Captivity narrative

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any personal grievance against the organization may find that re-entry into conventional social networks is contingent on at least nominally affirming such opposition coalition claims. The archetypal account that is negotiated is a "captivity narrative" in which apostates assert that they were innocently or naïvely operating in what they had every reason to believe was a normal, secure social site; were subjected to overpowering subversive techniques; endured a period of subjugation during which they experienced tribulation and humiliation; ultimately effected escape or rescue from the organization; and subsequently renounced their former loyalties and issued a public warning of the dangers of the former organization as a matter of civic responsibility. Any expressions of ambivalence or residual attraction to the former organization are vigorously resisted and are taken as evidence of untrustworthiness. Emphasis on the irresistibility of subversive techniques is vital to apostates and their allies as a means of locating responsibility for participation on the organization rather than on the former member.

601: 156: 263: 433: 893:"Cult survivor" tales have become a familiar genre. They employ the devices of the captivity narrative in dramatic fashion, typically pitting mainstream secular values against the values held by some spiritual minority (which may be caricatured). As is true of the broader category, anti-cult captivity narratives are sometimes regarded with suspicion due to their ideological underpinnings, their formulaic character, and their utility in justifying social control measures. In addition, critics of the genre tend to reject the " 25: 79: 104:, or sold for ransom or slavery. Others were taken captive in the Middle East. These accounts established some of the major elements of the form, often putting it within a religious framework, and crediting God or Providence for gaining freedom or salvation. Following the North American experience, additional accounts were written after British people were captured during exploration and settlement in India and East Asia. 636: 617:

had remained Christians. About 20,000 British and Irish captives were held in North Africa from the beginning of the 17th century to the middle of the 18th, and roughly 700 Americans were held captive as North African slaves between 1785 and 1815. The British captives produced 15 full biographical accounts of their experiences, and the American captives produced more than 100 editions of 40 full-length narratives.

782:, is premised on the notion of "cult survivor" as a social identity. It is not unusual for anyone who grew up in a religious and culturally conservative household – and who later adopted secular mainstream values – to describe themselves as a "cult survivor", notwithstanding the absence of any abuse or violence. In this sense, "cult survivor" may be used as a polemical term in connection with the so-called " 905:

narratives which attempt to equate difference with abuse, or to invoke a victim paradigm, may sometimes be criticized as unfair by scholars who believe that research into religious movements should be context-based and value-free. Beliefs, rituals, and customs which we assumed were merely "primitive" or "strange" may turn out to have profound meaning when examined in their own context.

294:, (1682) is a classic example of the genre. According to Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse, Rowlandson's captivity narrative was "one of the most popular captivity narratives on both sides of the Atlantic." Although the text temporarily fell out of print after 1720, it had a revival of interest in the 1780s. Other popular captivity narratives from the late 17th century include 721:, turns the tables on the familiar white captive/aboriginal captors narrative. It sensitively portrays the plight of Canadian aboriginal children who were captured and sent to residential schools, where they were stripped of their Native identity and forced to conform to Eurocentric customs and beliefs. 345:

tended to write narratives that negatively characterized Indians. They portrayed the trial of events as a warning from God concerning the state of the Puritans' souls, and concluded that God was the only hope for redemption. Such a religious cast had also been part of the framework of earlier English

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in which young women captured by a "cult" and subjected to a low-protein diet are rescued Texas-style: An open air beef barbecue is held outside the "cult" compound. When the women smell the steaks, and are fed bite-sized morsels, they are instantly rescued from their "brainwashed" state, and return

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here is considerable pressure on individuals exiting Subversive organizations to negotiate a narrative with the oppositional coalition that offers an acceptable explanation for participation in the organization and for now once again reversing loyalties. In the limiting case, exiting members without

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Other types of captivity narratives, such as those recounted by apostates from religious movements (i.e. "cult survivor" tales), have remained an enduring topic in modern media. They have been published in books and periodicals, in addition to being the subjects of film and television programs, both

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In American literature, captivity narratives often relate particularly to the capture of European-American settlers or explorers by Native American Indians, but the captivity narrative is so inherently powerful that the story proves highly adaptable to new contents from terrorist kidnappings to UFO

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First they became instruments of propaganda against Indian "devils" and French "Papists." Later, ... the narratives played an important role in encouraging government protection of frontier settlements. Still later they became pulp thrillers, always gory and sensational, frequently plagiaristic and

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discusses the effect of those accounts in which white captives came to prefer and eventually adopt a Native American way of life; they challenged European-American assumptions about the superiority of their culture. During some occasions of prisoner exchanges, the white captives had to be forced to

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and their Indian allies (similarly, the New Englanders and their Indian allies took Canadiens and Indian prisoners captive). According to Kathryn Derounian-Stodola, statistics on the number of captives taken from the 15th through the 19th centuries are imprecise and unreliable, since record-keeping

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Captivity narratives, in addition to appealing to adults, have been attracting today's children as well. The narratives' exciting nature and their resilient young protagonists make for very educational and entertaining children's novels that have for goal to convey the "American characteristics of

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in the 18th and early 19th centuries. If the Europeans converted to Islam and adopted North Africa as their home, they could often end their slavery status, but such actions disqualified them from being ransomed to freedom by European consuls in Africa, who were qualified only to free captives who

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have also found the North American narratives useful in analyzing how the colonists or settlers constructed the "other". They also assess these works for what the narratives reveal about the settlers' sense of themselves and their culture, and the experience of crossing the line to another. Colley

96:

are usually stories of people captured by enemies whom they consider uncivilized, or whose beliefs and customs they oppose. The best-known captivity narratives in North America are those concerning Europeans and Americans taken as captives and held by the indigenous peoples of North America. These

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Like captivity narratives in general, anti-cult captivity narratives also raise contextual concerns. Ethnohistoric Native American culture differs markedly from Western European culture. Each may have its merits within its own context. Modern theorists question the fairness of pitting one culture

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Not all anti-cult captivity narratives describe physical capture. Sometimes the capture is a metaphor, as is the escape or rescue. The "captive" may be someone who claims to have been "seduced" or "recruited" into a religious lifestyle which he/she retrospectively describes as one of slavery. The

142:

Certain North American captivity narratives related to being held among Native peoples were published from the 18th through the 19th centuries. They reflected an already well-established genre in English literature, which some colonists would likely have been familiar with. There had already been

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vividly describes Susanna Johnson's forty-eight-month ordeal – the terror of being taken captive, childbirth during the forced march, prolonged separation from her three young children, degradation and neglect in a French prison, the loss of a newborn, a battle with smallpox, separation from her

118:

Traditionally, historians have made limited use of many captivity narratives. They regarded the genre with suspicion because of its ideological underpinnings. As a result of new scholarly approaches since the late 20th century, historians with a more certain grasp of Native American cultures are

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Similarly, spiritual groups may adopt a different way of life than the secular majority, but that way of life may have merits within its own context. Spiritual beliefs, rituals, and customs are not necessarily inferior simply because they differ from the secular mainstream. Anti-cult captivity

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in 1704, killing many settlers and taking more than 100 persons captive. They were taken on a several hundred-mile overland trek to Montreal. Many were held there in Canada for an extended period, with some captives adopted by First Nations families and others held for ransom. In the colonies,

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Jean Lowry, "A Journal of the Captivity of Jean Lowry and Her Children, Giving an Account of her being taken by the Indians, the 1st of April 1756, from William McCord's, in Rocky-Spring Settlement in Pennsylvania, With an Account of the Hardships she Suffered, &c." Oxford Text Archive,

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accounts of captivity by Barbary pirates. The numerous conflicts between Anglo-American colonists and the French and Native Americans led to the emphasis of Indians' cruelty in English-language captivity narratives, which served to inspire hatred for their enemies. In William Flemming's

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husband, and finally, widowhood as her spouse fell in yet another battle in the years-long French and Indian war. Spear borrowed heavily from Johnson's text, lifting both details and dialogue to construct her story. In pitching her tale to young readers, however, she focused not on the

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Jean Lowry (1760), "A Journal of the Captivity of Jean Lowry and Her Children, Giving an Account of her being taken by the Indians, the 1st of April 1756, from William McCord's, in Rocky-Spring Settlement in Pennsylvania, With an Account of the Hardships she Suffered,

370:(1707), was widely distributed in the 18th and 19th centuries, and continues to be published today. Due to his account, as well as the high number of captives, this raid, unlike others of the time, was remembered and became an element in the American frontier story. 1512:

A Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt, only survivor of the crew of the ship Boston, during a captivity of nearly three years among the savages of Nootka Sound: with an account of the manners, mode of living, and religious opinions of the

826:, was soon made privy to its dark secrets: the nuns were required to service the priests sexually, and the children born of such liaisons were murdered and buried in a mass grave on the building's premises. Though the Maria Monk work has been exposed as a 1455:

A narrative of the extraordinary sufferings of Mr. Robert Forbes, his wife, and five children during an unfortunate journey through the wilderness, from Canada to Kennebeck River, in the year 1784, in which three of their children were starved to

3903: 2291:"The history of the life and sufferings of Henry Grace, of Basingstoke in the county of Southampton. Being a narrative of the hardships he underwent during several years captivity among the savages in North America, ... Written by himself" 952:

in February 1977, and held captive for 33 days. During that time, she was subjected to abusive treatment in an effort to "deprogram" her of her religious beliefs. She escaped her captors by pretending to cooperate, then returned to the

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A narrative of the sufferings and surprizing deliverances of William and Elizabeth Fleming, who were taken captive by Capt. Jacob, commander of the Indians, who lately made the incursions on the frontier of Pennsylvania, as related by

1396:

554:. On route to Quebec, John and his siblings were adopted by the First Nations in present-day New Brunswick but were reunited with their mother in Quebec about seven months later. In the spring of 1760, after the British victory at the 701:

return to their original cultures. Children who had assimilated to new families found it extremely painful to be torn from them after several years' captivity. Numerous adult and young captives who had assimilated chose to stay with

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This article references captivity narratives drawn from literature, history, sociology, religious studies, and modern media. Scholars point to certain unifying factors. Of early Puritan captivity narratives, David L. Minter writes:

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The basic structure of the captivity narrative concerns the rescue of "helpless" maidens who have been kidnapped by "natives" rescued at the last possible moment by a "hero." Commonly, this "hero" is rewarded through marriage. For

325:

American captivity narratives were usually based on true events, but they frequently contained fictional elements as well. Some were entirely fictional, created because the stories were popular. One spurious captivity narrative was

1945:, and starring Michelle St. John, is a "reverse" captivity narrative. It tells the story of Ashtecome, a First Nations (Canadian native) girl who is kidnapped and sent to a residential missionary school, where she is abused. 2380:

A Journal of Lieut. Simon Stevens, from the time of his being taken, near Fort William-Henry, June the 25th 1758. With an account of his escape from Quebec, and his arrival at Louisbourg, on June the 6th,

2870:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa, But Resident above Sixty Years in the United States of America, Related by Himself, by Venture Smith" 732:

in February, 1974. About a year later, she was photographed wielding a machine gun, helping them rob a bank. Was she an "assimilated captive" or was she only cooperating as a matter of survival? Was she

192:(1763), approximately 1,641 New Englanders were taken hostage. During the decades-long struggle between whites and Plains Indians in the mid-19th century, hundreds of women and children were captured. 1097:

provided a large, visible enemy and intensified fears for American institutions and values. These anxieties inspired vicious anti-Catholic propaganda with pornographic overtones, such as Maria Monk's

207:, were popular in England in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first Barbary captivity narrative by a resident of North America was that of Abraham Browne (1655). The most popular was that of Captain 3089: 184:

was not consistent and the fate of hostages who disappeared or died was often not known. Yet conservative estimates run into the thousands, and a more realistic figure may well be higher. Between

107:

Since the late 20th century, captivity narratives have also been studied as accounts of persons leaving, or held in contemporary religious cults or movements, thanks to scholars of religion like

1432:, on the 25th day of September, in the year 1775, to the time of his exchange, on the 6th day of May, 1778 : containing voyages and travels ... Interspersed with some political observations 2783:

Wilcomb E. Washburn, ed., "Narrative of the Captivity of Jane Frazier," vol. 109, The Garland Library of Narrative of North American Indian Captives. New York: Garland Publishing, 1977, pp 2-13

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Timothy Alden, "An Account of the Captivity of Hugh Gibson among the Delaware Indians of the Big Beaver and the Muskingum, from the latter part of July 1756, to the beginning of April, 1759,"

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is a scholar of religion who draws parallels between the propaganda function of 19th century captivity narratives concerning Native peoples, and contemporary captivity narratives concerning

2338:

Linda G. Layton, A Passion for Survival: The True Story of Marie Anne and Louis Payzant in Eighteenth-century Nova Scotia. (Halifax, NS: Nimbus Publishing, 2003, 2011), pp. 49-84.

1284: 2547:, for a more comprehensive and nuanced look at the Patty Hearst phenomenon than is found in most individual articles. Bodi repeatedly poses the dialectic between free choice and agency. 135:

has studied the long history of English captivity among other cultures, both the Barbary pirate captives who preceded those in North America, and British captives in cultures such as

558:

in 1759, the family sailed back to Nova Scotia. In a separate event John Witherspoon was captured at Annapolis Royal during the French and Indian War and wrote about his experience.

983:. In this type of narrative, a person claims to have developed a new awareness of previously unreported ritual abuse as a result of some form of therapy which purports to recover 1885:. The film was primarily about him and his search, and was influential because of the multiple psychological layers in the character portrayal. The movie is loosely based on the 3895: 588:

who later released them to Halifax.) In August 1758, William Merritt was taken captive close to St. Georges (Thomaston, Maine), and taken to the Saint John River and later to

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and wrote about his captivity. Pote also wrote about being tortured. Ritual torture of war captives was common among Native American tribes, who used it as a kind of passage.

2846:. Translated by Rev. Edmund de Schweinitz. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography – via The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography volume 29, 1905. 3871: 2052:

to cultural normality. Laycock's work shows how anti-cult captivity narratives – whether real or fictional, dramatic or comedic – remain a staple of modern media.

1917:, who is initially enslaved and mocked by being treated as an animal, but comes to respect his captors' culture and gain their respect. It spawned two sequels, 2589: 119:

distinguishing between plausible statements of fact and value-laden judgments in order to study the narratives as rare sources from "inside" Native societies.

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A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa: But Resident above Sixty Years in the United States of America, Related by Himself

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represents the cult survivor tale at its most extreme. In it, Michelle Smith recounts horrific tales of sexual and physical abuse at the hands of the "

999:" over a five-year interval. However, the book has been extensively debunked, and is now considered most notable for its role in contributing to the 4393: 941: 937: 1703:

A Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of Matthew Brayton in His Thirty-Four Years of Captivity Among the Indians of North-Western America

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by attending a convent school. She subsequently resolved to become a Catholic nun, but upon admission to the order at the Hôtel-Dieu nunnery in

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Some captivity narratives are partly or even wholly fictional, but are meant to impart a strong moral lesson, such as the purported dangers of

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They were preceded, among English-speaking peoples, by publication of captivity narratives related to English people taken captive and held by

35: 1610:

A Narrative of the captivity and adventures of John Tanner, thirty years of residence among the Indians, prepared for the press by Edwin James

728:, which unfolded primarily in the mid-1970s, represents a special case. She was initially captured by a domestic U.S. terror group called the 1345:

Memoirs of odd adventures, strange deliverances, &c. in the captivity of John Gyles, Esq; commander of the garrison on St. George's River

483:

Memoirs of odd adventures, strange deliverances, &c. in the captivity of John Gyles, Esq; commander of the garrison on St. George's River

2933:

Our Western Border, Its Life, Combats, Adventures, Forays, Massacres, Captivities, Scouts, Red Chiefs, Pioneer Women, One Hundred Years Ago.

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Schwebel, Sara (June 2011). "Rewriting the Captivity Narrative for Contemporary Children: Speare, Bruchac, and the French and Indian War".

2573: 897:" thesis, and to observe that it is extremely rare in Western nations for religious or spiritual groups to hold anyone physically captive. 2651: 830:, it typifies those captivity narratives which depict a minority religion as not just theologically incorrect, but fundamentally abusive. 3079: 2678: 4490: 2329:

Brian C. Cuthbertson, ed., The Journal of the Reverend John Payzant (1749–1834), (Hantsport, NS: Lancelot Press, 1981), pp. 15-16.

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Together, these analyses suggest that some of the common elements we may encounter in different types of captivity narratives include:

2877: 1410: 410:

A Surprising Account, of the Captivity and Escape of Philip M'Donald, and Alexander M'Leod, of Virginia, from the Chickkemogga Indians

4407: 3165: 4480: 4475: 4388: 4162: 2900:

A Selection of Some of the Most Interesting Narratives, of Outrages, Committed by the Indians, in Their Wars with the White People,

2231: 1465:

A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson, Containing an Account of Her Sufferings During Four Years With the Indians and French

846:, the nineteenth century captivity narrative was intended to either entertain or titillate audiences, or to function as propaganda. 914:

may be viewed as a "reverse" captivity narrative concerning Native peoples, the story of Donna Seidenberg Bavis (as recounted in

490: 424:(1798) provided American reading audiences with new narratives. In some accounts, British soldiers were the primary antagonists. 2556: 866:

from such movements frequently cast their accounts in the form of captivity narratives. This in turn provides justification for

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Captivity in another culture brought into question many aspects of the captives' lives. Reflecting their religious beliefs, the

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of shipwreck survivors captured by Indians in Florida. He says they survived by placing their trust in God to protect them. The

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A Narrative of the Captivity and Sufferings of Mr. Ebenezer Fletcher, of Newipswich, Who Was ... Taken Prisoner by the British

4098: 3927: 3048: 2528: 2503: 2254: 804: 279: 3943: 3104:, pp. 339–356. Ed. Philip J. Deloria and Neal Salisbury. Malden, Massachusetts and Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishers. 2544: 1772:

The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr., during his Captivity in the French and Indian War from May, 1745, to August, 1747

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escaped together from Quebec along the coast of Acadia, finally reaching British-controlled Louisbourg and wrote accounts.

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Alexandra Heller-Nicholas (quoted earlier) points to the presence of a "helpless" maiden, and a "hero" who rescues her.

709:, who was captured as a young girl (1755) and spent the remainder of her 90 years among the Seneca, is such an example. 4282: 4154: 3385: 2207: 880: 702: 199:

by faith in the face of the threats and temptations of an alien way of life. Barbary captivity narratives, accounts of

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in North America, raiding between the colonies was frequent. Colonists in New England were frequently taken captive by

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Anticipates or prefigures Gothic literature with depictions of Indian "other" as dark, hellish, cunning, unpredictable

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In the final 30 years of the 18th century, there was a revival of interest in captivity narratives. Accounts such as

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In its "Terms & Themes" summary of captivity narratives, the University of Houston at Clear Lake suggests that:

661: 4431: 4202: 2446: 1919: 581: 2027:

Neal Salisbury. "Review of Colin Caolloway, 'North Country Captives: Selected Narratives of Indian Captivities'",

1955:

Cello-rock band Rasputina parodied captivity narratives in their song "My Captivity by Savages", from their album

4373: 3935: 1178: 555: 517: 2961: 1050:'s tale of misfortune but on the youthful optimism of Susanna Johnson's largely imagined younger sister, Miriam. 745:

Out of thousands of religious groups, a handful have become associated with acts of violence. This includes the

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Alice Baker. True stories of New England captives carried to Canada during the old French and Indian wars. 1897

1925: 1651: 1517: 1473: 945: 646: 565:

was captured; he published an account in 1774. Lt. Simon Stephens, of John Stark's ranger company, and Captain

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ransoms were raised by families or communities; there was no higher government program to do so. The minister

4495: 4263: 4090: 3995: 3879: 3746: 3581: 3158: 2827:

Conscience in Crisis: Mennonite and Other Peace Churches in America, 1739-1789, Interpretation and Documents.

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Test of ethnic faith or loyalty: Will captive "go native," crossing to the other side, esp. by intermarriage?

249:(1793), is considered the first known captivity novel. It set the form for subsequent Indian capture novels. 2621: 2246:

The Chronology of American Literature: America's literary achievements from the colonial era to modern times

97:

narratives have had an enduring place in literature, history, ethnography, and the study of Native peoples.

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Joseph Laycock, "Where Do They Get These Ideas? Changing Ideas of Cults in the Mirror of Popular Culture",

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Rewriting the Captivity Narrative for Contemporary Children: Speare, Bruchac, and the French and Indian War

226: 3315: 2638: 1673:

A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Horn, and Her Two Children, with Mrs. Harris, by the Camanche Indians

4447: 4348: 4194: 3550: 2639:"Native American Religion in Early America". Divining America, TeacherServe®. National Humanities Center. 2451: 1693:

The Greek Exile; or, A Narrative of the Captivity and Escape of Christophorus Plato Castanis, During the

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True Story and Description of a Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-eating People in the New World, America

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Anticipates popular fiction, esp. romance narrative: action, blood, suffering, redemption – a page-turner

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American Indian captivity narratives, accounts of men and women of European descent who were captured by

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of the Big Beaver and the Muskingum, from the latter part of July 1756, to the beginning of April, 1759

1491: 1308: 1273: 729: 573: 2465: 2366:'A narrative of an extraordinary escape: out of the hands of the Indians, in the Gulph of St. Lawrence 2290: 1428:

A narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen's captivity, from the time of his being taken by the British, near

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were written by white Europeans and Americans who were captured, often as a result of shipwrecks, and

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Tragedies of the wilderness, or True and authentic narratives of captives ... By Samuel Gardner Drake

1897: 1667:

Rachael Plummer's Narrative of Twenty One Months Servitude as a Prisoner Among the Commanchee Indians

778: 528: 282:, were popular in both America and Europe from the 17th century until the close of the United States 3430: 2945: 2044:, March 2013, Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 80–106. Note: Laycock refers to an episode of the animated series 1306:, Containing Wonderful Passages, relating to her Captivity, and her Deliverance," both published in 155: 4500: 3967: 3612: 3151: 3114: 2986: 2735:

Minter, David L. "By Dens of Lions: Notes on Stylization in Early Puritan Captivity Narratives" in

2674: 2347: 1597:, of Nantucket, in the Pacific Ocean, Jan. 1824 And the journal of a residence of two years on the 1460: 1030: 1007: 851: 843: 577: 547: 486: 440: 386: 112: 47: 3407: 924:. The typical contemporary anti-cult captivity narrative is one in which a purported "victim" of " 580:'s rangers and his detachment of three rangers and two light infantry privates from the 35th. The 3837: 3761: 3683: 3566: 3218: 2994: 2115:

Part I, Travellers and Explorers, 1583–1763. 11. Jonathan Dickinson.] URL retrieved 24 March 2010

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Community and Conflict: Captivity Narratives and Cross-Border Contact in the Seventeenth Century

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The Narrative of Marie le Roy and Barbara Leininger, for Three Years Captives Among the Indians

2134: 1957: 1933: 1688: 1605: 1593: 1415:

The Narrative of Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger, for Three Years Captives Among the Indians

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in 1955, which ended in a murder/suicide claiming the lives of 918 people in November, 1978 in

713: 506: 335: 196: 189: 3076: 3065:

New England Captives Carried to Canada between 1677 and 1760 during the French and Indian War,

2793: 2545:"Patty Hearst: A Media Heiress Caught in Media Spectacle" (2013). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 639 2167: 2160: 2075: 1812: 1204: 4170: 4106: 3719: 3693: 3591: 3355: 3290: 3212: 2753: 2412: 1619:

The Old Jersey Captive: Or, A Narrative of the Captivity of Thomas Andros...on Board the Old

1537: 1526: 1331: 933: 819: 737:" or fully conscious, acting with free will? These questions were hotly debated at the time. 653: 551: 502: 498: 494: 446:

Seven captivity narratives are known that were written following capture of colonists by the

394: 311: 272: 208: 131: 43: 2869: 2196: 1362: 4368: 4358: 4020: 3911: 3804: 3606: 2825:"Examination of (Jacob) Hochstattler," in Richard MacMaster, Samuel Horst and Robert Ulle, 1886: 1861: 1531: 1238: 1197: 1000: 974: 794: 521: 378: 374: 262: 185: 2441: 2304: 8: 3975: 3766: 3673: 3555: 3514: 3509: 3402: 3132: 2656: 1964: 1756: 1752: 1138: 958: 916: 697: 613: 398: 354: 432: 4317: 3596: 3367: 3266: 2782: 2718: 2710: 2420: 2127: 1906: 1890: 1824: 1713: 1560: 1469: 1358: 991: 979: 867: 562: 471: 315: 236: 218: 3843: 3248: 2162:

The Imaginary Puritan:Literature, Intellectual Labor, and the Origins of Personal Life

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An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences ... in the years 1755, '56, '57, '58 & 59

1222: 4229: 3815: 3699: 3412: 3126: 3044: 3018: 2998: 2967: 2841: 2524: 2499: 2406: 2310: 2250: 2203: 2171: 2138: 1770: 1620: 1029:(1957), a historical fiction children's novel inspired by the captivity narrative of 536: 463: 447: 358: 165: 3041:

White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives

2722: 1553:

The Indian Captive; Or, A Narrative of the Captivity and Sufferings of Zadock Steele

803:, a fictional work circulated during the 19th century and beyond, and used to stoke 4028: 3783: 3474: 3309: 3138: 3111:, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University, first edition 1980, reprint, 1992. 3100:(2002) "Transforming Outsiders: Captivity, Adoption, and Slavery Reconsidered", in 2702: 2601: 2046: 1998: 1655: 984: 855: 705:

and never returned to live in Anglo-American or European communities. The story of

585: 418:

Narrative of the Remarkable Occurrences, in the Life of John Blatchford of Cape-Ann

329: 240: 200: 108: 3062: 768:

die in the murder/suicide are examples of "cult survivors", and the cult survivor

546:, recounts his being taken prisoner with his mother and three siblings during the 350:(1750), Indian barbarities are blamed on the teachings of Roman Catholic priests. 4399: 4353: 4178: 4130: 4114: 4082: 3951: 3794: 3730: 3662: 3545: 3504: 3461: 3361: 3260: 3174: 3083: 2930: 2912: 2897: 2824: 2364: 2276: 2244: 1988: 1819: 1747:

The Remarkable Adventures of Col. James Smith, Five Years a Captive Among Indians

1677: 1582: 1280: 1244: 996: 406:

A Narrative of the Capture and Treatment of John Dodge, by the English at Detroit

287: 204: 127: 101: 2306:

Collection de documents inédits sur le Canada et l'Amérique [microforme]

1641:

Narrative of the capture, sufferings, and miraculous escape of Mrs. Eliza Fraser

957:

temple in Potomac, Maryland. She subsequently filed a lawsuit claiming that her

414:

A Very Surprising Narrative of a Young Woman, Who Was Discovered in a Rocky Cave

3809: 3789: 3776: 3714: 3678: 3601: 3519: 3436: 3373: 3236: 3230: 2809: 2093:

White, Lonnie J. "White Women Captives of Southern Plains Indians, 1866–1875",

1910: 1786: 1694: 1662: 1507: 1444: 1303: 1268:

Cautiverio feliz y razón individual de las guerras dilatadas del reino de Chile

1250: 1213: 1025: 871: 758: 746: 307: 4464: 3820: 3799: 3771: 3709: 3668: 3657: 3617: 3576: 3571: 3534: 3480: 3284: 3254: 2617: 1942: 1882: 1645: 1614: 1564: 1548: 1481: 1349: 1299: 1291: 1163: 961:

had been violated by the deprogramming attempt, and that she had been denied

949: 929: 875: 815: 718: 390: 310:'s captivity (1697), both well-known accounts of the capture of women during 303: 295: 267: 604:

British captain witnessing the miseries of Christian slaves in Algiers, 1815

4298: 4290: 3632: 3586: 3560: 3499: 3379: 1938: 1902: 1866: 1830: 1766: 1636: 1570: 1385: 925: 894: 734: 725: 706: 566: 543: 513: 436: 123: 1804:

Yanoama: The Story of Helena Valero, a Girl Kidnapped by Amazonian Indians

1200:, a Spaniard, Who Was Eleven Years a Prisoner Among the Indians of Florida 233:

describes it as, "in many respects the best of all the captivity tracts."

4012: 3756: 3704: 3524: 3467: 3272: 3224: 3071: 3057: 2706: 2605: 1994: 1969: 1877:, is a drama about a man's search for his niece who was taken captive by 1839: 1722: 1423: 1169: 1003: 962: 797:

to a minority faith. Perhaps the most notorious work in this subgenre is

783: 527:

Henry Grace was taken captive by the Mi'kmaq near Fort Cumberland during

455: 176: 160: 2714: 2584:

David G. Bromley, "The Social Construction of Contested Exit Roles", in

2129:

Master Plots: Race and the Founding of an American Literature, 1787–1845

2106: 584:

took the prisoners to Miramachi and then Restogouch. (They were kept by

4237: 4186: 4122: 3849: 3724: 3637: 3621: 3529: 3278: 2740: 1874: 1758:

History of the Spirit Lake massacre and captivity of Miss Abbie Gardner

1627: 1598: 1373: 1369: 1340: 808: 799: 608:

North America was not the only region to produce captivity narratives.

478: 172: 1697:, by the Turks, Together with Various Adventures in Greece and America 1218:

The Admirable Adventures and Strange Fortunes of Master Antonie Knivet

497:. His memoirs are regarded as a precursor to the frontier romances of 2076:"Crossing the Cultural Divide:Indians and New Englanders, 1605–1763." 1870: 1013: 750: 180: 139:

or East Asia, which began after the early North American experience.

2898:"An Account of the Captivity of Hugh Gibson," in Archibald Loudoun, 2352:

Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol 2, pp. 31–62.

664:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 292:

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson

4004: 3688: 3646: 3143: 1878: 1429: 863: 823: 474:. Whether their captivity experiences were documented is unknown). 451: 283: 539:

during the same war, and also wrote an account of his experience.

78: 4074: 2810:

Beverly W. Bond, ed. "The Captivity of Charles Stuart, 1755-57,"

2113:

Colonial and Revolutionary Literature, Early National Literature,

1803: 1601:; with observations on the manners and customs of the inhabitants 1354:

The History of the Long Captivity and Adventures of Thomas Pellow

954: 342: 3960:

Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States

576:, the Acadian militia took prisoner William Caesar McCormick of 385:

wrote a captivity narrative after gaining return to her people.

4036: 1256: 773: 754: 589: 459: 3896:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

1407:

Jacob Hochstetler (1758) "Examination of (Jacob) Hochstattler"

1117:

A romantic or sexual encounter occurring in an "alien" culture

920:) may be viewed as a "reverse" captivity narrative concerning 2002: 1914: 136: 2157: 1093:

indicates that the wave of Catholic immigration after 1820:

3109:

Beyond Geography: The Western Spirit Against the Wilderness

2498:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xlv–xlvi. 2439: 2363:

Smethurst, Gamaliel (1774). Ganong, William Francis (ed.).

1682: 827: 769: 694:

Beyond Geography: The Western Spirit Against the Wilderness

143:

numerous English accounts of captivity by Barbary pirates.

3016:

Yeats: An Annual of Critical and Textual Studies XII, 1994

1183:

Memoir On the Country and Ancient Indian Tribes Of Florida

944:) who – according to a lawsuit filed on her behalf by the 2440:

Tousignant, Pierre; Dionne-Tousignant, Madeleine (1979).

2391:"Captain Robert Stobo (Concluded)", ed. George M. Kahrl, 1439:

The Captivity of Benjamin Gilbert and His Family, 1780–83

1381:

A Narrative of the Captivity of Nehemiah How in 1745-1747

1272:

Happy Captivity and Reason for the Prolonged Wars of the

3872:

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

2622:"The Scientific Study of Religion? You must be joking!" 2151: 2108:

The Cambridge History of English and American Literature

973:

Among anti-cult captivity narratives, a subgenre is the

928:" is "rescued" from a life of "slavery" by some form of 257: 32:

The examples and perspective in this English literature

2829: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2001; pp 125-26 2606:"Brainwashing and Cults: The Rise and Fall of a Theory" 213:

An Authentic Narrative of the Loss of the Brig Commerce

83:

The Abduction of Daniel Boone's Daughter by the Indians

2408:

The History of Rogers' Rangers: The First Green Berets

1581:

Narrative of the captivity of William Biggs among the

717:, a 1989 film written by Keith Leckie and directed by 2948:

A narrative of the captivity of John McCullough, ESQ,

2557:

Ruth Hughes on "The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk,"

1737:

A narrative of the captivity of John McCullough, ESQ,

790:

term "captive" may nonetheless be used figuratively.

533:

The History of the Life and Sufferings of Henry Grace

50:, or create a new English literature, as appropriate. 2915:

Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society,

2166:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 1234:

Lítil saga umm herhlaup Tyrkjans á Íslandi árið 1627

550:

by the First Nations (Maliseet/Wolastoqiyik) in the

366:

was among those captured and ransomed. His account,

231:

Cambridge History of English and American Literature

2671:

The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions

1973:(2007), is a humorous take on captivity narratives. 4440:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery 2195: 2159: 2126: 1014:Children's novels inspired by captivity narratives 901:against another and making broad value judgments. 1727:Narrative of My Captivity among the Sioux Indians 1683:Omoo: A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas 1019:resourcefulness, hopefulness, pluck and purity". 740: 535:(Boston, 1764). Anthony Casteel was taken in the 4462: 3077:"Women Captives and Indian Captivity Narratives" 2496:The Narrative of Robert Adams: A Barbary Captive 4394:List of last surviving American enslaved people 2839: 2079:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 2005:and indoctrinated into their alien way of life. 1127: 968: 489:. He wrote about his torture by the Natives at 3984:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" 2450:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). 2393:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 2194:Metcalf, Richard (1998). Lamar, Howard (ed.). 2158:Armstrong, Nancy; Leonard Tennenhouse (1992). 1449:The Capture and Escape of Mercy Harbison, 1792 3159: 3038: 2902:A. Loudoun Press, Carlisle, 1811; pp. 181-186 2767:The Oxford Companion To United States History 2466:"Documentary history of the state of Maine ." 1591:A Narrative of the Mutiny, on Board the Ship 3115:Journal of John Witherspoon, Annapolis Royal 3086:, Women's History – accessed January 6, 2006 2935:Philadelphia: J.C. McCurdy, 1876; pp 204-224 2739:, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Nov., 1973), pp. 335–347, 2624:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 2521:A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison 2483:. London: Cassell & Company. p. 27. 1575:A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison 772:has become a popular one. A recent American 2926: 2924: 2688: 2686: 2042:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 1701:Matthew Brayton (1860), The Indian Captive 1111:A captor portrayed as quintessentially evil 3166: 3152: 2840:Le Roy, Marie; Leininger, Barbara (1759). 2754:"Terms & Themes: Captivity Narrative," 2523:. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 2425:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2118: 2074:Vaughan, Alden T., and Daniel K. Richter. 1991:'s capture by Indians in poetic vignettes. 1967:'s song "Cannibal Buffet", from the album 1522:An Account of the Captivity of Hugh Gibson 1390:Narrative of the Captivity of Jane Frazier 462:(two other prisoners were future Governor 4486:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies 4408:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book 2812:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 2362: 2356: 2249:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 49. 2198:The New Encyclopedia of the American West 2189: 2187: 2001:", in which a human child is "stolen" by 1913:, is a drama about a man captured by the 1811:Wizard of the Upper Amazon: The Story of 1709:A Thrilling Narrative of Indian Captivity 1401:Charles Stuart (1757, published in 1926) 1255:Hamel's Journal and a Description of the 1091:Oxford Companion to United States History 680:Learn how and when to remove this message 427: 66:Learn how and when to remove this message 4389:Treatment of slaves in the United States 4163:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade 3477:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY) 2921: 2818: 2692: 2683: 2626:Vol. 34, No. 3 (Sep., 1995), pp. 287–310 2404: 2395:Vol. 49, No. 3 (Jul., 1941), pp. 254–268 2278:The Journal of Captain William Pote, Jr. 2236: 1941:), written by Keith Leckie, directed by 1403:The Captivity of Charles Stuart, 1755-57 936:. However, Donna Seidenberg Bavis was a 599: 431: 261: 252: 154: 77: 2891: 2799:Boston, Mass.: Green and Russell, 1756. 2787: 2478: 2193: 2124: 1849: 1751: 625: 357:, French and Abenaki warriors made the 122:In addition, modern historians such as 4463: 4326:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro 4147:Queen: The Story of an American Family 4067:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp 3102:A Companion to American Indian History 2906: 2833: 2803: 2518: 2184: 1132: 1120:An heroic rescue, often by a male hero 1006:of the 1980s, which culminated in the 764:Members of the Peoples Temple who did 4099:Roots: The Saga of an American Family 3928:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 3364:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng) 3147: 2850: 2814:Jun., 1926, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 58-81 2752:University of Houston at Clear Lake, 2493: 1775:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. 1671:Sarah Ann Horn with E. House (1839), 1394:William and Elizabeth Fleming (1756) 1336:Madagascar, or Robert Drury's Journal 1243:An Historical Relation of the Island 987:, often using suggestive techniques. 814:She claimed to have been born into a 393:wrote about her captivity during the 258:New England and the Southern colonies 3944:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass 3439:(1783 England – 1821 United States) 3173: 2570:Rape-Revenge Films: A Critical Study 2242: 1765: 1264:Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán 977:story, the best-known example being 837:, Alexandra Heller-Nicholas writes: 835:Rape-Revenge Films: A Critical Study 629: 195:Many narratives included a theme of 18: 3127:Early American Captivity Narratives 3043:. The University of Chicago Press. 2369:. New Brunswick Historical Society. 2063:Women's Indian Captivity Narratives 1632:The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk 1286:The Sovereignty and Goodness of God 805:anti-Catholic sentiment in the U.S. 800:The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk 477:The most well-known became that by 334:(Boston, 1793). Another is that of 171:Because of the competition between 13: 4283:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom 4155:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons 3433:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal) 3386:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino 2862: 2586:The Politics of Religious Apostasy 1411:Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger 881:The Politics of Religious Apostasy 870:to target religious movements for 542:The fifth captivity narrative, by 14: 4517: 4491:Military history of New Brunswick 4384:Songs of the Underground Railroad 4344:Abolitionism in the United States 3852:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil) 3483:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico) 3120: 2444:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). 2411:. San Mateo, California. p. 2065:, p. xv (New York: Penguin, 1998) 1983:Hilary Holladay's book of poems, 1733:The Captivity of John McCullough, 1364:The Journal of John Peter Salling 1037:(2011), Sara L. Schwebel writes: 397:(the North American front of the 4432:Slave Songs of the United States 3936:The Underground Railroad Records 3846:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela) 3032: 2494:Adams, Charles Hansford (2006). 2447:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2405:Loescher, Burt Garfield (1969). 2133:. Baltimore: JHU Press. p. 1920:The Return of a Man Called Horse 1114:A suffering victim, often female 634: 223:God's Protecting Providence ... 23: 4481:Military history of New England 4476:Military history of Nova Scotia 3812:(19th century Indian Territory) 3786:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY) 3008: 2980: 2954: 2939: 2880:from the original on 2018-06-17 2794:William and Elizabeth Fleming, 2776: 2759: 2746: 2729: 2663: 2644: 2631: 2610: 2594: 2578: 2562: 2550: 2537: 2512: 2487: 2472: 2458: 2433: 2398: 2385: 2373: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2297: 2283: 2270: 2232:Eight captivity narrative. 1746 2225: 2216: 1780: 1650:An Account of the Captivity of 1501: 1316: 1188: 1179:Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda 1160:The Narrative of Cabeza De Vaca 595: 556:Battle of the Plains of Abraham 485:(1736). He was captured in the 441:taken at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia 44:improve this English literature 4416:Slave-Trading in the Old South 3470:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833) 2669:See "Satanic Ritual Abuse" in 2637:See Heyrman, Christine Leigh. 2243:Burt, Daniel S. (2004-01-13). 2100: 2087: 2068: 2055: 2034: 2021: 1926:Triumphs of a Man Called Horse 1695:Massacre on the Island of Scio 1196:Narrative of the captivity of 1054: 965:as a member of a hated class. 946:American Civil Liberties Union 741:Anti-cult captivity narratives 610:North African slave narratives 531:. His narrative was entitled, 16:Genre of accounts by survivors 1: 4091:The Confessions of Nat Turner 4056: 4049: 3880:The Narrative of Robert Adams 3294: 3134:The Narrative of Robert Adams 3129:, Washington State University 2009: 1985:The Dreams of Mary Rowlandson 1761:. Des Moines: Iowa Print. Co. 1718:Six Weeks in the Sioux Tepees 1707:Mary Butler Renville (1863), 1543:The Narrative of Robert Adams 1226: 328:The Remarkable Adventures of 150: 4424:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon 4379:Slavery in the United States 3736:Greensbury Washington Offley 2765:"Anti-Catholic Movement" in 2350:Journal of John Witherspoon, 2014: 1977: 1835:Patty Hearst – Her Own Story 1791:Nine Years Among the Indians 1294:(1697), "A Notable Exploit: 1128:Notable captivity narratives 969:Satanic captivity narratives 306:, as well as his account of 7: 4448:The Hemingses of Monticello 4349:African-American literature 3039:Baepler, Paul, ed. (1999). 2568:Alexandra Heller-Nicholas, 2452:University of Toronto Press 2222:Haefeli and Sweeney, p. 273 1949: 1475:The History of Maria Kittle 1194:Gentleman of Elvas (1609), 818:family, but was exposed to 660:the claims made and adding 348:Narrative of the Sufferings 320:God's Protecting Providence 246:The History of Maria Kittle 225:(1699), is an account by a 188:(1675) and the last of the 46:, discuss the issue on the 10: 4522: 4471:Military history of Acadia 4264:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin 3370:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng) 3186:Slave Narrative Collection 3094:– accessed January 6, 2006 2858:University of Oxford, 2014 2559:University of Pennsylvania 2031:, 1994. vol. 18 (1). p. 97 1854: 1309:Magnalia Christi Americana 1166:and Patrick Charles Pautz. 1148:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 730:Symbionese Liberation Army 574:Petitcodiac River Campaign 412:(1786), Abraham Panther's 286:late in the 19th century. 4336: 4309: 4274: 4257:To a Southern Slaveholder 4248: 4213: 4045:The Bondwoman's Narrative 3994: 3920:My Bondage and My Freedom 3904:The Life of Josiah Henson 3888:American Slavery as It Is 3863: 3830: 3490: 3446: 3421: 3395: 3348: 3331: 3316:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang 3205: 3194: 3181: 2695:The New England Quarterly 2519:Seaver, James E. (2015). 2202:. Yale University Press. 2029:American Indian Quarterly 1833:and Alvin Moscow (1982), 1795:Clinton L. Smith (1927), 779:Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt 147:fiction and non-fiction. 4203:The Underground Railroad 3968:The Peculiar Institution 3613:Sarah Jane Woodson Early 3014:Richard J Finneran (ed) 1735:originally published as 1731:John McCullough (1876), 1461:Susannah Willard Johnson 1123:An element of propaganda 1031:Susannah Willard Johnson 1008:McMartin preschool trial 620: 614:enslaved in North Africa 548:Raid on Lunenburg (1756) 518:siege of Annapolis Royal 516:was captured during the 487:Siege of Pemaquid (1689) 387:Susannah Willard Johnson 4374:Films featuring slavery 3838:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua 3762:William Henry Singleton 3567:Ellen and William Craft 2995:Oxford University Press 2481:The Quest for Timbuctoo 2479:Gardner, Brian (1968). 2125:Gardner, Jared (2000). 1557:John Ingles (c. 1824), 1453:Arthur Bradman (1794), 1436:William Walton (1784), 1302:); and "A Narrative of 1021:Elizabeth George Speare 922:new religious movements 872:social control measures 860:new religious movements 298:'s "A Notable Exploit: 87:Charles Ferdinand Wimar 4222:Amos Fortune, Free Man 3456:Juan Francisco Manzano 3431:Marie-Joseph Angélique 3339:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt 3322:Johann Georg Wolffgang 3304:Guðríður Símonardóttir 3243:James Leander Cathcart 3098:Strong, Pauline Turner 2084:(1980): pp. 53, 23–99. 1958:Frustration Plantation 1934:Where The Spirit Lives 1809:F. Bruce Lamb (1971), 1801:Helena Valero (1965), 1689:Christophorus Castanis 1579:William Biggs (1826), 1102: 1087: 1067: 1052: 911:Where the Spirit Lives 891: 848: 714:Where The Spirit Lives 605: 529:Father Le Loutre's War 507:Robert Montgomery Bird 443: 439:(1749–1834) – captive 428:Nova Scotia and Acadia 302:" on the captivity of 275: 190:French and Indian Wars 168: 90: 4171:Walk Through Darkness 4107:Underground to Canada 3720:Jermain Wesley Loguen 3665:(1848/1854 VA – 1957) 3592:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo 3408:Konstantin Mihailović 3356:Lovisa von Burghausen 3063:Coleman, Emma Lewis. 2641:Accessed Oct-16-2015. 2572:New York: McFarland, 2095:Journal of the West 8 1893:by Comanche warriors. 1379:Nehemiah How (1748), 1095: 1071: 1062: 1039: 886: 862:. Bromley notes that 839: 603: 552:French and Indian War 503:William Gilmore Simms 499:James Fenimore Cooper 435: 395:French and Indian War 273:Junius Brutus Stearns 265: 253:Origins of narratives 203:captured and held by 161:Elisa Bravo Jaramillo 158: 132:Pauline Turner Strong 81: 4496:Captivity narratives 4369:Caribbean literature 4359:Atlantic slave trade 3912:Twelve Years a Slave 3805:Booker T. Washington 3607:Jordan Winston Early 2756:visited Oct-20-2015. 2707:10.1162/TNEQ_a_00091 1850:Artistic adaptations 1589:William Lay (1828), 1532:Sufferings in Africa 1327:The Redeemed Captive 1298:" (the captivity of 1001:Satanic Ritual Abuse 975:Satanic Ritual Abuse 626:Assimilated captives 470:(taken 1749) at the 466:(taken 1754) and Lt 379:Dover, New Hampshire 368:The Redeemed Captive 94:Captivity narratives 34:may not represent a 4364:Captivity narrative 4195:The Book of Negroes 3976:The Slave Community 3840:(1845–1847, Brazil) 3767:James Lindsay Smith 3674:John Andrew Jackson 3609:(1814 – after 1894) 3563:(1845 KY – 1938 OH) 3556:William Wells Brown 3515:Jared Maurice Arter 3510:William J. Anderson 3403:Johann Schiltberger 3107:Turner, Frederick. 2991:W. B. Yeats: a Life 2737:American Literature 2657:The Washington Post 2543:See Bodi, Anna E., 2442:"du Calvet, Pierre" 1818:Michelle Smith and 1813:Manuel Córdova-Rios 1585:in Illinois in 1788 1205:Fernão Mendes Pinto 1139:Johann Schiltberger 1133:15th–16th centuries 959:freedom of religion 940:devotee (member of 917:The Washington Post 807:(see main article: 757:(see main article: 698:Frederick W. Turner 4318:Unchained Memories 3823:(b. c. 1780 Congo) 3597:Frederick Douglass 3368:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw 3267:Maria ter Meetelen 3082:2005-12-21 at the 2931:Charles McKnight, 2348:John Witherspoon, 1907:Elliot Silverstein 1898:A Man Called Horse 1891:Cynthia Ann Parker 1825:Michelle Remembers 1714:Sarah F. Wakefield 1621:Jersey Prison Ship 1561:Mary Draper Ingles 1470:Ann Eliza Bleecker 1359:John Peter Salling 1296:Dux Faemina Facti, 992:Michelle Remembers 985:repressed memories 980:Michelle Remembers 948:– was abducted by 884:, Bromley writes: 645:possibly contains 606: 563:Gamaliel Smethurst 495:King William's War 472:Siege of Grand Pre 444: 332:, of Massachusetts 316:Jonathan Dickinson 312:King William's War 300:Dux Faemina Facti, 276: 237:Ann Eliza Bleecker 219:Jonathan Dickinson 169: 91: 4506:American folklore 4458: 4457: 4230:I, Juan de Pareja 4214:Young adult books 4021:Uncle Tom's Cabin 3864:Non-fiction books 3859: 3858: 3816:Harriet E. Wilson 3700:Elizabeth Keckley 3546:Henry "Box" Brown 3464:(1860–1965, Cuba) 3458:(1797–1854, Cuba) 3413:George of Hungary 3388:(1792 – fl. 1828) 3050:978-0-226-03403-4 2968:Poetry Foundation 2946:John McCullough, 2530:978-0-8061-4891-5 2505:978-0-521-60373-7 2256:978-0-618-16821-7 1889:of nine-year-old 1623:at New York, 1781 1370:Lucy Terry Prince 1158:); Translated as 1099:Awful Disclosures 926:cult mind control 820:Roman Catholicism 690: 689: 682: 647:original research 537:Attack at Jeddore 522:King George's War 464:Michael Francklin 377:, Indians raided 375:Father Rale's War 359:Raid on Deerfield 186:King Philip's War 166:Raymond Monvoisin 76: 75: 68: 4513: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4029:The Heroic Slave 3784:Pierre Toussaint 3779:(1793 VA – 1860) 3743:(1827 VA – 1900) 3475:Pierre Toussaint 3310:Antoine Qaurtier 3299: 3296: 3203: 3202: 3175:Slave narratives 3168: 3161: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3139:Internet Archive 3054: 3026: 3012: 3006: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2958: 2952: 2943: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2904: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2885: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2831: 2822: 2816: 2807: 2801: 2791: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2763: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2690: 2681: 2667: 2661: 2648: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2614: 2608: 2602:J. Gordon Melton 2598: 2592: 2582: 2576: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2416: 2402: 2396: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2360: 2354: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2240: 2234: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2201: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2165: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2132: 2122: 2116: 2104: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2072: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2047:King of the Hill 2038: 2032: 2025: 1999:The Stolen Child 1797:The Boy Captives 1776: 1762: 1656:Delaware Indians 1599:Mulgrave Islands 1583:Kickapoo Indians 1274:Kingdom of Chile 1257:Kingdom of Korea 1231: 1228: 868:anti-cult groups 856:David G. Bromley 703:Native Americans 685: 678: 674: 671: 665: 662:inline citations 638: 637: 630: 586:Pierre du Calvet 399:Seven Years' War 383:Elizabeth Hanson 355:Queen Anne's War 330:Jackson Johonnet 280:Native Americans 241:epistolary novel 109:David G. Bromley 71: 64: 60: 57: 51: 27: 26: 19: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4501:Literary genres 4461: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4400:Book of Negroes 4354:Anti-Tom novels 4332: 4305: 4270: 4244: 4209: 4179:The Known World 4059: 4052: 3990: 3952:Up from Slavery 3855: 3844:Miguel de Buría 3826: 3795:Wallace Turnage 3731:Solomon Northup 3663:Fountain Hughes 3505:Jordan Anderson 3492: 3486: 3462:Esteban Montejo 3448: 3442: 3423: 3417: 3391: 3362:Olaudah Equiano 3344: 3327: 3297: 3261:Elizabeth Marsh 3249:Ólafur Egilsson 3237:Felice Caronni 3198: 3196: 3190: 3177: 3172: 3123: 3084:Wayback Machine 3051: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3005:pages 56, 75-76 2985: 2981: 2972: 2970: 2963:Hilary Holladay 2960: 2959: 2955: 2944: 2940: 2929: 2922: 2911: 2907: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2881: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2838: 2834: 2823: 2819: 2808: 2804: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2747: 2734: 2730: 2691: 2684: 2668: 2664: 2660:, May 21, 1977. 2650:Janis Johnson, 2649: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2615: 2611: 2599: 2595: 2583: 2579: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2492: 2488: 2477: 2473: 2464: 2463: 2459: 2438: 2434: 2418: 2417: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2361: 2357: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2123: 2119: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2088: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2039: 2035: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2012: 1980: 1952: 1905:), directed by 1887:1836 kidnapping 1869:), directed by 1857: 1852: 1820:Lawrence Pazder 1783: 1678:Herman Melville 1504: 1319: 1281:Mary Rowlandson 1229: 1223:Ólafur Egilsson 1191: 1135: 1130: 1057: 1016: 997:Church of Satan 971: 934:exit counseling 743: 686: 675: 669: 666: 651: 639: 635: 628: 623: 598: 582:Acadian militia 561:During the war 493:village during 430: 288:Mary Rowlandson 260: 255: 205:Barbary pirates 153: 128:anthropologists 102:Barbary pirates 72: 61: 55: 52: 41: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4519: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4436: 4428: 4420: 4412: 4404: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4287: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4260: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4226: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4199: 4191: 4183: 4175: 4167: 4159: 4151: 4143: 4139:Middle Passage 4135: 4127: 4119: 4111: 4103: 4095: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4063: 4041: 4033: 4025: 4017: 4009: 4000: 3998: 3996:Fiction/novels 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3980: 3972: 3964: 3956: 3948: 3940: 3932: 3924: 3916: 3908: 3900: 3892: 3884: 3876: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3813: 3810:Wallace Willis 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3790:Harriet Tubman 3787: 3780: 3777:Austin Steward 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3747:William Parker 3744: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3722: 3717: 3715:J. Vance Lewis 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3679:Harriet Jacobs 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3655: 3653:William Grimes 3650: 3645:(19th century 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3602:Kate Drumgoold 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3520:Solomon Bayley 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3496: 3494: 3491:North America: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3452: 3450: 3447:North America: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3437:John R. Jewitt 3434: 3427: 3425: 3422:North America: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3396:Ottoman Empire 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3374:Jean Marteilhe 3371: 3365: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3257:(late 19th c.) 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3231:Isaac Brassard 3228: 3222: 3216: 3209: 3207: 3200: 3199:of enslavement 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3130: 3122: 3121:External links 3119: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3095: 3087: 3074: 3069: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3007: 2979: 2953: 2938: 2920: 2905: 2890: 2861: 2849: 2832: 2817: 2802: 2786: 2775: 2758: 2745: 2728: 2701:(2): 318–346. 2682: 2675:James R. Lewis 2662: 2643: 2630: 2609: 2593: 2577: 2561: 2549: 2536: 2529: 2511: 2504: 2486: 2471: 2457: 2432: 2397: 2384: 2372: 2355: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2315: 2296: 2282: 2269: 2255: 2235: 2224: 2215: 2209:978-0300070880 2208: 2183: 2176: 2150: 2143: 2117: 2099: 2097:(1969): 327–54 2086: 2067: 2061:Introduction, 2054: 2033: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2006: 1992: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1962: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1930: 1911:Richard Harris 1894: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1844:Taken on Trust 1837: 1828: 1816: 1807: 1799: 1793: 1787:Herman Lehmann 1782: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1763: 1753:Gardner, Abbie 1749: 1740: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1686: 1675: 1669: 1663:Rachel Plummer 1660: 1643: 1634: 1625: 1612: 1603: 1587: 1577: 1568: 1555: 1546: 1535: 1524: 1515: 1508:John R. Jewitt 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1489: 1479: 1467: 1458: 1451: 1445:Mercy Harbison 1442: 1434: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1392: 1383: 1377: 1367: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1304:Hannah Swarton 1289: 1278: 1261: 1251:Hendrick Hamel 1248: 1236: 1220: 1214:Anthony Knivet 1211: 1202: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1176: 1167: 1145: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1056: 1053: 1026:Calico Captive 1015: 1012: 970: 967: 852:James R. Lewis 844:James R. Lewis 759:Peoples Temple 747:Peoples Temple 742: 739: 688: 687: 642: 640: 633: 627: 624: 622: 619: 597: 594: 429: 426: 308:Hannah Swarton 259: 256: 254: 251: 201:English people 152: 149: 113:James R. Lewis 74: 73: 38:of the subject 36:worldwide view 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4518: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310:Documentaries 4308: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3831:South America 3829: 3822: 3821:Zamba Zembola 3819: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3800:Bethany Veney 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3772:Venture Smith 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3752:James Roberts 3750: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3710:Lunsford Lane 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694:Paul Jennings 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3669:Omar ibn Said 3667: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3658:Josiah Henson 3656: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3643:William Green 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3618:Peter Fossett 3616: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3577:Lucinda Davis 3575: 3573: 3572:Hannah Crafts 3570: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3540:James Bradley 3538: 3536: 3535:Leonard Black 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493:United States 3489: 3482: 3481:Marcos Xiorro 3479: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3445: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3285:Thomas Pellow 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3255:Petro Kilekwa 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3033:Other sources 3024: 3023:0-472-10614-7 3020: 3017: 3011: 3004: 3003:0-19-288085-3 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2957: 2951: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2918: 2916: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2894: 2879: 2875: 2874:Gutenberg.org 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2845: 2844: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2625: 2619: 2618:Eileen Barker 2613: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2540: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2507: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2482: 2475: 2467: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2436: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2368: 2367: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2318: 2316:9780665053238 2312: 2308: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2258: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2233: 2228: 2219: 2211: 2205: 2200: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2177:0-520-07756-3 2173: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2154: 2146: 2144:0-8018-6538-7 2140: 2136: 2131: 2130: 2121: 2114: 2111:. 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