473:
630:. However, the report also acknowledged that the RCMP rarely followed ordinances that required dogs to first be captured and owners to be notified before killings, that owners had no recourse against unreasonable killings, and that the justification for killings were not always explained to the Inuit. The report denies that any dogs were killed as part of a plot against the Inuit. The Qikiqtani Inuit Association denounced the report as "biased, flawed and incomplete." The association later commissioned its own report, which criticized the RCMP's killing of dogs heavily while still finding no deliberate conspiracy against the Inuit.
1563:
626:. The Inuit refer to this as the qimmiijaqtauniq. Estimates of the number of dogs killed range from 1,200 to 20,000. In some communities, elders have alleged that this destruction was conducted in order to intimidate the Inuit and to intentionally disrupt their way of life. In response to these allegations, in 2005 the RCMP conducted an internal investigation on the killings. Its report concluded that dogs were indeed killed, but for public health purposes – to remove sick, dangerous, and
392:
458:
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colour or colour pattern should dominate. Solid white dogs are often seen, as well as white dogs with patches of another colour on the head or both body and head. Solid silver or black coloured dogs are common as well. Many of the solid coloured dogs have white mask-like markings on the face, sometimes with spots over the eyes. Others might have white socks and nose stripes with no eye spots or mask.
578:
324:, are now extinct. The group includes the dogs brought by Paleo-Eskimos 4,500 years ago. The Canadian Eskimo dogs, brought in a later wave by the Thule people, belong to the neighbouring group of Arctic dogs. A 2019 study confirms that these later Arctic dogs were dispersed by the Inuit across North America 2000 years ago, replacing the first wave of PCDs where they go.
40:
333:
358:. They noted that the ears of the Eskimo dogs they encountered were similar to those of American wolves, and their forelegs lacked the black mark above the wrist characteristic of European wolves. The most sure way to distinguish the two species was said to be through the length and posture of the tail, which was shorter and more curved in the dog.
551:(CKC); however, in 1959 the AKC dropped the breed from its registry because of extremely low numbers. The Canadian Eskimo Dog and Greenland Dog are sometimes considered the same breed by authorities, although the Greenland Dog can be criticized for lacking any proper breeding program, questioning its validity as a pure breed.
367:
601:
The
Canadian Eskimo Dog is currently used in sled dog teams that entertain tourists and for commercial polar bear hunting. By law, polar bear hunting in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut must be conducted by dog team or on foot. The requirement is partly for safety reasons; the working dogs can
538:
The breed is currently threatened with extinction. In the 19th century and early 20th century, this breed was still in demand for polar expeditions, and approximately 20,000 dogs lived in the
Canadian Arctic in the 1920s. However, the breed had declined significantly by the 1960s. The breed had once
915:
Nà Leathlobhair, Máire; Perri, Angela R; Irving-Pease, Evan K; Witt, Kelsey E; Linderholm, Anna; Haile, James; Lebrasseur, Ophelie; Ameen, Carly; Blick, Jeffrey; Boyko, Adam R; Brace, Selina; Cortes, Yahaira Nunes; Crockford, Susan J; Devault, Alison; Dimopoulos, Evangelos A; Eldridge, Morley; Enk,
448:
Historically, Inuit would put their dogs to the harness as soon as they could walk, and would acquire the habit of pulling sledges in their attempts to break free. At the age of two months, the pups would be placed with adult dogs. Sometimes, ten pups would be put under the lead of an older animal,
411:
The
Canadian Eskimo Dog's temperament reflects its original work and environment. It is loyal, tough, brave, intelligent, and alert. It is affectionate and gentle, and develops a deep bond with its owner and is intensely loyal. When used as sled dogs, they were often required to forage and hunt for
305:
In 2015, a study using a number of genetic markers indicated that these were both the same dog and should not be treated as separate breeds, that they maintain an indigenous heritage that predates colonization and the timing of which corresponds with the arrival of the Thule people, and that they
378:
is very thick and dense, with a soft undercoat and stiff, coarse guard hairs. The Eskimo Dog has a mane of thick fur around its neck, which is quite impressive in the males and adds an illusion of additional size. This mane is smaller in females. Eskimo Dogs can be almost any colour, and no one
978:
Ameen, Carly; Feuerborn, Tatiana R.; Brown, Sarah K.; Linderholm, Anna; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Lounsberry, Zachary T.; Lin, Audrey T.; Appelt, Martin; Bachmann, Lutz; Betts, Matthew; Britton, Kate; Darwent, John; Dietz, Rune; Fredholm, Merete;
979:
Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Goriunova, Olga I.; Grønnow, Bjarne; Haile, James; Hallsson, Jón
Hallsteinn; Harrison, Ramona; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Knecht, Rick; Losey, Robert J.; Masson-Maclean, Edouard; McGovern, Thomas H.; McManus-Fry, Ellen; Meldgaard, Morten; et al. (2019).
597:
to the CEDs, and after breeding for 30 years still has the largest genetic stock colony of
Canadian Eskimo Dogs in the world. The modern breed originated from a relatively high number of founders, thus ensuring sufficient genetic variability to avoid inbreeding.
916:
Jacob; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Gori, Kevin; Grimes, Vaughan; Guiry, Eric; Hansen, Anders J; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Johnson, John; Kitchen, Andrew; Kasparov, Aleksei K; Kwon, Young-Mi; Nikolskiy, Pavel A; Lope, Carlos Peraza; et al. (2018).
387:
The size of
Canadian Eskimo dogs depends on their sex. Males weigh 30–40 kg (66–88 lb) and stand 58–70 cm (23–28 in) at the shoulder. Females weigh 18–30 kg (40–66 lb) and stand 50–60 cm (20–24 in).
424:
Canadian Eskimo Dogs need a very large amount of exercise. They cannot just be walked, they need higher intensity work, requiring more exercise than many dog owners can give. This need for work and stimulation makes them well-suited for
1043:
Fauna
Boreali-americana, Or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions, Under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin,
345:
The
Canadian Eskimo Dog should always be powerfully built, athletic, and imposing in appearance. It should be of "powerful physique giving the impression that he is not built for speed but rather for hard work." As is typical of
350:
breeds, it has erect, triangular ears, and a heavily feathered tail that is carried over its back. Males should be distinctly more masculine than females, who are finer boned, smaller, and often have a slightly shorter coat.
1109:
by James Rennie, Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain). Contributor Charles Knight, William Clowes, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, Oliver & Boyd, published by Charles Knight,
445:. Its coat is fairly easy to care for most times of the year, needing brushing only one or two times a week. However, when it sheds (which happens once a year) it will need grooming every day.
416:
than some other breeds. Owing to their original environment, they take pure delight in cold weather, often preferring to sleep outside in winter. Like most spitz breeds they can be very vocal.
554:
Since the 1970s interested parties that include the Eskimo Dog
Research Foundation (EDRF) have worked to increase the breed's numbers. The EDRF was founded in 1972 and largely funded by the
585:
Brian Ladoon also bought dogs in the 1970s from the northern communities of Canada and started breeding after being given the mission of saving them by Bishop Omer Alfred Robidoux of the
515:
fearfully at their approach. Frozen dog urine was used by Inuit as a medicine, and their fur was more prized than that of wolves, due to its greater resistance to wear. In times of
488:
and other Arctic game, and hauling supplies and people. Explorers noted that the dogs were capable of tracking a seal hole from a great distance, and were occasionally used to hunt
317:
A31 that indicates a common female ancestor. This haplotype could not be found in other modern dogs; the nearest match was with the 1,000 year–old remains of a dog from Florida.
173:
251:
is considered the same breed as the Canadian Eskimo Dog since they have not yet diverged enough genetically to be considered separate breeds, despite their geographic isolation.
1220:
562:
Government, with some support from the CKC. The EDRF purchased dogs from the small (about 200 dogs) population remaining in the Canadian Arctic from remote Inuit camps on
484:), but merely as a tool for human existence. It was, and still is (to a very limited extent), used by the Canadian Inuit as multi-purpose dogs, often put to work hunting
290:
The first dogs arrived in the Americas 12,000 years ago. However, people and their dogs did not settle in the Arctic until the arrival of two groups from Siberia, the
2159:
270:, by the 1960s traditional working dog teams became increasingly rare in the North. Contributing factors to the breed's decline include the increasing popularity of
441:. They are very trainable and submissive, unlike many spitz breeds, as well as intelligent. The Canadian Eskimo Dog is best kept in a cold climate, and is prone to
602:
better sense when a polar bear is around, whereas the sound of a snowmobile motor masks any sign of a polar bear. On May 1, 2000, the Canadian territory of
644:, including for the slaughter and forced decline of Inuit dogs. This was the third of a series of apologies made for the historic abuse, mistreatment, and
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A 2018 study found that all indigenous dogs originally brought by the first wave of human migration into the Americas, termed the "pre-contact dog" (PCD)
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for transportation and the spread of infectious canine diseases. Controversy surrounds the intentional killings of a debated number of Inuit
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832:"Using multiple markers to elucidate the ancient, historical and modern relationships among North American Arctic dog breeds"
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738:"Legislative assembly of Nunavut: The Canadian Inuit Dog (CANIS FAMILIARIS BOREALIS) - Official Animal of Nunavut"
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302:) descended from dogs associated with the Thule people, who relied on them for transportation from Siberia.
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492:. The dogs were reported to be so enthusiastic in hunting bears that, sometimes, their handlers shouted "
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of the territory, thus sealing the name of their traditional dog (qimmiq) in the Inuktitut language.
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16:"Qimmit" and "Qimmiq" redirect here. For the documentary about the killing of the dogs, see
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1421:"Federal government apologizes to Baffin Inuit for sled dog killings, forced relocations"
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were distinct from Siberian Huskies, Alaskan huskies and Alaskan Malamutes. The maternal
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thick and dense, soft undercoat, stiff guard hairs, mane of thicker fur around the neck
981:"Specialized sledge dogs accompanied Inuit dispersal across the North American Arctic"
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by John Richardson, William Swainson, William Kirby, published by J. Murray, 1829
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coupled with frequent beatings from their masters, which would educate the pups.
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1,000 years ago. The Inuit dogs from Canada (Canadian Eskimo Dog) and Greenland (
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2018:
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Inuit Association, of which $ 700,000 will go towards the annual Nunavut Quest
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Its superficial similarity to wolves was often noted by explorers during the
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Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution
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Population Genetic Analyses of the Greenland dog and Canadian Inuit dog
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Canadian Eskimo Dog carrying gear during the Canadian Arctic Expedition
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their own food. Consequently, many Canadian Eskimo Dogs have stronger
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dogs. Although once used as the preferred method of transportation by
1914:
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The Menageries: Quadrupeds, Described and Drawn from Living Subjects
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Final Report: RCMP Review of Allegations Concerning Inuit Sled Dogs
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574:. The EDRF then began breeding dogs in order to increase numbers.
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880:"News | Canadian Eskimo Dog Foundation - Churchill MB Canada"
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The Inuit never considered the dog as part of the animal kingdom (
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434:
430:
1153:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication Part One
457:
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282:, as well as recent efforts to increase the breed's population.
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at the Inuktitut Living Dictionary Retrieved December 23, 2012.
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at the Inuktitut Living Dictionary Retrieved December 23, 2012.
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New Zealand Kennel Club: Canadian Eskimo Dog breed standard
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has shown that the Eskimo dog has no recent wolf ancestry.
508:
1475:
830:
Brown, S K; Darwent, C M; Wictum, E J; Sacks, B N (2015).
1028:
Canadian Kennel Club: Canadian Eskimo Dog breed standard.
577:
1476:
The Fan Hitch, Website and Journal of the Inuit Sled Dog
1453:
985:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
829:
1481:
The Inuit Dog: Its Provenance, Environment and History
1335:
531:
due to similarities in appearance and vocalisations,
461:
A print of an illustration of "Esquimaux dogs" after
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They are sometimes used for recreational hunting of
606:officially adopted the "Canadian Inuit Dog" as the
1359:
1121:
918:"The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas"
805:Greenland Dog / Inuit Dog…. it makes no difference
779:Inuit Sled Dogs in the Baffin Region, 1950 to 1975
500:name for the bear) to encourage them when pulling
150:about any colour, with or without special markings
587:Roman Catholic Diocese of Churchill-Baie d'Hudson
2160:Dog breeds originating from Indigenous Americans
2121:
1276:, Monday May 1, 2000, Nunavut Hansard, Page 2049
908:
1515:
1313:"What really happened to the Inuit sled dogs?"
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640:made a wide ranging apology to the Inuit of
523:. Though once assumed to be a tamed wolf or
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813:Journal of the Inuit Sled Dog International
803:by Hanne Friis Andersen, page 39. See also
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38:
1449:Canadian Eskimo Dog Club of Great Britain
1368:"RCMP: Dogs killed for health and safety"
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732:
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1255:2012-2013 Summary of Hunting Regulations
1236:Summary of Hunting Regulations 2010/2011
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1218:Canadian Eskimo Dog Foundation - About
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635:Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations
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313:of the Inuit dogs were classified as
181:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
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1113:
796:
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613:
419:
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1021:
811:Volume 7, Number 4, September 2005
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258:, with a 2008 estimate of only 300
13:
1552:Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
1274:Motion 25 – 1(3): Official Emblems
897:
767:
755:
507:The dogs however would not pursue
361:
356:Coppermine Expedition of 1819–1822
14:
2171:
1454:Canadian Inuit/Eskimo Dog Network
1442:
791:
2150:Dog breeds originating in Canada
1561:
1338:"Qimmit: A Clash of Two Truths"
1304:
1279:
1267:
1248:
1229:
1177:
1146:
1085:
1049:
519:, the dogs would be used as an
467:The Quadrupeds of North America
294:people 4,500 years ago and the
2155:Territorial symbols of Nunavut
1366:Bell, Jim (December 8, 2006).
1336:Ole Gjerstad; Joelie Sanguya.
1286:Michelin, Ossie (2019-11-28).
1128:. Simon and Schuster. p.
648:of the Inuit, and came with a
406:
327:
1:
1346:National Film Board of Canada
815:. Retrieved December 23, 2012
724:. Retrieved December 23, 2012
700:
620:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
340:
280:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
278:between 1950 and 1970 by the
254:The breed is threatened with
134:18–30 kg (40–66 lb)
124:30–40 kg (66–88 lb)
113:50–60 cm (20–24 in)
103:58–70 cm (23–28 in)
18:Qimmit, a Clash of Two Truths
1459:Inuit Sled Dog International
1165:Inuit Sled Dog International
652:20 million donation to the
633:In August of 2019, Canadian
7:
1471:Canadian Inuit (Eskimo) Dog
1186:Retrieved December 23, 2012
1184:The Seven Wonders - Animals
1174:Retrieved December 23, 2012
1082:Retrieved December 23, 2012
1065:Retrieved December 23, 2012
904:Canadian Inuit Dogs History
663:
618:Between 1950 and 1970, the
581:A Canadian Eskimo Dog puppy
10:
2176:
1311:Makin, Kirk (2005-07-09).
1205:Retrieved January 17, 2007
788:Qikiqtani Truth Commission
452:
285:
15:
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1978:
1897:
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1292:The Canadian Encyclopedia
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37:
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1731:Black Norwegian Elkhound
1030:Retrieved April 28, 2007
527:by explorers, including
1155:by Charles Darwin, 1885
1120:Coppinger, Ray (2001).
946:10.1126/science.aao4776
382:
997:10.1098/rspb.2019.1929
582:
477:
469:
403:
371:
337:
247:word for "dog"). The
231:. Other names include
64:C. familiaris borealis
1693:Mackenzie River husky
1542:Mackenzie River husky
580:
560:Northwest Territories
521:emergency food source
475:
460:
394:
370:A Canadian Eskimo Dog
369:
336:A Canadian Eskimo Dog
335:
163:Kennel club standards
1879:Pembroke Welsh Corgi
1869:Nenets Herding Laika
1849:Cardigan Welsh Corgi
1801:Russo-European Laika
1771:Karelo-Finnish Laika
1594:St. John's water dog
1516:Dogs originating in
1288:"Canadian Inuit Dog"
690:Northern Breed Group
675:Native American dogs
549:Canadian Kennel Club
545:American Kennel Club
169:Canadian Kennel Club
20:. For the milk, see
2060:Argentine polar dog
1993:American Eskimo Dog
1826:West Siberian Laika
1791:Norwegian Lundehund
1736:East Siberian Laika
1663:Canadian Eskimo Dog
1532:Canadian Eskimo Dog
937:2018Sci...361...81N
848:10.1038/hdy.2015.49
685:American Eskimo Dog
589:. He switched from
556:Canadian Government
213:Canadian Eskimo Dog
33:Canadian Eskimo Dog
2027:Northern Inuit Dog
1859:Icelandic Sheepdog
1786:Norwegian Elkhound
1746:Hällefors Elkhound
1688:Kamchatka Sled Dog
1464:2014-07-19 at the
1404:2014-04-16 at the
1317:The Globe and Mail
1260:2012-09-04 at the
1241:2013-05-20 at the
1223:2014-02-01 at the
1201:2007-10-16 at the
1170:2014-07-19 at the
1061:2008-05-30 at the
991:(1916): 20191929.
784:2011-07-15 at the
622:slaughtered Inuit
583:
572:Melville Peninsula
539:been accepted for
478:
470:
463:John James Audubon
404:
372:
338:
217:Canadian Inuit Dog
61:Canadian Inuit Dog
2117:
2116:
1970:Thai Bangkaew Dog
1930:Hmong bobtail dog
1766:Karelian Bear Dog
1673:Chukotka sled dog
1602:
1601:
1427:. August 14, 2019
1056:Polar Controversy
646:forced relocation
628:suffering animals
614:RCMP dog killings
568:Boothia Peninsula
420:Care and training
209:
208:
191:
190:
154:
153:
2167:
2085:Tahltan Bear Dog
2042:Volpino Italiano
1988:Alaskan Klee Kai
1889:Swedish Vallhund
1884:Swedish Lapphund
1874:Norwegian Buhund
1864:Lapponian Herder
1854:Finnish Lapphund
1658:Alaskan Malamute
1629:
1622:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1584:Tahltan Bear Dog
1566:
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1417:
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1376:. Archived from
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1342:Documentary film
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680:Alaskan Malamute
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30:
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2140:Rare dog breeds
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2080:Salish Wool Dog
2070:Hare Indian Dog
2046:
1974:
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1835:
1781:Norrbottenspets
1717:
1639:
1633:
1603:
1598:
1589:Salish Wool Dog
1579:Hare Indian dog
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1466:Wayback Machine
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343:
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268:Canadian Arctic
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67:Exquimaux Husky
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2052:Extinct breeds
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1713:Sakhalin Husky
1710:
1708:Yakutian Laika
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1373:Nunatsiaq News
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695:Siberian Husky
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660:for 7 years.
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547:(AKC) and the
529:Charles Darwin
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1653:Alaskan husky
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1080:Qimmiq — Dogs
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2130:Spitz breeds
2097:
2037:Tonya Finosu
2021:(Zwergspitz)
2008:German Spitz
1998:Danish Spitz
1935:Indian Spitz
1898:Asian breeds
1841:Herding dogs
1723:Hunting dogs
1662:
1547:Newfoundland
1531:
1431:November 12,
1429:. Retrieved
1424:
1394:
1384:December 23,
1382:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1371:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1341:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:
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899:
888:. Retrieved
884:the original
874:
839:
835:
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808:
800:
757:
746:. Retrieved
742:the original
632:
617:
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584:
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543:by both the
537:
511:, and would
506:
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319:
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296:Thule people
292:Paleo-Eskimo
289:
253:
239:
238:
233:
232:
216:
212:
210:
202:domestic dog
2015:(Wolfspitz)
1925:Donggyeongi
1796:Pungsan dog
670:Portal:Dogs
490:polar bears
407:Temperament
397:polar bears
328:Description
272:snowmobiles
225:working dog
48:Other names
2135:FCI breeds
2124:Categories
2065:Guejae Gae
2032:Schipperke
2019:Pomeranian
1960:Ryukyu dog
1910:Bắc Hà dog
1821:Taiwan Dog
1636:Spitz-type
1351:2 November
1322:2024-05-03
1297:2024-05-03
890:2014-05-05
748:2020-05-24
701:References
443:heatstroke
429:, such as
427:dog sports
414:prey drive
341:Appearance
256:extinction
2145:Sled dogs
2075:HĂĽtespitz
1915:Chow Chow
1806:Shiba Inu
1776:Kishu Ken
1678:Eurohound
1645:Sled dogs
654:Qikiqtani
624:sled dogs
591:Malamutes
498:Inuktitut
439:skijoring
315:haplotype
276:sled dogs
227:from the
27:Dog breed
2013:Keeshond
2003:Eurasier
1965:Shar Pei
1955:Nureongi
1945:Jeju dog
1920:Dikkulak
1816:Jämthund
1751:Hokkaido
1537:Landseer
1462:Archived
1402:Archived
1258:Archived
1239:Archived
1221:Archived
1199:Archived
1168:Archived
1059:Archived
1015:31771471
965:29976825
866:26103948
836:Heredity
782:Archived
664:See also
558:and the
482:uumajuit
260:purebred
186:standard
174:standard
1831:Zerdava
1811:Shikoku
1761:Kai Ken
1698:Samoyed
1668:Chinook
1572:Extinct
1264:page 20
1006:6939252
956:7116273
933:Bibcode
925:Science
857:4806895
604:Nunavut
595:Huskies
541:showing
502:sledges
453:History
435:mushing
431:carting
286:Lineage
266:in the
131:Females
110:Females
70:Kingmik
2098:Types:
1525:Extant
1518:Canada
1245:page 7
1136:
1013:
1003:
963:
953:
864:
854:
762:qimmiq
570:, and
517:famine
509:wolves
437:, and
401:Canada
240:qimmit
234:qimmiq
229:Arctic
147:Colour
118:Weight
97:Height
92:Traits
82:Canada
78:Origin
55:Qimmiq
2109:Tugou
2105:Laika
2101:Husky
1905:Akita
1756:Jindo
1092:nanuq
921:(PDF)
494:nanuq
486:seals
465:from
348:spitz
322:clade
264:Inuit
221:breed
219:is a
121:Males
100:Males
22:QimiQ
1638:dogs
1433:2020
1386:2012
1353:2011
1134:ISBN
1110:1829
1044:R.N.
1011:PMID
961:PMID
862:PMID
650:CA$
593:and
513:howl
383:Size
376:coat
374:The
211:The
139:Coat
1425:CBC
1130:352
1001:PMC
993:doi
989:286
951:PMC
941:doi
929:361
852:PMC
844:doi
840:115
807:in
496:" (
399:in
237:or
223:of
215:or
197:Dog
2126::
2107:,
2103:,
1423:.
1412:^
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1340:.
1315:.
1290:.
1210:^
1132:.
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1070:^
1035:^
1009:.
999:.
987:.
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959:.
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860:.
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838:.
834:.
820:^
793:^
769:^
729:^
708:^
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433:,
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1621:t
1614:v
1509:e
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995::
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846::
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243:(
205:)
199:(
24:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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