4167:
2452:
8606:
4153:
1933:
4139:
2203:
42:
2792:
2047:
2669:"Although popular and scholarly attention has been paid to the struggle for equality in other parts of the country during the twentieth century, Boston's civil rights history has largely been ignored", according to organizers of a symposium at the Kennedy Library in 2006. Although Boston's civil rights movement is usually associated with the busing controversy of the 1970s and 1980s, Bostonians such as
1998:. According to census information for 2010–2014, an estimated 180,657 people in Boston (28.2% of Boston's population) are Black/African American, either alone or in combination with another race. Despite being in the minority, and despite having faced housing, educational, and other discrimination, African Americans in Boston have made significant contributions in the arts, politics, and business since
4125:
2715:. Protesters presented a list of demands that included "the transfer of the ownership of ... businesses to the black community, ... every school in the black community shall have all-black staff ... control of all public, private, and municipal agencies that affect the lives of the people in this community."
2730:
We may voice our outrage at certain kinds of violence. We may implement some type of gun-control legislation, but until we confront ourselves, examine and readjust our priorities, make a firm commitment to change, and act on that commitment, we are deceiving ourselves and perpetuating a system which
2624:
in Boston. Its mission was "to bring the colored people who are engaged in business together for consultation, and to secure information and inspiration from each other". In 1910, David E. Crawford opened the Eureka Co-Operative Bank in Boston; it was referred to as "the only bank in the East owned
2420:
After the Civil War, the West End continued to be an important center of
African-American culture. It was one of the few locations in the United States at the time where African Americans had a political voice. At least one black resident from the West End sat on Boston's community council during
2840:
was attacked on June 27, 1969, by two black youths who came to his door, handed him a note telling him to "lead the Jewish racists out of
Mattapan" and threw acid in his face. He was severely burned but not permanently disfigured. Two Mattapan synagogues were burned down by arsonists in 1970. By
2687:
led a march from
Roxbury to Boston Common to protest school segregation. That June, after the 114 day Freedom Vigil of Rev. Vernon Carter of All Saints Lutheran Church in the South End, which began two weeks after Martin Luther king's Boston march, the Massachusetts legislature passed the Racial
2778:
of students between predominantly white and black areas of the city. The court control of the desegregation plan lasted for over a decade. It influenced Boston politics and contributed to demographic shifts of Boston's school-age population, leading to a decline of public-school enrollment and
3026:
According to census information for 2010–2014, an estimated 180,657 people in Boston (28.2% of Boston's population) are Black/African
American, either alone or in combination with another race. 160,342 (25.1% of Boston's population) are Black/African American alone. 14,763 (2.3% of Boston's
2654:
2765:
were under court control to desegregate through a system of busing students. The call for desegregation and the first years of its implementation led to a series of racial protests and riots that brought national attention, particularly from 1974 to 1976. In response to the
Massachusetts
2899:
reported that residents of Boston's black neighborhoods were less likely to receive home mortgages than residents of white neighborhoods, "even after taking into account economic and nonracial characteristics that could be responsible for differences between these neighborhoods".
4254:
describes them as "Men and women, both white and colored". Other sources refer to a group of "black women". According to Jack Tager, most slave rescue riots were initiated by
African Americans prior to 1850, and by white abolitionists after
2346:
was one of the first official
African-American units in the United States during the Civil War. Frederick Douglass and other abolitionists recruited soldiers for the 54th regiment at the African Meeting House. One member of the regiment was
2876:, a political organizing group largely composed of Black lesbian socialists, met in Boston and nearby suburbs. The Collective is perhaps best remembered for developing the Combahee River Collective Statement, a foundational text for
1868:
1755:
4303:
2628:
In the first half of the 20th century, Boston's black community diversified considerably due to an influx of immigrants from the West Indies and Cape Verde as well as the
American South and West (including
2971:, in its 140 year history. She won a city-wide At-Large seat. In 2018, she was elected to the House of Representatives, and became the first woman of color to represent Massachusetts in Congress. In 2021,
4249:
Different historians describe the rioters differently. According to Jim Vrabel (2004), it was a group of "African-American and white women". In "The 'Abolition Riot': Boston's First Slave Rescue" (1952),
7978:
7973:
1986:
Until 1950, African
Americans were a small but historically important minority in Boston, where the population was majority white. Since then, Boston's demographics have changed due to factors such as
5945:
4637:
7985:
1740:
7726:
2783:
to the suburbs. Full control of the desegregation plan was transferred to the Boston School
Committee in 1988; in 2013 the busing system was replaced by one with dramatically reduced busing.
1672:
1750:
7990:
2290:
Several slave rescue riots took place in Boston. In 1836, Eliza Small and Polly Ann Bates, two escaped slaves from Baltimore, were arrested in Boston and brought before Chief Justice
1735:
3372:(1834–1886), the first African-American graduate of Harvard Law School, the first African American elected to the Boston City Council, and the first black judge in the United States
8750:
8745:
2085:
with the right to vote. For humanitarian reasons he mortgaged his house and land to free another slave, making him technically the first African American to "purchase" a slave.
388:
7661:
5559:
2771:
1034:
2918:
murdered his pregnant wife to collect life insurance and told Boston police she had been killed by a black gunman. The case exacerbated racial tensions in Boston for a time.
2506:
extended Boston's tradition of black activism into the 20th century. Boston by that time had an educated black elite—sometimes referred to as Black Brahmins, after the
5938:
5172:
3510:
447:
399:
1745:
1697:
3629:
1707:
1702:
2888:
2440:
1973:
1717:
8728:
5931:
3776:
8740:
1687:
59:
2156:
in 1770. Historians disagree on whether Attucks was a free man or an escaped slave. Slavery was abolished in Massachusetts in 1781, mostly out of gratitude for
8511:
8506:
8055:
6787:
6644:
2955:
Many black Boston natives have moved to the suburbs or to Southern cities such as Atlanta, Birmingham, Dallas, Houston, Memphis, San Antonio and Jacksonville.
2294:. The judge ordered them freed because of a problem with the arrest warrant. When the agent for the slaveholder requested a new warrant, a group of spectators
590:
4275:
3864:(1923–2009), the first African-American Secretary of Education for the state of Massachusetts; also a civil rights activist, and president of the Boston NAACP
8318:
8190:
6775:
2432:, its first African-American officer, in 1878. Sgt. Homer spent 40 years on the police force. A plaque in his honor hangs at the Area B-2 police precinct in
2096:
A small community of free African Americans lived at the base of Copp's Hill from the 17th to the 19th century. Members of this community were buried in the
1622:
1612:
431:
5605:
3726:
1692:
369:
9515:
5641:
1682:
1677:
6885:
5520:
5396:
4581:
3480:
7474:
6609:
6408:
3894:
3513:(1900–1990), nationally acclaimed dancer, dance instructor, and founder of two dance schools, the Davenport School of Dance and the Silver Box Studio
2800:
1712:
1592:
106:
7968:
3748:
78:
4701:
2527:
In theater, Ralf Coleman's Negro Repertory Theater earned him the unofficial title of "Dean of Boston Black Theater". In dance, Stanley E. Brown,
2466:
2302:
led to the passage of the 1843 Liberty Act, which prohibited the arrest of fugitive slaves in Massachusetts. Abolitionists rose to the defense of
9410:
8902:
8643:
8516:
7756:
3027:
population) are White and Black/African American. 943 (.1% of Boston's population) are Black/African American and American Indian/Alaska Native.
908:
304:
224:
2339:, the Massachusetts senator who in 1856 was nearly beaten to death on the Senate floor by a Southerner for condemning slavery, was from Boston.
9206:
8585:
8560:
6478:
5963:
3486:
1947:
1848:
595:
467:
321:
5692:
2829:), Boston's longest running public affairs program produced by, for and about African Americans. In 1972, Sheridan Broadcasting purchased the
2548:, one of the first magazines aimed at African Americans, was originally published in Boston before moving to New York in 1904; Cambridge-born
85:
8570:
8565:
7497:
6945:
1966:
5227:
4808:
8286:
8122:
7831:
7821:
7479:
7469:
5748:
Beshara, Christopher J. (October 9, 2009). "The Hidden History of Black Militant Abolitionism in Antebellum Boston". University of Sydney.
4047:
Many notable African Americans who grew up elsewhere have come to Boston to pursue higher education and career opportunities. For example,
2101:
1902:
1882:
1642:
1134:
1119:
606:
9551:
8328:
8100:
4935:
3922:(b. 1934), Celtics player - not from Boston, but important to Boston; a statue of him was installed at City Hall Plaza in 2013; see also
1647:
1627:
2707:
to televise the concert so that people would stay home to watch it. The next day, nearly 5,000 people attended a rally organized by the
92:
8548:
7492:
7487:
3898:
3810:(1868–1949), pioneer in athletics, law, and politics; the first African American to be appointed as an Assistant United States Attorney
2410:
2157:
913:
374:
2833:
radio station, making it the only urban, contemporary music radio station in the country owned and operated by a black-owned company.
9438:
8207:
7711:
6820:
6346:
2859:
2775:
1577:
1454:
488:
264:
5320:
2471:
According to historian Daniel M. Scott III, "Boston played a major role in black cultural expression before, during, and after" the
2057:
8555:
8185:
7706:
6928:
6760:
3802:
1959:
1897:
1662:
1617:
74:
9092:
8842:
8521:
8481:
8323:
8227:
8156:
7761:
1863:
1607:
1602:
1587:
17:
3531:, and one of the first African-American librarians; served at the West End branch of the Boston Public Library for over 30 years
2907:
on the November 1986 ballot, proposing that the predominantly black neighborhoods of Boston secede and create a new city called
8580:
8575:
8543:
8313:
8180:
8127:
7961:
6537:
4220:
3960:
3606:(1842–1924), civil rights activist, founder of the Woman's Era Club (the first black women's club in Boston) and editor of the
3489:(1898–1976), actor, producer, director, and founder of the Negro Repertory Theater; known as the "Dean of Boston Black Theater"
2642:
2327:
1567:
1474:
254:
5369:
4790:
4454:
8892:
8713:
8538:
8496:
8308:
6856:
6722:
6717:
6602:
5973:
4720:
4329:
4215:
1999:
1534:
611:
600:
462:
416:
411:
384:
259:
5270:
4868:
3618:(1911–1993), the first African-American woman motorcyclist to ride solo across the United States; one of the few motorcycle
2903:
As a gesture of protest over inadequate city services, a group of activists obtained enough signatures to put a non-binding
8683:
8486:
8471:
8335:
8244:
8239:
8173:
6634:
4225:
4072:
3977:
3729:(1922–2012), the first black judge appointed to the Boston Municipal Court bench, and the court's first black chief justice
2343:
2081:
in 1656. (Dorchester was annexed to Boston in 1870). A former slave, Ken bought his own freedom, but was not necessarily a
1637:
1597:
1539:
1494:
354:
249:
5461:
9403:
8829:
8809:
8636:
8461:
8298:
8268:
8050:
7629:
6841:
4180:
4110:
4022:
3923:
1524:
1504:
1349:
918:
764:
297:
5034:
9250:
8451:
8345:
8261:
8105:
7886:
7686:
6837:
6815:
6352:
6340:
6334:
4827:
4190:
2382:
stops at the African Meeting House and other sites on Beacon Hill pertinent to black history before the Civil War. The
2268:
2256:
1652:
1632:
1186:
1051:
483:
4972:
3704:(b. 1933), in 1972, became the first African-American woman elected to the Massachusetts state legislature; appointed
2599:, and attracted the interest of writers in New York. Another noted Boston writer of Johnson's generation was the poet
9067:
8852:
8598:
6988:
6639:
5895:
5842:
5819:
5798:
5101:
5080:
5010:
4765:
4738:
4685:
4621:
4510:
4389:
4362:
3113:(1816–1894), the first African American licensed to practice law and to hold a judicial position in the United States
2224:
532:
364:
125:
99:
9541:
9479:
8526:
8491:
8476:
8234:
7836:
7080:
7050:
6866:
6595:
6498:
6113:
4289:
3572:(1859–1930), author from Cambridge; member of the Saturday Evening Quill Club, a Boston literary group; edited the
3411:
3318:
2984:
2766:
legislature's enactment of the 1965 Racial Imbalance Act, which ordered the state's public schools to desegregate,
2383:
2172:
1987:
1942:
1878:
1489:
1139:
552:
452:
5404:
8897:
8804:
8673:
8533:
8456:
8251:
8095:
7826:
7691:
7396:
7035:
5586:
4563:
3548:
3088:
According to the same report, an estimated 145,112 people in Boston are Black/African American and not Hispanic.
1444:
1311:
1129:
1056:
2218:
9396:
8629:
8303:
8197:
8112:
7716:
6493:
6413:
6101:
4536:
4210:
3282:
2896:
2845:
2621:
2299:
2280:
1853:
1529:
1479:
290:
269:
63:
2673:
and James Breeden were active in the civil rights movement before then. In 1963, 8,000 people marched through
9367:
8340:
8273:
8256:
8202:
8151:
8090:
7995:
7956:
7896:
7696:
7085:
7065:
6872:
6851:
6561:
5659:
4599:
3573:
2544:
2457:
2097:
1544:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1459:
1439:
1061:
695:
562:
229:
5528:
3901:; Captain David L. Ramsay Memorial Park in Roxbury is named after him, and features a memorial sculpture by
2228:
9510:
9169:
9062:
8847:
8163:
8139:
8134:
8117:
8085:
8028:
7141:
7090:
6923:
6483:
6041:
6035:
5923:
3625:
3342:(1816–1874), abolitionist, writer, postal clerk; the first African American to hold a federal civilian post
3190:
3186:
2591:, the group's annual journal, published the work of African-American women, including the Boston-born poet
2138:
1572:
1464:
1449:
1434:
1401:
700:
379:
190:
5173:"A BOSTON TRAGEDY: THE STUART CASE - A SPECIAL CASE; Motive Remains a Mystery In Deaths That Haunt a City"
4849:
9474:
9029:
8912:
8862:
8698:
8428:
8420:
8363:
8278:
7766:
7671:
7527:
7509:
7411:
7070:
7040:
6765:
6685:
6664:
6544:
6185:
5154:
4205:
3603:
3474:
3416:
3217:(1846–1910), the first African-American professor at Harvard; also a dentist, and inventor of the wooden
2756:
2553:
2491:
2244:
2077:
The first black landowner in Boston was a man named Bostian Ken, who purchased a house and four acres in
1795:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1519:
991:
782:
752:
690:
639:
567:
457:
239:
9546:
9152:
8999:
8926:
8918:
8814:
8779:
8446:
8383:
8373:
7923:
7681:
7641:
6998:
6692:
6266:
3328:
3243:
3126:
2767:
2528:
2510:—who laid a social and political foundation for insistence on racial equality. Ruffin, who was a
2360:
2332:
2145:
2134:
1810:
1790:
1293:
1228:
1001:
903:
870:
657:
542:
244:
5208:
2735:
That September, 500 African-American students walked out of school after a student was sent home from
9484:
9157:
9072:
9004:
8907:
8355:
8168:
8000:
7561:
7060:
6898:
6705:
5673:
5425:
5344:
3928:
2941:
2925:
2915:
2873:
2855:
1765:
1509:
1469:
758:
5774:
5447:
4995:
2117:. It was the first poem published in the Colonies by an African American. Wheatley was a slave from
9520:
9097:
9082:
8819:
8045:
7609:
7522:
7166:
6955:
6770:
6710:
6700:
6626:
6143:
5294:
4080:
4056:
4030:
3705:
3540:
3522:
3468:
3363:
2949:
2931:
2892:
2503:
2425:
1344:
1124:
971:
855:
629:
510:
338:
166:
31:
9464:
9433:
9107:
9019:
8964:
8887:
8693:
8378:
7928:
7582:
7551:
7331:
7271:
7136:
6879:
6435:
6358:
6219:
6089:
6023:
4230:
3996:
3888:
3837:
3270:
3174:
3170:
3002:
2825:
2736:
2688:
Imbalance Act signed by Governor Volpe, which ordered the state's public schools to desegregate.
2303:
1858:
1800:
1263:
1223:
946:
845:
723:
537:
234:
52:
3553:
2495:
9489:
9469:
9448:
9354:
9344:
9184:
9077:
8708:
8688:
8678:
8293:
8023:
7261:
7055:
7045:
6983:
6793:
6732:
6576:
6566:
6307:
6245:
6137:
6119:
4354:
4200:
4195:
4060:
3351:
3333:
3116:
3021:
2908:
2895:
to discriminate based on race. Housing discrimination in Boston remained an issue; in 1989 the
2684:
2587:
2570:
2479:
2322:
2295:
2086:
557:
547:
527:
210:
4730:
4724:
4673:
2633:). In the 1920s the community began expanding from the South End into Roxbury. Social workers
9443:
9419:
8946:
8799:
8794:
8368:
7881:
7746:
7701:
7517:
7236:
7201:
7020:
7003:
6810:
6727:
6503:
6462:
6403:
6380:
5761:
5479:
5397:"ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES: 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"
4755:
4502:
4496:
4492:
4379:
4068:
3987:
3715:
3597:
3214:
2866:
2762:
2744:
2664:
2582:
2356:
2348:
2276:
2206:
2184:
2122:
2067:
1181:
1171:
1103:
1066:
850:
840:
740:
421:
4470:
2100:, where a few remaining headstones can still be seen today. The community was served by the
9505:
9349:
9245:
9228:
9115:
8931:
8857:
8610:
8018:
7781:
7592:
7544:
7416:
7306:
7211:
6978:
6968:
6940:
6805:
6659:
6530:
6473:
6029:
5968:
4158:
4144:
3813:
3504:
3464:
3385:
3357:
3309:(1845–1926), the first African American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse
3288:
3180:
3164:
2617:
2600:
2499:
2387:
2379:
2364:
2176:
2160:. Subsequently, a sizable community of free blacks and escaped slaves developed in Boston.
2018:
1937:
1389:
634:
426:
359:
5501:
5321:"Meet Ayanna Pressley, who is on track to become Massachusetts' first black Congresswoman"
8:
9164:
9142:
9137:
9052:
9047:
9009:
8735:
8723:
8393:
7751:
7666:
7146:
6935:
6825:
6755:
6513:
6467:
6149:
6125:
5989:
4088:
3934:
3807:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3339:
3142:
3110:
2968:
2854:
at the school in 1970. It has been performed at various venues since then, including the
2747:
luncheon, charging that Boston's African-American community was receiving only "crumbs".
2692:
2521:
2483:
2399:
2264:
2232:
2180:
2074:. They were the first black people in Boston on record; others may have arrived earlier.
1805:
1283:
1245:
662:
493:
170:
8398:
5245:
3885:(b. 1943), former principal harpist of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Pops
3285:(1819–1896), an escaped slave whose case became a major political issue in Massachusetts
2520:, the first newspaper published by and for African-American women. She also founded the
1288:
9284:
9201:
9179:
9039:
8994:
8784:
8762:
8466:
8403:
8146:
7604:
7371:
7351:
7256:
7181:
7008:
6913:
6903:
6891:
6782:
6679:
6654:
6457:
6386:
6289:
5872:
5809:
5435:
4347:
4185:
4076:
4052:
3692:(1919–2015), U.S. senator, first African American elected to Senate in the 20th century
3638:
3615:
3608:
3557:
3498:
3306:
2708:
2691:
On April 5, 1968, hoping to ease racial tensions following King's assassination, Mayor
2516:
2472:
2260:
2082:
2078:
1176:
961:
728:
705:
394:
5345:"Ayanna Pressley Is Now Officially Massachusetts' 1st Black Woman Elected To Congress"
4381:
The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship, Volume 1
3870:(born 1956), 71st governor of Massachusetts (was educated in Boston, worked in Boston)
3594:(1859-1929), Harvard-educated attorney, activist, and city official; born into slavery
9296:
9272:
9257:
9216:
9211:
9189:
9174:
9147:
9024:
9014:
8941:
8877:
8757:
8718:
8703:
7913:
7634:
7296:
7266:
6861:
6618:
6488:
6256:
6211:
5891:
5838:
5831:
5815:
5794:
5787:
5782:
5653:
5097:
5076:
4761:
4734:
4681:
4617:
4593:
4506:
4410:
4385:
4358:
4325:
4064:
3956:
3855:
3758:
3650:
3628:(1872–1934), journalist and civil rights activist who influenced the founding of the
3591:
3585:
3534:
3516:
3492:
3458:
3407:
3400:(1803–1880), teacher, journalist, lecturer, abolitionist, and women's rights activist
3202:
3160:
2877:
2719:
2638:
2596:
2487:
2372:
2248:
2090:
981:
822:
329:
5911:
5721:"The Ways Boston Helped Shape the Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (GRS'55, Hon.'59)"
4757:
Literary Sisters: Dorothy West and Her Circle, A Biography of the Harlem Renaissance
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5864:
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4568:
History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865
4084:
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7727:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
7577:
7532:
7386:
7376:
7356:
7341:
7241:
7116:
7106:
6745:
6508:
6302:
6297:
6005:
6001:
5885:
4828:"A Timeline of Boston School Desegregation, 1961-1985 With Emphasis on 1964-1976"
4026:
4018:
3952:
3902:
3877:
3736:
3732:
3569:
3544:
3527:
3312:
3130:
3122:
2976:
2964:
2936:
2804:
2761:
The desegregation of Boston public schools (1974–1988) was a period in which the
2674:
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2574:
2565:
2549:
2433:
2403:
2153:
2149:
2113:
2050:
1384:
1191:
941:
860:
5228:"Latinos, Blacks Show Strong Growth in San Antonio as White Population Declines"
3267:
Horatio J. Homer (ca. 1848–1923), Boston's first African-American police officer
2451:
2227:
movement. In the 19th century, many African-American abolitionists lived in the
9372:
9339:
9329:
8789:
8501:
7906:
7869:
7859:
7619:
7614:
7556:
7391:
7321:
7251:
7246:
6750:
6674:
6173:
6083:
6059:
6017:
5720:
4638:"For Sergeant Horatio J. Homer, Boston's first black officer, growing tributes"
4130:
4008:
4005:, the first African-American school superintendent in Boston; appointed in 1985
3991:
3819:
3619:
3579:
3403:
3391:
3261:
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3223:
2921:
2850:
2609:
2592:
2507:
2395:
2352:
2336:
2284:
2236:
2062:
In 1638, a number of African Americans arrived in Boston as slaves on the ship
1995:
1843:
1268:
1238:
996:
986:
817:
194:
174:
162:
2841:
1980, nearly all of the Jews who had lived on Blue Hill Avenue had relocated.
2467:
African-American history § The Great Migration and the Harlem Renaissance
9535:
9377:
9324:
9223:
8882:
8837:
8668:
7459:
7441:
7431:
7401:
7346:
7301:
7286:
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7221:
7206:
7156:
7151:
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6918:
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6669:
6270:
6227:
6155:
6095:
6011:
5125:
5059:
5038:
4906:
4414:
4172:
3913:
3873:
3867:
3689:
3683:
3336:(1823–1882), one of the first African-American attorneys in the United States
3294:
3229:
3154:
3136:
2712:
2700:
2311:
2168:
2126:
2010:
1912:
1907:
5953:
4996:"In 44th Year, 'Black Nativity' Finds New Home In Boston's Theater District"
4539:. The Center for African American Genealogical Research, Inc. Archived from
3560:; one of the first African-American women to have a play publicly performed
2731:
will lead to the ultimate form of violence—the destruction of society.
9306:
9279:
8867:
7771:
7539:
7464:
7436:
7421:
7406:
7361:
7336:
7316:
7226:
7196:
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7111:
6963:
6649:
6260:
6252:
6107:
6077:
6053:
6047:
5852:
4251:
4048:
4002:
3983:
3971:
3919:
3907:
3825:
3770:
3634:
3600:(1861–1943), civil rights activist, suffragist, teacher, writer, and editor
3563:
3300:
3255:
3208:
3196:
3145:(1814–1884), escaped slave, abolitionist, playwright, historian; author of
2996:
2780:
2578:
2402:, at Columbus Avenue and Pembroke Street, features a memorial sculpture by
2240:
2196:
1991:
1396:
1208:
936:
799:
186:
5502:"Guide to the Mildred Davenport Dance Programs and Dance School Materials"
5126:"Study Finds Racial Pattern in Lending Inequities Cited for City's Blacks"
3321:(1735–1815), Revolutionary War veteran and community civil rights activist
2952:, making him the first African-American composer to be awarded the prize.
2911:. Voters in those neighborhoods rejected the proposal by a 3-to-1 margin.
9196:
8872:
7791:
7776:
7624:
7587:
7426:
7381:
7366:
7131:
7126:
6973:
6571:
6374:
6278:
6071:
6065:
5887:
Black Boston: Documentary Photography and the African American Experience
5753:
3965:
3946:
3742:
3720:
3711:
3701:
3695:
3677:
3276:
3249:
3239:
3119:(mid-1600s), the first African American to own land in the city of Boston
3009:
2980:
2945:
2808:
2696:
2670:
2657:
2604:
2536:
2532:
2315:
2291:
2188:
2164:
2071:
1562:
1218:
1071:
951:
735:
9388:
5065:
2563:
The Saturday Evening Quill Club was a black literary group organized by
2202:
9262:
7326:
7311:
7281:
7276:
7025:
6993:
6832:
6800:
6223:
6167:
6131:
4869:"8000 Marchers in Roxbury Protest Segregation in City's Public Schools"
3861:
3798:
3764:
3345:
3232:(1755–unknown), one of the first black Americans to participate in the
2967:
became the first Black woman, and first woman of color, elected to the
2904:
2511:
2368:
2272:
2192:
2130:
2026:
2022:
667:
406:
7662:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
5876:
5058:
The full text of the Combahee River Collective Statement is available
8951:
7940:
7786:
7291:
7075:
7013:
6908:
4100:
4014:
3782:
2972:
2830:
2630:
2255:). Boston was home to several abolitionist organizations such as the
2014:
1892:
1233:
966:
745:
572:
6587:
4702:"Josephine Ruffin, Activist, Philanthropist and Newspaper Publisher"
4540:
2743:. Later that year, Mel King and the New Urban League protested at a
2560:, which ran from 1913 to 1929, influenced American taste in poetry.
41:
9240:
8413:
8408:
7918:
5868:
3940:
3788:
3218:
3183:(1831–1895), the first African-American woman to become a physician
2837:
2791:
2723:
2679:
2006:
1278:
1203:
1196:
7677:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
3840:(1933–1998), first African American federal judge in Massachusetts
3755:
professor; twice named Massachusetts College Professor of the Year
3525:(1864–1927), civil rights activist, journalist, co-founder of the
2046:
9120:
7030:
5560:"Harry J. Elam Sr., 90, pioneering black jurist in Massachusetts"
3843:
3831:
3151:(1853), considered the first novel written by an African American
2816:
2740:
2704:
2653:
2118:
2111:
published her first poem, "On Messrs. Hussey and Coffin", in the
2104:. In 1720, an estimated 2,000 African Americans lived in Boston.
1366:
672:
5916:
5811:
African Americans in Boston: More Than Three Hundred Fifty Years
4850:"Breeden an important thinker in Boston's civil rights movement"
3434:(c. 1753–1784), the first published African-American female poet
3258:(1811–1889), abolitionist, lecturer, businessman, and politician
2058:
African-American history § The Revolution and early America
8652:
7864:
3959:(1916 – 1988), community leaders; co-directors and founders of
3279:(1600s), in 1656, the first black landowner in (today's) Boston
3147:
2799:
in 2012, discussing the presidential election (Kenneth Cooper,
1273:
4407:
The North End: A Brief History of Boston's Oldest Neighborhood
2865:
In 1972, the Museum of African American History purchased the
2772:
United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts
2726:, then the executive director of the New Urban League, wrote:
2005:
Boston has a large foreign-born black population. Many are of
7676:
5855:(1952). "The 'Abolition Riot': Boston's First Slave Rescue".
5833:
The Other Black Bostonians: West Indians in Boston, 1900-1950
5094:
The Columbia Documentary History of American Women Since 1941
3785:(b. 1965), politician, first African-American mayor of Boston
3686:(1945–2012), first black president of the Boston City Council
3556:(1880–1958), journalist, teacher, playwright and poet of the
2884:
2552:
wrote for the magazine and was its editor from 1902 to 1904.
2163:
Black Bostonians who fought in the Revolutionary War include
1046:
5370:"Kim Janey sworn in as 1st Black, 1st woman mayor of Boston"
3501:(1900–1991), pioneering educator; founder of the Aristo Club
2603:, whose 1926 poem "No Images" was later used by jazz artist
7721:
5587:"Gerald R. Gill, twice named college professor of the year"
5271:"Meet Boston's First Black City Council Woman in 106 Years"
5086:
4809:"Remembering and Honoring the Boston Civil Rights Movement"
3714:(1896–1978), community and civil rights activist; see also
3315:(1832–1876), abolitionist, pastor, educator, and politician
3139:(March 8, 1820 - April 28, 1883), minister, slave memoirist
2187:, in which a number of African Americans fought, including
1076:
4973:"What happened to the Jews of Boston's 'Jew' Hill Avenue?"
4105:
4083:, has graduated many notable African Americans, including
3630:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
2298:
and rescued Small and Bates. Controversy over the fate of
2252:
8621:
5789:
The Other Brahmins: Boston's Black Upper Class, 1750-1950
3931:(1923–2009), composer; MacArthur "genius" grant recipient
3792:
3477:(1878–1962), writer, poet, publisher, and literary critic
3076:
Black/African American and American Indian/Alaska Native
2889:
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
2441:
First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
5954:
Boston African American community prior to the Civil War
5011:"Retracing Boston's African American History | BU Today"
4616:, Northeastern University Press Boston, 2001. Page 231.
3791:(b. 1928), politician, community organizer, writer, and
3406:(1822–1913), abolitionist, lived for a time in Boston's
2683:
segregation" in Boston's public schools. In April 1965,
6182:(abolitionist, lawyer, politician, son of David Walker)
3576:, one of the first magazines aimed at African Americans
2524:, the first club for African American women in Boston.
2390:, the first African-American woman physician, the poet
3761:(b. 1927), minister, politician, civil rights activist
3612:, the first newspaper published by and for black women
4324:. Trustees of the Boston Public Library. p. 15.
3924:
Boston Redevelopment Authority protests and Tent City
4674:"Harlem Renaissance in the United States: 1. Boston"
4120:
3543:(1844–1922), the first African-American graduate of
3519:(1874–1941), author, minister, scholar, and activist
2539:
was one of the most influential painters in Boston.
2089:
bought land in 1670, on the edge of what is now the
5606:"Wendell Norman Johnson, BU dean, rear admiral; 72"
4936:"Boston Schools Drop Last Remnant of Forced Busing"
3163:(1811–1873), abolitionist, soldier, recruiter, and
1869:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5830:
5786:
5124:
4905:
4346:
3483:(1902–1978), nationally acclaimed dance instructor
3366:(1825–1866), dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist
6409:Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church
4729:. Vol. 2. New York: Gale Research. pp.
4094:
3916:(b. 1942), state representative and Majority Whip
3816:(1899–2002), pioneer in early childhood education
3779:(1935–2007), Boston University dean, rear admiral
2287:, was also known as "The Fugitive Slave Church."
9533:
7712:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
4760:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 85, 89–90.
4498:Boston Riots: Three Centuries of Social Violence
4404:
4322:African-Americans in Boston: More than 350 Years
3897:(1939–1970), Vietnam war hero, recipient of the
3680:(1921–2003), civil rights and education activist
3211:(c. 1786–unknown), abolitionist, slave memoirist
8903:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
7757:Black players in professional American football
7707:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4719:Sierra, Susan J.; Jones, Adrienne Lash (1996).
3647:(1861-1939), attorney and civil rights activist
3537:(1897-1976), Boston's first black woman dentist
3421:An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
2386:also celebrates women from this period such as
6479:Boston African American National Historic Site
5964:Boston African American National Historic Site
5648:. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015.
5155:"Irate Blacks Pushing for Secession in Boston"
5035:"Duchess Harris. Interview with Barbara Smith"
3157:(1834–1862), fugitive slave who fled to Boston
596:Education of freed people during the Civil War
9404:
8637:
6603:
5939:
4753:
4570:. Boston: The Boston Book Co. pp. 19–34.
3910:(1929–2000), R&B singer and guitar player
3428:(1830–1901), abolitionist, lawyer, politician
2535:earned national acclaim. In the visual arts,
2514:as well as a civil rights leader, edited the
2335:), were active in the abolitionist movement.
2121:who lived in the home of Susanna Wheatley on
1967:
298:
7470:Historically black colleges and universities
6470:(Joy Street, Southack Street (now Phillips))
4791:"Muriel Snowden, 72, Pioneer in Integration"
4588:. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013.
4398:
3177:(1824–1900), slave memoirists, abolitionists
3091:
2573:in 1925. Among its members were the writers
2219:African-American history § Abolitionism
2158:black participation in the Revolutionary War
2148:was a man of African and Wampanoag descent,
607:Historically black colleges and universities
5246:"Firsts from the women of the City Council"
4718:
4678:Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance: A-J
3974:(1948–2012), R&B Star, "Queen of Disco"
3801:(1921–2004), arts educator, founder of the
3205:(1831–1922), abolitionist, religious leader
591:Education during the slave period in the US
9411:
9397:
8644:
8630:
6610:
6596:
6188:(abolitionist, father of Edward G. Walker)
6164:(abolitionist, public speaker, journalist)
5946:
5932:
5912:Black Professional Organizations in Boston
5391:
5389:
5225:
5052:
4680:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 501–504.
4486:
4484:
4471:"African American Churches of Beacon Hill"
3461:(1858–1923), one of the early "club women"
2411:Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts
2361:monument to Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th
2271:, whose members included the noted author
1974:
1960:
914:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
305:
291:
9418:
7687:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
6347:Massachusetts General Colored Association
5642:"Airfoil / Captain David Ramsay Memorial"
5152:
4754:Mitchell, Verner; Davis, Cynthia (2011).
4631:
4629:
4582:"Step on Board / Harriet Tubman Memorial"
4353:. Northeastern University Press. p.
4349:When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac
4063:earned his PhD in systematic theology at
3471:; co-founded several Boston organizations
3327:(1814–1875), fugitive slave freed by the
3264:(1801–1864), abolitionist and businessman
3125:(c.1723–1770), the first casualty of the
2848:gave its first annual performance of the
370:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
9093:Planning & Development Agency (BPDA)
5781:
5690:
5557:
4747:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4606:
4276:"Boston - Place Explorer - Data Commons"
3803:National Center of Afro-American Artists
3467:(1856–1922), educator and activist from
2790:
2652:
2478:Political writers and activists such as
2450:
2398:, who was a frequent visitor to Boston.
2201:
2045:
75:"History of African Americans in Boston"
8843:Boston Convention and Exhibition Center
6146:(dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist)
6116:(Rev. War soldier, Freemason, activist)
5828:
5747:
5386:
5295:"Black History Boston: Ayanna Pressley"
5179:. The New York Times. January 15, 1990.
5122:
5073:Encyclopedia of Government and Politics
4970:
4481:
14:
9534:
8586:Topics related to the African diaspora
7692:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
5883:
5807:
5674:"The Captain David L. Ramsay Memorial"
5153:Schlacter, Barry (September 7, 1986).
5027:
4933:
4927:
4867:Oyama, David I. (September 23, 1963).
4626:
4561:
4528:
4377:
4344:
4319:
4221:History of Italian Americans in Boston
4021:minister and activist, founder of the
3937:(1940–2015), singer, dancer, and actor
3767:(b. 1925), jazz drummer and bandleader
3297:(1743–1822), Revolutionary War soldier
2948:conducting. The piece earned Walker a
2880:and an important Black feminist text.
9392:
8625:
8566:Landmark African-American legislation
6617:
6591:
5974:Slavery in the colonial United States
5927:
4904:Eure, Dexter D. (December 30, 1969).
4866:
4671:
4648:
4636:Rosso, Patrick D. (January 4, 2013).
4635:
4537:"William Harvey Carney (1840 - 1908)"
4490:
4338:
4304:"AFRICAN AMERICANS IN GREATER BOSTON"
4216:History of Korean Americans in Boston
3698:(b. 1969), R&B singer, songwriter
3566:(1887–1977), lyric tenor and composer
3419:(1796–1830), abolitionist; author of
2699:not to cancel a scheduled concert at
2446:
2275:. Abolitionists held meetings in the
2253:Notable African Americans from Boston
1112:Athletic associations and conferences
601:History of African-American education
7697:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
5851:
5718:
5603:
5518:
5319:Hess, Abigail Johnson (2018-11-06).
5318:
5226:O'Hare, By Peggy (August 13, 2021).
5123:Marantz, Steve (September 1, 1989).
4934:Seelye, Katherine (March 14, 2013).
4903:
4847:
4226:History of Irish Americans in Boston
4073:Boston University School of Medicine
3252:(1738–1807), freemason, abolitionist
2786:
2415:
2344:54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment
1035:Association for the Study of African
64:adding citations to reliable sources
35:
8051:African-American Vernacular English
6086:(abolitionist, author, businessman)
5558:Marquard, Bryan (August 22, 2012).
5096:, Columbia University Press, 2003,
5071:Hawkesworth, M. E.; Maurice Kogan.
5008:
4971:Lebovic, Matt (November 23, 2014).
4848:René, Serghino (November 9, 2006).
4181:History of slavery in Massachusetts
4111:Men of All Colors Together (Boston)
4023:Organization of Afro-American Unity
3394:(1765–1850), minister, abolitionist
3291:(1848–1928), inventor and draftsman
3273:(1804–1891), abolitionist, minister
3226:(1815–1873), abolitionist, minister
3199:(1798–1837), abolitionist, minister
2625:and operated by 'Colored People'."
2125:. Wheatley is featured, along with
1849:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1350:African-American Vernacular English
919:National Conference of Black Mayors
24:
9552:African-American history in Boston
7969:U.S. cities with large populations
7672:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
6353:Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
6341:Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
6335:Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society
5741:
4712:
4534:
4191:Great Migration (African American)
4067:. The pioneering psychiatrist Dr.
3653:(1866–1928), civil rights activist
3378:(1799–1851), abolitionist, teacher
2990:
2983:following his confirmation as the
2975:became the first African-American
2883:In 1978, the Boston branch of the
2421:every year between 1876 and 1895.
2321:Several white Bostonians, such as
2269:Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society
2257:Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society
1052:National Black Chamber of Commerce
25:
9563:
8853:Boston Tea Party Ships and Museum
6842:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
6838:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
6645:African American founding fathers
6026:(slave memoirists, abolitionists)
5905:
5890:. Boston University Art Gallery.
5691:Forsberg, Chris (November 2013).
5527:. Amherst College. Archived from
4825:
4723:. In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.).
4409:. Charleston, SC: History Press.
3622:for the U.S. military during WWII
3065:Black/African American and White
2928:visited Boston on June 23, 1990.
1756:Places by plurality of population
422:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
412:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
365:Abolitionism in the United States
9068:Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
8604:
7722:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
6867:Nadir of American race relations
6463:African Meeting House and Museum
6068:(abolitionist, Rev. War soldier)
5793:. University of Arkansas Press.
5693:"Bill Russell's statue unveiled"
4614:The Hub: Boston Past and Present
4165:
4151:
4137:
4123:
2985:United States secretary of labor
2359:. Carney's face is shown on the
2041:
1931:
453:Black Belt in the American South
40:
8898:Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
6728:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
6718:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
6134:(teacher, abolitionist, author)
6056:(abolitionist, slave memoirist)
5719:Most, Doug (January 22, 2019).
5712:
5703:
5684:
5666:
5634:
5625:
5616:
5597:
5579:
5570:
5551:
5542:
5512:
5494:
5472:
5454:
5418:
5362:
5337:
5312:
5287:
5263:
5238:
5219:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5165:
5146:
5137:
5116:
5107:
5002:
4988:
4979:
4964:
4955:
4946:
4918:
4897:
4888:
4879:
4860:
4841:
4819:
4801:
4783:
4774:
4694:
4574:
4555:
4519:
4463:
4448:
4439:
4384:. UNC Press Books. p. 48.
4243:
3549:Howard University School of Law
3015:
2958:
2937:Lilacs, for Voice and Orchestra
2648:
2212:
1057:National Council of Negro Women
51:needs additional citations for
7717:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
6723:Civil right movement 1896–1954
6494:Lewis and Harriet Hayden House
4430:
4421:
4371:
4313:
4296:
4282:
4268:
4211:Vietnamese Americans in Boston
4101:National Black Women's Society
4095:African-American organizations
2897:Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
2846:Elma Lewis School of Fine Arts
2622:National Negro Business League
2314:in 1854. An attempt to rescue
1854:Racism against Black Americans
13:
1:
8893:Institute of Contemporary Art
7897:Cherokee freedmen controversy
6873:The Negro Motorist Green Book
6122:(lawyer, abolitionist, judge)
4672:Scott, Daniel M. III (2004).
4378:Walker, Juliet E. K. (2009).
4262:
3968:(1924–1982), jazz saxophonist
3412:Boston Women's Heritage Trail
3054:Black/African American alone
2458:The Colored American Magazine
2384:Boston Women's Heritage Trail
2355:for his gallantry during the
1062:National Pan-Hellenic Council
8848:Boston Irish Famine Memorial
6484:Charles Street Meeting House
6114:George Middleton (1735–1815)
5837:. Indiana University Press.
5506:Online Archive of California
4726:Notable Black American Women
3858:(1969–2011), comedian, actor
1864:School segregation in the US
1402:Black American Sign Language
1376:Languages and other dialects
191:Traditional African religion
7:
9030:List of companies in Boston
8863:Dorchester Heights Monument
7767:Black players in ice hockey
7702:National Urban League (NUL)
7528:American Society of Muslims
6766:Selma to Montgomery marches
6686:Brown v. Board of Education
6249:1857 Supreme Court decision
6014:(minister, slave memoirist)
5829:Johnson, Violet M. (2006).
5490:(11): 18. December 2, 1976.
5075:, 2nd edn Routledge, 2004,
4952:Vrabel (2004), pp. 312, 336
4780:Vrabel (2004), pp. 239, 258
4455:"African American Firsts."
4206:Chinese Americans in Boston
4116:
4025:, spent formative years in
3604:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
3475:William Stanley Braithwaite
3384:(1820–1906), abolitionist,
3242:(1756–1842), abolitionist,
2869:, in Boston's Beacon Hill.
2757:Boston busing desegregation
2558:Anthology of Magazine Verse
2554:William Stanley Braithwaite
2492:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
2283:, led by abolitionist Rev.
2259:, whose lecturers included
2223:Boston was a hotbed of the
691:African-American businesses
142:African Americans in Boston
10:
9568:
8919:Appeal to the Great Spirit
8651:
7924:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
7682:Nashville Student Movement
6693:Children of the plantation
6562:Copp's Hill Burying Ground
6267:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
6158:(abolitionist, politician)
6080:(abolitionist, politician)
5808:Hayden, Robert C. (1992).
5576:Hayden (1992), 12, 27, 108
5548:Hayden (1992), pp. 50, 116
5427:Stanley E. Brown biography
5113:Vrabel (2004), pp. 350-351
4924:Vrabel (2004), pp. 336-337
4894:Vrabel (2004), pp. 335-336
4525:Vrabel (2004), pp. 131-132
4320:Hayden, Robert C. (1992).
3943:, hip hop artist and actor
3899:Distinguished Flying Cross
3495:(1910–2007), visual artist
3329:Boston Vigilance Committee
3244:American Revolutionary War
3193:(1790–1865), abolitionists
3127:American Revolutionary War
3019:
2836:Rabbi Gerald Zelermyer of
2754:
2662:
2464:
2408:
2367:. The regiment trained at
2349:Sergeant William H. Carney
2333:Boston Vigilance Committee
2318:in 1852 was unsuccessful.
2231:and on the north slope of
2216:
2146:American Revolutionary War
2144:The first casualty of the
2098:Copp's Hill Burying Ground
2055:
2036:
1229:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
904:Congressional Black Caucus
871:African Diaspora Religions
658:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
29:
9498:
9457:
9426:
9363:
9315:
9106:
9038:
8975:
8908:Massachusetts State House
8828:
8729:Colleges and universities
8661:
8594:
8561:Index of related articles
8439:
8354:
8078:
8011:
7949:
7849:
7810:
7742:
7735:
7650:
7570:
7562:Doctrine of Father Divine
7508:
7450:
7099:
6954:
6946:Women's suffrage movement
6899:Reconstruction Amendments
6706:Voting Rights Act of 1965
6625:
6554:
6522:
6448:
6432:(Mass. Rev. War soldiers)
6422:
6396:
6367:
6327:
6320:
6288:
6237:
6210:
6201:
6074:(freemason, abolitionist)
5982:
5959:
5857:The New England Quarterly
5814:. Boston Public Library.
5658:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5604:Long, Tom (May 7, 2007).
5209:"Boston Black Population"
4998:. WBUR. December 5, 2014.
4706:African American Registry
4598:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4405:Alex R. Goldfeld (2009).
4042:
4029:and also did time at the
3999:(1945–1997), jazz drummer
3846:(b. 1970), hip-hop artist
3723:(1929–1996), jazz drummer
3388:conductor, and politician
3360:(1810–1873), abolitionist
3348:(1809–1841), abolitionist
3303:(1798–1856), abolitionist
3092:Notable African Americans
2942:Boston Symphony Orchestra
2926:Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
2874:Combahee River Collective
2750:
2107:In 1767, the 15-year-old
1736:US states and territories
1037:American Life and History
759:Lift Every Voice and Sing
468:Treatment of the enslaved
185:
180:
161:
156:
151:
146:
8611:United States portal
8046:African-American English
7475:Inventors and scientists
7167:George Washington Carver
6771:Chicago Freedom Movement
6523:Influential publications
6349:(abolitionism, equality)
6176:(minister, abolitionist)
6152:(college grad., teacher)
6062:(abolitionist, minister)
6050:(abolitionist, minister)
5232:San Antonio Express-News
4676:. In Wintz, Cary (ed.).
4562:Emilio, Luis F. (1891).
4535:Carney, William Harvey.
4457:African American Almanac
4445:Vrabel (2004), pp. 76-77
4236:
4081:Cambridge, Massachusetts
4057:Berklee College of Music
4031:Charlestown State Prison
3876:(b. 1950), president of
3852:(b. 1988), poet laureate
3751:(1948-2007), historian,
3706:Boston Housing Authority
3541:Richard Theodore Greener
3523:George Washington Forbes
2950:Pulitzer Prize for Music
2893:Boston Housing Authority
2504:George Washington Forbes
2426:Boston Police Department
2152:, who was killed in the
1938:United States portal
1345:African-American English
856:African-American Muslims
417:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
167:African American English
32:African-American history
9542:Ethnic groups in Boston
8888:Hynes Convention Center
8694:Boston Marathon bombing
8534:African-American firsts
7583:Back-to-Africa movement
7552:Black Hebrew Israelites
7332:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
6880:Partus sequitur ventrem
6436:Prince Hall Freemasonry
6359:Prince Hall Freemasonry
6220:Back-to-Africa movement
6024:Ellen and William Craft
6020:(abolitionist, soldier)
5462:"Ralph Meshack Coleman"
4290:"Where's Black Boston?"
4231:Cape Verdeans in Boston
4011:(1921–2014), journalist
3980:(1944–2007), NBA player
3889:Benjamin Arthur Quarles
3838:David Sutherland Nelson
3043:Black/African American
3038:% of Boston population
2872:From 1974 to 1980, the
2304:Ellen and William Craft
2296:rioted in the courtroom
2135:Boston Women's Memorial
1859:Reparations for slavery
947:Back-to-Africa movement
846:Black Hebrew Israelites
724:African-American beauty
18:Cape Verdeans in Boston
9355:New England Revolution
9345:New England Free Jacks
8502:Spingarn Medal winners
7991:States and territories
7762:Black NFL quarterbacks
7262:Martin Luther King Jr.
6794:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6733:Montgomery bus boycott
6577:Abolition Riot of 1836
6567:William Lloyd Garrison
6499:George Middleton House
6414:Twelfth Baptist Church
6246:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6204:associated individuals
6128:(abolitionist, writer)
5769:Cite journal requires
5189:Hayden (1991), p. 163.
4975:. The Times of Israel.
4493:"Fugitive Slave Riots"
4201:Demographics of Boston
4196:Cape Verdean Americans
4061:Martin Luther King Jr.
3891:(1904-1996), historian
3777:Wendell Norman Johnson
3626:William Monroe Trotter
3410:; her house is on the
3117:Zipporah Potter Atkins
3022:Demographics of Boston
2887:successfully sued the
2858:. Its new home is the
2812:
2733:
2685:Martin Luther King Jr.
2660:
2588:Saturday Evening Quill
2480:William Monroe Trotter
2462:
2323:William Lloyd Garrison
2281:Twelfth Baptist Church
2209:
2183:marks the site of the
2137:, a 2003 sculpture on
2087:Zipporah Potter Atkins
2053:
1329:Dialects and languages
489:Second Great Migration
9516:São Tomé and Príncipe
9420:Cape Verdean diaspora
7812:Athletic associations
7747:Negro league baseball
7518:African-American Jews
7237:Ketanji Brown Jackson
7202:Henry Highland Garnet
7061:Negro National Anthem
6811:George Floyd protests
6776:Post–civil rights era
6504:William C. Nell House
6404:African Meeting House
6381:African Meeting House
5983:Prominent individuals
5709:Vrabel (2004), p. 360
5646:Boston Art Commission
5631:Hayden (1992), p. 128
5213:blackdemographics.com
5198:Vrabel (2004), p. 372
5143:Vrabel (2004), p. 361
4985:Vrabel (2004), p. 340
4835:Racial Equity Library
4612:O'Connor, Thomas H.,
4586:Boston Art Commission
4475:National Park Service
4069:Solomon Carter Fuller
3988:Newton, Massachusetts
3822:(b. 1991), NBA player
3716:Melnea Cass Boulevard
3708:administrator in 1984
3598:Florida Ruffin Ridley
3354:(1773–1831), minister
3215:George Franklin Grant
2940:was premiered by the
2867:African Meeting House
2807:, Philip Martin, and
2794:
2768:W. Arthur Garrity Jr.
2763:Boston Public Schools
2728:
2665:Civil Rights Movement
2656:
2583:Florida Ruffin Ridley
2569:editor and columnist
2454:
2409:Further information:
2357:Battle of Fort Wagner
2277:African Meeting House
2207:African Meeting House
2205:
2185:Battle of Bunker Hill
2068:New Providence Island
2049:
1741:US metropolitan areas
1568:List of neighborhoods
1182:Alabama Creole people
1172:African-American Jews
1104:Negro league baseball
1067:National Urban League
1019:Civic/economic groups
851:African-American Jews
741:African-American hair
603:, after the Civil War
432:Post–civil rights era
30:Further information:
9350:New England Patriots
8932:New England Aquarium
8858:Bunker Hill Monument
8019:Afro-Seminole Creole
7545:Azusa Street Revival
7417:Booker T. Washington
6941:Underground Railroad
6806:Free people of color
6660:Atlantic slave trade
6474:Black Heritage Trail
6030:Rebecca Lee Crumpler
5969:Black Heritage Trail
5884:Sichel, Kim (1994).
5754:10.2139/ssrn.2101496
5622:Hayden (1992), p. 12
5521:"A Slice of History"
5466:Boston Black History
5009:Sms (23 June 2015).
4907:"Play Along Or Else"
4885:Hayden (1992), p. 42
4491:Tager, Jack (2001).
4436:Vrabel (2004), p. 66
4427:Vrabel (2004), p. 47
4345:Vrabel, Jim (2004).
4159:United States portal
4145:Massachusetts portal
3986:(b. 1970), mayor of
3828:(b. 1994) NBA player
3814:Lucy Miller Mitchell
3588:(1905–1998), painter
3554:Angelina Weld Grimké
3505:William Waring Cuney
3465:Maria Louise Baldwin
3386:Underground Railroad
3358:Charles Lenox Remond
3289:Lewis Howard Latimer
3181:Rebecca Lee Crumpler
3165:Underground Railroad
2774:laid out a plan for
2645:in Roxbury in 1949.
2618:Booker T. Washington
2601:William Waring Cuney
2500:Maria Louise Baldwin
2496:Angelina Weld Grimké
2443:was held in Boston.
2388:Rebecca Lee Crumpler
2380:Black Heritage Trail
2331:and a member of the
2279:on Beacon Hill. The
2177:Bunker Hill Monument
2175:, among others. The
2102:First Baptist Church
1898:Criminal stereotypes
1673:District of Columbia
1390:Afro-Seminole Creole
832:Non-Christian groups
427:Black power movement
391:during the Civil War
360:Atlantic slave trade
60:improve this article
9010:Innovation district
8913:Museum of Fine Arts
8714:Diplomatic missions
8414:Trinidad and Tobago
8029:Black American Sign
7856:By African descent
7850:Ethnic subdivisions
7837:Southwestern (SWAC)
7752:Baseball color line
7667:Black Panther Party
7571:Political movements
7488:in computer science
7147:Carol Moseley Braun
6936:Tulsa race massacre
6929:Treatment of slaves
6761:March on Washington
6756:Birmingham movement
6514:John J. Smith House
6375:Home of Primus Hall
6202:Relevant topics and
6150:John Brown Russwurm
6126:William Cooper Nell
5998:(college professor)
5990:Macon Bolling Allen
5161:. Associated Press.
5092:Sigerman, Harriet.
4721:"Eliza Ann Gardner"
4089:Neil deGrasse Tyson
3949:(1927–2008), dancer
3935:Kenneth Kamal Scott
3808:William Henry Lewis
3376:John Brown Russwurm
3370:George Lewis Ruffin
3340:William Cooper Nell
3143:William Wells Brown
3111:Macon Bolling Allen
2979:, having succeeded
2969:Boston City Council
2737:English High School
2542:In literature, the
2484:William Henry Lewis
2400:Harriet Tubman Park
2394:, and abolitionist
2265:William Wells Brown
2139:Commonwealth Avenue
1294:Sierra Leone Creole
1255:Specific ancestries
1140:Southwestern (SWAC)
663:Black History Month
494:New Great Migration
448:Agriculture history
211:Ethnicity in Boston
205:Part of a series on
143:
9153:Financial District
9020:Route 128 corridor
9000:Financial District
8512:US representatives
8507:US cabinet members
8399:Dominican Republic
7986:Metropolitan areas
7827:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
7652:Civic and economic
7630:Self-determination
7451:Education, science
7372:Fred Shuttlesworth
7352:A. Philip Randolph
7257:Coretta Scott King
7182:Frederick Douglass
7009:Harlem Renaissance
6914:Separate but equal
6904:Reconstruction era
6892:Plessy v. Ferguson
6783:Cornerstone Speech
6697:Civil Rights Acts
6680:Black Lives Matter
6655:American Civil War
6458:Abiel Smith School
6387:Abiel Smith School
6290:History of slavery
6098:(Rev. War soldier)
5783:Cromwell, Adelaide
5519:Albright, Evan J.
5401:U.S. Census Bureau
5177:The New York Times
4961:Vrabel (2004), 337
4940:The New York Times
4797:. October 3, 1988.
4795:The New York Times
4186:Timeline of Boston
4077:Harvard University
4053:Esperanza Spalding
3727:Harry J. Elam, Sr.
3639:Harlem Renaissance
3616:Bessie Stringfield
3558:Harlem Renaissance
3499:Wilhelmina Crosson
3449:Early 20th century
3307:Mary Eliza Mahoney
2856:Boston Opera House
2813:
2722:was assassinated,
2709:Black United Front
2661:
2607:on her 1966 album
2473:Harlem Renaissance
2463:
2447:Early 20th century
2261:Frederick Douglass
2210:
2054:
1303:Sexual orientation
1177:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1130:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
765:Self-determination
729:Black is beautiful
395:Reconstruction era
141:
9547:History of Boston
9529:
9528:
9386:
9385:
9158:Government Center
9005:Government Center
8942:Paul Revere House
8927:Museum of Science
8878:Franklin Park Zoo
8699:COVID-19 pandemic
8619:
8618:
8447:African Americans
8319:Dallas–Fort Worth
7914:Black Southerners
7845:
7844:
7297:Thurgood Marshall
7267:Bernard Lafayette
6862:Million Man March
6619:African Americans
6585:
6584:
6531:Freedom's Journal
6489:John Coburn House
6468:Black Beacon Hill
6444:
6443:
6316:
6315:
6257:Elizabeth Freeman
6212:Black nationalism
5351:. 6 November 2018
5159:Los Angeles Times
5015:Boston University
4501:. UPNE. pp.
4331:978-0-89073-083-6
4065:Boston University
4055:studied music at
4039:
4038:
3957:Muriel S. Snowden
3759:Michael E. Haynes
3660:
3659:
3651:Mary Evans Wilson
3592:Clement G. Morgan
3586:Lois Mailou Jones
3582:(1906–1995), poet
3535:Jessie G. Garnett
3517:William H. Ferris
3511:Mildred Davenport
3507:(1906–1976), poet
3493:Allan Rohan Crite
3459:Agnes Jones Adams
3441:
3440:
3364:John Stewart Rock
3203:Eliza Ann Gardner
3086:
3085:
2891:for allowing the
2878:identity politics
2860:Paramount Theatre
2787:Late 20th century
2776:compulsory busing
2720:Robert F. Kennedy
2639:Muriel S. Snowden
2597:Lois Mailou Jones
2529:Mildred Davenport
2488:William H. Ferris
2416:Late 19th century
2249:Eliza Ann Gardner
1984:
1983:
1921:
1920:
1819:
1818:
1593:Dallas-Fort Worth
1410:
1409:
1320:
1319:
1264:Americo-Liberians
1147:
1146:
1085:
1084:
1010:
1009:
879:
878:
823:Womanist theology
773:
772:
715:Symbols and ideas
501:
500:
380:Antebellum period
375:Revolutionary War
330:African Americans
315:
314:
200:
199:
171:African languages
136:
135:
128:
110:
16:(Redirected from
9559:
9413:
9406:
9399:
9390:
9389:
9236:Leather District
9116:Allston–Brighton
8937:Old North Church
8655:
8646:
8639:
8632:
8623:
8622:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8571:Lynching victims
8070:Louisiana Creole
8041:American English
7929:Louisiana Creole
7902:Choctaw freedmen
7740:
7739:
7277:Huddie Ledbetter
7217:Fannie Lou Hamer
7187:W. E. B. Du Bois
7177:Claudette Colvin
7172:Shirley Chisholm
6989:Family structure
6857:Military history
6739:Browder v. Gayle
6612:
6605:
6598:
6589:
6588:
6451:or neighborhoods
6430:Bucks of America
6325:
6324:
6275:Shadrach Minkins
6208:
6207:
6192:Phillis Wheatley
6180:Edward G. Walker
6162:Maria W. Stewart
5996:William G. Allen
5948:
5941:
5934:
5925:
5924:
5901:
5880:
5853:Levy, Leonard W.
5848:
5836:
5825:
5804:
5792:
5778:
5772:
5767:
5765:
5757:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5701:
5700:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5657:
5649:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5610:The Boston Globe
5601:
5595:
5594:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5564:The Boston Globe
5555:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5525:Amherst Magazine
5516:
5510:
5509:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5431:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5403:. Archived from
5393:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5150:
5144:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5131:The Boston Globe
5128:
5120:
5114:
5111:
5105:
5090:
5084:
5069:
5063:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5037:. Archived from
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4912:The Boston Globe
4909:
4901:
4895:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4854:Bay State Banner
4845:
4839:
4838:
4832:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4813:Tufts University
4805:
4799:
4798:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4669:
4646:
4645:
4642:The Boston Globe
4633:
4624:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4597:
4589:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4564:"Readville Camp"
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4543:on 29 April 2017
4532:
4526:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4488:
4479:
4478:
4467:
4461:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4352:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4256:
4247:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4085:W. E. B. Du Bois
3955:(1914–1995) and
3883:Ann Hobson Pilot
3850:Porsha Olayiwola
3834:rapper, producer
3753:Tufts University
3739:leader, activist
3664:
3663:
3645:Butler R. Wilson
3574:Colored American
3481:Stanley E. Brown
3445:
3444:
3432:Phyllis Wheatley
3426:Edward G. Walker
3398:Maria W. Stewart
3325:Shadrach Minkins
3319:George Middleton
3189:(1794–1883) and
3173:(1826–1891) and
3129:; killed in the
3097:
3096:
3030:
3029:
3003:Blue Hill Avenue
2545:Colored American
2522:Woman's Era Club
2430:Horatio J. Homer
2392:Phyllis Wheatley
2325:(founder of the
2308:Shadrach Minkins
2173:George Middleton
2109:Phillis Wheatley
1976:
1969:
1962:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1883:media depictions
1832:
1831:
1727:Population count
1423:
1422:
1357:Liberian English
1336:English dialects
1333:
1332:
1289:Samaná Americans
1214:Creoles of color
1160:
1159:
1098:
1097:
1042:Black conductors
1023:
1022:
892:
891:
866:Louisiana Voodoo
788:
787:
533:Family structure
516:
515:
463:Military history
458:Business history
389:military history
344:
343:
317:
316:
307:
300:
293:
265:Native Americans
220:African American
202:
201:
147:Total population
144:
140:
131:
124:
120:
117:
111:
109:
68:
44:
36:
21:
9567:
9566:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9557:
9556:
9532:
9531:
9530:
9525:
9494:
9453:
9422:
9417:
9387:
9382:
9359:
9335:Boston Marathon
9311:
9148:Downtown Boston
9102:
9034:
8977:
8971:
8824:
8741:Historic Places
8657:
8653:
8650:
8620:
8615:
8605:
8603:
8590:
8556:Historic places
8549:US state firsts
8435:
8350:
8074:
8007:
7979:2010 majorities
7974:2000 majorities
7945:
7892:Black Seminoles
7841:
7832:Southern (SIAC)
7815:
7814:and conferences
7813:
7806:
7802:Serena Williams
7797:Jackie Robinson
7731:
7655:
7653:
7646:
7566:
7533:Nation of Islam
7504:
7452:
7446:
7387:Sojourner Truth
7377:Clarence Thomas
7342:Gabriel Prosser
7242:Michael Jackson
7117:Crispus Attucks
7107:Ralph Abernathy
7095:
7051:Musical theater
6950:
6816:Great Migration
6788:COVID-19 impact
6746:Sit-in movement
6621:
6616:
6586:
6581:
6550:
6545:Walker's Appeal
6518:
6509:Phillips School
6450:
6440:
6418:
6392:
6363:
6312:
6303:Bunch-of-Grapes
6298:Charles Apthorp
6284:
6233:
6203:
6197:
6144:John Swett Rock
6104:(escaped slave)
6036:Lucy Lew Dalton
6006:Boston Massacre
6004:(killed during
6002:Crispus Attucks
5992:(lawyer, judge)
5978:
5955:
5952:
5908:
5898:
5845:
5822:
5801:
5770:
5768:
5759:
5758:
5744:
5742:Further reading
5739:
5729:
5727:
5717:
5713:
5708:
5704:
5689:
5685:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5651:
5650:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5602:
5598:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5571:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5534:
5532:
5517:
5513:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5443:
5442:
5433:
5432:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5410:
5408:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5378:
5376:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5354:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5329:
5327:
5317:
5313:
5304:
5302:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5279:
5277:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5255:
5253:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5224:
5220:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5121:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5091:
5087:
5070:
5066:
5057:
5053:
5044:
5042:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5019:
5017:
5007:
5003:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4919:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4873:Harvard Crimson
4865:
4861:
4846:
4842:
4830:
4826:Wolff, Jeremy.
4824:
4820:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4717:
4713:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4688:
4670:
4649:
4634:
4627:
4611:
4607:
4591:
4590:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4544:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4489:
4482:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4157:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4097:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4019:Nation of Islam
3953:Otto P. Snowden
3903:Valerie Maynard
3895:David L. Ramsay
3878:Emerson College
3745:, doo-wop group
3737:Nation of Islam
3733:Louis Farrakhan
3669:
3661:
3656:
3620:despatch riders
3570:Pauline Hopkins
3545:Harvard College
3528:Boston Guardian
3450:
3442:
3437:
3313:J. Sella Martin
3131:Boston Massacre
3123:Crispus Attucks
3102:
3094:
3024:
3018:
2993:
2991:Popular culture
2977:mayor of Boston
2965:Ayanna Pressley
2961:
2823:(later renamed
2805:Callie Crossley
2801:Cindy Rodriguez
2789:
2759:
2753:
2703:. He persuaded
2667:
2651:
2635:Otto P. Snowden
2575:Pauline Hopkins
2550:Pauline Hopkins
2508:Boston Brahmins
2469:
2461:, February 1901
2449:
2418:
2413:
2404:Fern Cunningham
2221:
2215:
2154:Boston Massacre
2150:Crispus Attucks
2114:Newport Mercury
2060:
2051:Crispus Attucks
2044:
2039:
1980:
1932:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1873:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1760:
1722:
1698:Omaha, Nebraska
1663:Historic places
1657:
1549:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1371:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1298:
1250:
1192:Black Seminoles
1157:
1156:Sub-communities
1149:
1148:
1135:Southern (SIAC)
1095:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1036:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1006:
923:
889:
881:
880:
875:
861:Nation of Islam
827:
804:
785:
775:
774:
769:
710:
677:
644:
616:
577:
553:Musical theater
513:
503:
502:
484:Great Migration
341:
311:
274:
139:
132:
121:
115:
112:
69:
67:
57:
45:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9565:
9555:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9502:
9500:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9461:
9459:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9430:
9428:
9424:
9423:
9416:
9415:
9408:
9401:
9393:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9375:
9373:Greater Boston
9370:
9368:Suffolk County
9364:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9352:
9347:
9342:
9340:Boston Red Sox
9337:
9332:
9330:Boston Celtics
9327:
9321:
9319:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9293:
9292:
9287:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9254:
9253:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9221:
9220:
9219:
9209:
9207:Harbor Islands
9204:
9202:Fenway–Kenmore
9199:
9194:
9193:
9192:
9190:Upham's Corner
9187:
9185:Columbia Point
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9161:
9160:
9155:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9123:
9112:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9044:
9042:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8995:Fenway–Kenmore
8992:
8987:
8981:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8969:
8968:
8967:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8834:
8832:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8822:
8820:Transportation
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8800:Public Schools
8797:
8795:Public Library
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8755:
8754:
8753:
8748:
8738:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8721:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8665:
8663:
8659:
8658:
8649:
8648:
8641:
8634:
8626:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8613:
8601:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8531:
8530:
8529:
8524:
8522:Visual artists
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8482:Mathematicians
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8443:
8441:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8431:
8423:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8360:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8306:
8301:
8299:South Carolina
8296:
8291:
8290:
8289:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8269:North Carolina
8266:
8265:
8264:
8254:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8237:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8214:Massachusetts
8212:
8211:
8210:
8200:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8183:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8166:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8149:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8115:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8093:
8088:
8082:
8080:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8056:social context
8053:
8043:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8021:
8015:
8013:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7988:
7983:
7982:
7981:
7976:
7966:
7965:
7964:
7953:
7951:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7907:Creek Freedmen
7904:
7899:
7894:
7884:
7882:Alabama Creole
7879:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7853:
7851:
7847:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7822:Central (CIAA)
7818:
7816:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7743:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7658:
7656:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7615:Pan-Africanism
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7585:
7580:
7574:
7572:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7564:
7559:
7557:Black theology
7554:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7520:
7514:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7498:in STEM fields
7495:
7490:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7456:
7454:
7453:and technology
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7392:Harriet Tubman
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7322:Michelle Obama
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7252:Barbara Jordan
7249:
7247:Harriet Jacobs
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7137:Amelia Boynton
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7103:
7101:
7100:Notable people
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7036:LGBT community
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6888:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6835:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6751:Freedom Riders
6748:
6743:
6735:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6695:
6690:
6682:
6677:
6675:Black genocide
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6631:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6615:
6614:
6607:
6600:
6592:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6465:
6460:
6454:
6452:
6449:Historic sites
6446:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6331:
6329:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6264:
6250:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6216:
6214:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6194:(poet, author)
6189:
6183:
6177:
6174:Samuel Snowden
6171:
6165:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6110:(abolitionist)
6105:
6102:George Latimer
6099:
6093:
6087:
6084:John T. Hilton
6081:
6075:
6069:
6063:
6060:Leonard Grimes
6057:
6051:
6045:
6044:(abolitionist)
6039:
6038:(abolitionist)
6033:
6027:
6021:
6018:John P. Coburn
6015:
6009:
5999:
5993:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5906:External links
5904:
5903:
5902:
5896:
5881:
5869:10.2307/363035
5849:
5843:
5826:
5820:
5805:
5799:
5779:
5771:|journal=
5743:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5711:
5702:
5683:
5665:
5633:
5624:
5615:
5596:
5578:
5569:
5550:
5541:
5511:
5493:
5471:
5453:
5444:|website=
5417:
5385:
5361:
5336:
5311:
5286:
5262:
5237:
5218:
5200:
5191:
5182:
5164:
5145:
5136:
5115:
5106:
5085:
5064:
5051:
5026:
5001:
4987:
4978:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4926:
4917:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4859:
4840:
4818:
4800:
4782:
4773:
4766:
4746:
4739:
4711:
4693:
4686:
4647:
4625:
4605:
4573:
4554:
4527:
4518:
4511:
4480:
4462:
4447:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4397:
4390:
4370:
4363:
4337:
4330:
4312:
4295:
4281:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4162:
4148:
4134:
4131:History portal
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4093:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4012:
4009:William Worthy
4006:
4000:
3994:
3992:Boston College
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3929:George Russell
3926:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3871:
3865:
3859:
3856:Patrice O'Neal
3853:
3847:
3841:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3820:Shabazz Napier
3817:
3811:
3805:
3796:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3749:Gerald R. Gill
3746:
3740:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3709:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3632:
3623:
3613:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3580:Helene Johnson
3577:
3567:
3561:
3551:
3547:; dean of the
3538:
3532:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3414:
3404:Harriet Tubman
3401:
3395:
3392:Samuel Snowden
3389:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3283:George Latimer
3280:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3262:John T. Hilton
3259:
3253:
3247:
3237:
3234:Back-to-Africa
3227:
3224:Leonard Grimes
3221:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3184:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3152:
3140:
3134:
3120:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3020:Main article:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2960:
2957:
2922:Nelson Mandela
2916:Charles Stuart
2851:Black Nativity
2788:
2785:
2755:Main article:
2752:
2749:
2739:for wearing a
2663:Main article:
2650:
2647:
2610:Let It All Out
2593:Helene Johnson
2465:Main article:
2448:
2445:
2417:
2414:
2396:Harriet Tubman
2353:Medal of Honor
2351:, who won the
2337:Charles Sumner
2300:George Latimer
2285:Leonard Grimes
2237:John P. Coburn
2217:Main article:
2214:
2211:
2056:Main article:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2000:colonial times
1996:gentrification
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Black genocide
1840:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1751:US communities
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:South Carolina
1705:
1703:North Carolina
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1525:South Carolina
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:North Carolina
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:Samaná English
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1312:LGBT community
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:Creek Freedmen
1266:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1239:Carmel Indians
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1120:Central (CIAA)
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
987:Pan-Africanism
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
933:
930:
929:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
900:
897:
896:
890:
887:
886:
883:
882:
877:
876:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
837:
834:
833:
829:
828:
826:
825:
820:
818:Black theology
814:
811:
810:
806:
805:
803:
802:
796:
793:
792:
786:
781:
780:
777:
776:
771:
770:
768:
767:
762:
755:
750:
749:
748:
738:
733:
732:
731:
720:
717:
716:
712:
711:
709:
708:
703:
698:
693:
687:
684:
683:
682:Economic class
679:
678:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
643:
642:
637:
632:
626:
623:
622:
621:Academic study
618:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
598:
593:
587:
584:
583:
579:
578:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
524:
521:
520:
514:
509:
508:
505:
504:
499:
498:
497:
496:
491:
486:
478:
477:
473:
472:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
442:
441:
437:
436:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
403:
402:
392:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
349:
348:
342:
337:
336:
333:
332:
326:
325:
313:
312:
310:
309:
302:
295:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
276:
275:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
214:
213:
207:
206:
198:
197:
195:Haitian Voodoo
183:
182:
178:
177:
175:Haitian Creole
163:Boston English
159:
158:
154:
153:
152:166,796 (2020)
149:
148:
137:
134:
133:
48:
46:
39:
27:Racial history
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9564:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9511:Guinea-Bissau
9509:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9497:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9456:
9450:
9449:United States
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9414:
9409:
9407:
9402:
9400:
9395:
9394:
9391:
9379:
9378:Massachusetts
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9362:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9325:Boston Bruins
9323:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9314:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9252:
9249:
9248:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9230:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9224:Jamaica Plain
9222:
9218:
9215:
9214:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9170:Chestnut Hill
9168:
9166:
9163:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9108:Neighborhoods
9105:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9083:Housing (BHA)
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9037:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8974:
8966:
8963:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8947:Symphony Hall
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8921:
8920:
8916:
8915:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8883:Freedom Trail
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8838:Boston Common
8836:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8805:Sister cities
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8756:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8726:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8674:Annual events
8672:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8647:
8642:
8640:
8635:
8633:
8628:
8627:
8624:
8612:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8593:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8581:Neighborhoods
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8544:Sports firsts
8542:
8540:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8532:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8438:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8353:
8347:
8346:West Virginia
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8288:
8285:
8284:
8283:Pennsylvania
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8263:
8262:New York City
8260:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8141:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8107:
8106:San Francisco
8104:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:By state/city
8077:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8048:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8038:
8037:
8034:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8024:American Sign
8022:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8010:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7967:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7957:Neighborhoods
7955:
7954:
7952:
7948:
7942:
7939:
7935:
7932:
7931:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7887:Black Indians
7885:
7883:
7880:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7848:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7809:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7741:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7649:
7643:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7538:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7507:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7465:Black schools
7463:
7461:
7460:Black studies
7458:
7457:
7455:
7449:
7443:
7442:Whitney Young
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7432:Oprah Winfrey
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7402:Denmark Vesey
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7347:Joseph Rainey
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7302:Toni Morrison
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7287:Joseph Lowery
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7232:Jesse Jackson
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7222:Kamala Harris
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7207:Marcus Garvey
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7157:Blanche Bruce
7155:
7153:
7152:Edward Brooke
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7142:James Bradley
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7122:James Baldwin
7120:
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7110:
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7098:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
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7069:
7067:
7066:Neighborhoods
7064:
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7059:
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7052:
7049:
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6919:Silent Parade
6917:
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6907:
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6900:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6887:
6884:
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6881:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6847:Jim Crow laws
6845:
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6836:
6834:
6831:
6827:
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6817:
6814:
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6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6670:Black cowboys
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
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6633:
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6608:
6606:
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6599:
6594:
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6590:
6578:
6575:
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6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6538:The Liberator
6535:
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6528:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
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6477:
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6434:
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6427:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6357:
6355:(interracial)
6354:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6343:(interracial)
6342:
6339:
6337:(interracial)
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6321:Organizations
6319:
6309:
6308:Merchants Row
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6271:Anthony Burns
6268:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:of 1781 (See
6254:
6253:Freedom suits
6251:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6229:
6228:William Gwinn
6225:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6206:
6200:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6156:John J. Smith
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6120:Robert Morris
6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6096:Barzillai Lew
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6042:Thomas Dalton
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6013:
6012:Leonard Black
6010:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5970:
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5965:
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5958:
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5937:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5897:9781881450030
5893:
5889:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5844:9780253112385
5840:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5823:
5821:9780890730836
5817:
5813:
5812:
5806:
5802:
5800:9781557283016
5796:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5763:
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5751:
5746:
5745:
5726:
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5715:
5706:
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5669:
5661:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5592:
5591:Tufts Journal
5588:
5582:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5545:
5531:on 2016-03-04
5530:
5526:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5449:
5437:
5429:
5428:
5421:
5407:on 2020-02-13
5406:
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5168:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5140:
5132:
5127:
5119:
5110:
5103:
5102:0-231-11698-5
5099:
5095:
5089:
5082:
5081:0-415-27623-3
5078:
5074:
5068:
5061:
5055:
5041:on 2008-03-15
5040:
5036:
5030:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4997:
4991:
4982:
4974:
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4804:
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4786:
4777:
4769:
4767:9780813552132
4763:
4759:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4740:9780810391772
4736:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4689:
4687:9781579584573
4683:
4679:
4675:
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4666:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
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4639:
4632:
4630:
4623:
4622:1-55553-474-0
4619:
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4609:
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4595:
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4577:
4569:
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4558:
4542:
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4531:
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4514:
4512:9781555534615
4508:
4504:
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4458:
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4416:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4391:9780807832417
4387:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4364:9781555536213
4360:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4341:
4333:
4327:
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4316:
4305:
4299:
4291:
4285:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4253:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
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4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
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4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
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4179:
4178:
4174:
4173:Africa portal
4163:
4160:
4149:
4146:
4135:
4132:
4121:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4017:(1925–1965),
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3997:Tony Williams
3995:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Freedom House
3958:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:Byron Rushing
3912:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:M. Lee Pelton
3872:
3869:
3868:Deval Patrick
3866:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
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3818:
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3812:
3809:
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3804:
3800:
3797:
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3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3690:Edward Brooke
3688:
3685:
3684:Bruce Bolling
3682:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:(1907–1998),
3636:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
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3590:
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3500:
3497:
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3446:
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3418:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3382:John J. Smith
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3334:Robert Morris
3332:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3295:Barzillai Lew
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3230:William Gwinn
3228:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3175:William Craft
3172:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:Anthony Burns
3153:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:Leonard Black
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3089:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3056:
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3041:
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3031:
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3023:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2944:in 1996 with
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2932:George Walker
2929:
2927:
2924:and his wife
2923:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2819:began airing
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:Panelists on
2793:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2713:White Stadium
2710:
2706:
2702:
2701:Boston Garden
2698:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2643:Freedom House
2640:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:Eugene Gordon
2568:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
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2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2439:In 1895, the
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:Boston Common
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:Anthony Burns
2310:in 1851, and
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:Barzillai Lew
2166:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2127:Abigail Adams
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2042:Early America
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:Minstrel show
1911:
1909:
1908:Magical Negro
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
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1850:
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1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1809:
1807:
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1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
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1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1754:
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1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1718:West Virginia
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
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77: –
76:
72:
71:Find sources:
65:
61:
55:
54:
49:This article
47:
43:
38:
37:
33:
19:
9307:West Roxbury
9280:South Boston
9246:Mission Hill
9229:Forest Hills
9053:City council
9048:City charter
8959:Constitution
8958:
8917:
8868:Faneuil Hall
8709:Demographics
8689:Bibliography
8679:Architecture
8497:Sportspeople
8467:Billionaires
8384:Sierra Leone
8287:Philadelphia
8217:
8123:Jacksonville
7950:Demographics
7782:Jack Johnson
7772:Muhammad Ali
7605:Conservatism
7540:Black church
7437:Andrew Young
7422:Ida B. Wells
7412:David Walker
7407:C. T. Vivian
7362:Paul Robeson
7357:Hiram Revels
7337:Colin Powell
7317:Barack Obama
7272:James Lawson
7227:Jimi Hendrix
7197:James Farmer
7192:Medgar Evers
7162:Ralph Bunche
7112:Maya Angelou
7086:Middle class
6964:Afrofuturism
6890:
6878:
6871:
6792:
6737:
6684:
6650:Afrocentrism
6640:Abolitionism
6543:
6536:
6529:
6328:Abolitionism
6261:Quock Walker
6244:
6186:David Walker
6108:Walker Lewis
6090:Thomas James
6078:Lewis Hayden
6054:Moses Grandy
6048:Hosea Easton
5918:Blackstonian
5917:
5886:
5863:(1): 85–92.
5860:
5856:
5832:
5810:
5788:
5762:cite journal
5730:November 12,
5728:. Retrieved
5724:
5714:
5705:
5696:
5686:
5677:
5668:
5645:
5636:
5627:
5618:
5609:
5599:
5590:
5581:
5572:
5563:
5553:
5544:
5533:. Retrieved
5529:the original
5524:
5514:
5505:
5496:
5487:
5483:
5474:
5465:
5456:
5426:
5420:
5409:. Retrieved
5405:the original
5400:
5377:. Retrieved
5373:
5364:
5353:. Retrieved
5349:www.wbur.org
5348:
5339:
5328:. Retrieved
5324:
5314:
5303:. Retrieved
5301:. 2020-01-14
5298:
5289:
5278:. Retrieved
5274:
5265:
5254:. Retrieved
5252:. 2018-03-09
5249:
5240:
5231:
5221:
5212:
5203:
5194:
5185:
5176:
5167:
5158:
5148:
5139:
5130:
5118:
5109:
5093:
5088:
5072:
5067:
5054:
5043:. Retrieved
5039:the original
5029:
5018:. Retrieved
5014:
5004:
4990:
4981:
4966:
4957:
4948:
4939:
4929:
4920:
4911:
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4890:
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4872:
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4785:
4776:
4756:
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4725:
4714:
4705:
4696:
4677:
4641:
4613:
4608:
4585:
4576:
4567:
4557:
4545:. Retrieved
4541:the original
4530:
4521:
4497:
4474:
4465:
4459:. Gale. 2008
4456:
4450:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4406:
4400:
4380:
4373:
4348:
4340:
4321:
4315:
4298:
4284:
4270:
4252:Leonard Levy
4245:
4106:Boston NAACP
4049:Quincy Jones
4046:
4003:Laval Wilson
3984:Setti Warren
3978:Jimmy Walker
3972:Donna Summer
3920:Bill Russell
3908:Pearl Reaves
3826:Wayne Selden
3771:Cousin Stizz
3635:Dorothy West
3607:
3564:Roland Hayes
3526:
3487:Ralf Coleman
3420:
3417:David Walker
3301:Walker Lewis
3271:Thomas James
3256:Lewis Hayden
3209:Moses Grandy
3197:Hosea Easton
3146:
3087:
3025:
3016:Demographics
3001:
2997:Donna Summer
2962:
2959:21st century
2954:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2913:
2902:
2882:
2871:
2864:
2849:
2843:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2796:
2781:white flight
2760:
2734:
2729:
2717:
2690:
2678:
2677:to protest "
2668:
2649:Civil rights
2627:
2620:founded the
2615:
2608:
2586:
2579:Dorothy West
2564:
2562:
2557:
2543:
2541:
2526:
2515:
2477:
2470:
2456:
2438:
2423:
2419:
2377:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2289:
2245:David Walker
2241:Lewis Hayden
2235:, including
2225:abolitionist
2222:
2213:Abolitionism
2197:Seymour Burr
2162:
2143:
2112:
2106:
2095:
2076:
2063:
2061:
2011:Cape Verdean
2004:
1992:white flight
1985:
1811:Sierra Leone
1643:Philadelphia
1613:Jacksonville
1582:
1209:Brass Ankles
962:Conservatism
937:Afrocentrism
909:Joint Center
800:Black church
791:Institutions
706:Billionaires
696:Middle class
649:Celebrations
612:Fraternities
235:Cape Verdean
219:
187:Christianity
138:Ethnic group
122:
113:
103:
96:
89:
82:
70:
58:Please help
53:verification
50:
9480:Netherlands
9197:East Boston
9165:Charlestown
9143:Beacon Hill
9138:Bay Village
8873:Fenway Park
8830:Attractions
8810:Skyscrapers
8517:US senators
8487:Republicans
8472:Journalists
8329:San Antonio
8294:Puerto Rico
8235:Mississippi
8128:Tallahassee
8101:Los Angeles
7792:Jesse Owens
7777:Arthur Ashe
7635:Nationalism
7625:Raised fist
7588:Black power
7493:in medicine
7427:Roy Wilkins
7382:Emmett Till
7367:Al Sharpton
7132:Julian Bond
7127:James Bevel
7091:Upper class
7081:Stereotypes
6974:Black mecca
6886:Plantations
6665:Black Codes
6572:Isaac Knapp
6383:(1806–1835)
6377:(1798–1806)
6279:Thomas Sims
6238:Legal cases
6138:Thomas Paul
6072:Prince Hall
6066:Primus Hall
6032:(physician)
4071:studied at
3990:; attended
3966:Sonny Stitt
3947:Jimmy Slyde
3743:The G-Clefs
3735:(b. 1933),
3721:Alan Dawson
3712:Melnea Cass
3702:Doris Bunte
3696:Bobby Brown
3678:Ruth Batson
3609:Woman's Era
3352:Thomas Paul
3277:Bostian Ken
3250:Prince Hall
3240:Primus Hall
3191:Lucy Dalton
3161:John Coburn
3010:New Edition
3006:, 2001 film
2981:Marty Walsh
2946:Seiji Ozawa
2826:Basic Black
2821:Say Brother
2809:Kim McLarin
2797:Basic Black
2697:James Brown
2693:Kevin White
2671:Melnea Cass
2658:Melnea Cass
2605:Nina Simone
2595:and artist
2566:Boston Post
2537:Allan Crite
2533:Jimmy Slyde
2517:Woman's Era
2316:Thomas Sims
2292:Lemuel Shaw
2233:Beacon Hill
2189:Peter Salem
2181:Charlestown
2165:Primus Hall
2123:King Street
2072:the Bahamas
2019:Trinidadian
1988:immigration
1879:Stereotypes
1806:Nova Scotia
1688:Mississippi
1648:San Antonio
1628:Los Angeles
1563:Black mecca
1490:Mississippi
1397:Negro Dutch
1219:Dominickers
1163:Multiethnic
1072:TransAfrica
982:Nationalism
952:Black power
736:Black pride
701:Upper class
400:Politicians
9536:Categories
9475:Luxembourg
9285:Fort Point
9263:Roslindale
9180:Dorchester
9040:Government
8462:Astronauts
8252:New Jersey
8096:California
7600:Capitalism
7397:Nat Turner
7327:Rosa Parks
7312:Diane Nash
7282:John Lewis
7071:Newspapers
7041:Literature
7026:Juneteenth
6979:Businesses
6833:Exodusters
6801:Free Negro
6224:Paul Cuffe
6170:(minister)
6168:Baron Stow
6140:(minister)
6132:Susan Paul
6092:(minister)
5678:West Point
5535:2016-03-04
5411:2016-03-08
5379:2021-03-25
5355:2021-02-25
5330:2021-02-25
5305:2021-02-25
5299:Boston.gov
5280:2021-02-25
5256:2021-02-25
5250:Boston.gov
5045:2008-03-26
5020:2021-02-25
4263:References
3862:Paul Parks
3799:Elma Lewis
3765:Roy Haynes
3346:Susan Paul
2905:referendum
2745:United Way
2556:'s annual
2512:suffragist
2428:appointed
2369:Camp Meigs
2273:Susan Paul
2267:, and the
2193:Salem Poor
2131:Lucy Stone
2079:Dorchester
1445:California
1419:Population
992:Patriotism
977:Liberalism
957:Capitalism
928:Ideologies
809:Theologies
668:Juneteenth
640:Literature
568:Newspapers
476:Migrations
407:Juneteenth
270:Vietnamese
116:March 2023
86:newspapers
9434:Argentina
9297:South End
9273:Fort Hill
9258:North End
9217:Readville
9212:Hyde Park
9175:Chinatown
9063:Elections
9058:City Hall
9025:South End
9015:North End
8978:districts
8952:TD Garden
8775:Nicknames
8736:Geography
8724:Education
8576:Monuments
8452:Activists
8304:Tennessee
8224:Michigan
8208:Baltimore
8198:Louisiana
8191:Lexington
8174:Davenport
8113:Cleveland
8012:Languages
7941:Melungeon
7919:Blaxicans
7787:Joe Louis
7642:Socialism
7578:Anarchism
7307:Bob Moses
7292:Malcolm X
7212:Fred Gray
7076:Soul food
7014:New Negro
6999:Folktales
6909:Redlining
6368:Education
5446:ignored (
5436:cite book
5104:, p. 316.
5083:, p. 577.
4415:318292902
4015:Malcolm X
3795:professor
3783:Kim Janey
3469:Cambridge
3408:South End
3167:conductor
3101:1600-1900
2973:Kim Janey
2963:In 2009,
2914:In 1989,
2831:WILD (AM)
2815:In 1968,
2631:Malcolm X
2616:In 1900,
2455:Cover of
2378:Boston's
2373:Readville
2328:Liberator
2306:in 1850,
2133:, in the
2091:North End
2027:Barbadian
2023:Ethiopian
1903:Hollywood
1893:Blackface
1828:Prejudice
1746:US cities
1623:Lexington
1598:Davenport
1578:Baltimore
1554:US cities
1530:Tennessee
1480:Louisiana
1426:US states
1234:Melungeon
1204:Blaxicans
1002:Socialism
967:Garveyism
942:Anarchism
746:Good hair
573:Soul food
543:Folktales
230:Brazilian
157:Languages
9485:Portugal
9427:Americas
9302:West End
9251:Longwood
9241:Mattapan
9133:Back Bay
9126:Brighton
8990:Downtown
8985:Back Bay
8976:Business
8785:Politics
8763:Timeline
8751:Southern
8746:Northern
8599:Category
8390:America
8356:Diaspora
8341:Virginia
8274:Oklahoma
8257:New York
8240:Nebraska
8203:Maryland
8186:Kentucky
8152:Illinois
8091:Arkansas
7996:Illinois
7934:of color
7620:Populism
7593:Movement
7510:Religion
6852:Lynching
6635:Timeline
6397:Religion
6389:(1835-?)
5785:(1994).
5725:Bostonia
5654:cite web
5374:ABC News
4594:cite web
4117:See also
3941:Big Shug
3789:Mel King
3773:, rapper
3236:movement
3219:golf tee
3057:160,342
3046:180,657
2838:Mattapan
2724:Mel King
2680:de facto
2641:founded
2229:West End
2033:origin.
2031:Somalian
2015:Jamaican
1943:Category
1766:Diaspora
1693:Missouri
1618:Kentucky
1545:Virginia
1515:Oklahoma
1500:New York
1495:Nebraska
1485:Maryland
1460:Illinois
1440:Arkansas
1279:Merikins
1224:Freedmen
1197:Mascogos
997:Populism
888:Politics
783:Religion
753:Stepping
519:Lifeways
355:Timeline
322:a series
320:Part of
225:Albanian
181:Religion
9521:Senegal
9290:Seaport
9268:Roxbury
9121:Allston
9073:FinComm
8758:History
8719:Economy
8704:Culture
8527:Writers
8492:Singers
8477:Jurists
8425:Europe
8379:Liberia
8324:Houston
8228:Detroit
8164:Indiana
8157:Chicago
8140:Atlanta
8135:Georgia
8118:Florida
8086:Alabama
8036:English
7610:Leftism
7480:Museums
7031:Kwanzaa
6956:Culture
6924:Slavery
6627:History
6555:Related
4547:1 March
4027:Roxbury
3844:Ed O.G.
3832:Benzino
3246:soldier
3133:in 1770
3068:14,763
3035:Number
2909:Mandela
2817:WGBH-TV
2770:of the
2741:dashiki
2705:WGBH-TV
2675:Roxbury
2434:Roxbury
2363:on the
2119:Senegal
2083:freeman
2037:History
2007:Haitian
1801:Liberia
1683:Georgia
1678:Florida
1608:Houston
1603:Detroit
1588:Chicago
1573:Atlanta
1465:Indiana
1455:Georgia
1450:Florida
1435:Alabama
1367:Tutnese
1246:Redbone
972:Leftism
673:Kwanzaa
630:Studies
582:Schools
511:Culture
440:Aspects
385:Slavery
347:Periods
339:History
255:Italian
245:Germans
240:Chinese
100:scholar
9506:Angola
9499:Africa
9465:France
9458:Europe
9439:Brazil
9317:Sports
9098:Police
8965:Museum
8780:People
8669:Accent
8662:Topics
8654:Boston
8539:Mayors
8457:Actors
8429:France
8421:Israel
8409:Mexico
8394:Canada
8369:Gambia
8364:Africa
8314:Austin
8279:Oregon
8218:Boston
8181:Kansas
8147:Hawaii
8065:Gullah
7875:Yoruba
7865:Gullah
7736:Sports
7654:groups
7484:Women
7021:Hoodoo
6895:(1896)
6821:Second
6797:(1857)
6742:(1956)
6689:(1954)
6269:(See:
5894:
5877:363035
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