475: 8382:Cioculescu, pg. 137; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 374 8111:Cioculescu, pg. 126; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 187 7852:Cioculescu, pg. 124; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 182 7735:Cioculescu, pg. 136; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 181 7671: 6925: 6881:Cioculescu, pg. 126; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 176 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6529:Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen 6438: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6013:. Among the statues raised in his honor are 5698:Caragiale was an enduring influence on both 4388:also evidenced that Caragiale treasured his 4072:, Caragiale perceived liberals as agents of 3712: 3571:, who, after questioning ethnic policies in 3535:. In 1909, he recalled the union of the two 1292:(it was showcased in late 1877-early 1878), 9821:Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 309–310; Vol. II, p. 200 9782:Vianu, Vol. I, p. 314; Vol. II, pp. 200–201 9729:Cioculescu, pp. 6–7; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 195 9413:Călinescu, pg. 180; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 204 9202:Cioculescu, pp. 179–180; Ornea, pp. 209–217 8848:Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 313–314; Vol. II, p. 205 8241:Cioculescu, pg. 10; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 187 8193: 8070:Cioculescu, pp. 23–24; Ciupală, pp. 104–105 7605:Ornea, pp. 227–228; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 180 7128:Mîndra, pp. 10, 273; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 178 7002:Mîndra, pp. 9, 272; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 177 6952:Mîndra, pp. 8, 272; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 177 6854:Alexandru Vlad, "Gramatica diavolului", in 6567: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 5663:also resulted in an accurate record of the 4634:and the resulting defeat registered by the 4446:. On this basis, he persistently ridiculed 4191:intellectuals, who attempted to reform the 3871:Largely reflecting his primordial study of 3685:, which he found to be a moving narrative. 3551:to meet with Transylvanian students at the 3109:. Caragiale was also close to the linguist 2249:. The following year, he began frequenting 992:of Saint George. Soon after, he was taught 10039:Cazimir (1967), p. 129; Cioculescu, p. 337 8943:Mîndra, p. 25; Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 192–193 8880:Cioculescu, p. 250; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 191 8753:Cioculescu, p. 304; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 191 8412:Cioculescu, p. 308; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 188 7689:Asupra esteticii metafizice şi ştiinţifice 7360:Ornea, pp. 151–258; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 19 6792: 6307: 5667:as it was spoken during his day, sampling 4183:, he was entirely opposed to the group of 4009:, he was amused by the cultural legacy of 3167:Conservative cabinet—comparing Bădărău to 2581:were extremely tense. Three years before, 1352:politicians—when researching this period, 53: 11241:Conservative-Democratic Party politicians 11106:20th-century Romanian short story writers 11101:19th-century Romanian short story writers 10871:"Tablou biobibliografic", p. 272–275 8907:Cioculescu, p. 31; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 192 8708:Cioculescu, p. 28; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 189 8472: 6657: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6359: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 5592:showed the "obvious enough influence" of 4712:diplomats to street vendors or beggars). 4546: 4137:'s emerging movement. At a time when the 4129:Ion Luca Caragiale was a vocal critic of 3630:. His articles expressed support for the 2868:, headed by Sturdza, refused to consider 2309: 2298:(just like Dobrogeanu-Gherea had done in 2073: 1821:; he thus accepted the lowly position of 1253:In 1896, Macedonski reflected with irony: 1127:for various publications and worked as a 1079:, Caragiale ridiculed both the attempted 1001:' union, with the election of Moldavia's 11096:Romanian male dramatists and playwrights 10497:The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre 10442:, Reaktion Books, London, 2001, p. 247. 9470:Romanțe pentru mai târziu și alte poezii 9057:Vianu, Vol. I, pg. 311; Vol. II, pg. 204 8504:"Casele lui I.L. Caragiale de la Berlin" 8277:Cioculescu, p. 8; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 187 6913:Mîndra, pg. 272; Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 176 6196: 5906: 5737:, and various directors, beginning with 5396: 5179:, who has a vague familiarity with both 5146:Written between the two other comedies, 4821: 4817: 4671: 4492:, claiming that it was not poetry (when 4291:" who prioritized the interest of their 4259: 3962: 3692:on 22 November 1912. His longtime rival 3589: 3513:His last collection of writings, titled 3429: 3418: 3358:, a rising force of the entrepreneurial 2883: 2653:(1890s caricature by Constantin Jiquidi) 2642: 2319: 2176: 2043: 1897: 1895:, whom Caragiale recognized as his son. 1865: 1796: 1725:, the two of them attended a staging of 1636:'s movement, which aimed to consolidate 1622:Ion Luca Caragiale also associated with 1369: 1316:, he also headed a short-lived journal, 1151:'s liberal-inspired satirical magazine, 1138: 967: 798: 11236:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church 10694:The Memorial House "Ion Luca Caragiale" 5564:innovations. The literary creations of 4412:manifested themselves in life, and his 1257:"As early as 1872, the clients of some 14: 11043: 10393:Dl Panu asupra criticii și literaturii 10354:Cazimir (1967), pg. 72; Mîndra, pg. 32 9338:Cioculescu, pp. 271–273; Ornea, p. 208 8211:Amintiri literare (Ion Luca Caragiale) 7945:Mîndra, p. 274; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 184 6505: 6134: 5426:, and heavily impressed by the French 5392: 4954: 4594:, and saw him campaigning in favor of 4535:, Caragiale also admired the works of 4207:, the writer also persiflaged some of 4175:(the "Green Romanians"), who took its 3801:, advocated Maiorescu's principles of 3486:. Similar stories use themes from the 2647:Caragiale as a traveler, parting with 1485:. Another notable work of the time is 1359: 1266:reasoning easily attracted attention." 877:, noted that a section of Caragiale's 671: 564:, and was a lifelong adversary of the 10938:Absurdul în opera lui I. L. Caragiale 10733:Istoria literaturii române. Compendiu 8672:Ornea, p. 228; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 190 7906:Ornea, p. 200; Vianu, Vol. II, p. 183 7153:Cioculescu, pp. 186–187; Mîndra, p. 9 7038:Cioculescu, pp. 18, 60; Mîndra, pg. 9 6097:, Vol. VIII, Nr. 2, 1977, pp. 179–184 6087: 5991:"Ion Luca Caragiale" National Theater 5370:articles while relaxing in the park. 5175:, known to the other protagonists as 4751:, as well as fragments of the pseudo- 3587:, where he was serving time in jail. 3385:supporters (who were students at the 2710:tenets, and took a favorable view of 2331:Together with the socialist activist 2169: 1228:Caragiale also contributed poetry to 932:. His family and friends knew him as 894:trader, is shown taking pride in his 358: 11014:The Nenea Iancu Festival in Chișinău 10971:Works by or about Ion Luca Caragiale 10868:"Aprecieri critice", p. 267–271 10159:Călinescu, p. 180; Cioculescu, p. 89 8295:Cioculescu, pg. 124; Mîndra, pg. 274 5820:Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre 3660:. Caragiale had previously rejected 3073:The family lived in an apartment in 2558:and were signed with the pseudonyms 1969:? Is there any national spouting in 1695: 1504: 1123:. During the period, Caragiale also 768:, and defended themselves through a 584:. After having decided to settle in 9306:Cioculescu, pp. 22–23, 29, 121, 304 7180:Cioculescu, pp. 18–19, 59–60, 59–60 5999:Ion Luca Caragiale National College 4865:, the author also parodied his own 4519:believes that he genuinely admired 3967:Anti-dynasty cartoon, published in 3105:'s son-in-law, the literary critic 2161:, which, in Caragiale's own words, 1870:Months after this, his new comedy, 1526:founder, the critic and politician 24: 11146:Romanian collectors of fairy tales 10649:site. Retrieved 26 September 2007. 10604:site. Retrieved 26 September 2007. 6975:Cioculescu, pg. 55; Ornea, pg. 213 6070:by the Romanian-American novelist 5848:. Among his later biographers was 5844:, Ecaterina Logadi-Caragiale, and 5654: 5496:. Caragiale's late admiration for 4878:1907, din primăvară până în toamnă 4869:—which he turned into the sketch, 4521:În orașul cu trei sute de biserici 4099:from his throne, both Rosetti and 3610:Caragiale also contributed to the 3545:union of Transylvania with Romania 3292:1907, din primăvară până în toamnă 3237:1907, din primăvară până în toamnă 2206:Although this attack owed much to 2203:and various new satirical pieces. 2108:, who also defended the a work by 1916:During the same year, Caragiale's 1501:ceased publication in early 1878. 1425:. According to literary historian 1337:. According to literary historian 1262:and mocking voice, as well as his 1121:Moldavian National Theater in Iași 1058:ideals. In 1871, he witnessed the 1046:— as he later acknowledged in his 928:Originally, Ion Luca was known as 25: 11297: 11246:19th-century Romanian male actors 11111:Romanian male short story writers 10955: 10555:Cioculescu, pp. 43, 198, 277, 316 10021:Cioculescu, p. 334; Ornea, p. 215 7424:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 180, 186, 190 6780:, Volume 15, Number 4, Fall 2004. 5659:The writer's investigations into 5627:. In his report for the academy, 5440:, and was also influenced by the 3762:). The writer, who abided by the 3644:, where the cultural association 3634:, calling for its adversaries at 3010: 2629:as a means to live off the local 2463:schoolteacher Anghel Demetrescu ( 2112:(itself up for review). When the 1134: 811:Nevertheless, as literary critic 11231:Romanian people of Greek descent 10987: 10846:Vicu Mîndra, in I.L. Caragiale, 10687: 10652: 10633: 10607: 10576: 10567: 10558: 10549: 10540: 10531: 10522: 10513: 10489: 10479: 10470: 10461: 10452: 10417: 10408: 10399: 10378: 10357: 10348: 10339: 10330: 10321: 10312: 10303: 10282: 10273: 10264: 10255: 10246: 10237: 10216: 10207: 10198: 10189: 10180: 10171: 10162: 10153: 10132: 10123: 10114: 10105: 10096: 10087: 10078: 10069: 10060: 10051: 10042: 10033: 10024: 10015: 10006: 9997: 9988: 9979: 9970: 9961: 9952: 9943: 9934: 9925: 9916: 9881: 9872: 9851: 9842: 9833: 9824: 9815: 9806: 9785: 9776: 9767: 9744: 9723: 9702: 9693: 9684: 9675: 9666: 9657: 9648: 9639: 9630: 9621: 9612: 9603: 9594: 9585: 9576: 9567: 9558: 9549: 9540: 9531: 9522: 9495: 9486: 9443: 9434: 9425: 9416: 9407: 9398: 9377: 9368: 9359: 9350: 9341: 9332: 9323: 9300: 9291: 9288:Cioculescu, pp. 68, 216, 252–253 9282: 9259: 9250: 9241: 9232: 9223: 9214: 9205: 9196: 9187: 9178: 9157: 9148: 9139: 9130: 9121: 9103: 9094: 9085: 9060: 9051: 9042: 9033: 9024: 9015: 9006: 8985: 8976: 8967: 8946: 8937: 8928: 8919: 8910: 8901: 8892: 8883: 8874: 8865: 8842: 8819: 8810: 8801: 8792: 8783: 8774: 8765: 8756: 8747: 8738: 8729: 8726:Cioculescu, pp. 28, 260–261, 301 8720: 8711: 8702: 8693: 8684: 8675: 8666: 8657: 8648: 8639: 8630: 8621: 8612: 8603: 8594: 8585: 8576: 8567: 8558: 8549: 8540: 8531: 8522: 8463: 8442: 8439:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 188, 198–199 8433: 8424: 8415: 8406: 8397: 8376: 8367: 8358: 8349: 8340: 8331: 8322: 8289: 8280: 8271: 8262: 8253: 8235: 8226: 8217: 8184: 8175: 8150: 8141: 8132: 8123: 8114: 8105: 8096: 8073: 8064: 8055: 8046: 8037: 8028: 8007: 7998: 7975: 7966: 7957: 7948: 7927: 7900: 7891: 7882: 7873: 7864: 7855: 7846: 7837: 7802: 7793: 7784: 7747: 7738: 7729: 7704: 7695: 7662: 7653: 7644: 7635: 7626: 7617: 7608: 7599: 7576: 7567: 7558: 7549: 7540: 5777:Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești 4967:. Several critics have credited 4422:were accompanied by a series of 3995:influence and economic privilege 3504:). Another work of the time was 3125:. He was close to the dramatist 2896:, a journalist and student whom 2879: 2852:and the Conservative politician 2516: 1954:Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics 1779:). With Negruzzi, he dramatized 1284:plays for the National Theater: 341: 11276:Romanian expatriates in Germany 10766:I.L. Caragiale faţă cu kitschul 10662:Muzeul Memorial I. L. Caragiale 9163:Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 167, 308–309 7531: 7522: 7513: 7504: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7436: 7427: 7418: 7409: 7400: 7363: 7354: 7345: 7336: 7333:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 61, 179–180 7327: 7318: 7309: 7300: 7291: 7282: 7273: 7264: 7255: 7246: 7237: 7228: 7195: 7174: 7165: 7156: 7147: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7095: 7074: 7041: 7032: 7023: 7014: 7005: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6969: 6946: 6937: 6916: 6907: 6898: 6875: 6848: 6839: 6783: 6770: 6761: 6752: 6689: 6496: 6473: 6429: 6420: 6350: 5525:plays are an early critique of 5344:Conu Leonida față cu reacțiunea 5149:Conu Leonida față cu reacțiunea 5032:are actually physiological and 4837:(late 19th-century painting by 4676:Early 20th century panorama of 4256:Conservatism and traditionalism 4011:1848 Wallachian revolutionaries 3396:Din carnetul unui vechi sufleur 2848:, where speeches were given by 2005:Theater leadership and marriage 1702:Conu Leonida față cu reacțiunea 1333:and the widespread recourse to 1099:Din carnetul unui vechi sufleur 462:Din carnetul unui vechi sufleur 433:Conu Leonida față cu reacțiunea 11221:Translators of Edgar Allan Poe 11066:Activists against antisemitism 10716:. Retrieved 25 September 2007. 10684:. Retrieved 25 September 2007. 10495:Sarah Stanton, Martin Banham, 9422:Cioculescu, pp. 63–64, 67, 134 8744:Cioculescu, pp. 28, 47–48, 268 6341: 6298: 6175: 5995:University of Theatre and Film 5989:is currently known in full as 5915:The writer was elected to the 4124: 4068:guidelines — in line with the 3468:. The novella partly built on 3414: 3349:This chain of events prompted 3132:Caragiale was also visited by 2511:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 2025:cabinet (formed by a group of 963: 807:costume, photographed ca. 1900 590:1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt 580:, before associating with the 360:[iˈonˈlukakaraˈdʒjale] 13: 1: 10904:Museum of Romanian Literature 10722: 10440:Romania: Borderland of Europe 10336:Cazimir (1967), pp. 73–76, 79 8286:Cioculescu, pp. 8, 88–89, 141 8190:Cazimir (1967), pp. 63, 84–85 7623:Cioculescu, pp. 359, 366, 375 7442:Cioculescu, pp. 186, 190–194. 6021:, and busts in the capital's 5952:De ce trag clopotele, Mitică? 5716:Socialist Republic of Romania 5629:Dimitrie C. Ollănescu-Ascanio 5139:, a character made famous by 5062: 4897:Grand Hotel "Victoria română" 4330:believed that several of his 4064:, was partly inspired by the 3991:and Brătianu, feeding off of 3356:Conservative-Democratic Party 2904:, the Romanian dramatist had 2874:Dimitrie C. Ollănescu-Ascanio 2550:. Articles he contributed to 2546:was replaced with one led by 2509:set to the background of the 1891:— in 1885, she gave birth to 1743:. Nevertheless, that autumn, 1085:and his participation in it. 1048:Grand Hotel "Victoria Română" 647:. Ion Luca was the nephew of 594:Conservative-Democratic Party 528:, and oscillated between the 11226:People from Dâmbovița County 11216:Italian–Romanian translators 10674:Muzee din regiunile României 10582:Cioculescu, pp. 351, 358–359 10388:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 10177:Cioculescu, pp. 83–88, 89–92 9512:, Bucharest, 1985, pg. 621; 9476:, Bucharest, 1967, pg. XIV; 8699:Cioculescu, pp. 28, 121, 268 7684:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 5578:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 5574:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea 5513:Costache and Iorgu Caragiale 5299:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 5053:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 4762:s midday torpor, from noisy 4611:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 4438:Caragiale and the modernists 4345:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea 3959:Liberalism and republicanism 3351:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea 3165:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino 3134:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea 3113:. He frequently traveled to 3103:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 3083:franzela albă a surghiunului 3070:spy for Romania in Germany. 2979:Le Carnaval d'un Merle Blanc 2894:Constantin Al. Ionescu-Caion 2850:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea 2786:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino 2761: 2443:inspired by the writings of 2263:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 2110:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 1991:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 1935:Comediile domnului Caragiale 1580:s mix of liberal values and 1250:(as opposed to journalism). 1198:Several of his articles for 913:, and his original surname, 781:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 758:Costache and Iorgu Caragiale 666: 649:Costache and Iorgu Caragiale 621:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 605:Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea 592:, and ultimately joined the 7: 11211:French–Romanian translators 11156:20th-century Romanian poets 11151:19th-century Romanian poets 11131:19th-century letter writers 10986:(public domain audiobooks) 10980:Works by Ion Luca Caragiale 10962:Works by Ion Luca Caragiale 10643:"Caragiale în Guiness Book" 10375:Cazimir (1967), pp. 103–105 10363:Cazimir (1967), pp. 102–103 10204:Cazimir (1967), pp. 137–138 10195:Cazimir (1967), pp. 149–155 10075:Cazimir (1967), pp. 143–149 10048:Cazimir (1967), pp. 155–157 10012:Cazimir (1967), pp. 136–137 9931:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 454–455 9857:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 201–202 9573:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 194–195 8991:Cioculescu, pp. 96, 109–110 8889:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 191–192 8268:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 187–188 8223:Cioculescu, pp. 93, 293–311 7981:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 183–184 7888:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 182–183 7564:Cioculescu, pp. 278–79, 280 7546:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 150–152 7528:Cazimir (1967), pp. 149–150 7297:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 66, 150 7288:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 178–179 5617:Shakespeare's late romances 5432:. He applied the notion of 5329:("1st of April"), where an 5286:Other traits and characters 5198:anthropological criminology 5127:linked Dandanache to a new 4894:("the most cruel ") and in 4667: 4643:Russian battleship Potemkin 4076:, popular Romanticism, and 3954:Political and social vision 3911:among them), all marked by 3555:, and was the subject of a 3489:One Thousand and One Nights 3276:, which left some room for 1571:. The work, ridiculing the 1471:He concentrated instead on 1385:The Illustrated London News 711:Saint Catherine's Monastery 10: 11302: 11251:Romanian male stage actors 11191:Romanian newspaper editors 11186:Romanian magazine founders 11001:National Theater Bucharest 10749:Caragiale: universul comic 10573:Perpessicius, pp. 277, 290 10503:, Cambridge, 1996, p. 56. 10501:Cambridge University Press 10405:Vianu, Vol. I, pp. 313–14. 7369:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 10, 61 7324:Vianu, Vol. II, pp. 9, 179 5987:Bucharest National Theater 5006:background—aside from his 3843:Schopenhauerian aesthetics 3662:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru 3563:(which was also the first 3434:Ion Luca Caragiale c. 1912 3205:Titircă, Sotirescu et C-ie 3201:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru 2421:, he founded the magazine 2015:Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol 1551:and, to a certain degree, 1187:in his works. Working for 1183:discourse, which he later 1028:National Theater Bucharest 637:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru 83:I. L. Caragiale, Dâmbovița 29: 11281:Burials at Bellu Cemetery 11181:Romanian magazine editors 10753:Editura pentru Literatură 10622:23 September 2015 at the 10345:Cazimir (1967), pp. 70–72 10309:Cazimir (1967), pp. 82–89 10270:Cazimir (1967), pp. 63–64 9474:Editura pentru literatură 9048:Cazimir (1967), pp. 46–48 8982:Cazimir (1967), pp. 45–46 7701:Cazimir (1967), pp. 29–33 7171:Perpessicius, pp. 238–239 6695:Cazimir (1967), pp. 53–54 6295:, January 2002, pp. 12–17 6121:27 September 2007 at the 5787:, and, in later decades, 5455:The writer himself cited 4458:after 1901, parodied the 4244:attributed the pieces to 3770:present in the dramas of 3713:Style and cultural tenets 3658:Romanian Writers' Society 3594:Caragiale's grave in the 3498:) and popular anecdotes ( 3462:period, was published by 3346:he published soon after. 3229:Romanian Peasants' Revolt 3184:Ca rol fu mare, mititelul 2698:When answering to one of 2473:Thomas Babington Macaulay 1902:First printed version of 1732:A Midsummer Night's Dream 540:works target the liberal 340: 335: 311: 303: 275: 267: 201: 193: 183: 121: 113: 93: 61: 52: 45: 11256:Romanian theatre critics 11141:Romanian fantasy writers 10997:(official Facebook page) 10712:11 December 2008 at the 10537:Cioculescu, pp. 314, 315 10213:Cioculescu, pp. 113, 114 9440:Vianu, Vol. III, pg. 281 9193:Ornea, pp. 205, 211, 291 8789:Cioculescu, pp. 365, 368 8555:Cioculescu, pp. 250, 262 8421:Cioculescu, pp. 308, 362 7843:Cioculescu, pp. 124, 131 6081: 6028:Guinness Book of Records 5735:George Mihail Zamfirescu 5498:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 5333:ends with a murder, and 5083:). At the other end are 4949: 4615:philosophical skepticism 4460:Romanian Symbolist clubs 4062:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 3579:authorities—writing for 3373:In December 1907, after 3163:on his ousting from the 3144:, a celebrated pianist. 3077:and later at a villa in 2716:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 2636: 2588:Transylvanian Memorandum 2566:. In mid-November 1895, 2451:authored by his friend, 2095:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 2001:to be his weakest play. 1206:, the author of popular 1092:hired him as one of the 990:Romanian Orthodox Church 972:The adolescent Caragiale 562:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 513:, Caragiale adopted the 363:; 13 February [ 34:. For other people, see 11271:Romanian civil servants 11201:Romanian male essayists 11166:Romanian epigrammatists 11126:Romanian letter writers 10865:"Prefaţă", p. 5–33 10680:19 October 2008 at the 10667:29 January 2009 at the 10564:Cioculescu, pp. 312–316 10546:Cioculescu, pp. 321–323 10467:Cioculescu, pp. 325–342 10327:Cioculescu, pp. 181–182 9720:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 199 9663:Cioculescu, pp. 118–119 9645:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 193 9627:Cioculescu, pp. 246–248 9618:Cioculescu, pp. 245–246 9600:Cioculescu, pp. 243–246 9383:Cioculescu, pp. 28, 305 9136:Ornea, pp. 202–204, 228 9118:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 187 9100:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 206 9091:Vianu, Vol. III, pg. 14 9082:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 205 8964:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 175 8717:Cioculescu, pp. 123–124 8582:Cioculescu, pp. 241–242 8528:Cioculescu, pp. 308–309 8403:Cioculescu, pp. 137–138 8394:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 374 8250:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 187 8172:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 186 8120:Cioculescu, pp. 125–126 8013:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 185 7820:Cioculescu, pp. 130–131 7769:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 182 7726:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 181 7596:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 188 7537:Cazimir (1967), pg. 150 7492:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 115 7474:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 180 7415:Cioculescu, pp. 184–186 7092:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 177 6895:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 192 6778:Mediterranean Quarterly 6767:Cioculescu, pp. 204–205 6564:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 195 6502:Cioculescu, pp. 124–125 6493:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 197 6435:Cioculescu, pp. 300–301 6347:Cioculescu, pp. 18, 308 6193:Vianu, Vol. II, pg. 176 5872:, as well as a play by 4912:In contrast with this, 4636:Social Democratic Party 4632:German election of 1907 4240:and literary historian 4185:August Treboniu Laurian 3834:Pompiliu Constantinescu 3632:National Romanian Party 3537:Danubian Principalities 3222: 2618:National Romanian Party 2447:. He also translated a 2288:authored an article in 1653:In early January 1879, 999:Danubian Principalities 976:Born in the village of 940:—both being antiquated 356:Romanian pronunciation: 11266:Romanian restaurateurs 11176:20th-century essayists 11076:Realism (art movement) 11006:4 October 2022 at the 10423:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 203 10300:Cazimir (1967), pg. 62 10288:Cazimir (1967), pg. 98 10243:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 204 10102:Cazimir (1967), p. 146 10003:Cazimir (1967), p. 144 9869:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 202 9791:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 200 9764:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 201 9750:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 190 9741:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 196 9582:Cioculescu, pp. 43, 67 9564:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 194 9537:Cioculescu, pp. 22, 64 9184:Cioculescu, pp. 9, 264 9109:Vianu, Vol. I, pg. 314 9003:Vianu, Vol. I, pg. 310 8952:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 375 8807:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 191 8735:Cioculescu, pp. 28, 46 8654:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 189 8043:Cioculescu, pp. 10, 27 7995:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 184 7924:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 183 7225:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 147 7144:Vianu, Vol. II, p. 178 6821:"Casele lui Caragiale" 6758:Vianu, Vol. I, pg. 308 6043:). His native home in 5912: 5649:Renaissance literature 5494:Marius Chicoș Rostogan 5408: 5239:Marius Chicoș Rostogan 4910: 4886: 4842: 4680: 4590:signified a return to 4547:Caragiale and the Left 4527:poem by the Symbolist 4474:, who was coeditor at 4268: 4201:Marius Chicoș Rostogan 3996: 3951: 3624:Alexandru Vaida-Voevod 3607: 3435: 3427: 3426:and Ion Luca Caragiale 3300:Ein rumänische Patriot 2889: 2824:, which took over the 2654: 2433:Cum se înțeleg țăranii 2368:was to Romanians what 2328: 2327:and Ion Luca Caragiale 2186: 2167: 2140: 2074:Clash with the Academy 2049: 2017:). Under the pen name 1987: 1961:, Maiorescu answered: 1913: 1806: 1711:Amintiri din copilărie 1389: 1272:National Liberal Party 1268: 1204:N. D. Popescu-Popnedea 1144: 1143:Caragiale in his youth 973: 862:. In contrast, critic 808: 623:, the literary critic 11116:Romanian nationalists 10881:Junimea şi junimismul 10829:Concert de deschidere 10824:Daniel Cristea-Enache 10252:Cioculescu, pp. 56–57 10093:Cazimir (1967), p. 55 10084:Cioculescu, pp. 80–81 9887:Vianu, Vol. I, p. 312 9803:Cazimir (1967), p. 44 9347:Cazimir (1967), p. 54 9256:Cioculescu, pp. 30–31 8798:Cioculescu, pp. 14–16 8591:Cioculescu, pp. 12–16 8509:1 August 2008 at the 8138:Cioculescu, pp. 25–27 8052:Cioculescu, pp. 23–24 7261:Cioculescu, pp. 53–54 7101:Cioculescu, pp. 60–61 6826:12 March 2008 at the 5910: 5901:Craii de Curtea-Veche 5781:Dumitru D. Pătrășcanu 5739:Constantin I. Nottara 5634:La hanul lui Mânjoală 5509:Fata lui Chir Troancă 5490:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 5429:comédie en vaudeville 5400: 5077:Ștefan Octavian Iosif 4906: 4882: 4825: 4818:Collective characters 4730:La hanul lui Mânjoală 4675: 4649:. During his time in 4264:Caragiale (left) and 4263: 4023:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 3966: 3947: 3669:myocardial infarction 3598:(flanked by those of 3593: 3575:, had been jailed by 3454:, which explored the 3444:. The same year, his 3433: 3422: 3294:, first published in 3254:and its far-reaching 2948:The Power of Darkness 2887: 2782:government monopolies 2740:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 2646: 2469:Alexis de Tocqueville 2323: 2180: 2163: 2136: 2091:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 2047: 1963: 1901: 1866:First major successes 1800: 1749:Minister of Education 1686:Constantin I. Nottara 1373: 1255: 1142: 971: 802: 766:Wallachian Revolution 685:Ioan Gheorghe Caragea 486:La hanul lui Mânjoală 175:political commentator 11206:Romanian translators 11071:Neoclassical writers 10706:Museums of Dâmbovița 8079:Ciupală, pp. 104–105 7879:Perpessicius, p. 138 7861:Perpessicius, p. 190 7110:Perpessicius, pg. 50 6922:Mîndra, pp. 6–8, 272 6033:In 1962, a house in 5769:Ioan A. Bassarabescu 5446:Eugène Marin Labiche 5261:O scrisoare pierdută 5257:Cetățeanul turmentat 5109:O scrisoare pierdută 5097:O scrisoare pierdută 4981:O scrisoare pierdută 4891:O scrisoare pierdută 4698:Romanian Old Kingdom 4609:views of his friend 4448:Alexandru Macedonski 4118:O scrisoare pierdută 4039:political corruption 3881:free indirect speech 3694:Alexandru Macedonski 3561:Horia Petra-Petrescu 3543:, and predicted the 3471:Belfagor arcidiavolo 3456:history of Bucharest 3391:freedom of the press 3298:under the pseudonym 3274:Constitution of 1866 3216:O scrisoare pierdută 3087:University of Berlin 3044:Ludwig van Beethoven 2966:O scrisoare pierdută 2918:Alexandru Macedonski 2728:Grigore Alexandrescu 2286:Alexandru Macedonski 1873:O scrisoare pierdută 1700:In 1880, he printed 1463:, both published by 1308:. Together with the 1212:Alexandru Macedonski 1060:Republic of Ploiești 1013:Caragiale completed 783:to define him as "a 570:Alexandru Macedonski 439:O scrisoare pierdută 11171:Romanian columnists 11161:Romanian male poets 11136:Romanian memoirists 11019:7 June 2009 at the 10906:, Bucharest, 2001. 10854:, Bucharest, 1966. 10852:Editura Tineretului 10848:Nuvele şi povestiri 10813:, Bucharest, 2003. 10795:, Bucharest, 1974. 10772:, Bucharest, 1988. 10755:, Bucharest, 1967. 10647:Romanian Television 9839:Mîndra, pp. 269–270 9654:Cioculescu, pg. 118 9431:Cioculescu, pg. 134 8355:Cioculescu, pg. 133 8307:Cioculescu, pg. 124 7781:Cioculescu, pg. 367 7744:Cioculescu, pg. 136 7573:Cioculescu, pg. 280 7519:Cioculescu, pg. 313 7456:Cioculescu, pg. 323 6904:Cioculescu, pg. 126 6015:Constantin Baraschi 6005:in Ploiești, and a 5765:Stanislavsky System 5708:Romanian curriculum 5645:Niccolò Machiavelli 5580:believed that both 5572:to propose him and 5420:William Shakespeare 5393:Literary influences 5265:Alexander John Cuza 5181:subjective idealist 5137:M. Joseph Prudhomme 5093:O noapte furtunoasă 5070:O noapte furtunoasă 4955:Theoretical aspects 4502:Maurice Maeterlinck 4301:inferiority complex 4248:, while researcher 4097:Alexander John Cuza 3977:Alexander John Cuza 3889:Miguel de Cervantes 3847:Mihail Dragomirescu 3746:Romanian literature 3677:William Shakespeare 3559:thesis authored by 3541:Alexander John Cuza 3480:Niccolò Machiavelli 3368:Chamber of Deputies 3210:O noapte furtunoasă 3067:Mihail Dragomirescu 3050:phase of his life. 2989:Bucharest Athenaeum 2822:Berăria cooperativă 2774:Mihail Dragomirescu 2437:Mihail Kogălniceanu 2222:Convorbiri Literare 2048:Alexandrina Burelly 1940:Arthur Schopenhauer 1909:Convorbiri Literare 1889:Bucharest Town Hall 1790:He became close to 1783:, a short story by 1727:William Shakespeare 1667:O noapte furtunoasă 1655:O noapte furtunoasă 1629:Convorbiri Literare 1568:O noapte furtunoasă 1024:supernumerary actor 1003:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 930:Ioanne L. Caragiali 756:Ion Luca's uncles, 672:Background and name 635:, the psychologist 517:genre or turned to 427:O noapte furtunoasă 307:Alexandrina Burelly 36:Caragiale (surname) 11196:Romanian essayists 11121:Romanian humorists 11051:Ion Luca Caragiale 11032:Ion Luca Caragiale 10995:Ion Luca Caragiale 10899:Studii eminesciene 10699:9 May 2008 at the 10476:Cioculescu, p. 172 10261:Cioculescu, p. 279 10234:Cioculescu, p. 114 10222:Ornea, pp. 223–224 10120:Ornea, pp. 222–223 10111:Ornea, pp. 222–224 10057:Cioculescu, p. 254 10030:Cioculescu, p. 334 9985:Ornea, pp. 217–219 9976:Ornea, pp. 217–221 9708:Cioculescu, pg. 71 9609:Cioculescu, p. 240 9591:Cioculescu, p. 271 9492:Cioculescu, pg. 66 9449:Cioculescu, pg. 67 9374:Cioculescu, p. 253 9297:Ornea, pp. 228–229 9238:Ornea, pp. 217–218 9220:Ornea, pp. 210–217 9211:Ornea, pp. 211–213 9154:Ornea, pp. 202–203 8600:Cioculescu, p. 259 8573:Cioculescu, p. 281 8460:Cioculescu, p. 308 8206:Cincinat Pavelescu 8181:Cioculescu, pg. 27 8147:Cioculescu, pg. 26 8093:Cioculescu, pg. 24 8061:Cioculescu, pg. 23 8025:Cioculescu, pg. 38 7954:Cioculescu, p. 135 7834:Cioculescu, p. 131 7799:Cioculescu, p. 130 7315:Cioculescu, pg. 76 7234:Ornea, pp. 246–247 7071:Cioculescu, pg. 52 7029:Cioculescu, pg. 60 7020:Mîndra, pp. 9, 272 6836:, 30 January 2002. 6741:Garabet Ibrăileanu 6304:Mîndra, pp. 6, 272 6019:Bucharest monument 6001:in Bucharest, the 5969:, was released as 5959:film, directed by 5913: 5846:Cincinat Pavelescu 5541:Frédérick Lemaître 5481:Convorbiri Critice 5436:, as theorized by 5409: 5348:D-ale carnavalului 5304:În vreme de război 5297:won the praise of 5247:Romanian education 5172:D-ale carnavalului 5121:1848 revolutionary 4918:Garabet Ibrăileanu 4843: 4788:Ultima emisiune... 4724:În vreme de război 4681: 4662:Christian Rakovsky 4596:universal suffrage 4577:Garabet Ibrăileanu 4572:România Muncitoare 4551:Moving toward the 4472:Cincinat Pavelescu 4312:Alexandru Lahovari 4269: 4159:Garabet Ibrăileanu 4106:Giuseppe Garibaldi 3997: 3877:internal monologue 3832:. Literary critic 3803:art for art's sake 3776:Friedrich Schiller 3608: 3484:historical fiction 3436: 3428: 3387:University of Iași 3336:Christian Rakovsky 3007:("affectations"). 2984:D-ale carnavalului 2890: 2835:Bulevardul Magheru 2778:Convorbiri Critice 2756:Cincinat Pavelescu 2720:Alexandru Odobescu 2667:Alexandru Lahovari 2655: 2593:Conservative Party 2572:Alexandru Odobescu 2502:În vreme de război 2455:, under the title 2329: 2213:Romanian Athenaeum 2187: 2050: 1999:D-ale carnavalului 1981:? Is there one in 1977:? Is there one in 1973:? Is there one in 1918:D-ale carnavalului 1914: 1906:, as published in 1904:D-ale carnavalului 1878:political machines 1807: 1574:petite bourgeoisie 1439:Over that period, 1417:s headquarters on 1390: 1350:Conservative Party 1236:, and a series of 1149:G. Dem. Teodorescu 1145: 974: 890:, disguised as an 864:Garabet Ibrăileanu 809: 643:poet and activist 582:Conservative Party 519:historical fiction 352:Ion Luca Caragiale 47:Ion Luca Caragiale 32:Luca Ion Caragiale 10966:Project Gutenberg 10950:978-973-37-2177-2 10811:Editura Meridiane 10785:Șerban Cioculescu 10770:Cartea Românească 10739:, Bucharest, 1983 10150:Cioculescu, p. 89 9913:Călinescu, p. 179 9848:Călinescu, p. 183 9395:Cioculescu, pg. 7 9320:Cioculescu, p. 22 9175:Cioculescu, pg. 9 8916:Cioculescu, p. 31 8839:Călinescu, p. 181 8609:Cioculescu, p. 68 7383:Cioculescu, p. 21 7270:Cioculescu, p. 62 7252:Cioculescu, p. 53 7192:Cioculescu, p. 20 6966:Cioculescu, pg. 6 6860:, 3-4/2005, pg. 2 6460:Doina Tudorovici 6114:Rosana Heinisch, 5966:O făclie de Paște 5808:Dumitru Radu Popa 5754:Sică Alexandrescu 5665:Romanian language 5621:Șerban Cioculescu 5594:Fyodor Dostoevsky 5589:O făclie de Paște 5517:Vasile Alecsandri 5461:Wallachian Jewish 5386:Momente și schițe 5314:Momente și schițe 5295:O făclie de Paște 5194:O făclie de Paște 5166:Utopian socialist 5162:Șerban Cioculescu 5045:O făclie de Paște 5030:O făclie de Paște 5026:Silvian Iosifescu 5021:O făclie de Paște 4992:Momente și schițe 4990:In Vianu's view, 4969:Momente și schițe 4931:Momente și schițe 4867:O făclie de Paște 4858:Jean Mounet-Sully 4812:Romanian Railways 4793:Momente și schițe 4748:O făclie de Paște 4584:Edgard Spanachidi 4541:Postimpressionist 4510:August Strindberg 4494:Nicolae Filipescu 4355:Alexandru Vlahuță 4333:Momente și schițe 4266:Alexandru Vlahuță 4250:Șerban Cioculescu 4209:Vasile Alecsandri 4193:Romanian language 4151:stateless persons 4015:liberal activists 3989:Otto von Bismarck 3924:Alexandru Vlahuță 3764:classical unities 3501:Pastramă trufanda 3320:Romanian journal 3306:-based newspaper 3256:political machine 3153:Alexandru Bădărău 3099:Florica Musicescu 3017:Șerban Cioculescu 2888:Caragiale in 1899 2870:Momente și schițe 2803:Momente și schițe 2748:Costache Negruzzi 2663:Nicolae Filipescu 2627:Alexandru Vlahuță 2493:Romanian monarchy 2273:, in Bucharest's 2240:O făclie de Paște 1851:Vasile Alecsandri 1696:Inspector general 1594:Vasile Alecsandri 1482:Momente și schițe 1445:Russo-Turkish War 1354:Șerban Cioculescu 1112:Enlightenment-era 994:literary Romanian 896:Romanian language 875:Șerban Cioculescu 546:National Liberals 504:Pastramă trufanda 377:Romanian language 349: 348: 276:Literary movement 16:(Redirected from 11293: 10991: 10990: 10975:Internet Archive 10921:Scriitori români 10793:Editura Eminescu 10729:George Călinescu 10717: 10691: 10685: 10660: 10656: 10650: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10615: 10611: 10605: 10602:Romanian Academy 10598:"Anul Caragiale" 10596: 10592: 10583: 10580: 10574: 10571: 10565: 10562: 10556: 10553: 10547: 10544: 10538: 10535: 10529: 10526: 10520: 10517: 10511: 10493: 10487: 10483: 10477: 10474: 10468: 10465: 10459: 10456: 10450: 10433: 10424: 10421: 10415: 10412: 10406: 10403: 10397: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10373: 10364: 10361: 10355: 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5921:Mihail Sadoveanu 5917:Romanian Academy 5870:Constantin Stere 5797: 5773:Gheorghe Brăescu 5762: 5751: 5731:Mihail Sebastian 5661:Romanian culture 5570:George Călinescu 5450:Victorien Sardou 5404:, 1834 print by 4973:George Călinescu 4871:Noaptea Învierii 4804:Central European 4710:Austro-Hungarian 4686:National Liberal 4466:of Macedonski's 4353:journal founder 4320:George Călinescu 4233:Voința Națională 4139:Jewish community 4058:Dimitrie Sturdza 4027:Nicolae Bălcescu 3810:Honoré de Balzac 3744:of 19th century 3604:Traian Săvulescu 3553:local university 3519:Alexandru Davila 3465:Viața Românească 3424:Alexandru Davila 3340:internationalist 3189:Viața Românească 3155:and his journal 3036:Central European 3021:Mateiu Caragiale 2957:Victorien Sardou 2914:Revista Literară 2866:Romanian Academy 2622:Romanian Kingdom 2568:Gazeta Poporului 2552:Gazeta Poporului 2548:Dimitrie Sturdza 2485:Prince Ferdinand 2481:Augustin Thierry 2341:social criticism 2255:Imperial Russian 2181:The building in 2102:Dimitrie Sturdza 2087:Romanian Academy 2011:Voința Națională 1803:Mateiu Caragiale 1777:Petru Th. Missir 1735:, hosted by the 1647:Constituționalul 1606: 1579: 1564: 1493:documenting the 1423:Romanian grammar 1286:Alexandre Parodi 986:Dâmbovița County 958:Romanian Academy 956:accepted by the 856:Mateiu Caragiale 832:George Călinescu 558:Dimitrie Sturdza 526:Romanian Kingdom 362: 357: 345: 100: 71: 69: 57: 43: 42: 21: 11301: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11290: 11041: 11040: 11023:(official site) 11021:Wayback Machine 11010:(official site) 11008:Wayback Machine 10988: 10958: 10942:Editura Junimea 10737:Editura Minerva 10725: 10720: 10714:Wayback Machine 10701:Wayback Machine 10692: 10688: 10682:Wayback Machine 10669:Wayback Machine 10658: 10657: 10653: 10639: 10638: 10634: 10624:Wayback Machine 10613: 10612: 10608: 10594: 10593: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10554: 10550: 10545: 10541: 10536: 10532: 10527: 10523: 10518: 10514: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10480: 10475: 10471: 10466: 10462: 10457: 10453: 10434: 10427: 10422: 10418: 10413: 10409: 10404: 10400: 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8101: 8097: 8092: 8083: 8078: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8047: 8042: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8017: 8012: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7994: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7910: 7905: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7874: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7851: 7847: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7824: 7819: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7785: 7780: 7773: 7768: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7680: 7679: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7640: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7595: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7527: 7523: 7518: 7514: 7509: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7460: 7455: 7446: 7441: 7437: 7432: 7428: 7423: 7419: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7396: 7387: 7382: 7373: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7292: 7287: 7283: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7251: 7247: 7242: 7238: 7233: 7229: 7224: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7059:Mîndra, pg. 273 7058: 7051: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6885: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6828:Wayback Machine 6817: 6816: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6753: 6737: 6736: 6699: 6694: 6690: 6674: 6673: 6658: 6642: 6641: 6568: 6563: 6552: 6547: 6534: 6527:, Nr. 21/2002, 6515: 6506: 6501: 6497: 6492: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6457: 6456: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6405: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6322: 6321: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6292:Magazin Istoric 6276: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6159: 6158: 6135: 6123:Wayback Machine 6111: 6110: 6101: 6092: 6088: 6084: 5974: 5947:Lucian Pintilie 5937:Romanian cinema 5882:Lucian Predescu 5866:Eugen Lovinescu 5840:, I. Suchianu, 5791: 5756: 5745: 5727:Victor Ion Popa 5657: 5655:Cultural legacy 5643:, partly using 5625:Edgar Allan Poe 5600:— according to 5534:stock character 5486:Nicolae Filimon 5472:one-liner jokes 5434:well-made plays 5395: 5380:Cănuță om sucit 5288: 5158:debt moratorium 5081:Dimitrie Anghel 5065: 4957: 4952: 4849:pince-sans-rire 4820: 4790:story, part of 4670: 4598:and a complete 4575:. According to 4549: 4517:Matei Călinescu 4440: 4426:, particularly 4415:Cănuță om sucit 4258: 4246:Nicolae Xenopol 4211:'s liberal and 4157:. According to 4127: 3987:, supported by 3983:; right panel: 3961: 3956: 3932:professionalism 3893:Edgar Allan Poe 3885:Queen Elisabeth 3818:Charles Dickens 3786:'s principles ( 3729:interests and " 3715: 3614:-based journal 3533:Austria-Hungary 3417: 3401:Iorgu Caragiale 3282:census suffrage 3225: 3059:Imperial German 3040:classical music 3013: 2882: 2766: 2732:Nicolae Filimon 2722:. As editor of 2641: 2583:ethnic Romanian 2579:Austria-Hungary 2544:Lascăr Catargiu 2538:, published in 2519: 2477:François Guizot 2453:Queen Elisabeth 2357:Theodor Rosetti 2318: 2175: 2132:Joseph Brociner 2076: 2032:Queen Elisabeth 2007: 1868: 1781:Hatmanul Baltag 1719:Austria-Hungary 1698: 1604: 1577: 1562: 1510: 1477:Lache and Mache 1461:Edgar Allan Poe 1419:Calea Victoriei 1368: 1318:Națiunea Română 1306:Une camaraderie 1282:French-language 1137: 1073:King of Romania 966: 888:Christian Devil 674: 669: 530:liberal current 369:I. L. Caragiale 355: 331: 179: 102: 98: 73: 72:30 January 1852 67: 65: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11299: 11289: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11039: 11038: 11029: 11024: 11011: 10998: 10992: 10977: 10968: 10957: 10956:External links 10954: 10953: 10952: 10944:, Iași, 2018. 10931: 10914: 10891: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10866: 10844: 10836:e-book, 2004. 10821: 10805:Alin Ciupală, 10803: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10763: 10743:Ștefan Cazimir 10740: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10686: 10651: 10632: 10606: 10584: 10575: 10566: 10557: 10548: 10539: 10530: 10521: 10512: 10488: 10478: 10469: 10460: 10451: 10425: 10416: 10407: 10398: 10377: 10365: 10356: 10347: 10338: 10329: 10320: 10311: 10302: 10290: 10281: 10272: 10263: 10254: 10245: 10236: 10224: 10215: 10206: 10197: 10188: 10179: 10170: 10161: 10152: 10140: 10138:Mîndra, p. 267 10131: 10122: 10113: 10104: 10095: 10086: 10077: 10068: 10059: 10050: 10041: 10032: 10023: 10014: 10005: 9996: 9987: 9978: 9969: 9960: 9951: 9942: 9933: 9924: 9915: 9901: 9899:Mîndra, p. 271 9889: 9880: 9871: 9859: 9850: 9841: 9832: 9823: 9814: 9805: 9793: 9784: 9775: 9766: 9752: 9743: 9731: 9722: 9710: 9701: 9699:Ornea, pg. 229 9692: 9683: 9674: 9665: 9656: 9647: 9638: 9629: 9620: 9611: 9602: 9593: 9584: 9575: 9566: 9557: 9548: 9539: 9530: 9521: 9506:Scrieri. Proze 9494: 9485: 9451: 9442: 9433: 9424: 9415: 9406: 9397: 9385: 9376: 9367: 9358: 9349: 9340: 9331: 9322: 9308: 9299: 9290: 9281: 9267: 9258: 9249: 9247:Ornea, pg. 217 9240: 9231: 9229:Ornea, pg. 212 9222: 9213: 9204: 9195: 9186: 9177: 9165: 9156: 9147: 9145:Ornea, pg. 203 9138: 9129: 9120: 9111: 9102: 9093: 9084: 9068: 9059: 9050: 9041: 9032: 9023: 9014: 9005: 8993: 8984: 8975: 8966: 8954: 8945: 8936: 8927: 8918: 8909: 8900: 8891: 8882: 8873: 8864: 8850: 8841: 8827: 8818: 8809: 8800: 8791: 8782: 8773: 8764: 8755: 8746: 8737: 8728: 8719: 8710: 8701: 8692: 8683: 8674: 8665: 8656: 8647: 8638: 8629: 8620: 8611: 8602: 8593: 8584: 8575: 8566: 8557: 8548: 8539: 8530: 8521: 8516:România Liberă 8471: 8462: 8450: 8441: 8432: 8423: 8414: 8405: 8396: 8384: 8375: 8366: 8357: 8348: 8339: 8330: 8321: 8309: 8297: 8288: 8279: 8270: 8261: 8252: 8243: 8234: 8225: 8216: 8192: 8183: 8174: 8158: 8149: 8140: 8131: 8122: 8113: 8104: 8095: 8081: 8072: 8063: 8054: 8045: 8036: 8027: 8015: 8006: 7997: 7983: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7947: 7935: 7926: 7908: 7899: 7890: 7881: 7872: 7863: 7854: 7845: 7836: 7822: 7810: 7801: 7792: 7783: 7771: 7755: 7746: 7737: 7728: 7712: 7703: 7694: 7670: 7661: 7652: 7643: 7634: 7625: 7616: 7614:Ornea, pg. 228 7607: 7598: 7584: 7575: 7566: 7557: 7548: 7539: 7530: 7521: 7512: 7503: 7494: 7485: 7476: 7458: 7444: 7435: 7426: 7417: 7408: 7399: 7397:Ornea, pg. 200 7385: 7371: 7362: 7353: 7344: 7335: 7326: 7317: 7308: 7299: 7290: 7281: 7272: 7263: 7254: 7245: 7236: 7227: 7215: 7203: 7194: 7182: 7173: 7164: 7155: 7146: 7130: 7121: 7112: 7103: 7094: 7082: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7040: 7031: 7022: 7013: 7004: 6995: 6986: 6977: 6968: 6954: 6945: 6936: 6924: 6915: 6906: 6897: 6883: 6874: 6872:Mîndra, p. 272 6862: 6847: 6838: 6791: 6782: 6769: 6760: 6751: 6697: 6688: 6678:Paul Zarifopol 6656: 6646:Paul Zarifopol 6566: 6550: 6532: 6525:Tr@nsit online 6504: 6495: 6481: 6472: 6470:, 5 July 2000. 6437: 6428: 6419: 6358: 6349: 6340: 6338:, 25 May 2002. 6306: 6297: 6195: 6183: 6174: 6133: 6099: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6072:Bogdan Suceavă 6040:Dobrescu House 5925:Anul Caragiale 5886:Veronica Micle 5874:Camil Petrescu 5862:Emanoil Bucuța 5842:Luca Caragiale 5816:Eugène Ionesco 5700:Romanian humor 5689:Romanian lexis 5656: 5653: 5602:Paul Zarifopol 5598:Anatole France 5549:Honoré Daumier 5537:Robert Macaire 5527:Westernization 5502:Iacob Negruzzi 5406:Honoré Daumier 5394: 5391: 5368:sensationalist 5309:Inspecțiune... 5287: 5284: 5227:in general. A 5209:social classes 5189:suggestibility 5125:Ștefan Cazimir 5064: 5061: 5057:Paul Zarifopol 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4936:Westernization 4923:Ștefan Cazimir 4827:Târgul Moșilor 4819: 4816: 4808:Prahova Valley 4768:Târgul Moșilor 4736:Calul dracului 4669: 4666: 4563:in one of his 4548: 4545: 4537:Ștefan Luchian 4490:Gala Galaction 4439: 4436: 4328:Paul Zarifopol 4281:Titu Maiorescu 4257: 4254: 4225:Eastern Europe 4155:Dimitrie Gusti 4126: 4123: 4047:Nicolae Misail 4019:Ion Câmpineanu 3975:. Left panel: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3908:Calul dracului 3830:Russian Empire 3822:United Kingdom 3795:Paul Zarifopol 3790:Well-made play 3723:Mihai Eminescu 3714: 3711: 3690:Bellu cemetery 3620:Aurel Popovici 3596:Bellu cemetery 3573:Transleithania 3528:("We Begin"). 3507:Calul dracului 3416: 3413: 3338:, a prominent 3284:, with a more 3224: 3221: 3111:Gustav Weigand 3107:Paul Zarifopol 3095:Dimitrie Gusti 3093:, sociologist 3012: 3011:Move to Berlin 3009: 2908:the work of a 2881: 2878: 2765: 2760: 2736:Dinicu Golescu 2640: 2635: 2631:intelligentsia 2518: 2515: 2465:Thomas Carlyle 2378:English people 2333:Tony Bacalbașa 2317: 2308: 2174: 2168: 2117:Iacob Negruzzi 2075: 2072: 2023:Teodor Rosetti 2006: 2003: 1867: 1864: 1827:civil registry 1792:Veronica Micle 1769:Iacob Negruzzi 1697: 1694: 1690:Mihail Pascaly 1659:Mihai Mateescu 1626:s mouthpiece, 1528:Titu Maiorescu 1509: 1503: 1487:Pohod la șosea 1449:Ottoman Empire 1367: 1358: 1326:România Liberă 1294:Paul Déroulède 1247:belles-lettres 1169:printing press 1136: 1135:Literary debut 1133: 1104:Mihai Eminescu 1090:Mihail Pascaly 965: 962: 825:Paul Zarifopol 793:Mihai Eminescu 708:Greek Orthodox 704:Prahova County 673: 670: 668: 665: 625:Paul Zarifopol 613:Iacob Negruzzi 554:Titu Maiorescu 536:. Most of his 510:Calul dracului 457:sketch stories 389:Mihai Eminescu 347: 346: 338: 337: 333: 332: 330: 329: 326: 321: 315: 313: 309: 308: 305: 301: 300: 294:Neoromanticism 277: 273: 272: 269: 265: 264: 203: 199: 198: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 178: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 149: 144: 139: 134: 125: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 101:(aged 60) 95: 91: 90: 63: 59: 58: 50: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11298: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11037: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11022: 11018: 11015: 11012: 11009: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10993: 10985: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10912:973-8031-34-6 10909: 10905: 10901: 10900: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10889:973-21-0562-3 10886: 10882: 10878: 10875: 10870: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10843: 10842:973-8475-67-8 10839: 10835: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10819:973-33-0481-6 10816: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10715: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10698: 10695: 10690: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10659:(in Romanian) 10655: 10648: 10644: 10640:(in Romanian) 10636: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10618: 10614:(in Romanian) 10610: 10603: 10599: 10595:(in Romanian) 10591: 10589: 10579: 10570: 10561: 10552: 10543: 10534: 10525: 10516: 10510: 10509:0-521-44654-6 10506: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10482: 10473: 10464: 10458:Mîndra, p. 33 10455: 10449: 10448:1-86189-103-2 10445: 10441: 10437: 10432: 10430: 10420: 10411: 10402: 10395: 10394: 10389: 10385:(in Romanian) 10381: 10372: 10370: 10360: 10351: 10342: 10333: 10324: 10315: 10306: 10297: 10295: 10285: 10276: 10267: 10258: 10249: 10240: 10231: 10229: 10219: 10210: 10201: 10192: 10183: 10174: 10165: 10156: 10147: 10145: 10135: 10129:Ornea, p. 223 10126: 10117: 10108: 10099: 10090: 10081: 10072: 10063: 10054: 10045: 10036: 10027: 10018: 10009: 10000: 9991: 9982: 9973: 9964: 9955: 9946: 9937: 9928: 9919: 9910: 9908: 9906: 9896: 9894: 9884: 9875: 9866: 9864: 9854: 9845: 9836: 9830:Ornea, p. 221 9827: 9818: 9809: 9800: 9798: 9788: 9779: 9770: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9747: 9738: 9736: 9726: 9717: 9715: 9705: 9696: 9687: 9678: 9669: 9660: 9651: 9642: 9633: 9624: 9615: 9606: 9597: 9588: 9579: 9570: 9561: 9555:Ornea, p. 209 9552: 9543: 9534: 9528:Mîndra, p. 11 9525: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9502:Tudor Arghezi 9498: 9489: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9466:Ion Minulescu 9463: 9458: 9456: 9446: 9437: 9428: 9419: 9410: 9401: 9392: 9390: 9380: 9371: 9362: 9353: 9344: 9335: 9326: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9303: 9294: 9285: 9279:Ornea, p. 226 9276: 9274: 9272: 9265:Ornea, p. 224 9262: 9253: 9244: 9235: 9226: 9217: 9208: 9199: 9190: 9181: 9172: 9170: 9160: 9151: 9142: 9133: 9124: 9115: 9106: 9097: 9088: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9073: 9063: 9054: 9045: 9036: 9027: 9018: 9009: 9000: 8998: 8988: 8979: 8970: 8961: 8959: 8949: 8940: 8931: 8922: 8913: 8904: 8895: 8886: 8877: 8868: 8862:Mîndra, p. 25 8859: 8857: 8855: 8845: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8822: 8813: 8804: 8795: 8786: 8777: 8768: 8759: 8750: 8741: 8732: 8723: 8714: 8705: 8696: 8687: 8678: 8669: 8660: 8651: 8642: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8606: 8597: 8588: 8579: 8570: 8561: 8552: 8543: 8534: 8525: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8502:Iulia Blaga, 8500:(in Romanian) 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8466: 8457: 8455: 8445: 8436: 8427: 8418: 8409: 8400: 8391: 8389: 8379: 8370: 8361: 8352: 8343: 8334: 8325: 8316: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8292: 8283: 8274: 8265: 8256: 8247: 8238: 8229: 8220: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8203:(in Romanian) 8199: 8197: 8187: 8178: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8153: 8144: 8135: 8126: 8117: 8108: 8099: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8076: 8067: 8058: 8049: 8040: 8031: 8022: 8020: 8010: 8001: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7978: 7969: 7960: 7951: 7942: 7940: 7930: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7903: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7867: 7858: 7849: 7840: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7817: 7815: 7805: 7796: 7787: 7778: 7776: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7750: 7741: 7732: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7707: 7698: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7681:(in Romanian) 7677: 7675: 7665: 7656: 7647: 7638: 7629: 7620: 7611: 7602: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7579: 7570: 7561: 7552: 7543: 7534: 7525: 7516: 7507: 7498: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7439: 7430: 7421: 7412: 7403: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7366: 7357: 7348: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7294: 7285: 7279:Mîndra, p. 10 7276: 7267: 7258: 7249: 7243:Ornea, p. 247 7240: 7231: 7222: 7220: 7213:Ornea, p. 246 7210: 7208: 7198: 7189: 7187: 7177: 7168: 7159: 7150: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7125: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7089: 7087: 7077: 7068: 7066: 7056: 7054: 7044: 7035: 7026: 7017: 7008: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6949: 6940: 6934:Mîndra, pg. 9 6931: 6929: 6919: 6910: 6901: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6878: 6869: 6867: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6845:Mîndra, pg. 6 6842: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6818:(in Romanian) 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6789:Mîndra, pg. 7 6786: 6779: 6773: 6764: 6755: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6738:(in Romanian) 6734: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6692: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6675:(in Romanian) 6671: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6643:(in Romanian) 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6499: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6476: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6458:(in Romanian) 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6432: 6423: 6417: 6416:2-8041-3161-0 6413: 6409: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6353: 6344: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323:(in Romanian) 6319: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6301: 6294: 6293: 6286: 6280: 6264: 6260:Georgeta Ene, 6258:(in Romanian) 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6178: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6160:(in Romanian) 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6131:, 8 June 2002 6130: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6112:(in Romanian) 6108: 6106: 6104: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5963:and based on 5962: 5958: 5955:. In 1982, a 5954: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5834:Octavian Goga 5830: 5829: 5825: 5824:period pieces 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5723:Mihail Sorbul 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5562: 5561:fin de siècle 5556: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5522:Coana Chirița 5518: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5438:Eugène Scribe 5435: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5276:modernization 5273: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5252: 5251:Turnu Severin 5248: 5244: 5243:Transylvanian 5240: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5144: 5142: 5141:Henri Monnier 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5105:C. A. Rosetti 5100: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043:character in 5042: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5004:psychological 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4940:modernization 4937: 4933: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4892: 4885: 4881: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4854:Eleonora Duse 4851: 4850: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4760:Căldură mare' 4756: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4674: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4533:Tudor Arghezi 4530: 4529:Ion Minulescu 4526: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4481:As editor of 4479: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4464:Parnassianism 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4420:superstitions 4417: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4379:Nicolae Iorga 4376: 4375: 4374:Apus de soare 4370: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4285:Petre P. Carp 4282: 4278: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189:Transylvanian 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4172:Românii Verzi 4166: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4113: 4111: 4110:Léon Gambetta 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4093:republicanism 4090: 4089:C. A. Rosetti 4085: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4051:Conservatives 4048: 4044: 4043:Pantazi Ghica 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3928:George Coșbuc 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3826:Nikolai Gogol 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3785: 3784:Eugène Scribe 3781: 3780:Neoclassicism 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3758:development, 3757: 3756: 3755:fin de siècle 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3717:According to 3710: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654:Emil Gârleanu 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3628:Vasile Goldiș 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569:Octavian Goga 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3547:. He visited 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3405:Pantazi Ghica 3402: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3314:Mite Kremnitz 3311: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197:Alceu Urechia 3193: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3180:N. T. Orășanu 3177: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3127:Ronetti Roman 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969:, as well as 2968: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2928:, but he was 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2880:Caion scandal 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807:Boris Sarafov 2804: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2517:Radical Party 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489:heir apparent 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2415:George Coșbuc 2412: 2411:intellectuals 2407: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376:) was to the 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2325:George Coșbuc 2322: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2271:Gabroveni Inn 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2128:Mite Kremnitz 2124: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106:Gheorghe Sion 2103: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2046: 2042: 2040: 2039:Petre P. Carp 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1880:, provincial 1879: 1875: 1874: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1804: 1801:Ion Luca and 1799: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:V. A. Urechia 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:Petre P. Carp 1631: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1613:modernization 1610: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:Mite Kremnitz 1538: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1314:Frédéric Damé 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302:Eugène Scribe 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1193:N. T. Orășanu 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:C. A. Rosetti 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1159:— among them 1158: 1154: 1150: 1141: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:conservatives 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 970: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:hypocoristics 939: 935: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:Ion Minulescu 845: 844:Tudor Arghezi 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 806: 803:Caragiale in 801: 797: 794: 788: 786: 782: 778: 777:self-made man 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 733:was given as 732: 728: 724: 723:Transylvanian 720: 716: 712: 709: 705: 702:, settled in 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 683: 679: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645:Octavian Goga 642: 641:Transylvanian 638: 634: 633:Mite Kremnitz 630: 629:George Coșbuc 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 598:Tache Ionescu 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 511: 506: 505: 501: 499: 494: 493: 488: 487: 482: 481: 476: 475: 470: 469: 464: 463: 458: 454: 450: 449: 445: 441: 440: 435: 434: 429: 428: 424: 418: 416: 412: 408: 407:Neoclassicism 404: 403: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 353: 344: 339: 334: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299: 295: 291: 290:Neoclassicism 287: 283: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 200: 196: 192: 189: 186: 182: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 165:civil servant 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109: 108:German Empire 105: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 64: 60: 56: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10937: 10920: 10898: 10894:Perpessicius 10880: 10847: 10828: 10806: 10789:Caragialiana 10788: 10765: 10748: 10732: 10705: 10689: 10673: 10654: 10635: 10609: 10578: 10569: 10560: 10551: 10542: 10533: 10524: 10515: 10496: 10491: 10481: 10472: 10463: 10454: 10439: 10419: 10410: 10401: 10396:(wikisource) 10392: 10380: 10359: 10350: 10341: 10332: 10323: 10314: 10305: 10284: 10275: 10266: 10257: 10248: 10239: 10218: 10209: 10200: 10191: 10182: 10173: 10164: 10155: 10134: 10125: 10116: 10107: 10098: 10089: 10080: 10071: 10062: 10053: 10044: 10035: 10026: 10017: 10008: 9999: 9990: 9981: 9972: 9963: 9954: 9945: 9936: 9927: 9922:Ornea, p. 50 9918: 9883: 9874: 9853: 9844: 9835: 9826: 9817: 9808: 9787: 9778: 9769: 9746: 9725: 9704: 9695: 9686: 9677: 9668: 9659: 9650: 9641: 9632: 9623: 9614: 9605: 9596: 9587: 9578: 9569: 9560: 9551: 9542: 9533: 9524: 9505: 9497: 9488: 9469: 9445: 9436: 9427: 9418: 9409: 9400: 9379: 9370: 9361: 9352: 9343: 9334: 9325: 9302: 9293: 9284: 9261: 9252: 9243: 9234: 9225: 9216: 9207: 9198: 9189: 9180: 9159: 9150: 9141: 9132: 9123: 9114: 9105: 9096: 9087: 9062: 9053: 9044: 9035: 9026: 9017: 9008: 8987: 8978: 8969: 8948: 8939: 8930: 8921: 8912: 8903: 8894: 8885: 8876: 8867: 8844: 8821: 8812: 8803: 8794: 8785: 8776: 8767: 8758: 8749: 8740: 8731: 8722: 8713: 8704: 8695: 8686: 8677: 8668: 8659: 8650: 8641: 8632: 8623: 8614: 8605: 8596: 8587: 8578: 8569: 8560: 8551: 8542: 8533: 8524: 8514: 8465: 8444: 8435: 8426: 8417: 8408: 8399: 8378: 8369: 8360: 8351: 8342: 8333: 8324: 8291: 8282: 8273: 8264: 8255: 8246: 8237: 8228: 8219: 8214:(wikisource) 8210: 8186: 8177: 8152: 8143: 8134: 8125: 8116: 8107: 8098: 8075: 8066: 8057: 8048: 8039: 8030: 8009: 8000: 7977: 7968: 7959: 7950: 7929: 7902: 7893: 7884: 7875: 7866: 7857: 7848: 7839: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7749: 7740: 7731: 7706: 7697: 7692:(wikisource) 7688: 7664: 7655: 7646: 7637: 7628: 7619: 7610: 7601: 7578: 7569: 7560: 7551: 7542: 7533: 7524: 7515: 7506: 7497: 7488: 7479: 7438: 7429: 7420: 7411: 7402: 7365: 7356: 7347: 7338: 7329: 7320: 7311: 7302: 7293: 7284: 7275: 7266: 7257: 7248: 7239: 7230: 7197: 7176: 7167: 7158: 7149: 7124: 7115: 7106: 7097: 7076: 7043: 7034: 7025: 7016: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6980: 6971: 6948: 6939: 6918: 6909: 6900: 6877: 6855: 6850: 6841: 6831: 6785: 6777: 6772: 6763: 6754: 6749:(wikisource) 6745: 6691: 6686:(wikisource) 6681: 6654:(wikisource) 6650: 6524: 6517:Sorin Antohi 6498: 6475: 6465: 6431: 6422: 6407: 6352: 6343: 6333: 6300: 6290: 6267:. Retrieved 6177: 6164: 6126: 6095:Manuscriptum 6094: 6089: 6068:The Republic 6067: 6065: 6038: 6032: 5990: 5984: 5970: 5964: 5950: 5940: 5924: 5914: 5899: 5889: 5838:Ioan Slavici 5831: 5819: 5804:Horia Gârbea 5800:Ioan Lăcustă 5720: 5704:catchphrases 5697: 5658: 5638: 5632: 5614: 5587: 5581: 5559: 5557: 5553:Paul Gavarni 5531: 5520: 5508: 5506: 5479: 5457:Cilibi Moise 5454: 5427: 5417: 5410: 5401: 5385: 5378: 5373:Caragiale's 5372: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5334: 5326: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5294: 5289: 5280:high society 5271: 5269: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5234:Moftul Român 5232: 5229:hypocritical 5217:Bucharesters 5202: 5193: 5176: 5170: 5147: 5145: 5108: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5068: 5066: 5044: 5038: 5034:ethnological 5029: 5019: 5013: 5007: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4977: 4968: 4959:The form of 4958: 4929: 4927: 4911: 4907: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4847: 4844: 4826: 4798: 4791: 4787: 4767: 4759: 4757: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4693: 4690:Conservative 4682: 4640: 4604: 4583: 4581: 4570: 4566:Moftul Român 4564: 4550: 4520: 4514: 4506:Henrik Ibsen 4482: 4480: 4475: 4467: 4456:Moftul Român 4455: 4441: 4413: 4394:Ioan Slavici 4383: 4372: 4360:Moftul Român 4358: 4348: 4341:Ioan Slavici 4338: 4331: 4323: 4316:Take Ionescu 4305: 4293:social class 4276: 4272: 4270: 4242:Moses Gaster 4231: 4229: 4216: 4180: 4170: 4167: 4163:middle class 4147:civil rights 4143:emancipation 4131:antisemitism 4128: 4116: 4114: 4101:Ion Brătianu 4086: 4081: 4069: 4065: 4055: 4004: 4001:universalist 3998: 3981:Ion Brătianu 3979:betrayed by 3973:liberal camp 3968: 3948: 3943:architecture 3936: 3921: 3906: 3900: 3870: 3861: 3851: 3838: 3807: 3787: 3753: 3739: 3727:metaphysical 3716: 3697: 3687: 3680: 3666: 3650:Aurel Vlaicu 3635: 3615: 3609: 3580: 3530: 3525: 3514: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3469: 3463: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3394: 3374: 3372: 3364:Take Ionescu 3360:middle class 3348: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3307: 3299: 3291: 3290: 3280:through the 3267: 3259: 3241: 3236: 3226: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3187: 3183: 3156: 3146: 3136:, who, as a 3131: 3091:Panait Cerna 3082: 3072: 3052: 3048:misanthropic 3029: 3014: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2993:Forța Morală 2992: 2982: 2978: 2971:Henri Chivot 2964: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2941:plagiarized 2938: 2922:Forța Morală 2921: 2913: 2901: 2891: 2869: 2857: 2854:Take Ionescu 2845: 2839: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2777: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2744:Cilibi Moise 2723: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2675: 2658: 2656: 2648: 2637: 2611: 2605: 2586: 2576: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2535: 2529: 2522: 2520: 2500: 2497:Ion Brezeanu 2461: 2456: 2432: 2429:sketch story 2422: 2419:Ioan Slavici 2408: 2397: 2365: 2360: 2352: 2344: 2337:Moftul Român 2336: 2330: 2314: 2311:Moftul Român 2310: 2289: 2283: 2279:Transylvania 2244: 2238: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2198: 2190: 2188: 2171: 2164: 2155:collectivism 2144: 2141: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2082: 2077: 2064: 2058: 2051: 2035: 2026: 2018: 2010: 2008: 1998: 1988: 1964: 1951: 1933: 1917: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1886: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1854: 1846: 1840: 1833: 1808: 1789: 1785:Nicolae Gane 1780: 1773:Vasile Pogor 1764: 1753:Ion Brătianu 1740: 1730: 1716: 1709: 1701: 1699: 1683: 1666: 1654: 1652: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1608: 1601: 1598:Vasile Conta 1585: 1572: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1531: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1498: 1495:Russian Army 1489:, a rhyming 1486: 1480: 1472: 1470: 1464: 1452: 1440: 1438: 1414: 1412: 1408:Ioan Slavici 1401: 1394:Ion Brătianu 1391: 1383: 1376:Russian Army 1364: 1360: 1343: 1339:Perpessicius 1324: 1322: 1317: 1305: 1297: 1290:Rome vaincue 1289: 1275: 1269: 1259:beer gardens 1256: 1252: 1245: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1199: 1197: 1188: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1146: 1114: 1097: 1087: 1080: 1077:conservatism 1071:(the future 1063: 1047: 1037: 1012: 975: 949: 945: 937: 936:or, rarely, 933: 929: 927: 914: 900: 881: 868: 836:middle class 829: 810: 789: 774: 755: 746: 742: 738: 734: 693: 675: 627:, the poets 619:philosopher 608: 602: 576:movement of 549: 534:conservatism 523: 508: 502: 496: 490: 484: 478: 472: 466: 460: 446: 437: 431: 425: 419: 400: 393:Ioan Slavici 387:. Alongside 385:local humour 368: 351: 350: 279: 222:sketch story 170:restaurateur 99:(1912-06-09) 40: 11061:1912 deaths 11056:1852 births 10934:Dan Ionescu 10917:Tudor Vianu 10436:Lucian Boia 6335:Evenimentul 6326:Ioan Holban 6128:Evenimentul 6061:Cluj-Napoca 6007:high school 5975: [ 5961:Radu Gabrea 5957:West German 5942:Două lozuri 5931:capital of 5876:. In 1939, 5858:N. Petrașcu 5850:Octav Minar 5792: [ 5789:Radu Cosașu 5757: [ 5746: [ 5693:Tudor Vianu 5685:linguistics 5640:Kir Ianulea 5604:, France's 5543:. While in 5356:beer garden 5336:Două loturi 5221:Wallachians 5185:materialist 5129:aristocracy 5117:progressive 5085:patriarchal 5000:cenesthesia 4839:Sava Henția 4800:Tudor Vianu 4784:Ion Creangă 4780:tea parties 4753:fairy tales 4688:as well as 4628:agrarianism 4600:land reform 4588:George Panu 4476:Literatorul 4468:Literatorul 4386:Tudor Vianu 4350:Sămănătorul 4308:George Panu 4141:was denied 4125:Nationalism 4091:, in whose 3917:picturesque 3913:Neoromantic 3902:Kir Ianulea 3799:didacticism 3772:Victor Hugo 3719:Tudor Vianu 3600:Mihai Ralea 3515:Schițe nouă 3476:Renaissance 3451:Kir Ianulea 3415:Final years 3409:Matei Millo 3383:nationalist 3269:coup d'état 3138:Francophile 3097:, musician 3075:Wilmersdorf 2975:Alfred Duru 2943:Leo Tolstoy 2906:plagiarized 2898:Tudor Vianu 2616:editor and 2608:Eugen Brote 2603:sentiment. 2601:irredentist 2526:George Panu 2291:Literatorul 2267:beer garden 2246:Om cu noroc 2170:Split with 2159:nationalism 2121:didacticism 2097:and future 2055:open letter 1979:Shakespeare 1959:unpatriotic 1944:didacticism 1805:before 1900 1737:Burgtheater 1706:Ion Creangă 1671:plagiarized 1549:misanthropy 1434:Ion Creangă 1427:Tudor Vianu 1382:, print in 1312:republican 1116:philosophes 1102:. The poet 1082:coup d'état 964:Early years 954:cacophonies 883:Kir Ianulea 813:Tudor Vianu 785:proletarian 731:maiden name 715:Mount Sinai 698:capital of 578:George Panu 542:republicans 492:Kir Ianulea 397:Ion Creangă 218:short story 184:Nationality 129:short story 97:9 June 1912 11045:Categories 10723:References 6269:7 December 6066:The novel 6053:Schöneberg 5891:Luceafărul 5743:Paul Gusti 5712:Iron Guard 5612:writings. 5566:Émile Zola 5476:Anton Pann 5442:dramaturgy 5362:, such as 5331:April Fool 5311:, part of 5225:Muntenians 5205:allegories 5177:Catindatul 5143:'s prose. 5089:adulterous 5063:Allegories 4996:physiology 4965:Classicism 4914:Poporanist 4863:plagiarism 4778:-inspired 4624:Poporanism 4592:radicalism 4557:socialists 4525:free verse 4432:nosophobia 4428:pyrophobia 4221:xenophobic 4217:Tricolorul 4187:and other 4135:A. C. Cuza 3939:cross-eyed 3873:dramaturgy 3760:Naturalism 3752:(with its 3742:Classicism 3707:Mark Twain 3671:. His son 3460:Phanariote 3379:A. C. Cuza 3286:democratic 3264:monarchist 3119:Travemünde 3079:Schöneberg 2811:Macedonian 2752:Anton Pann 2445:Anton Pann 2441:fairy tale 2394:Hungarians 2390:chauvinism 2374:melancholy 2304:bankruptcy 2191:În Nirvana 2151:Jacobinism 1912:(May 1885) 1882:corruption 1853:, an aged 1819:bankruptcy 1479:series in 1335:plagiarism 1331:dramaturgy 1108:repertoire 1056:republican 1052:plebiscite 879:fairy tale 840:Anton Pann 659:were both 639:, and the 442:, and the 415:Naturalism 381:literature 286:Naturalism 254:fairy tale 155:translator 142:journalist 137:playwright 122:Occupation 68:1852-01-30 11081:Junimists 10645:, at the 10600:, at the 6045:Haimanale 5878:B. Jordan 5812:Absurdism 5679:, verbal 5424:Romantics 5327:1 Aprilie 5319:neurotics 5291:Anxieties 5113:blackmail 4944:Francized 4647:Constanța 4452:Symbolism 4444:Modernism 4398:Christian 4369:archaisms 4297:privilege 4213:patriotic 4177:racialist 4070:Junimists 4031:hypocrisy 3887:and even 3858:anecdotes 3845:, critic 3737:nature". 3735:epicurean 3581:Universul 3577:Hungarian 3565:monograph 3523:reportage 3495:Abu-Hasan 3441:Universul 3362:, led by 3318:left-wing 3278:privilege 3252:oligarchy 3233:patriotic 2932:after an 2930:acquitted 2910:Hungarian 2858:Caragiale 2846:Gambrinus 2826:Gambrinus 2815:Bulgarian 2798:Universul 2763:Universul 2659:Junimists 2457:Răzbunare 2251:socialist 2217:Două note 1967:Corneille 1831:melodrama 1663:Ion Ghica 1615:, which, 1590:patronage 1545:aphorisms 1508:reception 1491:reportage 1431:Moldavian 1380:Bucharest 1264:sophistic 1157:pen names 1125:proofread 1020:Bucharest 1015:gymnasium 978:Haimanale 923:Aromanian 915:Karaialis 911:Kefalonia 860:Ion Barbu 751:Hungarian 739:Alexevici 735:Alexovici 689:Bucharest 667:Biography 663:writers. 661:modernist 617:socialist 611:essayist 566:Symbolist 538:satirical 498:Abu-Hasan 336:Signature 328:Ecaterina 246:reportage 197:1873–1912 79:Wallachia 75:Haimanale 18:Caragiale 11017:Archived 11004:Archived 10984:LibriVox 10877:Z. Ornea 10860:42663344 10834:LiterNet 10778:21523836 10710:Archived 10697:Archived 10678:Archived 10665:Archived 10628:Antena 3 10620:Archived 9518:32599658 8507:Archived 6833:Adevărul 6824:Archived 6279:cite web 6119:Archived 6076:Ploiești 6035:Ploiești 5997:and the 5949:'s 1981 5933:Chișinău 5929:Moldovan 5898:'s work 5785:I. 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