Cao Văn Viên - Knowledge

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zone. At an assembly of top generals on March 11, 1975, Thiệu declared he would abandon the Central Highlands, trading land in order to achieve a more defensible concentration of population and troops around Saigon and the Mekong Delta. Although he had believed consolidation was necessary for some time, Viên had never voiced his concern. He finally did so at this meeting. Yet, Viên also privately believed that the war was unwinnable if the Central Highlands were abandoned. Accounts of this meeting differ, however. Some versions have Viên remaining silent regarding Thieu's consolidation decision. Whichever version is correct, the government did not prepare the army, its allies, or the public for the decision, nor did it anticipate how the decision might affect the war effort. Although Viên met with Smith shortly after the March 11 meeting, he did not inform him about Thiệu's decision—leaving the Americans unprepared for what followed. Thiệu's decision led to widespread panic among the public, and the collapse of the ARVN as they sought to protect their families. As panic set in and ARVN troops refused to fight or deserted in large numbers, Viên tried to rally his nation's troops: "We have only one way and that is to fight for our survival. The historic hour has come." Privately he expressed his belief that the Thiệu government could no longer prosecute the war effort effectively. Viên, Thiệu, Vice President Trần Văn Hương and Prime Minister Gen. Trần Thiện Khiêm consulted with General Weyand (visiting South Vietnam on a fact-finding mission) on April 1. Also present were U.S. Ambassador

799: 1040:, this was a sign that Viên himself was abandoning the fight but Smith felt that Viên and the JGS staff were working very hard to reconstitute forces which had fled and wanted to continue to fight. On April 21, Viên issued a statement that said he would not resign and intended to stay and fight. On April 27, Viên helped brief members of the National Assembly on what was likely to happen once the city fell. Kỳ later said he called Viên on April 27 and offered to lead a tank column so that they could open the road to the west and help tens of thousands of people flee the city, but Viên dissuaded him. Viên's next actions are unclear. Some accounts say that Viên then resigned, telling President Trần Văn Hương that he could not serve under Dương Văn Minh (who had returned to the country in 1968 and would be named president on April 27). But other versions of the fall of Saigon have Viên leaving Vietnam on April 28 without resigning, leaving the JGS in turmoil. 719:, Viên's deputy at the JGS, was appointed Minister of Construction and Development to revitalize the pacification program. Thắng proposed and Viên approved a plan for reform that would: 1) Require provincial chiefs to report to the Ministry of Construction and Development and the Minister for Pacification in Saigon and not military Corps commanders; 2) Strip Corps commanders of their ability to appoint province chiefs; 3) Transfer the role of Government Delegate for each province from Corps commanders to civilian political leaders; and 4) Transfer control of ARVN battalions engaged in pacification campaigns from Corps commanders to the Minister for Pacification. Viên sought the advice of Gen. Westmoreland, who agreed that the plan should be implemented. But President Thiệu repeatedly refused to implement the plan, fearing the loss of political support. Angry at Thiệu's action, Maj. Gen. Thắng resigned in January 1968 and became Viên's personal assistant. 760:, he ordered a counter-attack against the VC elements controlling access to the airport and threw them back. Due to the severe lack of personnel, Vien used almost his entire staff as combat personnel and took personal command of them in the field to repel the attack on the air base. Majors and colonels led platoons and captains and lieutenants acted as privates. Thanks to Viên's actions, JGS Headquarters remained the only secure military location in Saigon. Kỳ and most of the top generals in the city spent the next several days in Viên's office coordinating the counter-attack, sleeping on his office rug at night. Viên coordinated the city's defense throughout the first critical hours of the Tet Offensive, ordering JGS officers and staff into the streets to personally lead combat divisions throughout Saigon. Most of the fighting in the city ended by dawn the next day, although small elements held out until March 7. Viên personally led troops in 979:) of North Vietnam in December 1972. Although American losses were light overall and damage in North Vietnam heavy, American public opinion and Congressional anger ran high against the bombing campaign. North Vietnam agreed to return to the bargaining table and Nixon suspended operations against it on December 29, 1972. Nixon offered repeated, private assurances (which did not have the weight of formal diplomatic guarantees) to Thiệu several times during the first two weeks of January, but could not get him to agree to sign the peace document. When Thiệu continued to balk, Nixon told him that he would independently sign the peace accord on January 23 with or without South Vietnamese consent and Thiệu capitulated. By January 22, however, it was unclear if Thiệu would actually send a delegate to Paris to sign the documents. Viên offered to go to Paris to initial the peace agreement without Thiệu's consent, but Nixon vetoed the idea. 566:. Viên seemed an unlikely choice for such a high position, but he was one of the few generals who could not be accused of having cooperated with the French colonial regime, his loyalty to the Diem regime and his role as a coup leader made him acceptable to conservatives and liberals alike, and he was remarkably apolitical. The appointment may also not have been as important as it appeared, for the JGS was almost routinely excluded from command decisions (which were often made by South Vietnam's military presidents). He had no authority to promote colonels to general, or promote generals to higher rank. At least one historian has characterized his tenure as JGS Chief as "ineffectual". An American general later said he believed that Viên used presidential interference in JGS decision-making as a means of avoiding blame and therefore did not challenge presidential decisions as much as he might otherwise have done. Major General 637: 836:(under which there would be gradual American troop withdrawals and extensive re-arming and training of ARVN forces with the aim of leaving the war completely in the hands of the South Vietnamese), Viên and other South Vietnamese military leaders were rarely consulted or informed ahead of time about these decisions. For example, when the U.S. considered an immediate halt to all bombing of North Vietnam in October 1968, only Thiệu was consulted. Viên nonetheless was forced to help implement Vietnamization. Based on the conversations in Hawaii six months earlier, he held the first JGS discussions on American troop withdrawals in January 1969. Viên remained silent about his views of the American policy, but his aides were extremely pessimistic about its success. Viên did, however, support 671:

pretense of holding a meeting of the Armed Forces Council (an informal body of senior army, navy, and air force leaders to discuss military policy), Lt. Gen. Viên forced the military to resolve the crisis by unofficially backing one of the two candidates. With the assent of Prime Minister Kỳ, the support was unofficial so that if the military's candidate did not win the loss would not be seen as a public lack of confidence in the armed forces. After a three-day meeting, the military agreed to support Thiệu for president and Kỳ for executive vice president. Viên may have supported a Kỳ candidacy at first. According to Ky, Viên was for a short time considered for the presidency, but Viên refused and no majority formed behind his candidacy. Viên subsequently traveled to

1237: 1413: 1402: 1249: 1225: 1326: 1214: 1315: 1304: 1261: 1283: 1336: 732: 1440: 1294: 1272: 1375: 747:(the Vietnamese New Year), Westmoreland had advised Viên to limit the traditional Tết cease-fire to just 24 hours. Viên tried but failed to win approval for this limitation. Viet Cong and PAVN forces attacked I and II Corps shortly after midnight on January 31, and Saigon and III Corps at about 3 AM local time. Not alerted to the extent of the battle but realizing after several hours that a major attack on Saigon was under way, Viên was forced to drive himself through the back streets of Saigon at 7 AM to reach JGS headquarters at 881:

Vietnam to survive. Beginning in 1970, he asked to be relieved as Chief of the JGS and assigned command of the Airborne Brigade, but Thiệu refused each time (wishing to retain the apolitical general in this critical role). As Vietnamization continued, Viên clamped down once more on the American press. He led JGS staff in exercises in determining how much territory ARVN could defend with varying amounts of U.S. aid. He also began planning independent military operations to cope with the effects of Vietnamization. Although General

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only two months. Viên also worked to improve the relationship between his military leaders and their American advisors. When a leading general complained that American advisors were interfering in the chain of command, Viên held a meeting of all senior military leaders to smooth over the differences and reassure his commanders. Unlike many senior South Vietnamese military leaders, he was not shy of strongly criticizing units and commanders which he felt did not perform well. He said the

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bombing raids on suspected Viet Cong and PAVN staging and supply areas throughout Cambodia. In his press conference on August 10, Gen. Viên briefly discussed the existence of the secret bombings, and declared them a failure. The U.S. government immediately and categorically denied that any such bombings had taken place. Gen. Viên was the first high military official in either South Vietnam or the United States to admit that the U.S. was bombing Cambodia.

474: 501:(Knight). The Silver Star citation said that while leading his men in an anti-communist assault, and despite "the confusion and inferno of enemy fire" from both sides and an arm and shoulder wound, Vien "continued to exercise command vigorously and effectively until the enemy had been routed". Viên was the first senior South Vietnamese military officer to be wounded in the field. His actions won him widespread respect from American military officers. 1389: 1063:, and that General Abrams respected Viên deeply. Smith said, "I was most impressed with this gentleman. Our relationship was one of complete candor on the matters he chose to discuss. ... I never heard him say an unkind thing about anyone. Despite the obvious facts of too little support and the failing prospects of getting more support, he was never bitter. He was a very gracious person." In a top secret report in July 1970, Colonel 3757:

also liked not to see close cooperation between the General Staff and the four Corps Headquarters. ... He was all the time afraid of a government by the generals. (He did not even want them to meet with each other.) He had in mind that if all these people together to talk about the military situation, they would also discuss the political situation and make a coup." See: Hosmer, Kellen, and Jenkins,

615:, was "the worst division in ARVN, and possibly the worst division in any army." He instituted modern accounting systems to improve the payment of salaries and benefits, and fought for and won a harsh new law designed to catch and punish deserters. He also retained a limited role in commanding troops in the field. At the command of Prime Minister Kỳ, he personally led troops to 679: 1467: 1190:, and a construction company that built approximately 20 to 30 homes each year. She also owned extensive tracts of land, and, for a time after moving to the US, she ran an import-export business which specialized in Vietnamese handicrafts. She was also said to sell favors and military and political promotions. 827:

Viên continued to act as chief strategist for South Vietnamese armed forces, but his influence was increasingly impaired. In June 1968, he advocated that the U.S. resume bombing of North Vietnam. In September 1968, he advocated the invasion and occupation of Cambodia, Laos and southern North Vietnam.

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for the VC, and elements of the C-10 Sapper Battalion were assigned to attack the complex. Shortly after his arrival, VC seized control of Gate 4 at the airport and were threatening to attack JGS Headquarters. By sheer luck, two armed and supplied battalions were at Tân Sơn Nhứt awaiting transport to

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Gen. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu both sought the presidency. With the U.S. military preparing for a major expansion in its armed forces in Vietnam, American diplomats and senior military officers made it clear that they would not tolerate another military coup or interference in the electoral process. Under the

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study in 1978 quoted an unnamed South Vietnamese general to provide a possible explanation: "President Thieu had in his mind all the time the fear of a coup against himself, and he was very happy to have General Cao Van Vien, a very quiet man, a not very exciting man, to be chief of staff. And Thieu

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and Vietnamization all took equal importance) and assisted Abrams with developing the Combined (US/SVN) Strategic Objective Plan of 1969. The plan involved the transfer of hundreds of American military camps to the South Vietnamese armed forces. Many ARVN officers criticized Viên's plan to base ARVN

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of April 1966 and helped crush the rebellion of General Nguyễn Chánh Thi. He also instituted new fire control procedures designed to reduce air and artillery strikes against civilian targets. Even as late as 1968, he was in the field assessing the use of modern weapons (such as heavy helicopters and

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Vietnam was organized into four military zones, and each Corps was assigned a zone. A hierarchical political system of local village leaders, district chiefs, and provincial chiefs existed, with the local and provincial political systems reporting to military rather than political/civilian leaders.

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Accusations were also frequently made that Viên's wife had enriched the family due to her husband's position, although there was almost no evidence to support such claims. In September 1970, a member of the National Assembly accused Viên of extensive corruption. After the fall of Saigon, Nguyễn Văn

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Viên was present at the fateful meeting in March 1975 which led to South Vietnam's collapse. At the end of February 1975, Thiệu (accompanied by Viên and Prime Minister Gen. Trần Thiện Khiêm) made a brief visit to Cam Ranh Bay to assess the military situation in South Vietnam's northernmost military

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On August 10, 1967, Viên held his first press conference since becoming Chief of the JGS or Defense Minister, and accidentally revealed the existence of a secret, major bombing campaign against Viet Cong and PAVN troops in Cambodia. Since 1965, the United States had been making increasingly regular

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were appointed to a committee to investigate and root out corruption among the top South Vietnamese military leadership. More than 50 ARVN officers were removed from service in the campaign's first push. (After the war ended, however, Viên was accused of refusing to act on accusations of corruption

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in February 1966 to discuss the plan, but Johnson refused to authorize U.S. military support for the campaign and it never went forward. In September 1966, Viên sought and won command of the Vietnamese Navy and for the first time integrated naval plans into JGS planning, but this arrangement lasted

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The summer of 1967, Viên played a critical role in helping overcome a political crisis in the government. In September 1966, South Vietnamese voters elected a Constituent Assembly which was charged with writing a new constitution for the Republic of Vietnam. The new constitution was promulgated in

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and was unable to work. Viên was a lifelong adherent of Buddhism; fluent in English, French and Laotian; never smoked tobacco or drank alcohol; and loved birds. He became an American citizen in 1982. He kept bees and allowed them to sting him to dull the pain of his arthritis, but this unorthodox

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in 1973. A tentative agreement between the United States and North Vietnam was reached in late October 1972, but Thiệu rejected the accord and demanded 69 changes. Concerned that North Vietnam might pull out of the negotiations altogether and seek to defeat the South Vietnamese, Nixon ordered the

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were lost to PAVN forces Thiệu consulted with Viên but continued to personally direct the war without general staff assistance. Viên still believed ARVN capable of defeating the insurgents if his military forces were given enough supplies. As the Easter Offensive ended in October, speculation was

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by March 1. A worried Viên met with Abrams, Thiệu and Bunker on March 3 to discuss a change in tactics, and concluded that ARVN airborne forces would make an assault on the abandoned town of Tchepone and occupy it. The assault was successful, and two days later a withdrawal began. The withdrawal

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on January 11, 1971, and proposed their plan. With Laird's tentative approval, Viên met with Abrams and worked out the military details. Viên had proposed an invasion of Laos "countless" times since 1965, making it one of his top strategic goals but the invasion was a disaster. Poor roads, rough

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would now be civilians rather than military personnel. He was also a member of the National Security Council, a body created by the new constitution to advise the President and Prime Minister on issues of national importance. He continued to act as a chief military strategist for the government,

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with Vien's wife, and had convinced Minh that Vien would not oppose the coup. Vien had planned with Diem to allow the president to take refuge at his home in the event of a coup, but the offer could not be taken up because the rebels surrounded Vien's house after taking him into custody. Another

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Viên continued to worry about the prosecution of the war effort. He told the press and his American military advisors that he expected the United States to maintain a force of at least 250,000 troops on the ground for the next several years, and that if the U.S. did not he did not expect South

438:, he reportedly broke down in tears and resigned, refusing to go along with the putsch. Vien was not aware of the plot, and the generals had discussed whether to assassinate him during their planning phase because they knew he was a Diem admirer. His loyalty to the conspirators now suspect, a 1174:

Viên's wife, Tao Thi Tran, was the daughter of one of the largest landowners in the Mekong Delta. Her father was executed by the Viet Cong and her family's land confiscated. A savvy businesswoman, she built a large number of businesses while her husband was in the military. She owned and ran

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Thiệu replaced Viên as Defense Minister with Lt. Gen. Nguyễn Văn Vy on November 98, 1967. Viên's departure was not seen as a snub or loss of political power, but rather as a way of relieving him of the less important duties of Defense Minister so that he could focus on prosecuting the war.

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In addition to his National Order of Vietnam, Silver Star, and Legion of Merit, General Viên was awarded eight other medals from the governments of the Philippines, Taiwan, South Korea, and Thailand. He also received the following honors from the Republic of Vietnam as of 1967:

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into Cambodia to strike at Viet Cong and PAVN staging and supply areas. He also reorganized the ARVN command structure, providing for joint command of III and IV Corps while operating inside Cambodia and the establishment of a Cambodian military liaison officer to the JGS.

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had been replaced as Defense Minister by Lt. Gen. Viên. Viên did not, however, assume the post of Deputy Prime Minister as the Defense Minister usually did. Viên was promoted to full General on February 5, 1967. In his role as Defense Minister, General Viên and Lt. Gen.

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refugees in the country. Viên (like Kỳ) opposed the appointment of Trần Văn Hương as Prime Minister, and Kỳ signalled to Thiệu that he would not like to see Viên or the other generals who supported Kỳ removed from their positions. Viên subsequently accompanied Thiệu to

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Viên ordered heightened security for the 1974 Tết holiday, and in April 1974 traveled to the United States to plead (unsuccessfully) for more military aid. He was appointed a member of the Presidential Military Council in 1975 along with generals Trần Thiện Khiêm and

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Ngái (a former Minister of Rural Development and former Senator in the National Assembly) also accused the Viêns of corruption. Another unsubstantiated claim was that the Viêns had deposited $ 1 million in a bank in Guam during their flight from South Vietnam.

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account has him accepting the coup after being informed of it. General Lâm Quang Thi later recalled that Viên was a Diem loyalist, but remained neutral during the coup. Viên was briefly imprisoned and stripped of his command, but reinstated a month later.

1131:, in which he argued that cutbacks in military assistance and a lack of U.S. air power led to the defeat of the South Vietnamese government. After finishing his work for the U.S. Army, Viên considered teaching French literature, but he suffered from 578:(Commander, III Corps) were both particularly loyal to Viên, and helped the South Vietnamese government retain some degree of political stability. His control over the Corps was further strengthened when Prime Minister Kỳ appointed Brigadier General 690:

Thiệu had initially signalled that he would replace Viên as Defense Minister with Lt. Gen. Vy if he won the presidency. But when Thiệu won the presidential election on September 3, he agreed to keep Viên as Defense Minister even though most of the

715:" pacification tactics. Although the American and South Vietnamese governments both realized the importance of pacification, the pacification program showed few results and was close to collapse by mid-1967. In September 1967, Major General 967:

rife that the Thiệu government might not be able to survive. Viên was among the individuals who South Vietnamese and American officials felt might be able to form a coalition government with the Viet Cong, if such an action were necessary.

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in June 1969, where the two men learned of Nixon's intention to withdraw 25,000 American troops from South Vietnam within 60 days. In what became the then-largest single transfer of military equipment to South Vietnam, Viên received 64

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support for his government. As Chief of Staff of the JGS, he controlled troop movements around the capital and assigned officers to a few critical positions. He supported Khanh and helped suppress a counter-coup by Major General

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in 1957. By 1960, he had completed parachute training with both the Vietnamese and American military, earned his Vietnamese combat pilot's license, and earned his American combat helicopter pilot's license. Viên was promoted to

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Thiệu considered replacing Viên as JGS Chair in June 1968, but kept him in the position. Viên remained a strong supporter of Kỳ, who remained a very powerful figure in the government and had the support of nearly 1 million

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However, in 2000, newly declassified American military documents revealed that the secret bombing of Cambodia had been extensive, frequent, and heavy since at least 1965 and had ranged over nearly the entire country. See:

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in November 1966. With this appointment, Viên (along with Kỳ, Khang, and director of information Lt. Gen. Nguyễn Bảo Trí) was considered by American observers to be one of the most powerful people in the government.

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Except for village leaders and the national Assembly, most political leaders were appointed by the Corps commanders rather than elected. See: Tuohy, William. "Ky Replaces Three Cabinet Ministers In South Vietnam",

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terrain and a much higher than expected number of PAVN artillery and machine gun positions (which interdicted airborne resupply efforts) brought the invasion to a halt halfway to its intended target of the city of

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working with Gen. Westmoreland on the Combined Campaign Plan for 1967. In his role as Chief of the JGS and Defense Minister, Viên was the highest-ranking government official to greet President Johnson at

1127:, His wife started an export-import business. For a time, Viên was paid $ 1,500 a month by the U.S. Army to write monographs about the conduct of the Vietnam War. His most comprehensive analysis was 4060:

Accessed 2010-02-27. According to this study, all four Corps areas could be held with $ 1.5 billion in aid per year, but only I and II Corps areas could be held with $ 700 million a year. See: p. 8.

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on June 10, 1965, Viên held U.S. forces from attacking—keeping the U.S. out of the war at a time when the United States was still attempting to avoid active involvement in the war. When President

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Brigadier General R. W. Taylor and taken to an undisclosed location before being reunited with his family. The Viên family had strong ties to the U.S. already: In 1973, Viên's oldest son was a

266:'s military leaders, he was previously called an "absolute key figure" and one of "the most important Vietnamese military leaders" in the U.S.-led fighting during the Vietnam War. Along with 378:

officer. After the formation of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) in 1955, he was appointed chief of military logistics for the ARVN Joint General Staff. He graduated from the

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Vien later criticised the U.S. and South Vietnam for not pressing home their advantage and going on a large-scale offensive in an attempt to totally defeat the communists immediately.

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and South Korea in May 1969. Viên's political position remained unstable, however. Several times in 1969 and 1970, Trần Văn Hương advised Thiệu to replace Vien with Lt. Gen.

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and appointed Chief of Staff of the Special Military Staff in the office of the President of the Republic in 1956. He and his family moved to a modest home in the

4937: 427: 5651: 3069: 2654:"Invade North, Viet Military Chief Urges" United Press International; September 27, 1968; Tuohy, William. "S. Viet General Gives Details of Barrier Plan", 752: 379: 1147:. His son Cao Anh Tuan died in 1996, and his son Cao Anh Dzung disappeared and has never been found. Viên lived his last years at Sleepy Hollow Manor, an 562:

on November 1, 1965, during the celebrations accompanying the second anniversary of Diem's assassination, and by January 1966 had been promoted again to

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March 1967, and local elections held. A presidential election was scheduled for September 3, 1967, but Air Marshal and Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and

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troops in these static positions, arguing that it isolated the Army from the populace, hurt morale and reduced mobility. Viên accompanied Thiệu to

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and establishing a defensive line across the southern portion of that country in order to cut off the Viet Cong's flow of supplies coming down the

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At the time that he left South Vietnam, the American press believed that Viên was one of the wealthiest generals able to escape the country. The

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For three decades, historians believed that the bombing raids had been few, irregular, and limited to border areas until the implementation of

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As of April 1968, he was still the only senior officer to be so wounded. See: Tuohy, William. "S. Viet Chief of Staff Reported to Have Quit",

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Gen. Viên accompanied Prime Minister Kỳ and President Thiệu to this meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, in July 1968 with President Lyndon Johnson.

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I Corps. Viên immediately ordered their dispersal throughout the city of Saigon, preventing a collapse in the city's defense. Retaining two

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resigned on June 17, 1965, and now-Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ succeeded him, Viên was made a member of the military council which acted as a

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R-2208-OSD (HIST). Report prepared for Historian, Office of the Secretary of Defense, United States Department of Defense. December 1978.

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and hotels that catered to U.S. military personnel and diplomats, as well as a number of other businesses at different times including a

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said he had "a very warm personal working relationship" with Viên, and described the general as a "major factor in getting things done".

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In the aftermath of the Tet Offensive, Viên became convinced that North Vietnam intended to cut South Vietnam in two by occupying the

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Viên was appointed Chief of Staff of the Joint General Staff (JGS) on September 11, 1964, after President Khanh dismissed General

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and met with exiled general Dương Văn Minh, warning him not to return to South Vietnam in an attempt to seek the presidency.

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reported that "repeated American complaints" had prevented Viên himself from accumulating wealth or engaging in corruption.

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Cao Văn Viên left South Vietnam for the United States on April 28, 1975. He arrived in the U.S. on April 29, 1975, aboard a

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on September 14, 1964. He helped put down another coup on September 27. Along with General Nguyễn Chánh Thi, Air Commodore

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indicating that limited amounts of critical supplies and equipment were coming, but that the ARVN had to hold its ground.

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in December 1964. He led the then-biggest helicopter attack of the war in February 1965. When Viet Cong forces launched a

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as a lieutenant, where he met and became friendly with many of South Vietnam's later military leaders. He twice served in

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At a high-level meeting of cabinet officials and generals in October 1970, Viên again sought and won support for a plan (

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Viên nonetheless attempted to be an active strategic thinker and reformer as JGS Chief. In 1965, he proposed invading

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Viên's role as Chief of JGS became more advisory after 1971. After the PAVN's success during the early months of the

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The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam

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As Defense Minister, Gen. Viên also attempted to reform the government's pacification campaign. The failure of the

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Major General Nguyen Van Hieu, ARVN: A Revealing Insight of the ARVN and a Unique Perspective of the Vietnam War

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called by Westmoreland and attended by Westmoreland, Lt. Gen. Lê Nguyên Khang (Commander of III Corps), General

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May 3, 1972; "N. Viet Invasion Stalls as Allies Launch Huge Counteroffensive", Associated Press; April 4, 1972

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The secret U.S. bombing campaign in Cambodia was accidentally revealed by Defense Minister Viên in August 1967

5621: 5463: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 1471: 1070:

There are some critics, however. General Lâm Quang Thi called him a "colorless" man who preferred practicing

940: 922: 608: 1401: 1325: 914:

turned into an undisciplined, panicked retreat with very heavy losses which was completed on April 6, 1971.

477:

National Order of Vietnam, Knight, awarded to Col. Viên for his actions at the Battle of Kiến Phong in 1964.

5433: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 533: 396: 169: 1774:

The Twenty-Five Year Century: A South Vietnamese General Remembers the Indochina War to the Fall of Saigon

5523: 5443: 5328: 1406: 1307: 1144: 959: 768: 514: 490: 193: 77: 5553: 5488: 1081: 505: 404: 267: 5666: 5513: 5275: 2215: 1444: 1101: 5478: 5473: 579: 526: 5503: 5468: 5413: 5323: 5004: 4999: 1218: 498: 482: 207: 173: 5543: 4744:"Comments By These Interviewees On Counterpart Relationships - The Strategic Technical Directorate." 1213: 443: 431: 5120: 5011: 4994: 2362:

Spencer Tucker Vietnam 1999 p117 "In 1965 ARVN General Cao Văn Viên suggested fortifying a zone .."

704: 583: 558:

Viên was promoted to Chief of the Joint General Staff (JGS) on October 1, 1965. He was promoted to

420: 388: 351: 181: 130: 5558: 5518: 5438: 1033: 645: 5308: 5145: 5105: 4989: 4146:

February 7, 1971; McArthur, George. "Despite Borders, War Seems Destined to Fill All Indochina",

3157: 1314: 1303: 1297: 1187: 976: 933: 757: 571: 5508: 5423: 1260: 885:

met with him in April 1970 to warn against it, Viên began planning for ARVN troops to engage in

400: 3936:

January 21, 1969; "Summer Start Seen for Viet Troop Pullout", Associated Press February 8, 1969

2604: 1329: 1282: 1124: 816:

for yet another meeting with President Johnson in July 1968 and to an eight-day state visit to

5568: 5538: 5483: 5343: 5333: 4899:"Former Aide Says Thieu, Profiting by Control of Corrupt Regime, Left Vietnam a Billionaire", 4129:

Shuster, Alvin. "Plan to Cut Enemy's Lines in Laos, Long Rejected, Was Revived 3 Months Ago",

567: 447: 5528: 5418: 5378: 5222: 5212: 4645:

President Thiệu had resigned on April 21, 1975. See: Browne, Malcolm W. "10-Year Rule Ends",

3327:

Vietnam, the Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict

1950:

The Art of Insurgency: American Military Policy and the Failure of Strategy in Southeast Asia

1335: 918: 894: 775:

more than 185 miles (298 km) to the north. On April 1, 1968, Viên attended a meeting at

541: 518: 371: 4212:"Laird Sure Foreign Aid Cuts Will Be Restored" United Press International. November 4, 1971. 2421: 1648:

A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam,

1439: 731: 5611: 5606: 5548: 5533: 5373: 5368: 4010:

A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam

3885:"Red Gunners, Evading Allied Sweep, Shell Southern Saigon", Associated Press; June 15, 1968 3312:

Apple, Jr., R. W. "Johnson Backs Military Leaders More Firmly Than Ever in Vietnam Visit",

3174: 1132: 1105: 936: 869: 772: 692: 655: 575: 327: 323: 278:

Viên was born to Vietnamese parents in Vientiane, Laos, in December 1921. His father was a

5498: 5363: 5348: 3134:

The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships

982:

Viên was the most senior South Vietnamese official to represent the government as General

650: 8: 5453: 5393: 5313: 1607: 1318: 1293: 1286: 1176: 1152: 983: 971: 944: 821: 659: 509: 259: 177: 93: 5563: 5448: 5403: 5383: 3596:

Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army, 1961-1973

783:(who was due to succeed Westmoreland on June 10, 1968) and Deputy Ambassador to Vietnam 463: 5358: 5338: 5303: 5207: 5202: 5187: 5166: 4952: 4603:

April 22, 1975; Butterfield, Fox. "Thieu, Day After Speech, Reported Still in Charge",

3971:

Smith, Hedrick. "Nixon to Reduce Vietnam Force, Pulling Out 25,000 G.I.'s By Aug. 31",

3630:

Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1997.

1527: 1184: 854: 844: 640:

General William Westmoreland presents the Silver Star to General Cao Van Vien, May 1967

563: 537: 522: 384: 375: 5398: 4743: 1374: 419:

were no longer acting alone but were being led and reinforced by regular units of the

5280: 5182: 4853: 4797: 4695: 4675: 4663: 4520: 4505: 4493: 4473: 4428: 4363: 4351: 4328: 4316: 4304: 4279: 4276:

America at War Since 1945: Politics and Diplomacy in Korea, Vietnam, and the Gulf War

4267: 4171: 4074: 4013: 3899: 3857: 3834: 3682: 3670: 3631: 3599: 3572: 3545: 3514: 3485: 3406: 3355: 3330: 3297: 3262: 3199: 3187: 3165: 3137: 3061: 3049: 3003: 2945: 2922: 2883: 2732: 2636: 2611: 2589: 2487: 2439: 2436:

Schreadley, Richard L. "From the Rivers to the Sea: The United States Navy in Vietnam

2396: 2308: 2296: 2147: 2120: 2058: 2001: 1978: 1953: 1924: 1797: 1777: 1724: 1664: 1502: 1368: 1271: 1076: 1055:

Assessments of Cao Văn Viên's military career are generally positive. In his memoir,

882: 624: 599: 595: 467: 450:

during the planning for the coup and convinced Minh to save Viên's life. Dinh played

355: 331: 5318: 3713:

Weinraub, Bernard. "Head of South Vietnam's Forces Quits Amid Reports of Shake-Up",

2162:"South Vietnamese General Receives U.S. Silver Star", Associated Press May 13, 1967. 1466: 435: 5573: 5227: 5197: 4912:"Refugee Generals Live High on Hog" United Press International. September 18, 1975. 4470:

Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience.

4053: 3753: 3663: 2171: 1093: 1064: 1060: 963: 951: 840: 784: 780: 107: 5353: 3383:

Mohr, Charles. "High Saigon Aide Likely to Get Job of Revitalizing the Military",

270:

he was one of only two four-star generals in the entire history of South Vietnam.

5388: 5217: 4932: 4750: 4513: 4142:

McArthur, George. "Laos Invasion Seen Aborted by Last-Minute Washington Doubts",

4056:

The Fall of South Vietnam: Statements by Vietnamese Military and Civilian Leaders

3073: 1522: 1379: 1148: 905: 808: 708: 530: 442:

was thrust into his back and he was moments from being killed. But Major General

250:(December 21, 1921 – January 22, 2008) was a four-star army general in the 217: 31:. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the 20: 3058:

On the Offensive: The Australian Army in the Vietnam War, January 1967-June 1968

2978:

Randolph, John. "Ky Drops His Presidential Bid, Takes 2nd Spot on Thieu Slate",

2823:"Ky Reported Ready to Oust 5 More Generals", Associated Press; February 6, 1967. 2801:

January 27, 1967; Tuohy, William. "Ky Returns to Saigon, OKs General's Ouster",

4552: 4404: 3153: 1815:

First Lieutenant, Deputy Head of Administrative Section, Defense Ministry, 1951

1156: 1044: 1015: 999: 986:

and the final contingent of U.S. ground troops left Vietnam on March 29, 1973.

860: 833: 712: 2671:

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Army, 1974; "Saigon Names Navy Head"

5600: 5192: 4970: 4945: 2768: 2084:

January 31, 1964; "New Viet Coup" United Press International January 30, 1964

2073: 1357: 1159:

on January 22, 2008. He was survived by his daughter and five grandchildren.

1022: 829: 740: 667: 559: 391:

neighborhood of Saigon (where he lived until April 1975). He was promoted to

347: 335: 263: 112: 3945:

Ayres, Jr., B. Drummond. "South Vietnamese Troops Showing Uneven Progress",

2729:

The Lotus Unleashed: The Buddhist Peace Movement in South Vietnam, 1964-1966

2257:"Dissidents Offer to Mediate" United Press International. December 21, 1964. 4925: 2752: 2424:

Residual Defense Attaché Office, Saigon. May 30, 1975. Accessed 2010-02-15.

1364: 1120: 849: 697: 363: 287: 158: 3162:

The Tragedy of Cambodian History: Politics, War, and Revolution Since 1945

2747:

May 16, 1966; Sheehan, Neil. "Danang Monks Threaten Suicide If Attacked",

1499:

Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History

1278:(12 citations: eight with palm, two with silver star, two with brass star) 4238:

October 21, 1972; "Saigon Official Says Thieu Prepares Plans for Truce",

4040:

Smith, Terrence. "Vietnam: This Visit, the Topic Is: 'How to Get Out?'",

2080:

January 30, 1964; Smith, Hedrick. "New Saigon Chief Tightening His Rule'

1432: 1109: 1026: 494: 315: 307: 299: 295: 291: 255: 212: 4815:

Denman, Della. "Women of Vietnam: Some Grew Strong in the Face of War",

4711:"Minh Surrenders, Vietcong In Saigon". Associated Press. April 30, 1975. 4459:"Secret Viet Talks Reported" United Press International. March 19, 1975. 4378:

McArthur, George. "America's Last Farewell to Vietnam—Some Even Cried",

2805:

January 27, 1967; Randal, Jonathan. "Chief of Defense Named By Saigon",

2688:

December 9, 1966; Tuohy, William. "Viet Adviser Rift Feared Spreading",

2524:

Tuohy, William. "Ky Replaces Three Cabinet Ministers In South Vietnam",

654:

presented to him.) Viên also strongly criticized in a letter to General

5135: 4098:

Coughlin, William J. "Viet, Cambodia Military Leaders Set Up Liaison",

3214:"No Flights Over Cambodia" United Press International. August 11, 1967. 3178: 1180: 1116: 1037: 473: 32: 4860:; Shipler, David K. "Businessmen Flocking in to Study South Vietnam", 2701:

Randal, Jonathan. "Vietnam's Army: Sometimes It Only Seems to Fight",

700:

when he made his second battle-zone trip to Vietnam in December 1967.

4358:; Lipsman, Samuel; Weiss, Stephen, Dougan, Clark; and Fulghum, David 4327:

Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, U.S. Air Force, 1985.

4111:

Blumenthal, Ralph. "Thieu Ends Parley, but Saigon Gives No Details",

3984:"U.S. Turns Over 64 River Patrol Gunboats to South Vietnamese Navy", 3090:

Apple, Jr., R. W. "Junta in Saigon Drawing Up Plan to Retain Power",

2853: 2144:

The Tragedy of the Vietnam War: A South Vietnamese Officer's Analysis

955: 776: 416: 359: 311: 303: 283: 73: 5408: 3226:

Tuohy, William. "50 S. Viet Army Officers Charged With Corruption",

1998:

The Making of a Quagmire: America and Vietnam During the Kennedy Era

921:", Viên also spread rumors that ARVN troops might invade across the 489:. While commanding troops during action in Kiến Phong Province (now 3811:"Thieu Goes on Korean, Taiwan Trip", Associated Press; May 27, 1969 3798:

Mohr, Charles. "Thieu Seeks U.S. Pledges At Meeting With Johnson",

3439:"Saigon General Quits the Army", Associated Press; January 27, 1968 1394: 910: 672: 546: 412: 279: 150:

October 26, 1955 – April 30, 1975 (Army of the Republic of Vietnam)

4692:

The Second Indochina War: A Concise Political and Military History

4672:

Politics in War: The bases of Political Community in South Vietnam

4323:; McCarthy, James R.; Allison, George B.; and Rayfield, Robert E. 3958:

Dommen, Arthur J. "Viet Officers Skeptical About Camp Transfers",

3403:

Politics in War: The Bases of Political Community in South Vietnam

1084:

described him as "a mediocre staff officer, without imagination."

1080:

reporter George McArthur called him "something of a prima donna."

4886:

McArthur, George. "Anticorruption Unit Sidesteps Viet Generals",

3031:

Tuohy, William. "Viet Military Won't Put Candidate in Election",

2714:

Apple, Jr., R. W. "South Vietnam's Armed Forces Cut Desertions",

2672: 2227:

Grose, Peter. "Khanh, Back at the Helm, Lauds Younger Officers",

1140: 926: 744: 620: 616: 451: 392: 239: 24: 4873:

Kaiser, Robert G. "Saigon Generals Make Up Strong 'New Class'",

4734:

Smith, "End of Tour/End of Mission Report", May 30, 1975, p. 22.

2515:

Smith, "End of Tour/End of Mission Report", May 30, 1975, p. 13.

2460:

Tuohy, William. "S. Viet Chief of Staff Reported to Have Quit",

318:, and joined independent fighter groups. He was captured by the 3833:

Paperback ed. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2005.

3448:

Tuohy, William. "Saigon Military Shifts Show Lack of Leaders",

1459: 1108:

at American University and his second-oldest son was attending

864:

The Legion of Merit, Commander, awarded to General Viên in 1969

817: 813: 644:

On January 26, 1967, Prime Minister Kỳ announced that Lt. Gen.

486: 319: 4555:"Thieu Is Reported Ready to Act On Generals Who Gave Ground", 4313:

The Limits of Air Power: The American Bombing of North Vietnam

1025:

and Smith. Weyand delivered a personal message from President

258:. He rose to the position of Chairman of the South Vietnamese 3919:

Randolph, John. "Rumors of Bomb Halt Sweep Official Saigon",

3018:

Tuohy, William. "M'Namara Back Home After 5-Day Viet Visit",

3000:

Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam

2739:; Foisie, Jack. "Da Nang Peace Snag Seen in Generals' Rift", 2684:

Tuohy, William. "Saigon General Charges: U.S. Aides Meddle",

1952:

Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998.

1750:

Tuohy, William. "New Defense Minister for S. Vietnam Named",

947:

in November 1971 to discuss the effect of military aid cuts.

925:

and invade North Vietnam (rumors intended to keep three PAVN

439: 53: 4660:

The Fall of Saigon: Scenes From the Sudden End of a Long War

4054:

Hosmer, Stephen T.; Kellen, Konrad; and Jenkins, Brian AVI.

3876:

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1980

3464:

Randolph, John. "Saigon Cabinet List Wins Public Approval",

2266:

Foisie, Jack. "Biggest Copter Attack of Viet War Launched",

1818:

Chief, Press and Information Section, Defense Ministry, 1951

415:. Based on his experiences, Viên concluded in 1961 that the 3773:"Saigon Shake-Up" United Press International. May 18, 1968. 3370:

Tuohy, William. "Ky's Army Switches to Pacification Role",

3259:

The Viet Nam Peace Negotiations: Saigon's Side of the Story

3239:

Apple, Jr., R. W. "Thieu Said to Plan A Civilian Cabinet",

3164:

Reprint ed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993.

2960:

Tuohy, William. "Ky Announces He Will Run for Presidency",

2633:

Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land: The Vietnam War Revisited

1071: 898: 603: 591: 2771:. "U.S. Taking Steps to Avoid Bombing Vietnam Civilians", 4632:

Sterba, James P. "Captain Midnight Becomes Civilian Ky",

4539:

April 2, 1975; "Battle Rages Only 38 Miles From Saigon",

4278:

Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996.

4234:

Butterfield, Fox. "Kissinger Confers with Thieu 2d Day",

3160:

between March 1969 and May 1970. See: Chandler, David P.

2731:

Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2006.

2586:

The Blood Road: The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War

1633:

Smith, Philip. "Key Vietnam Army Figure Becomes Citizen"

1604:

Holley, Joe. "Cao Van Vien, South Vietnam 4-Star General"

678: 462:

in which President Dương Văn Minh was toppled by General

5632:

Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College

4502:

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4446:

Butterfield, Fox. "Hanoi Aide Cites Key Thieu 'Error'",

4186:

McArthur, George. "Epic Battle Possible in South Laos",

3785:

Lescze, Lee. "Huong, Aides Consulting on Viet Cabinet",

3681:

Reprint ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2002.

3662:

The Americans would abandon Khe Sanh by June 1968. See:

3182:

October 2006; Young, Marilyn Blatt and Buzzanco, Robert

3077:

July 7, 1967; Apple, Jr., R. W. "Ky's Political Plans",

2540:

Tuohy, William. "Ky Cuts Power of Generals in Shuffle",

4012:

Reprint ed. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007.

3667:

First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps

2371:"Saigon Command Affirms Decision on Jan. 21-24 Truce", 2205:"Viet Coup Rumor", Associated Press; September 12, 1964 358:

in 1949. He rose quickly through the ranks, becoming a

5642:

South Vietnamese military personnel of the Vietnam War

4073:

Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2001.

4031:

Headquarters. Department of the Army. December 4, 1969

2797:

Randal, Jonathan. "Premier Ky Back From Trip Abroad",

2349:

Apple, Jr., R. W. "Diem's Downfall Marked in Saigon",

2231:

September 15, 1964; "Reform Demands Handed to Khanh",

1921:

The War Managers: American Generals Reflect on Vietnam

1776:

Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press, 2001.

1009: 901:

to cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Viên and Thiệu met with

4089:"Thai Premier Visits Vietnam" Reuters. June 20, 1970. 3198:

Washington, D.C.: Department of the Air Force, 2001.

2942:

The Vietnam War: Vietnamese and American Perspectives

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Military School, graduating with a commission in the

4301:

Palace Cobra: A Fighter Pilot in the Vietnam Air War

3848: 3846: 3739:

Roberts, Gene. "Ky Urges Support for Thieu Regime",

3175:

Owen, Taylor and Kiernan, Bob. "Bombs Over Cambodia"

2560:"Saigon General Discounts Value of Raids on North", 2456: 2454: 2452: 2305:

Contagion of War (1965–1967): The Vietnam Experience

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The Eyewitness History of the Vietnam War, 1961-1975

735:

ARVN soldiers defend Saigon during the Tet Offensive

380:

United States Army Command and General Staff College

310:

rule, he soon concluded that Hồ's movement was more

4407:"The Vietnam Debacle—Treachery, Greed, Brutality", 4168:

Into Laos: The Story of Dewey Canyon II/Lam Son 719

4029:"General Order No. 8. Legion of Merit Awards - VI." 3856:Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press, 2004. 3781: 3779: 3426:Mohr, Charles. "Thieu Is Delaying Reform of Army", 2743:April 8, 1966; Sheehan, Neil. "Fight Lasts A Day", 2336:Apple, Jr., R. W. "Ky Vows to Help Rural Vietnam", 2000:Rev. ed. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008. 1923:Reprint ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 1991. 764:, the counter-offensive which began on February 3. 4674:Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973. 3405:Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973. 3103:Tuohy, William. "Viet Junta Pushes Ky Candidacy", 148:1949 – October 25, 1955 (Vietnamese National Army) 4694:2d ed. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009. 4586:McArthur, George. "Weyand's Hard-Nosed Message", 4425:Nixon, Ford, and the Abandonment of South Vietnam 4350:Robert Cowley, ed. New York: Random House, 2005. 4199:Kamm, Henry. "Invasion Rumor Spreads in Saigon", 3843: 3544:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. 3136:Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995. 2856:. "Saigon Curbs on U.S. Press Disturb Pentagon", 2755:. "Among Viet Gains, List Successes of Gen. Ky", 2635:Westminster, Maryland.: Osprey Publishing, 2006. 2449: 2395:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. 2287:New York: Associated Press, 1966; "Perspective", 1812:One source lists his roles and ranks as follows: 954:in March and April 1972—during which the city of 843:'s "One War" strategy (under which pacification, 5598: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3906:; Smith, Hedrick. "Disengagement vs. Survival", 3776: 3628:U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Defining Year, 1968 3598:Reprint ed. New York: Random House, Inc., 2005. 3460: 3458: 3261:Christiansburg, Va.: Dalley Book Service, 2005. 3060:Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2003. 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2882:Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2001. 1821:Captain, G2 Chief for Hung Yen Field Force, 1953 1796:San Jose, California: Writers Club Press, 2000. 753:JGS Headquarters was one of six critical targets 4346:Ambrose, Stephen E. "The Christmas Bombing" In 3854:Vietnam Chronicles: The Abrams Tapes, 1968-1972 2936: 2934: 2831: 2829: 4757:July 10, 1970. Accessed 2010-02-27. p. B-u-13. 4599:"Thieu's Wife Reported to Have Left Vietnam", 4295: 4293: 4291: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 2880:There to the Bitter End: Ted Serong in Vietnam 2835:McArthur, George. "Vietnamese Spurned Graft", 2819: 2817: 2815: 2650: 2648: 1715: 1713: 1711: 743:of January 31, 1968. Fearing an attack during 4953: 4766:McArthur, George. "Vietnam Corruption Case", 4582: 4580: 4578: 4315:29th ed. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989. 3991: 3669:Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1999. 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3455: 3222: 3220: 3048:Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. 2892: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2588:Reprint ed. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley, 1999. 2504:Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia 2438:Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1992. 2432: 2430: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2393:Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia 1992: 1990: 1830:Major, G2 Chief for III Military Region, 1954 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 941:Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC) 828:But as President Johnson and later President 793: 525:, he supported a coup against Prime Minister 407:, the two highest-ranking paratroopers led a 5588:South Vietnamese military ranks and insignia 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 3645: 3643: 3482:Tet Offensive 1968: Turning Point in Vietnam 2931: 2826: 2536: 2534: 2201: 2199: 2197: 1996:Halberstam, David and Singal, Daniel Joseph 1977:New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 1975:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954-1965 1886:St. George, Donna. "Cao Van Vien, 1921-2008" 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1622:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954-1965 726: 5652:Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam 4791: 4789: 4419: 4417: 4342: 4340: 4288: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4125: 4123: 4121: 3769: 3767: 3581: 3571:New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. 3484:Westminster, Md.: Osprey Publishing, 1990. 3354:New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. 3346: 3344: 3342: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 2812: 2645: 2053:Hung, Nguyen Tien and Schecter, Jerrold L. 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1708: 4960: 4946: 4835:McArthur, George. "Some Called Unsavory", 4811: 4809: 4807: 4575: 3679:The End of the Line: The Siege of Khe Sanh 3554: 3542:Tet!: The Turning Point in the Vietnam War 3523: 3217: 3128: 3126: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2842: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2427: 2405: 2303:; Maitland, Terrence and McInerney, Peter 1987: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1827:Chief of Staff, Hung Yen Field Force, 1953 1792:Nguyen, Van Tin and Battreall, Raymond R. 1733: 1698: 1696: 1162: 458:Col. Viên was a critical supporter of the 399:in November 1960. This came after Colonel 52: 5672:Vietnamese emigrants to the United States 4822: 4442: 4440: 4362:Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985. 4266:2d rev. ed. New York: Grove Press, 1995. 4264:Vietnam and America: A Documented History 4221:Whitney, Craig R. "Pessimism in Saigon", 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 3898:Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2006. 3700:"U.S. Aide's Speech Is A Boon to Thieu", 3640: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3476: 3474: 3296:New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2531: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2307:Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1983. 2194: 2049: 2047: 2045: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1518: 1516: 1514: 929:pinned down there). Viên met with Laird, 771:. Westmoreland disagreed, and reinforced 262:. Considered one of "the most gifted" of 5627:Army of the Republic of Vietnam generals 5116:Civilian Irregular Defense Group program 4786: 4615: 4613: 4492:New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2000. 4414: 4398: 4337: 4245: 4118: 3764: 3696: 3694: 3339: 3271: 3253: 3251: 3249: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2484:South Vietnam on Trial, Mid-1970 to 1972 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2117:Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam 1969: 1967: 1965: 1846: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1139:Viên's wife died in 1991. His daughter, 1123:business. The Viên family then moved to 859: 857:from the United States just days later. 797: 730: 677: 635: 521:, General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, and Admiral 497:and by the Republic of Vietnam with the 485:, which held the critical region around 472: 4804: 4795:West, Richard. "Largest Human Airlift" 4619:Browne, Malcolm W. "Vote By Assembly", 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3613: 3611: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3123: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2967: 2467: 2279:Langguth, Jack. "Mortars Open Attack", 2093:Grose, Peter. "U.S. Rallies to Khanh", 2035: 2033: 2031: 1894: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1501:Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 1998. 1136:remedy was only temporarily effective. 5599: 4472:New York : Pantheon Books, 1985. 4437: 4170:Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 1986. 4153: 3594:Woodruff, Mark W. and Jones, James L. 3494: 3471: 3294:Vietnam at War: The History, 1946-1975 2567: 2482:Fulghum, David and Maitland, Terrence 2378: 2042: 1833:G4 Chief for III Military Region, 1954 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1673: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1511: 970:Viên nearly became a signatory to the 917:In an example of what he called "pure 582:, another Viên loyalist, Commander of 553: 4941: 4610: 4490:The Perfect War: Technowar in Vietnam 3691: 3401:November 17, 1966; Goodman, Allan E. 3352:The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War 3246: 3196:Air War Over South Vietnam, 1968-1975 3186:Indianapolis: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006. 3084: 2863: 2625: 2547: 2174:"Vietcong Hunter After Big Airdrop", 2129: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 1962: 1525:. "The Communists Were Stunned, Too" 1486: 931:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 4662:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. 4519:New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000. 4423:Lee, J. Edward and Haynsworth, Toby 3814: 3608: 3569:The Tet Offensive: A Concise History 3415: 3329:New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999. 3002:Reprint ed. Boston: Back Bay, 2002. 2985: 2244:"Saigon Troops Guard Against Coup", 2028: 2019: 2010: 1627: 1119:, where his wife Tran Thi Tao ran a 411:against Diem and fled into exile in 368:Vietnamese National Military Academy 16:South Vietnamese general (1921–2008) 4325:Linebacker II: A View From the Rock 3649:"Allies Disagree on Enemy's Aims", 2422:"End of Tour/End of Mission Report" 2115:Nguyễn, Cao Kỳ and Wolf, Marvin J. 1757: 1534: 1206: 1143:, became a professor of law at the 1115:The Viên family settled briefly in 1010:Role during government's final days 739:Viên played a critical role in the 631: 430:against South Vietnamese President 426:Viên refused to participate in the 395:in 1960 and named Commander of the 374:(in 1953 and 1954), and twice as a 298:. Although he became a follower of 290:, he moved to what was then called 13: 4568:"Reds Take Over 2 More Capitals", 4391:"Thieu Calls for Tight Security", 3726:"Top General Denies He Has Quit", 2940:Werner, Jayne and Luu, Doan Huynh 2608:Volcano Under Snow: Vo Nguyen Giap 2295:New York: Ballantine Books, 1983. 2146:Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2008. 2100: 2057:New York: Harper & Row, 1986. 1661:55 Days: The Fall of South Vietnam 1343: 903:United States Secretary of Defense 460:January 1964 South Vietnamese coup 341: 14: 5683: 5662:Commanders of the Legion of Merit 5637:People of the First Indochina War 4919: 4848:Louis, J.C. and Yazijian, Harvey 3056:; McNeill, Ian and Ekins, Ashley 875: 832:began implementing the policy of 628:advanced missiles) by the enemy. 4969: 4906: 4893: 4880: 4867: 4842: 4773: 4760: 4737: 4728: 4715: 4704: 4684: 4652: 4639: 4626: 4593: 4562: 4546: 4535:"Saigon Senate Turns on Thieu", 4529: 4482: 4462: 4453: 4427:Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002. 4385: 4372: 4348:The Cold War: A Military History 4228: 4215: 4206: 4193: 4180: 4136: 4105: 4092: 4083: 4063: 4047: 4034: 4022: 3978: 3965: 3952: 3939: 3926: 3913: 3888: 3879: 3866: 3805: 3792: 3746: 3733: 3720: 3707: 3656: 3620: 2921:Florence, Ky.: Routledge, 1999. 2283:June 11, 1965; Associated Press 1465: 1452: 1438: 1425: 1411: 1400: 1387: 1373: 1363: 1350: 1334: 1324: 1313: 1302: 1292: 1281: 1270: 1259: 1247: 1235: 1223: 1212: 1087: 662:level to smooth over relations. 322:, released, and enrolled at the 4852:New York: Everest House, 1980. 3442: 3433: 3390: 3377: 3364: 3319: 3306: 3233: 3208: 3146: 3110: 3097: 3038: 3025: 3012: 2954: 2944:Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1994. 2791: 2778: 2762: 2721: 2708: 2695: 2678: 2661: 2618:; "Talking—and Killing—Go On", 2598: 2518: 2509: 2496: 2365: 2356: 2343: 2330: 2317: 2273: 2260: 2251: 2238: 2221: 2208: 2181: 2165: 2156: 2087: 2067: 1942: 1933: 1836:Commander, 56th Battalion, 1954 1824:Commander, 10th Battalion, 1953 1806: 1786: 1663:New York: Prentice-Hall, 1978. 1197: 252:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 136:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 4504:New York: Random House, 2000. 3932:"U.S. Withdrawals Discussed", 3184:A Companion to the Vietnam War 3070:"South Viet Nam: Thieu on Top" 2669:Command and Control, 1950-1969 1653: 1640: 1614: 1418:Order of the Crown of Thailand 1: 5657:Recipients of the Silver Star 4926:General Cao Van Vien's resume 3044:Diem, Bui and Chanoff, David 2610:London: Quartet Books, 1996. 2291:June 13, 1965; Esper, George 1719:Westmoreland, William Childs 1479: 1472:Order of the Cloud and Banner 1050: 923:Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone 598:. He met with U.S. President 346:Viên attended the French-run 273: 3874:The South Vietnamese Society 1843:Saigon: Vietnam Press, 1967. 1705:Saigon: Vietnam Press, 1967. 1339:Chuong My Medal, First Class 994:. He also promoted Lt. Gen. 481:Viên was named Commander of 397:Vietnamese Airborne Division 170:Vietnamese Airborne Division 7: 4303:New York: Macmillan, 2006. 2486:Boston: The Company, 1984. 2119:New York: Macmillan, 2002. 1723:New York: Doubleday, 1976. 1407:Order of the White Elephant 1254:Distinguished Service Order 1242:Distinguished Service Order 1230:Distinguished Service Order 1145:College of William and Mary 897:) to send ARVN troops into 611:, led by Brigadier General 180:, Vietnamese Armed Forces; 10: 5688: 5647:Vietnamese anti-communists 4755:MACSOG Documentation Study 2216:United Press International 1939:Hammer, pp. 125–132. 1416:Knight Grand Cross of the 1405:Knight Grand Cross of the 1098:El Toro Marine Air Station 1013: 870:Legion of Merit, Commander 794:Post-Defense Minister role 192:Battle of Kiến Phong (now 18: 5582: 5289: 5236: 5175: 5154: 5098: 5020: 4982: 4976:Military of South Vietnam 3759:The Fall of South Vietnam 3513:New York: Penguin, 1991. 1266:Meritorious Service Medal 1219:National Order of Vietnam 1096:aircraft which landed at 727:Role during Tet Offensive 574:) and Lieutenant General 499:National Order of Vietnam 366:in 1954. He attended the 234: 226: 208:National Order of Vietnam 200: 188: 165: 154: 144: 121: 100: 83: 60: 51: 44: 4360:The False Peace: 1972–74 3132:Gibbons, William Conrad 2214:"Khanh Dismisses Three" 705:Strategic Hamlet Program 446:had spoken with General 421:People's Army of Vietnam 352:Vietnamese National Army 230:Tran Thi Tao (died 1991) 131:Vietnamese National Army 5146:Combined Action Program 4753:Annex U to Appendix B. 3158:United States Air Force 1443:Chief Commander of the 1298:Hazardous Service Medal 1163:Controversy over wealth 977:Operation Linebacker II 762:Operation Tran Hung Dao 403:and Lieutenant Colonel 4488:Gibson, James William 3046:In the Jaws of History 1330:Vietnam Campaign Medal 1183:bottling franchise, a 1125:Falls Church, Virginia 1032:Viên met with General 975:heavy aerial bombing ( 865: 803: 736: 683: 641: 478: 362:commander in 1953 and 282:. Hearing rumors of a 5617:People from Vientiane 5459:Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Lộc 4262:Gettleman, Marvin E. 3292:Davidson, Phillip B. 2727:Topmiller, Robert J. 2076:. "4 Generals Held", 1497:Tucker, Spencer, ed. 1217:Grand Officer of the 1074:over leading troops. 958:and the provinces of 895:Operation Lam Son 719 868:Viên was awarded the 863: 801: 734: 681: 639: 476: 372:military intelligence 334:. His schoolmate was 145:Years of service 5622:Vietnamese Buddhists 4670:; Goodman, Allen E. 4500:; Dooley, George E. 3567:Willbanks, James H. 3194:; Nalty, Bernard C. 2998:FitzGerald, Frances 2675:; September 16, 1966 2667:Eckhardt, George S. 2323:"New Viet Premier", 1948:Hamilton, Donald W. 1841:Who's Who In Vietnam 1703:Who's Who In Vietnam 1470:Grand Cordon of the 1133:rheumatoid arthritis 1112:in Washington, D.C. 887:cross-border attacks 872:, in December 1969. 773:Khe Sanh Combat Base 749:Tân Sơn Nhứt Airport 656:William Westmoreland 326:where he obtained a 324:University of Saigon 4779:Hung and Schecter, 4690:Turley, William S. 4311:; Clodfelter, Mark 3350:Anderson, David L. 2759:September 13, 1966. 2235:September 15, 1964. 2178:September 16, 1965. 1608:The Washington Post 1319:Civil Actions Medal 1308:Staff Service Medal 1287:Air Gallantry Medal 1155:. He died there of 1153:Annandale, Virginia 1047:on April 30, 1975. 1045:fell to PAVN forces 984:Frederick C. Weyand 972:Paris Peace Accords 945:John S. McCain, Jr. 554:Joint General Staff 409:failed coup attempt 260:Joint General Staff 178:Joint General Staff 94:Annandale, Virginia 5583:Ranks and insignia 5141:Presidential Guard 4931:2016-03-04 at the 4890:September 13, 1970 4749:2010-05-29 at the 4723:A Soldier Reports, 4553:Browne, Malcolm W. 4405:Elegant, Robert S. 4274:; Donaldson, Gary 4166:Nolan, William K. 4069:Dommen, Arthur J. 3831:The Final Collapse 3511:Vietnam: A History 3387:September 26, 1967 3116:"Power Struggle", 2391:Isaacs, Arnold R. 2248:September 28, 1964 2218:September 12, 1964 2142:Nguyễn, Văn Dương 1528:The New York Times 1129:The Final Collapse 866: 855:river patrol boats 845:counter-insurgency 804: 737: 684: 642: 564:lieutenant general 534:attack on the city 491:Đồng Tháp Province 479: 385:lieutenant colonel 376:military logistics 194:Đồng Tháp Province 5667:Vietnamese exiles 5594: 5593: 5504:Nguyễn Viết Thanh 5464:Nguyễn Trọng Luật 5155:ARVN Sub-branches 4888:Los Angeles Times 4877:November 23, 1969 4875:Los Angeles Times 4837:Los Angeles Times 4819:February 28, 1973 4798:Los Angeles Times 4768:Los Angeles Times 4588:Los Angeles Times 4570:Los Angeles Times 4541:Los Angeles Times 4537:Los Angeles Times 4409:Los Angeles Times 4380:Los Angeles Times 4203:February 28, 1971 4188:Los Angeles Times 4148:Los Angeles Times 4144:Los Angeles Times 4100:Los Angeles Times 4044:February 15, 1970 3960:Los Angeles Times 3921:Los Angeles Times 3910:December 29, 1968 3787:Los Angeles Times 3664:Krulak, Victor H. 3653:February 24, 1968 3480:Arnold, James R. 3466:Los Angeles Times 3452:February 29, 1968 3450:Los Angeles Times 3399:Los Angeles Times 3372:Los Angeles Times 3316:December 24, 1967 3228:Los Angeles Times 3118:Los Angeles Times 3105:Los Angeles Times 3033:Los Angeles Times 3020:Los Angeles Times 2980:Los Angeles Times 2962:Los Angeles Times 2837:Los Angeles Times 2809:January 28, 1967. 2803:Los Angeles Times 2786:Los Angeles Times 2773:Los Angeles Times 2757:Los Angeles Times 2741:Los Angeles Times 2692:December 11, 1966 2690:Los Angeles Times 2686:Los Angeles Times 2656:Los Angeles Times 2631:Wiest, Andrew A. 2620:Los Angeles Times 2544:November 20, 1966 2542:Los Angeles Times 2528:November 17, 1966 2526:Los Angeles Times 2462:Los Angeles Times 2353:November 2, 1965. 2325:Los Angeles Times 2289:Los Angeles Times 2285:The World in 1965 2270:February 28, 1965 2268:Los Angeles Times 2246:Los Angeles Times 2233:Los Angeles Times 2189:Los Angeles Times 2172:Apple, Jr., R. W. 1919:Kinnard, Douglas 1754:January 28, 1967. 1752:Los Angeles Times 1721:A Soldier Reports 1378:Commander of the 1369:Silver Star Medal 1276:Gallantry Crosses 1169:Los Angeles Times 1077:Los Angeles Times 1057:A Soldier Reports 883:William B. Rosson 769:Central Highlands 625:Buddhist Uprising 613:Phân Trường Chinh 600:Lyndon B. Johnson 596:Ho Chi Minh trail 468:brigadier general 356:second lieutenant 348:Cap Saint-Jacques 332:French literature 328:bachelor's degree 245: 244: 71:December 21, 1921 5679: 5554:Trần Thiện Khiêm 5549:Trần Thanh Phong 5534:Phan Trọng Chinh 5509:Nguyễn Vĩnh Nghi 5489:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 5469:Nguyễn Văn Chuân 5429:Nguyễn Đức Thắng 5424:Nguyễn Chánh Thi 5414:Ngô Quang Trưởng 4974: 4973: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4939: 4938: 4913: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4846: 4840: 4833: 4820: 4813: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4777: 4771: 4764: 4758: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4726: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4688: 4682: 4656: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4636:January 11, 1976 4630: 4624: 4617: 4608: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4550: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4517:Years of Renewal 4514:Kissinger, Henry 4486: 4480: 4468:Kolko, Gabriel. 4466: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4444: 4435: 4421: 4412: 4402: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4344: 4335: 4297: 4286: 4260: 4243: 4242:October 23, 1972 4232: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4164: 4151: 4150:February 7, 1971 4140: 4134: 4133:February 9, 1971 4127: 4116: 4115:October 26, 1970 4109: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4067: 4061: 4051: 4045: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4006: 3989: 3982: 3976: 3969: 3963: 3956: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3923:October 17, 1968 3917: 3911: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3850: 3841: 3827: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3796: 3790: 3783: 3774: 3771: 3762: 3754:RAND Corporation 3750: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3689: 3677:; Pisor, Robert 3660: 3654: 3647: 3638: 3626:Shulimson, Jack 3624: 3618: 3615: 3606: 3592: 3579: 3565: 3552: 3540:Oberdorfer, Don 3538: 3521: 3509:Karnow, Stanley 3507: 3492: 3478: 3469: 3468:November 9, 1967 3462: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3430:January 13, 1968 3424: 3413: 3394: 3388: 3381: 3375: 3374:November 6, 1966 3368: 3362: 3348: 3337: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3290: 3269: 3257:Nguyen, Phu Duc 3255: 3244: 3243:October 12, 1967 3237: 3231: 3224: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3150: 3144: 3130: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3082: 3042: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3016: 3010: 2996: 2983: 2976: 2965: 2958: 2952: 2938: 2929: 2917:Tucker, Spencer 2915: 2890: 2876: 2861: 2860:February 1, 1970 2851: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2821: 2810: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2776: 2775:August 25, 1966. 2766: 2760: 2725: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2682: 2676: 2665: 2659: 2652: 2643: 2629: 2623: 2602: 2596: 2582: 2565: 2558: 2545: 2538: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2480: 2465: 2458: 2447: 2434: 2425: 2420:Smith, Homer D. 2418: 2403: 2389: 2376: 2375:January 13, 1966 2369: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2242: 2236: 2225: 2219: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2192: 2185: 2179: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2154: 2140: 2127: 2113: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2071: 2065: 2051: 2040: 2037: 2026: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2008: 1994: 1985: 1971: 1960: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1917: 1892: 1883: 1844: 1810: 1804: 1790: 1784: 1770: 1755: 1748: 1731: 1717: 1706: 1700: 1671: 1657: 1651: 1644: 1638: 1637:January 20, 1982 1631: 1625: 1618: 1612: 1611:January 30, 2008 1601: 1532: 1523:Butterfield, Fox 1520: 1509: 1495: 1469: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1442: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1415: 1404: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1377: 1367: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1338: 1328: 1317: 1306: 1296: 1285: 1274: 1263: 1251: 1239: 1227: 1216: 1207:National honours 1106:doctoral student 1100:. He was met by 1094:C-141 Starlifter 1082:Nguyễn Tiến Hưng 1065:John K. Singlaub 1061:Earle G. Wheeler 952:Easter Offensive 937:Thomas H. Moorer 841:Ellsworth Bunker 785:Samuel D. Berger 781:Creighton Abrams 717:Nguyễn Đức Thắng 632:Defense Minister 508:in order to win 506:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 401:Nguyễn Chánh Thi 302:and fought as a 268:Trần Thiện Khiêm 123: 108:State of Vietnam 90: 87:January 22, 2008 70: 68: 56: 42: 41: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5578: 5569:Trần Quang Khôi 5539:Phan Xuân Nhuận 5524:Phạm Quốc Thuần 5494:Nguyễn Văn Toàn 5484:Nguyễn Văn Minh 5479:Nguyễn Văn Mạnh 5474:Nguyễn Văn Hiếu 5454:Nguyễn Khoa Nam 5444:Nguyễn Hữu Hạnh 5434:Nguyễn Hợp Đoàn 5374:Lê Nguyên Khang 5291: 5285: 5238: 5232: 5171: 5150: 5131:Regional Forces 5094: 5016: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4933:Wayback Machine 4922: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4898: 4894: 4885: 4881: 4872: 4868: 4847: 4843: 4834: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4794: 4787: 4781:The Palace File 4778: 4774: 4765: 4761: 4751:Wayback Machine 4742: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4689: 4685: 4657: 4653: 4644: 4640: 4631: 4627: 4618: 4611: 4598: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4563: 4551: 4547: 4534: 4530: 4487: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4445: 4438: 4422: 4415: 4403: 4399: 4395:January 8, 1974 4390: 4386: 4377: 4373: 4345: 4338: 4298: 4289: 4261: 4246: 4233: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4165: 4154: 4141: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4068: 4064: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4007: 3992: 3983: 3979: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3944: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3894:Menzel, Sewall 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3872:Dinh, Tho Tran 3871: 3867: 3851: 3844: 3828: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3708: 3699: 3692: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3641: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3593: 3582: 3566: 3555: 3539: 3524: 3508: 3495: 3479: 3472: 3463: 3456: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3369: 3365: 3349: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3291: 3272: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3230:August 26, 1967 3225: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3151: 3147: 3131: 3124: 3115: 3111: 3107:April 23, 1967. 3102: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3026: 3017: 3013: 2997: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2955: 2939: 2932: 2916: 2893: 2878:Blair, Anne E. 2877: 2864: 2852: 2843: 2839:August 31, 1975 2834: 2827: 2822: 2813: 2796: 2792: 2783: 2779: 2767: 2763: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2709: 2700: 2696: 2683: 2679: 2666: 2662: 2658:October 3, 1968 2653: 2646: 2630: 2626: 2622:October 6, 1968 2603: 2599: 2583: 2568: 2564:August 11, 1967 2559: 2548: 2539: 2532: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506:, 1999, p. 124. 2501: 2497: 2481: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2435: 2428: 2419: 2406: 2390: 2379: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2348: 2344: 2340:October 2, 1965 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2243: 2239: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2182: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2141: 2130: 2114: 2101: 2097:March 15, 1964. 2092: 2088: 2072: 2068: 2055:The Palace File 2052: 2043: 2038: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2011: 1995: 1988: 1972: 1963: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1918: 1895: 1891:January 2, 2009 1889:Washington Post 1884: 1847: 1811: 1807: 1791: 1787: 1772:Lam, Quang Thi 1771: 1758: 1749: 1734: 1718: 1709: 1701: 1674: 1658: 1654: 1645: 1641: 1635:Washington Post 1632: 1628: 1624:, 2006, p. 267. 1619: 1615: 1602: 1535: 1521: 1512: 1496: 1487: 1482: 1453: 1451: 1445:Legion of Honor 1426: 1424: 1388: 1386: 1380:Legion of Merit 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344:Foreign honours 1209: 1200: 1188:distributorship 1185:San Miguel beer 1165: 1149:assisted living 1090: 1053: 1018: 1012: 1004:Defense Attaché 996:Đổng Văn Khuyên 906:Melvin R. Laird 878: 796: 729: 709:Phoenix Program 634: 580:Nguyễn Văn Mạnh 576:Lê Nguyên Khang 556: 344: 342:Military career 306:against French 276: 222: 218:Legion of Merit 182:Vietnamese Navy 149: 140: 117: 92: 88: 72: 66: 64: 47: 40: 21:Vietnamese name 17: 12: 11: 5: 5685: 5675: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5514:Phạm Ngọc Thảo 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5344:Hoàng Xuân Lãm 5341: 5336: 5334:Dương Văn Minh 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5309:Đặng Văn Quang 5306: 5304:Chung Tấn Cang 5301: 5295: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5266:September 1964 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5162:Special Forces 5158: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5126:Popular Forces 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5008: 5007: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4921: 4920:External links 4918: 4915: 4914: 4905: 4901:New York Times 4892: 4879: 4866: 4862:New York Times 4841: 4821: 4817:New York Times 4803: 4801:April 30, 1975 4785: 4783:, 1986, p. 79. 4772: 4759: 4736: 4727: 4721:Westmoreland, 4714: 4703: 4683: 4658:Butler, David 4651: 4649:April 22, 1975 4647:New York Times 4638: 4634:New York Times 4625: 4623:April 28, 1975 4621:New York Times 4609: 4607:April 23, 1975 4605:New York Times 4601:New York Times 4592: 4574: 4561: 4557:New York Times 4545: 4528: 4481: 4461: 4452: 4450:April 29, 1976 4448:New York Times 4436: 4413: 4411:April 24, 1975 4397: 4393:New York Times 4384: 4382:March 29, 1973 4371: 4336: 4299:Rasiumus, Ed. 4287: 4244: 4240:New York Times 4236:New York Times 4227: 4223:New York Times 4214: 4205: 4201:New York Times 4192: 4179: 4152: 4135: 4131:New York Times 4117: 4113:New York Times 4104: 4091: 4082: 4062: 4046: 4042:New York Times 4033: 4021: 4008:Sorley, Lewis 3990: 3988:June 26, 1969. 3986:New York Times 3977: 3973:New York Times 3964: 3962:March 22, 1970 3951: 3947:New York Times 3938: 3934:New York Times 3925: 3912: 3908:New York Times 3896:Battle Captain 3887: 3878: 3865: 3852:Sorley, Lewis 3842: 3829:Cao, Văn Viên 3813: 3804: 3800:New York Times 3791: 3775: 3763: 3761:, 1978, p. 23. 3745: 3741:New York Times 3732: 3728:New York Times 3719: 3715:New York Times 3706: 3704:April 15, 1968 3702:New York Times 3690: 3655: 3651:New York Times 3639: 3619: 3617:Tucker, p. 62. 3607: 3580: 3553: 3522: 3493: 3470: 3454: 3441: 3432: 3428:New York Times 3414: 3389: 3385:New York Times 3376: 3363: 3338: 3325:Lind, Michael 3318: 3314:New York Times 3305: 3270: 3245: 3241:New York Times 3232: 3216: 3207: 3154:Operation Menu 3145: 3122: 3120:June 30, 1967. 3109: 3096: 3094:August 2, 1967 3092:New York Times 3083: 3079:New York Times 3037: 3024: 3011: 2984: 2966: 2953: 2930: 2891: 2862: 2858:New York Times 2841: 2825: 2811: 2807:New York Times 2799:New York Times 2790: 2777: 2769:Tuohy, William 2761: 2751:May 17, 1966; 2749:New York Times 2745:New York Times 2720: 2716:New York Times 2707: 2703:New York Times 2694: 2677: 2660: 2644: 2624: 2597: 2566: 2562:New York Times 2546: 2530: 2517: 2508: 2495: 2466: 2464:April 4, 1968. 2448: 2426: 2404: 2377: 2373:New York Times 2364: 2355: 2351:New York Times 2342: 2338:New York Times 2329: 2316: 2281:New York Times 2272: 2259: 2250: 2237: 2229:New York Times 2220: 2207: 2193: 2191:April 4, 1968. 2180: 2176:New York Times 2164: 2155: 2128: 2099: 2095:New York Times 2086: 2082:New York Times 2078:New York Times 2074:Smith, Hedrick 2066: 2041: 2027: 2025:Moyar, p. 267. 2018: 2016:Jones, p. 408. 2009: 1986: 1961: 1941: 1932: 1893: 1845: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1805: 1785: 1756: 1732: 1707: 1672: 1652: 1639: 1626: 1613: 1533: 1510: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1409: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1371: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1332: 1322: 1311: 1300: 1290: 1279: 1268: 1257: 1245: 1233: 1221: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1164: 1161: 1157:cardiac arrest 1089: 1086: 1052: 1049: 1016:Fall of Saigon 1011: 1008: 1000:Homer D. Smith 992:Dạng Văn Quảng 877: 876:Vietnamization 874: 834:Vietnamization 809:Roman Catholic 795: 792: 728: 725: 713:clear and hold 633: 630: 568:Hoàng Xuân Lãm 555: 552: 527:Trần Văn Hương 523:Chung Tấn Cang 448:Dương Văn Minh 405:Vương Văn Đông 343: 340: 275: 272: 243: 242: 236: 232: 231: 228: 224: 223: 221: 220: 215: 210: 204: 202: 198: 197: 190: 186: 185: 167: 163: 162: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 139: 138: 133: 127: 125: 119: 118: 116: 115: 110: 104: 102: 98: 97: 91:(aged 86) 85: 81: 80: 62: 58: 57: 49: 48: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5684: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544:Tôn Thất Đính 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5519:Phạm Phú Quốc 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5499:Nguyễn Văn Vy 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5439:Nguyễn Hữu Có 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359:Lâm Quang Thơ 5357: 5355: 5354:Lâm Quang Thi 5352: 5350: 5349:Huỳnh Văn Cao 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339:Hoàng Cơ Minh 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5329:Dương Văn Đức 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5271:December 1964 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5237:Coup attempts 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4963: 4958: 4956: 4951: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4883: 4876: 4870: 4864:July 10, 1973 4863: 4859: 4858:0-89696-052-8 4855: 4851: 4850:The Cola Wars 4845: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4790: 4782: 4776: 4770:April 4, 1972 4769: 4763: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4731: 4725:1976, p. 242. 4724: 4718: 4707: 4701: 4700:0-7425-5526-7 4697: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4680:0-674-68825-2 4677: 4673: 4669: 4668:0-671-46675-5 4665: 4661: 4655: 4648: 4642: 4635: 4629: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4590:April 3, 1975 4589: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4572:April 2, 1975 4571: 4565: 4559:April 6, 1975 4558: 4554: 4549: 4543:April 3, 1975 4542: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4525:0-684-85572-0 4522: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4510:0-8041-1939-2 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498:0-87113-799-2 4495: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4478:9780394747613 4475: 4471: 4465: 4456: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4434: 4433:0-7864-1302-6 4430: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4388: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4368:0-939526-15-8 4365: 4361: 4357: 4356:0-8129-6716-X 4353: 4349: 4343: 4341: 4334: 4333:0-912799-31-5 4330: 4326: 4322: 4321:0-02-905990-9 4318: 4314: 4310: 4309:0-312-35356-1 4306: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4285: 4284:0-275-95660-1 4281: 4277: 4273: 4272:0-8021-3362-2 4269: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4209: 4202: 4196: 4190:March 4, 1971 4189: 4183: 4177: 4176:0-89141-247-6 4173: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4086: 4080: 4079:0-253-33854-9 4076: 4072: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4018:0-15-601309-6 4015: 4011: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3909: 3905: 3904:1-4259-8424-X 3901: 3897: 3891: 3882: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3862:0-89672-533-2 3859: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3840: 3839:1-4102-1955-0 3836: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3808: 3802:July 20, 1968 3801: 3795: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3760: 3755: 3749: 3743:June 18, 1968 3742: 3736: 3730:April 6, 1968 3729: 3723: 3717:April 4, 1968 3716: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3695: 3688: 3687:0-393-32269-6 3684: 3680: 3676: 3675:1-55750-464-4 3672: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3637: 3636:0-16-049125-8 3633: 3629: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3605: 3604:0-89141-866-0 3601: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3578: 3577:0-231-12841-X 3574: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3551: 3550:0-8018-6703-7 3547: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3520: 3519:0-670-84218-4 3516: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3491: 3490:0-85045-960-5 3487: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3451: 3445: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3412: 3411:0-674-68825-2 3408: 3404: 3400: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3360:0-231-11493-1 3357: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3336: 3335:0-684-84254-8 3332: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3302:0-19-506792-4 3299: 3295: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3268: 3267:0-923135-82-0 3264: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3242: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3211: 3205: 3204:0-16-050914-9 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192:1-4051-4983-3 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3170:0-300-05752-0 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3142:0-691-00635-0 3139: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3093: 3087: 3081:May 10, 1967. 3080: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066:1-86373-304-3 3063: 3059: 3055: 3054:0-253-21301-0 3051: 3047: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3022:July 12, 1967 3021: 3015: 3009: 3008:0-316-15919-0 3005: 3001: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2950:1-56324-131-5 2947: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2928: 2927:1-85728-922-6 2924: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2889: 2888:1-86508-468-9 2885: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2788:June 20, 1968 2787: 2781: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2754: 2753:Alsop, Joseph 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737:0-8131-9166-1 2734: 2730: 2724: 2717: 2711: 2705:June 11, 1967 2704: 2698: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2642: 2641:1-84603-020-X 2638: 2634: 2628: 2621: 2617: 2616:0-7043-7100-6 2613: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2594:0-471-25465-7 2591: 2587: 2584:Prados, John 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2543: 2537: 2535: 2527: 2521: 2512: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2492:0-939526-10-7 2489: 2485: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2446: 2445: 2444:0-87021-772-0 2441: 2433: 2431: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2402: 2401:0-8018-6107-1 2398: 2394: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2339: 2333: 2327:June 19, 1965 2326: 2320: 2314: 2313:0-7881-9445-3 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301:0-345-30865-4 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2269: 2263: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2217: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2190: 2184: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2159: 2153: 2152:0-7864-3285-3 2149: 2145: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2126: 2125:0-312-28115-3 2122: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2096: 2090: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2064: 2063:0-06-015640-6 2060: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2022: 2013: 2007: 2006:0-7425-6008-2 2003: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1984: 1983:0-521-86911-0 1980: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1959: 1958:0-275-95734-9 1955: 1951: 1945: 1936: 1930: 1929:0-306-80449-2 1926: 1922: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1890: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1802:0-595-00696-5 1799: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1782:1-57441-143-8 1779: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1730: 1729:0-385-00434-6 1726: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1670: 1669:0-13-314476-3 1666: 1662: 1659:Dawson, Alan 1656: 1650:2007, p. 364. 1649: 1643: 1636: 1630: 1623: 1617: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1508: 1507:0-87436-983-5 1504: 1500: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1348: 1347: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1321:, First Class 1320: 1316: 1312: 1310:, First Class 1309: 1305: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1289:(Golden Wing) 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1256:, First Class 1255: 1250: 1246: 1244:, First Class 1243: 1238: 1234: 1232:, First Class 1231: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1088:Post-war life 1085: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1023:Graham Martin 1017: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 987: 985: 980: 978: 973: 968: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 935: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 912: 907: 904: 900: 896: 891: 888: 884: 873: 871: 862: 858: 856: 851: 846: 842: 839: 835: 831: 830:Richard Nixon 825: 823: 819: 815: 810: 800: 791: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741:Tet Offensive 733: 724: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 699: 694: 688: 680: 676: 674: 669: 668:Head of State 663: 661: 657: 652: 651:Nguyễn Văn Vy 647: 646:Nguyễn Hữu Có 638: 629: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609:25th Division 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 560:major general 551: 549: 548: 543: 542:Phan Khắc Sửu 539: 535: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 516: 515:Dương Văn Đức 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 475: 471: 469: 465: 461: 456: 453: 449: 445: 444:Tôn Thất Đính 441: 437: 433: 432:Ngô Đình Diệm 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 339: 337: 336:Lâm Quang Thi 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 271: 269: 265: 264:South Vietnam 261: 257: 253: 249: 241: 238:3, including 237: 233: 229: 225: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 160: 157: 153: 147: 143: 137: 134: 132: 129: 128: 126: 120: 114: 113:South Vietnam 111: 109: 106: 105: 103: 99: 95: 86: 82: 79: 75: 63: 59: 55: 50: 43: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 5564:Trần Văn Hai 5559:Trần Văn Đôn 5529:Phạm Văn Phú 5449:Nguyễn Khánh 5404:Mai Hữu Xuân 5379:Lê Nguyên Vỹ 5364:Lâm Văn Phát 5324:Dư Quốc Đống 5299:Cao Văn Viên 5298: 5261:January 1964 5239:and mutinies 5223:Tan Son Nhut 4908: 4903:May 11, 1975 4900: 4895: 4887: 4882: 4874: 4869: 4861: 4849: 4844: 4836: 4816: 4796: 4780: 4775: 4767: 4762: 4754: 4739: 4730: 4722: 4717: 4706: 4691: 4686: 4671: 4659: 4654: 4646: 4641: 4633: 4628: 4620: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4587: 4569: 4564: 4556: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4516: 4501: 4489: 4484: 4469: 4464: 4455: 4447: 4424: 4408: 4400: 4392: 4387: 4379: 4374: 4359: 4347: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4275: 4263: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4222: 4217: 4208: 4200: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4167: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4130: 4112: 4107: 4102:June 1, 1970 4099: 4094: 4085: 4070: 4065: 4055: 4049: 4041: 4036: 4024: 4009: 3985: 3980: 3975:June 9, 1969 3972: 3967: 3959: 3954: 3949:June 2, 1969 3946: 3941: 3933: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3907: 3895: 3890: 3881: 3873: 3868: 3853: 3830: 3807: 3799: 3794: 3789:May 20, 1968 3786: 3758: 3748: 3740: 3735: 3727: 3722: 3714: 3709: 3701: 3678: 3666: 3658: 3650: 3627: 3622: 3595: 3568: 3541: 3510: 3481: 3465: 3449: 3444: 3435: 3427: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3379: 3371: 3366: 3351: 3326: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3293: 3258: 3240: 3235: 3227: 3210: 3195: 3183: 3177: 3161: 3148: 3133: 3117: 3112: 3104: 3099: 3091: 3086: 3078: 3072: 3057: 3045: 3040: 3035:May 10, 1967 3032: 3027: 3019: 3014: 2999: 2982:July 1, 1967 2979: 2964:May 12, 1967 2961: 2956: 2941: 2918: 2879: 2857: 2836: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2785: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2728: 2723: 2715: 2710: 2702: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2668: 2663: 2655: 2632: 2627: 2619: 2607: 2605:Colvin, John 2600: 2585: 2561: 2541: 2525: 2520: 2511: 2503: 2498: 2483: 2461: 2437: 2392: 2372: 2367: 2358: 2350: 2345: 2337: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2304: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2267: 2262: 2253: 2245: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2210: 2188: 2183: 2175: 2167: 2158: 2143: 2116: 2094: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2054: 2039:Hung, p. 79. 2021: 2012: 1997: 1974: 1973:Moyar, Mark 1949: 1944: 1935: 1920: 1888: 1840: 1808: 1793: 1788: 1773: 1751: 1720: 1702: 1660: 1655: 1647: 1642: 1634: 1629: 1621: 1616: 1606: 1531:May 12, 1985 1526: 1498: 1201: 1198:Other awards 1192: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1151:facility in 1138: 1128: 1121:dry cleaning 1114: 1091: 1075: 1069: 1056: 1054: 1042: 1034:Trần Văn Đôn 1031: 1019: 988: 981: 969: 949: 916: 892: 879: 867: 850:Midway Atoll 826: 805: 789: 766: 738: 721: 702: 698:Cam Ranh Bay 689: 685: 664: 643: 589: 570:(Commander, 557: 545: 503: 480: 464:Nguyễn Khánh 457: 425: 345: 294:to become a 288:Mekong Delta 277: 248:Cao Văn Viên 247: 246: 189:Battles/wars 176:; Chairman, 89:(2008-01-22) 46:Cao Văn Viên 36: 28: 5612:2008 deaths 5607:1921 births 5574:Vũ Văn Giai 5394:Lữ Mộng Lan 5384:Lê Văn Hưng 5369:Lê Minh Đảo 4839:May 5, 1975 2718:May 5, 1967 1433:Philippines 1110:high school 1027:Gerald Ford 1002:, the U.S. 623:during the 495:Silver Star 436:coup d'état 316:nationalist 300:Ho Chi Minh 292:Cochinchina 256:Vietnam War 254:during the 213:Silver Star 161:(Đại Tướng) 78:French Laos 5601:Categories 5399:Lý Tòng Bá 5389:Lê Văn Kim 5314:Đỗ Cao Trí 5136:Junk Force 3179:The Walrus 2854:Szulc, Tad 1480:References 1240:Air Force 1181:Pepsi-Cola 1117:New Jersey 1051:Assessment 1038:Ted Serong 1014:See also: 838:Ambassador 822:Đỗ Cao Trí 296:prospector 274:Early life 101:Allegiance 67:1921-12-21 33:given name 5208:Phan Rang 5203:Nha Trang 5188:Binh Thuy 5176:Air bases 5106:Air Force 5022:Divisions 960:Bình Định 956:Quảng Trị 777:Nha Trang 758:companies 550:cabinet. 538:Đồng Xoài 483:III Corps 428:1963 coup 417:Viet Cong 360:battalion 312:communist 304:guerrilla 284:gold rush 227:Spouse(s) 174:III Corps 74:Vientiane 5292:officers 5193:Cam Ranh 5183:Bien Hoa 5099:Branches 5090:Airborne 4929:Archived 4747:Archived 2502:Isaacs, 1646:Sorley, 1462: : 1435: : 1397: : 1395:Thailand 1360: : 943:Admiral 927:brigades 911:Tchepone 673:Thailand 660:division 584:IV Corps 547:de facto 510:Buddhist 423:(PAVN). 413:Cambodia 308:colonial 280:merchant 235:Children 184:(acting) 166:Commands 122:Service/ 19:In this 5290:Notable 5228:Tuy Hoa 5213:Phù Cát 5198:Da Nang 5167:Rangers 3156:by the 2919:Vietnam 2673:Reuters 1620:Moyar, 1141:Lan Cao 1043:Saigon 964:Kon Tum 934:Admiral 693:cabinet 617:Da Nang 572:I Corps 452:mahjong 393:colonel 286:in the 240:Lan Cao 159:General 25:surname 5409:Ngô Du 5319:Đỗ Mậu 5218:Pleiku 5085:Marine 4856: 4698: 4678: 4666: 4523: 4508: 4496: 4476: 4431: 4366: 4354: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4282: 4270: 4174: 4077: 4016: 3902: 3860: 3837: 3685: 3673: 3634: 3602: 3575: 3548: 3517: 3488: 3409: 3358: 3333: 3300: 3265: 3202: 3190: 3168: 3140: 3064: 3052: 3006: 2948: 2925: 2886: 2735: 2639: 2614: 2592: 2490: 2442: 2399: 2311: 2299: 2150: 2123: 2061: 2004: 1981: 1956: 1927: 1800: 1780: 1727: 1667: 1505: 1460:Taiwan 1457: 1430: 1392: 1355: 1102:Marine 919:psywar 818:Taiwan 814:Hawaii 531:mortar 487:Saigon 389:Cholon 320:French 201:Awards 124:branch 96:, U.S. 23:, the 4983:Corps 1839:See: 1264:Army 1252:Navy 1228:Army 440:rifle 364:major 354:as a 314:than 5281:1966 5276:1965 5256:1963 5251:1962 5246:1960 5121:Navy 5111:Army 4854:ISBN 4696:ISBN 4676:ISBN 4664:ISBN 4521:ISBN 4506:ISBN 4494:ISBN 4474:ISBN 4429:ISBN 4364:ISBN 4352:ISBN 4329:ISBN 4317:ISBN 4305:ISBN 4280:ISBN 4268:ISBN 4172:ISBN 4075:ISBN 4014:ISBN 3900:ISBN 3858:ISBN 3835:ISBN 3683:ISBN 3671:ISBN 3632:ISBN 3600:ISBN 3573:ISBN 3546:ISBN 3515:ISBN 3486:ISBN 3407:ISBN 3356:ISBN 3331:ISBN 3298:ISBN 3263:ISBN 3200:ISBN 3188:ISBN 3166:ISBN 3138:ISBN 3074:Time 3062:ISBN 3050:ISBN 3004:ISBN 2946:ISBN 2923:ISBN 2884:ISBN 2733:ISBN 2637:ISBN 2612:ISBN 2590:ISBN 2488:ISBN 2440:ISBN 2397:ISBN 2309:ISBN 2297:ISBN 2148:ISBN 2121:ISBN 2059:ISBN 2002:ISBN 1979:ISBN 1954:ISBN 1925:ISBN 1798:ISBN 1778:ISBN 1725:ISBN 1665:ISBN 1503:ISBN 1177:bars 1072:yoga 962:and 939:and 899:Laos 619:and 604:Guam 592:Laos 155:Rank 84:Died 61:Born 37:Viên 5005:CMD 5000:III 1358:USA 745:Tết 621:Huế 602:in 536:of 330:in 29:Cao 27:is 5603:: 5080:25 5075:23 5070:22 5065:21 5060:18 5012:IV 4995:II 4824:^ 4806:^ 4788:^ 4612:^ 4577:^ 4512:; 4439:^ 4416:^ 4339:^ 4290:^ 4247:^ 4155:^ 4120:^ 3993:^ 3845:^ 3816:^ 3778:^ 3766:^ 3752:A 3693:^ 3642:^ 3610:^ 3583:^ 3556:^ 3525:^ 3496:^ 3473:^ 3457:^ 3417:^ 3341:^ 3273:^ 3248:^ 3219:^ 3125:^ 3068:; 2987:^ 2969:^ 2933:^ 2894:^ 2865:^ 2844:^ 2828:^ 2814:^ 2647:^ 2569:^ 2549:^ 2533:^ 2469:^ 2451:^ 2429:^ 2407:^ 2380:^ 2196:^ 2131:^ 2102:^ 2044:^ 2030:^ 1989:^ 1964:^ 1896:^ 1848:^ 1759:^ 1735:^ 1710:^ 1675:^ 1536:^ 1513:^ 1488:^ 824:. 751:. 470:. 338:. 172:; 76:, 35:, 5055:9 5050:7 5045:5 5040:3 5035:2 5030:1 4990:I 4961:e 4954:t 4947:v 196:) 69:) 65:( 39:.

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