Basil II - Knowledge

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politician who hoped the young emperors would be his puppets. The younger Basil waited and watched without interfering, devoting himself to learning the details of administrative business and military science. Nikephoros II and John I were brilliant military commanders but proved to be poor administrators. Towards the end of his reign, John had belatedly planned to curb the power of the great landowners; his death, which occurred soon after he spoke out against them, led to rumors that he had been poisoned by Lekapenos, who had illegally acquired vast estates and feared an investigation and punishment. At the start of his reign, the failures of his immediate predecessors left Basil II with a serious problem:

447: 1719: 1035: 411:—which he had a habit of rolling between his fingers when deep in thought or angry—and in later life a scant beard. Psellos also states that Basil was not an articulate speaker and had a loud laugh that convulsed his whole frame. Basil is described as having ascetic tastes and caring little for the pomp and ceremony of the Imperial court, typically wearing a sombre, dark-purple robe furnished with few of the gems that usually decorated imperial costumes. He is also described as a capable administrator who left a well-stocked treasury upon his death. Basil supposedly despised literary culture and affected scorn for the learned classes of Byzantium. 2221: 1152: 633: 58: 1954:), which is resentful towards anything remotely Bulgarian. He urges Greeks to follow the example of Basil II: "Instead of blinding so many people, Basil should have better killed them instead. On one hand these people would not suffer as eyeless survivors, on the other the sheer number of Bulgarians would have diminished by 15 000, which is something very useful." Later in the book, Dragoumis foresees the appearance of "new Basils" who would "cross the entire country and will look for Bulgarians in mountains, caves, villages and forests and will make them flee in refuge or kill them". 1339: 1856: 1440: 972: 1225:. He showed considerable statesmanship in his treatment of the defeated Bulgarians, giving many former Bulgarian leaders court titles, positions in provincial administration, and high commands in the army. In this way, he sought to absorb the Bulgarian elite into Byzantine society. Because Bulgaria did not have a monetary economy to the same extent as Byzantium, Basil decided to accept Bulgarian taxes in kind. Basil's successors reversed this policy, a decision that led to considerable Bulgarian discontent and rebellion later in the 11th century. 1170:, he and his general Nikephoros Xiphias outmaneuvered the Bulgarian army, which was defending one of the fortified passes. Samuel avoided capture through the valor of his son Gabriel. Having crushed the Bulgarians, Basil exacted his vengeance cruelly—he was said to have captured 15,000 prisoners and fully blinded 99 of every 100 men, leaving one one-eyed man in each cohort to lead the rest back to their ruler. A possible reason for this vengeance was that, in Byzantine eyes, the Bulgarians were rebels against their authority, and blinding was the 4573: 1603: 1190: 1327:, however, inherited a longstanding claim to David's succession. George, who was young and ambitious, launched a campaign to restore the Kuropalates's succession to Georgia and occupied Tao in 1015–1016. He entered in an alliance with the Fatimid caliph of Egypt, al-Hakim, forcing Basil to refrain from an acute response to George's offensive. The Byzantines were also involved in a relentless war with the Bulgarians, limiting their actions to the west. As soon as 694: 1827:", so he was succeeded by his brother Constantine and his family, who proved to be ineffective rulers. Nevertheless, fifty years of prosperity and intellectual growth followed because the funds of state were full, the borders were safe from intruders, and the Empire remained the most powerful political entity of the age. At the end of Basil II's reign, the Byzantine Empire had a population of approximately 12 million people. 459: 1234: 6862: 712:

rebellion. Basil's brother Constantine—who had no interest in politics, statecraft, or the military–led troops alongside Basil; this was the only military command Constantine would hold. The campaign ended without combat when Skleros was forced to surrender to Basil in 989. Skleros was allowed to live but he died blind, either through disease or from being blinded as punishment for his insurrection.

1144:. Samuel was forced into an almost entirely defensive stance; he extensively fortified the passes and routes from the coastlines and valleys held by the Byzantines to the territory remaining in his possession. During the next few years, the Byzantine offensive slowed and no significant gains were made, although an attempt by the Bulgarians to counter-attack in 1009 was defeated at the 1303:, he was rewarded by lifetime rule of key imperial territories in eastern Asia Minor. David's rebuff of Basil in Bardas Phokas' revolt of 987, however, evoked Constantinople's distrust of the Georgian rulers. After the revolt's failure, David was forced to make Basil the legatee of his extensive possessions. In 1001, after the death of David of Tao, Basil inherited Tao, 1743:

learning, despite the emperor's known indifference, was burning still, if somewhat dimly. The lot of ordinary folk in Constantinople must have been pleasant enough. For most of them life was gay and colourful, and if the city's defensive fortifications were at some points in disrepair they had no cause to dread attacks.

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lived the life of a soldier to the point of eating the same daily rations as the rest of the army. He also took the children of dead army officers under his protection and offered them shelter, food and education. Many of these children became his soldiers and officers, taking the places of their fathers. One of them,

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Fatimid army, especially because Manjutakin, expecting no threat, had ordered his cavalry horses to be dispersed around the city for pasture. Despite having a considerably larger and well-rested army, Manjutakin was at a disadvantage. He burned his camp and retreated to Damascus without battle. The Byzantines besieged

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revolts of Phokas and Skleros in Anatolia that challenged his throne and sometimes got close to deposing him. Basil's creation of the Varangian Guard provided him and his successors with an elite mercenary force capable of changing battle outcomes and boosting morale that became feared by the emperor's enemies.

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in January 996 that limited rights to property ownership. If the owner of an estate could prove that he claimed his estate prior to the Novels of Romanos, he would be allowed to keep it. If a person had illegally seized an estate following the Novels of Romanos, he would have his rights to the estate

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after paying dues for half of his best-quality land. Basil was popular with the country farmers, the class that produced most of his army's supplies and soldiers. To assure this continued, Basil's laws protected small agrarian property owners and lowered their taxes. Despite the almost constant wars,

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Bulgaria fought on for four more years, its resistance fired by Basil's cruelty, but it submitted in 1018. This submission was the result of continued military pressure and a successful diplomatic campaign aimed at dividing and suborning the Bulgarian leadership. This victory over the Bulgarians and

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against him. Aron was tempted by Basil's offer of his sister Anna in marriage, but the negotiations failed when Aron discovered the bride he was sent was an imposter. By 987, Samuel had eliminated Aron. Another brother of Samuel, called David, was killed in 976 by the Vlachs, the guards of caravans,

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These rebellions had a profound effect on Basil's outlook and methods of governance. Psellos describes the defeated Skleros giving Basil the following advice, which he took to heart: "Cut down the governors who become over-proud. Let no generals on campaign have too many resources. Exhaust them with

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Skleros and Phokas, both of whom were experienced generals, wanted to assume the Imperial position that Nikephoros II and John I had held, and thus return Basil to the role of impotent cypher. Basil, showing a penchant for ruthlessness, took to the field himself and suppressed the rebellions of both

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who dominated the Empire's administration and military, filling its treasury, and leaving it with its greatest expanse in four centuries. Although his successors were largely incapable rulers, the Empire flourished for decades after Basil's death. One of the most important decisions taken during his

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created relative peace for the empire's Balkan lands, keeping larger cities—including Constantinople—safe from the previously frequent sieges and looting. Basil's military experience that allowed him to eventually turn the war against Bulgaria in the Byzantine Empire's favor were gained through the

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From the day that the King of Heaven called upon me to become the Emperor, the great overlord of the world, no one saw my spear lie idle. I stayed alert throughout my life and protected the children of the New Rome, valiantly campaigning both in the West and at the outposts of the East ... O,

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Basil II was praised by his army because he spent most of his reign campaigning with it rather than sending orders from Constantinople, as had most of his predecessors. This allowed his army to be largely supportive of him, often making his stance in political and church matters unquestionable. He

599:. Phokas was proclaimed emperor by his men in July and marched on Constantinople. Bringas tried to bring in troops to stop his rival's advance, but the capital's populace supported Nikephoros. Bringas fled, leaving his post to Lekapenos, and on 16 August 963 Nikephoros Phokas was crowned emperor. 1742:

He crushed rebellions, subdued the feudal landowners, conquered the enemies of the Empire, notably in the Danubian provinces and the East. Everywhere the might of Roman arms was respected and feared. The treasury was overflowing with the accumulated plunder of Basil's campaigns. Even the lamp of

1701:, a corpse was found, upright in a corner of the Church of St. John the Evangelist, with a shepherd's flute placed in its mouth. An inscription allowed the Nicaean soldiers to identify the corpse as the remains of Basil II. The body of Basil II was transferred to the Monastery of the Saviour at 854:

against Bourtzes. Bourtzes' defeat forced Basil to intervene personally in the East; with his army, he rode through Asia Minor to Aleppo in sixteen days, arriving in April 995. Basil's sudden arrival and the exaggeration of his army's strength circulating in the Fatimid camp caused panic in the

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Basil was a very successful soldier on horseback and through his achievement he proved himself to be an able general and a strong ruler. In the early years of his reign, administration remained in the hands of Basil Lekapenos. As president of the Byzantine Senate, Lekapenos was a wily, gifted

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The relationship between the two generals was complicated; Phokas was instrumental in defeating the rebellion of Skleros but when Phokas later rebelled, Skleros returned from exile to support him. When Phokas died in battle, Skleros, whom Phokas had imprisoned, assumed the leadership of the

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by a Byzantine army commanded by Basil, whose forces stormed the Bulgarian camp, defeating the Bulgarians and recovering the plunder from Adrianople. Skopje surrendered shortly after the battle, and Basil treated its governor Romanos with overt kindness. In 1005, the governor of

735:. Vladimir offered to evacuate Chersonesos and to supply 6,000 of his soldiers as reinforcements to Basil. In exchange, he demanded to be married to Basil's younger sister Anna. At first, Basil hesitated. The Byzantines viewed all of the peoples of Northern Europe—namely 1790:

Literary works, eulogies and poems were made by the great cities of the Byzantine Empire that mostly tried to juxtapose the classic past of kingdoms and empires with the new expansion of Basil II in which he was compared with many important figures of the east such as

1885:] of Bulgarians, a crucial Greek pantheon figure, is no less important as subject of hatred for our national mythology". During the 20th century in Greece, interest in Basil II led to a number of biographies and historical novels about him. One of these is 787:, the recognition of the Byzantine emperor as protector of Christians under Fatimid rule and of the Fatimid Caliph as protector of Muslims under Byzantine control, and the replacement of the name of the Abbasid caliph with that of the Fatimid caliph in the 1787:, which again established itself as the main source of learning for its day. Though he was not a man of literature, Basil was a relatively pious ruler who involved himself in the construction of churches, monasteries and, to some extent, cities. 1294:

The integrity of the Byzantine Empire was threatened after a full-scale rebellion led by Bardas Skleros broke out in 976. After winning a series of battles, the rebels conquered Asia Minor. In the urgency of the situation, Georgian prince

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Once the internal strife was quelled, Basil turned his attention to the Empire's other enemies. The Byzantine civil wars had weakened the Empire's position in the east, and the gains of Nikephoros II and John I had nearly been lost to the

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955). Romanos succeeded Constantine VII as sole emperor upon the latter's death in 959. Basil's father crowned him as co-emperor on 22 April 960, and his brother Constantine (born 960 or 961, eventually to rule as sole emperor

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monarchs or tyrants who at that time were remembered for being men of action, cruelty and decision who, like Basil, paid little attention to promoting the arts or literary culture and preferred a military environment.

1058:, recovering most of the territory that was controlled by Bulgaria before the invasion of Svyatoslav. He also conducted damaging raids into Byzantine territory as far as central Greece. In 996, the Byzantine general 863:, which they refortified and garrisoned with Armenian troops. Al-Aziz now prepared to take to the field in person against the Byzantines and initiated large-scale preparations but they were abandoned upon his death. 948:

as the city's emir in 1017 did not lead to a resumption of hostilities, especially because al-Kabir continued to pay tribute to the Byzantines and al-Dawla quickly began acting as an independent ruler. Al-Hakim's

611:, disapproved of the marriage, the Church declared it to be valid. With it, Nikephoros secured his legitimacy and became the guardian of Romanos' sons. He was murdered in December 969 by Theophano and his nephew 1830:

Although they were beneficial, Basil's achievements were reversed very quickly. Many of the Georgian, Armenian and Fatimid campaigns were undone after the succession crisis and eventual civil war after the

6892:, in Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art, I, Collection of articles. Materials of the Conference of Young Specialists (St. Petersburg State University, 1–5 December 2010), St. Petersburg 2011 ( 602:

On 20 September, Phokas married Theophano, but problems resulted; it was a second marriage for each spouse and Nikephoros was thought to be the godfather of Basil or his brother, perhaps both. Although

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These portraits of Basil II and Constantine VIII are generally believed to be reliable. Constantine is portrayed as having a longer beard, which coincides with how he's depicted in later coinage.

758:, Basil finally agreed. Vladimir and Anna were married in Crimea in 989. The Rus' warriors taken into Basil's army were instrumental in ending the rebellion; they were later organized into the 1215:, who were previously allies of Bulgaria, accepted Basil's supremacy to avoid the same fate as Bulgaria; Basil warmly received their offers of vassalage and awarded them the honorary title of 619:, a sister of Romanos II. Basil II acceded to the throne as effective ruler and senior emperor when John died on 10 January 976. He immediately had his mother brought back from her convent. 1548:, centred around a fortress town, that were such a common feature of the 10th-century reconquests of the East under Phokas and Tzimiskes, as well as the extensive regional commands under a 1504:(wealthy landholders) to cover for the arrears of poorer tax-payers. Though it proved unpopular with the wealthier sections of Byzantine society, Basil did not abolish the tax; the emperor 407:. Psellos describes him as a stocky man of shorter-than-average stature who nevertheless was an impressive figure on horseback. He had light-blue eyes, strongly arched eyebrows, luxuriant 1475:. In return, the Venetians agreed to transport Byzantine troops to southern Italy in times of war. According to one estimate, a Byzantine landowning farmer might expect a profit of 10.2 1528:) for the Imperial treasury due to his prudent management. Despite his attempts to control the power of the aristocracy, they again took control of the government following his death. 1811:

were among the most recited in the empire during the expansion given the different confrontations against the caliphates that the Byzantines indiscriminately and classically called "

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Beginning in 1000, Basil was free to focus on a war of conquest against Bulgaria, which he fought with grinding persistence and strategic insight. In 1000, the Byzantine generals

1121:, which fell after a prolonged resistance. Samuel reacted to the Byzantine campaign by launching a large-scale raid into the heart of Byzantine Thrace and took the major city of 843:

in June 992, and laid siege to Aleppo. The city easily resisted. In early 993, after thirteen months of campaigning, a lack of supplies forced Manjutakin to return to Damascus.

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when he died on 15 December 1025, having had the longest reign among any Byzantine or Roman emperor. At the time of his death, the Empire stretched from southern Italy to the

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Because the Bulgars had been raiding Byzantine lands since 976, the Byzantine government sought to cause dissension among them by allowing the escape of their captive emperor

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unjust exactions, to keep them busied with their own affairs. Admit no woman to the imperial councils. Be accessible to no-one. Share with few your most intimate plans."

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at his orders strained relations and, along with Fatimid interference in Aleppo, provided the main focus of Fatimid–Byzantine diplomatic relations until the late 1030s.

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and almost pathologically mean. He was in short deeply un-Byzantine. He cared only for the greatness of his Empire. No wonder that in his hands it reached its apogee".

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on 19 July 998. This defeat drew Basil back into the conflict; he arrived in Syria in October 999 and remained there for three months. Basil's troops raided as far as

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on 11 September; the emperor won a costly victory, forcing George I to retreat northwards into his kingdom. Basil plundered the country and withdrew for winter to

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and occupied the length of the military road from the western Haemus Mountains to the Danube, cutting off communications between Samuel's Macedonian heartland and

5945: 1590:. At the same time, however, under Basil the practice began of relying on allied states—most notably Venice—for naval power, beginning the slow decline of the 888: 1895: 1751:. The restoration of the Danubian frontier helped establish a more stable and secure border for the empire in Europe, maintaining a stronger barrier against 327:, which ended shortly after Phokas' death and Skleros' submission in 989. Basil then oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the eastern frontier of the 5434:

The Story of Civilization: The age of Faith; A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325–1300

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While Basil was distracted with internal rebellions and recovering the military situation on his eastern frontier, Samuel had extended his rule from the

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imply that Theophano was responsible, and according to Skylitzes, she had been complicit in an earlier attempt by Romanos II to poison Constantine VII.

6498:"New Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire – The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV: The Byzantine Empire, Part 1: Byzantium and Its Neighbours" 1248:. The areas in blue are those possibly still under Khazar control. The positioning of the rump of the Bulgarian state in 1015 is incorrect on this map. 830:

of Aleppo, a Byzantine protectorate, perhaps expecting Basil would not interfere. Manjutakin invaded the emirate, defeated a Byzantine force under the

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surrendered his city to the Byzantines. The defection of Dyrrhachium completed the isolation of Samuel's core territories in the highlands of western

1890: 1904:(1963) which focuses on Basil's mother, it examines Basil's life through three fictional narrators and has been continuously reprinted since 1964. 1747:

Basil II's reign is one of the most significant in Byzantine history. His constant military campaigns led to the zenith of Byzantine power in the

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meted out to rebels. Samuel was struck down by the sight of his blinded army and died two days later on 6 October 1014 after suffering a stroke.

2530:). This would give him a total reign of 50 years and 4 months, although these months in 963 are usually not counted as part of his actual reign. 1483:

Seeking to protect the lower and middle classes, Basil made ruthless war upon the system of immense estates in Asia Minor—which his predecessor

1962: 1815:". Despite the great expansion during his reign, his military and non-scholastic character led him to be criticized and related to the ancient 1006:. This ploy failed so Basil used a respite from his conflict with the nobility to lead a 30,000-strong army into Bulgaria and besiege Sredets ( 513:, Romanos II died on 15 March 963 at 24 years of age. His unexpected death was commonly thought at the time to be the result of poisoning with 940:

996–1021), relations remained peaceful as al-Hakim was more interested in internal affairs. Even the acknowledgement of Fatimid suzerainty by

4887: 6023: 1561: 1221:. Croatia remained a tributary state to Basil until his death in 1025. Before returning to Constantinople, Basil celebrated his triumph in 6449: 434:

wrote of Basil: "No lonelier man ever occupied the Byzantine throne. And it is hardly surprising: Basil was ugly, dirty, coarse, boorish,

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and the incorporation of later successor states of Kievan Rus' within the Byzantine cultural and religious tradition. Basil is seen as a

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reports that Tzoul was captured and the Khazar successor kingdom was destroyed. Subsequently, the Byzantines occupied southern Crimea.

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in 987–988, Basil led a campaign against the Caliphate that ended with another truce in 1000. He also conducted a campaign against the

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Vladimir had researched various religions, having sent delegates to various countries. Marriage was not his main reason for choosing

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in 1071. Because many of the empire's governors went to the capital with their soldiers to seize power after the capture of emperor

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in 1019). The exact size of the army under Basil II is unknown, but estimates put it as high as 110,000 men, excluding the imperial

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being widespread. The studies of these subjects, and the enlargement projects of the emperors, greatly expanded the library of the

7537: 1965:. The plot and illustration is based on academic bibliography. The story is set in the early years of Basil II, from the time of 2400:

broke away from Byzantine rule and Basil's martial exploits became a theme of Imperial propaganda. It was used by the historian

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Basil did not innovate in terms of military organization: in the conquered territories he introduced both the small themes or

1411:, surrendered his kingdom to the emperor. During early 1022, Basil launched a final offensive, defeating the Georgians at the 485:; this was the appellation used for children who were born to a reigning emperor. Basil was the eldest son of Romanos and his 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8331: 8199: 6897: 6844: 6658: 6486: 5870: 5859: 5780: 5575: 5067: 4944: 4861: 2396:, p. 10) believe the epithet to have entered common usage among the Byzantines at the end of the 12th century, when the 1416: 784: 616: 17: 8364:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

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Moennin, Ulrich (2016). "6 a Hero Without Borders: 1 Alexander the Great in Ancient, Byzantine and Modern Greek Tradition".

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and Nikephoros Xiphias in their abortive insurrection in the emperor's rear. In December, George's ally the Armenian king

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allies, recovering Phasiane and continuing beyond the frontiers of Tao into inner Georgia. King George burned the city of

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in 1018 and al-Hakim was dead, Basil led his army against Georgia. Preparations for a larger-scale campaign against the

1010:) in 986. Taking losses and worried about the loyalty of some of his governors, Basil lifted the siege and returned for 6778: 6729: 6688: 6628: 6596: 6577: 6556: 6413: 6370: 6349: 6328: 6309: 6290: 6224: 6154: 6110: 6093: 6077: 6033: 5988: 5955: 5931: 5901: 5811: 5731: 5692: 5658: 5521: 5415: 5312: 5156: 5131: 5112: 5091: 5035: 5014: 4995: 4965: 2599:. Two latter copies, from the 15th century, give 12 December. Two others, from the 13th century, give 13 December. The 1934:, a renowned specialist on the Byzantine Empire, and published in the early years of the 20th century, a time when the 1879:: "The hero a nation might be the villain of its neighbour ... The Byzantine emperor Basil the Murderer [ 941: 755: 69: 5961: 6757: 6394: 6268: 5835: 5637: 5463: 4413: 4385: 1669:

but he later asked his brother and successor Constantine VIII to be buried in the Church of St. John the Theologian (

1623: 1018:. Basil escaped with the help of his Varangian Guard and attempted to recover his losses by turning Samuel's brother 983:

Basil sought to restore former territories of the Byzantine Empire. At the start of the second millennium, he fought

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and a promise that its capital and surrounding regions would be willed to Byzantium following the death of its king

418:, Basil saw himself as "prudent, just, and devout; others considered him severe, rapacious, cruel, and bigoted. For 8426: 6889: 747:. Anna objected to marrying a barbarian ruler because such a marriage would have no precedent in Imperial annals. 528:

Basil and Constantine were too young to rule in their own right when Romanos died in 963. Therefore, although the

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but parts of the country had remained outside Byzantine control under the leadership of Samuel and his brothers.

2630:, each had either no siblings or childless siblings. Basil himself was unmarried and childless, and his brother 1166:

In 1014, Basil was ready to launch a campaign aimed at destroying Bulgarian resistance. On 29 July 1014, in the

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Cross, Samuel H.; Morgilevski, H. V.; Conant, K. J. (October 1936). "The Earliest Mediaeval Churches of Kiev".

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Stevenson, William B. (1926). "Chapter VI. Islam in Syria and Egypt (750–1100)". In Bury, John Bagnell (ed.).

1718: 8319: 8145: 7972: 7938: 7902: 7791: 6866: 5254: 1015: 847: 5875:. Understanding the Balkans: 13–16 October 2000, Hotel Belvi in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia. Archived from 1034: 7960: 7005: 2458: 1784: 1611: 1400: 1304: 954: 872: 687: 604: 422:

he cared little, and he was a type of the higher Byzantine moral character, which retained far more of its

6206: 1630:. Basil created a strongly fortified frontier in those highlands. Other Byzantine forces restored much of 362:

Despite near-constant warfare, Basil distinguished himself as an administrator, reducing the power of the

8396: 8041: 7720: 7186: 5059: 1666: 1289: 608: 419: 352: 5589: 762:. This marriage had important long-term implications, marking the beginning of the process by which the 8351: 8307: 8285: 8236: 8123: 7914: 7683: 7025: 6948: 6618: 6183: 6044: 5259: 5237: 5215: 5193: 3205: 496:, who was the daughter of a poor tavern-keeper named Krateros and may have originated from the city of 48: 6877:, in "Rivista dell'Istituto Nazionale di Archeologia e Storia dell'Arte", 61 (III serie, XXIX), 2006 339:, its foremost European foe, after a long struggle. Although the Byzantines had made a truce with the 8421: 8258: 8226: 8051: 7231: 6990: 6749: 5449: 2486: 2087: 950: 655: 493: 324: 315:

The early years of Basil's reign were dominated by civil wars against two powerful generals from the

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celebrated his campaigns and victories. His final resting place carried the following inscription:

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attacked the Crimea, much of which had fallen under the control of the Khazar successor kingdom of

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In 1000, a ten-year truce was concluded between the two states. For the remainder of the reign of

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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

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Head, Constance (1980). "Physical Descriptions of the Emperors in Byzantine Historical Writing".

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History and Folklore in a Medieval Jewish Chronicle: The Family Chronicle of Aḥima'az Ben Paltiel

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because they were never senior or sole emperor. Five emperors named Constantine ruled during the

2397: 2247: 2226: 1930:) is also set during the reign of Basil II. It was inspired by correspondence with the historian 1752: 6882: 5872:

Heroes Against Sweets. The Split of National and "Anthropological" cultures in South-East Europe

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Streams of Gold, Rivers of Blood: The Rise and Fall of Byzantium, 955 A.D. to the First Crusade

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A Hero Without Borders: 1 Alexander the Great in Ancient, Byzantine and Modern Greek Tradition

5477: 2600: 2368:, although it may have been exaggerated, helped give rise to his epithet "the Bulgar Slayer" ( 632: 8280: 8275: 8251: 8246: 8162: 7999: 7987: 7758: 7383: 6546: 5594: 2474: 2422: 2378: 2341: 2314: 1944:, who was Delta's lover and was deeply involved in that struggle, in 1907 published the book 1619: 1320: 1265: 930: 923: 851: 763: 683: 2635: 2509:, p. 51) to date Basil II's reign from 985 to 1025, although these are only exceptions. 1914:

depicts Basil II from the point of view of a member of his recently created Varangian Guard.

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Several attempts to negotiate the conflict failed. George received reinforcements from the

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in Constantinople; a considerable force, compared with the nominal establishment force of

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to Romanos II. Yet another enemy of Bringas was the successful and widely popular general

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Basil II technically "ruled" as senior emperor for 5 months in 963, between the death of

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An assessment of the reign in the eyes of the subsequent generations is given by Psellos:

1484: 1343: 1324: 698: 667: 510: 431: 368: 6770:(Re)writing History in Byzantium: A Critical Study of Collections of Historical Excerpts 6698: 5894:

Die byzantinische Armee im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert: Studien zur Organisation der Tagmata

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The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

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four centuries earlier. Basil was to be buried in the last sarcophagus available in the

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declared null and the legal owners could reclaim it. In 1002, Basil also introduced the

1377: 375:

in exchange for military support, thus forming the Byzantine military unit known as the

8241: 8184: 8128: 8110: 8099: 8061: 8031: 7909: 7627: 7531: 7281: 7250: 7243: 6912: 6533: 6525: 5611: 5360: 5347: 5339: 2405: 2365: 2283: 1910: 1824: 1615: 1373: 1332: 1300: 1167: 1156: 1141: 1078: 1059: 984: 919: 720: 372: 356: 316: 192: 4148: 2607:

uses the Paris manuscript, but forgets to translate the full date (Δεκεμβρίῳ γὰρ μηνί

1731: 1260:

and restore their dominion over Crimea and other areas around the Black Sea. In 1016,

8381: 8206: 8152: 7993: 7891: 7866: 7715: 7577: 7313: 7298: 7176: 7144: 6893: 6878: 6840: 6818: 6797: 6774: 6753: 6725: 6684: 6624: 6592: 6573: 6552: 6537: 6517: 6482: 6434: 6409: 6390: 6366: 6345: 6324: 6305: 6286: 6264: 6220: 6193: 6171: 6165: 6150: 6106: 6073: 6029: 6007: 5984: 5951: 5927: 5897: 5855: 5831: 5821: 5807: 5776: 5727: 5688: 5654: 5633: 5571: 5564: 5550: 5517: 5459: 5437: 5411: 5388: 5381: 5351: 5308: 5289: 5152: 5127: 5108: 5087: 5063: 5031: 5010: 4991: 4961: 4940: 4893: 4857: 2449:

had a number of rulers named Constantine, many of whom are usually not counted using

2401: 1905: 1627: 1488: 1462: 1412: 1039: 1024: 903: 880: 780: 732: 580: 403:, who was born towards the end of Basil's reign, gives a description of Basil in his 384: 340: 284: 268: 77: 5786: 1586:

120,000 in the 9th–10th centuries, or the 150,000–160,000 of the field armies under

971: 298:(r. 969–976) before Basil became senior emperor, though his influential great-uncle 283:

died in 963, but they were too young to rule. The throne thus went to two generals,

8336: 8313: 8216: 8189: 8174: 8140: 8066: 8026: 8016: 7741: 7668: 7638: 7501: 7456: 7451: 7323: 6982: 6973: 6967: 6739: 6509: 6212: 6131: 6098: 6088: 5603: 5498: 5331: 2631: 2482: 2446: 2275: 2259: 2196: 2066: 1966: 1772: 1691: 1578: 1569: 1538: 1444: 1361: 1348: 1296: 1261: 1129: 1117:(the lands south of the lower Danube). Following this success, Basil laid siege to 1019: 891: 856: 840: 827: 823: 799: 702: 679: 642: 584: 529: 514: 506: 473: 452: 344: 328: 272: 140: 120: 110: 6135: 6102: 5876: 2587:

This is the universally accepted date for Basil's death. The date is found in the

7977: 7967: 7876: 7663: 7571: 7559: 7553: 7405: 7226: 7196: 7139: 7119: 6834: 6768: 6743: 6719: 6678: 6567: 6384: 6380: 6360: 6339: 6258: 6144: 6067: 5978: 5921: 5849: 5845: 5682: 5648: 5627: 5585: 5535: 5511: 5453: 5302: 5142: 5102: 5081: 5053: 5025: 4934: 4872: 4851: 2627: 2623: 2498: 2470: 2466: 2251: 2009: 2002: 1970: 1792: 1573: 1357: 1145: 1137: 759: 554: 509:

in 1025–1028) in 962 or 963. Only two days after the birth of his youngest child

482: 400: 376: 299: 232: 5742: 3093: 3055: 3027: 2872: 2703: 1208: 783:. In 987–988, a seven-year truce with the Fatimids was signed; it stipulated an 435: 7871: 7835: 7780: 7673: 7596: 7494: 7488: 7420: 7400: 7154: 7114: 6424: 6386:

The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium

6063: 5941: 5279: 5275: 4918: 4836: 4802: 4423: 4395: 2609: 2454: 2413: 2369: 2332: 2305: 1917: 1796: 1631: 1602: 1591: 1557: 1459: 1312: 1308: 1106: 1071: 803: 792: 724: 651: 612: 575: 546: 542: 522: 518: 427: 320: 295: 254: 237: 177: 136: 6468: 6216: 926:; he departed for Cilicia in January and dispatched another embassy to Cairo. 817: 549:. Theophano did not trust Bringas, however, and another enemy of the powerful 8375: 8341: 8301: 7845: 7653: 7461: 6961: 6822: 6801: 6521: 6362:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1

6197: 6011: 5531: 5473: 5441: 5173: 5077: 4897: 2523: 2450: 2287: 2271: 1941: 1840: 1776: 1662: 1356:

In late 1021, Basil, at the head of a large Byzantine army reinforced by the

1238: 1193: 1082: 945: 884: 876: 788: 592: 464: 415: 408: 309: 6815:

The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. IV: The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453)

6794:

The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. IV: The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453)

6428: 5703: 5293: 4955: 1686:

man, seeing now my tomb here, reward me for my campaigns with your prayers.

308:

ruler until 985. His reign of 49 years and 11 months was the longest of any

8086: 7881: 7813: 7808: 7798: 7621: 7483: 7124: 6830: 6254: 5554: 5502: 5429: 5392: 5232: 2442: 1804: 1698: 1451: 1408: 1269: 1257: 1183: 1094: 1051: 1043: 751: 558: 423: 6175: 5210: 2572:

of wheat and thus approximately the value of perhaps two middle Byzantine

1480:

Basil's reign was considered an era of relative prosperity for the class.

1189: 770:", and claim the political and cultural heritage of the Byzantine Empire. 662:, had sufficient means to undertake open rebellion against his authority. 7950: 7825: 7775: 7700: 7274: 7221: 7164: 5623: 5425: 5188: 5055:

The Days of the Warlords: A History of the Byzantine Empire, A.D. 969–991

4986:

Antonopoulou, Theodora; Kotzabassi, Sofia; Loukaki, Marina, eds. (2015).

2327: 1760: 1748: 1587: 1505: 1494: 728: 6839:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. 871:

Warfare between the two powers continued as the Byzantines supported an

719:

To defeat these dangerous revolts, Basil formed an alliance with Prince

8006: 7921: 7886: 7851: 7763: 7678: 7438: 7431: 7378: 7358: 7303: 7268: 7261: 7206: 7171: 7034: 6957: 6941: 6529: 5998:

Lev, Yaacov (1995). "The Fatimids and Byzantium, 10th–12th Centuries".

5615: 5343: 2557: 2553: 2519: 2279: 2080: 1836: 1565: 1404: 1122: 1114: 807: 767: 637: 478: 388: 280: 202: 7020: 4196: 1465:

under terms reducing Venice's custom duties in Constantinople from 30

918:

was not threatened. Basil's attention was diverted to developments in

693: 7753: 7705: 7615: 7602: 7389: 7318: 7291: 7286: 7255: 7201: 7149: 7084: 7079: 6497: 5148: 3491: 2978: 2588: 2574: 2478: 1847:

permanently pushed the Byzantines from Southern Italy in April 1071.

1823:

Basil II lacked heirs due to the "dearth of cousins found within the

1808: 1705:. The following year Constantinople was recovered by the Byzantines. 1702: 1467: 1424: 1392: 1217: 1055: 744: 675: 566: 6811:"Chapter IV. The Macedonian Dynasty from 976 to 1057 A.D. (717–867)" 6790:"Chapter III. The Macedonian Dynasty from 867 to 976 A.D. (717–867)" 6513: 5607: 5335: 1134: 615:, who then became emperor John I and exiled Theophano. John married 7803: 7695: 7648: 7608: 7590: 7510: 7445: 7425: 7395: 7368: 7363: 7348: 7338: 7308: 7216: 7211: 7159: 7134: 7129: 7094: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 6406:

The Rise of the Medieval World, 500–1300: A Biographical Dictionary

2592: 1756: 1674: 1642: 1637:

Basil was preparing a military expedition to recover the island of

1277: 1256:

in the 960s, the Byzantines had not been able to fully exploit the

1067: 811: 659: 304: 145: 6260:

Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations

4375: 4373: 1803:

who was believed to be Basil's ancestor. Classical works such as "

7955: 7658: 7565: 7478: 7333: 7109: 6612:. Vol. V. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 242–264. 5478:"Book II: Chapter 2 § 2, Basil II (Bulgaroktonos), A.D. 976–1025" 3298: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 2562: 2501:' control of power until 985 has caused some historians, such as 2462: 2409: 2297: 1938:

again set Greeks and Bulgarians in bitter enmity with each other.

1844: 1839:, the Anatolian frontier was largely left undefended against the 1727: 1500: 1420: 1381: 1335:

were set, beginning with the re-fortification of Theodosiopolis.

1316: 1253: 1212: 1110: 1086: 899: 895: 837: 588: 486: 363: 187: 5167: 1369: 1182:

fulfilled one of Basil's goals; the Empire regained its ancient

1014:

but he fell into an ambush and suffered a serious defeat at the

806:

chose to pursue a more aggressive stance in Syria and appointed

697:

Clash between the armies of Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas at

627: 7727: 7584: 7466: 7238: 7104: 6861: 6423:

Shephard, Jonathan (2000). "Byzantium expanding, 944–1025". In

4513: 4370: 3131: 3129: 1816: 1723: 1650: 1646: 1638: 1222: 1098: 1090: 1028: 1011: 907: 860: 796: 736: 596: 562: 533: 497: 489: 348: 149: 6478: 3277: 2296:. In his lifetime and later, Basil was distinguished from his 1233: 1128:

After turning homeward with his extensive plunder, Samuel was

57: 7328: 7099: 7089: 7069: 5513:

Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527–1204

4985: 4588: 4343: 4034: 2502: 1812: 1610:

Basil II later secured the annexation of the sub-kingdoms of

1521: 1273: 1179: 1118: 1102: 1007: 740: 6609:

The Cambridge Medieval History: Contest of Empire and Papacy

4160: 3217: 3126: 1850: 1759:

raiders. The conquest of Bulgaria and the submission of the

1512:

in 1028. By 1025, Basil—with an annual revenue of 7 million

532:

confirmed them as emperors with their mother as the nominal

7074: 7064: 6433:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 586–604. 5629:

Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204

4641: 4639: 4600: 4073: 3703: 3701: 3674: 3662: 3481: 3479: 3014:, "Constantine VIII" (C. M. Brand, A. Cutler), pp. 503–504. 2604: 1525: 1448: 1365: 944:

of Aleppo in 1004 and the Fatimid-sponsored installment of

915: 911: 818:

Manjutakin's attacks, and Basil's first expedition to Syria

6430:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024

5182:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 4759: 4319: 4097: 3853: 3851: 3814: 3812: 3551: 3539: 3440: 3418: 3416: 3391: 3389: 3229: 2733: 2709: 1023:

between Prespa and Kastoria. Although the titular emperor

773: 6448:

Stephenson, P.; Hoppenbrouwers, P. C. M. (30 July 2014).

4936:

John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057

4651: 4537: 4465: 4225: 4223: 4208: 3923: 3773: 3737: 3568: 3566: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 2750: 2748: 2282:

to distinguish rulers of the same name. The numbering of

1881: 832: 6659:"Civilization VI – First Look: Basil II Leads Byzantium" 6447: 5854:(2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. 4636: 4624: 4331: 4202: 4184: 4109: 4012: 4010: 3983: 3935: 3899: 3863: 3824: 3698: 3638: 3614: 3476: 3141: 2990: 2672: 2670: 2286:

is a purely historiographical invention, beginning with

1677:

Palace complex outside the walls of Constantinople. The

953:

in his realm and especially the 1009 destruction of the

866: 569:– Basil's great-grandfather. Lekapenos himself had been 5537:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

4988:

Myriobiblos: Essays on Byzantine Literature and Culture

4429: 4401: 3995: 3887: 3848: 3809: 3602: 3452: 3413: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3253: 3241: 2878: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2721: 6677:

Talbot, Alice-Mary; Johnson, Scott Fitzgerald (2012).

5980:

The Millennium: Christianity and Russia, A.D. 988–1988

5321: 4850:

Talbot, Alice-Mary; Sullivan, Dennis F., eds. (2005).

4783: 4747: 4675: 4663: 4561: 4549: 4489: 4441: 4360: 4358: 4247: 4235: 4220: 4138: 4136: 4022: 3947: 3875: 3785: 3749: 3725: 3713: 3626: 3590: 3578: 3563: 3497: 3428: 3195: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3099: 3061: 3007: 3005: 2954: 2942: 2820: 2745: 2613:), a mistake that is repeated in the 2010 translation. 1653:, which was its greatest territorial extent since the 1342:

A miniature depicting the defeat of the Georgian king

1299:

aided Basil; after a decisive loyalist victory at the

394: 6721:

Private Religious Foundations in the Byzantine Empire

4771: 4735: 4723: 4699: 4687: 4612: 4525: 4501: 4477: 4453: 4172: 4085: 4007: 3959: 3797: 3761: 3686: 3401: 3214:, "Basil the Nothos" (A. Kazhdan, A. Cutler), p. 270. 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 2808: 2667: 1634:, which had been lost during the previous 150 years. 1606:

The Byzantine Empire at the death of Basil II in 1025

1252:

Although the Kievan Rus' had broken the power of the

500:. He may have had an elder sister named Helena (born 5482:

History of the Byzantine Empire from DCCXVI to MLVII

4711: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4121: 3971: 3911: 3464: 3017: 2966: 2216: 1368:

to prevent it falling to the enemy and retreated to

1319:. This forced the successor Georgian Bagratid ruler 822:

Encouraged by the defectors after the death of emir

6875:«Un altro cielo»: l'imperatore Basilio II e le arti 6718:Thomas, John Philip; Thomas, John Prescott (1987). 5684:

Unrivalled Influence: Women and Empire in Byzantium

4818:, "Macedonian dynasty" genealogical table, p. 1263. 4355: 4133: 3310: 3265: 3153: 3002: 2427: 2383: 2346: 2319: 2293:

History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

1415:. Menaced both by land and sea, George agreed to a 883:, the successor of Bourtzes, launched an attack on 754:. When Vladimir promised to baptize himself and to 262: 244: 5563: 5489:Foss, Clive (2005). "Emperors named Constantine". 5380: 3836: 3650: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3172: 2408:, and consciously inverted by the Bulgarian ruler 6548:The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts 5547:A handbook of the coinage of the Byzantine Empire 3085: 3083: 2864: 2862: 1875:Bulgarian commentator Alexander Kiossev wrote in 1323:to recognize the new rearrangement. Bagrat's son 902:, and burnt three minor forts in the vicinity of 583:, who had just returned from his conquest of the 171:Church of St. John the Theologian, Constantinople 8407:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars 8373: 6097:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 611–643, 5830:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 5724:Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025) 2856:, "Basil II" (C.M. Brand, A. Cutler), pp. 261–2. 914:. The siege of Tripoli in December failed while 766:many centuries later would proclaim itself "The 540:power passed for the time into the hands of the 441: 6817:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–118. 5590:"The Tombs and Obits of the Byzantine Emperors" 5141:Brubaker, Leslie; Tougher, Shaun, eds. (2016). 5140: 5100: 4519: 3292: 2832: 1597: 1311:. These provinces were then organized into the 991:had been partly subjugated by John I after the 850:and in September scored a major victory at the 379:. The marriage of Anna and Vladimir led to the 6890:Observations on Basil II as Patron of the Arts 6796:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–82. 4849: 4809: 3680: 3304: 3080: 2916: 2859: 2655: 1618:. In 1021, he also secured the cession of the 826:, Al-Aziz decided to renew his attacks on the 7006: 6676: 6389:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2899:, "Porphyrogennetos" (M. McCormack), p. 1701. 2278:. Instead, the Byzantines used nicknames and 1155:Byzantine victory over the Bulgarians at the 628:Rebellions in Anatolia and alliance with Rus' 477:("born into the purple"), as were his father 6745:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 6717: 6657: 6025:Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit 5424: 5300: 5101:Blöndal, Sigfús; Benedikz, Benedikt (2007). 4166: 4079: 2928: 2503:Antonopoulou, Kotzabassi & Loukaki (2015 1283: 450:Coronation of Basil as co-emperor, from the 8402:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 6544: 5458:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 5252: 5230: 5208: 4040: 3857: 3395: 1900:. Written as a sequel to his previous work 1374:battle was fought near the village Shirimni 1109:. The following year, he based his army in 658:, members of the wealthy military elite of 7013: 6999: 6586: 6565: 5186: 5027:An Introduction to Modern Greek Literature 4765: 4471: 4214: 4103: 3941: 3929: 3905: 3869: 3830: 3818: 3707: 3644: 3485: 3458: 3330: 3147: 3120: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2389: 1985:Basil's immediate family and predecessors 1458:In 992, Basil concluded a treaty with the 1186:frontier for the first time in 400 years. 622: 367:reign was to offer the hand of his sister 62:Replicated depiction of Basil II from his 6738: 6605: 6545:Spatharákīs, Iōánnīs Spatharákīs (1976). 6466: 6263:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6192:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6086: 6062: 5896:(in German). Vienna: Fassbaender Verlag. 5801: 5687:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 5399: 5301:Cooper, Eric J.; Decker, Michael (2012). 4939:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4886:Sewter, Edgar Robert Ashton, ed. (1953). 4789: 4657: 4630: 4594: 4543: 4419: 4391: 4349: 4190: 4115: 3989: 3620: 3608: 3422: 3368: 3259: 3247: 3223: 3135: 3045: 2996: 2556:'s reign placed the cost on carpets from 2393: 1957:Basil Basileus is a comic book series by 1851:Modern views and depictions in literature 1799:. He was also particularly compared with 1346:("Georgios of Abasgia") by the Basil II. 347:that gained the Byzantine Empire part of 6616: 6591:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 6495: 6422: 6403: 6379: 6337: 6126:Makris, Georgios (2006). "Allelengyon". 5910: 5584: 5544: 5540:. Vol. V. W. Strahan and T. Cadell. 5358: 5304:Life and Society in Byzantine Cappadocia 5274: 4892:. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. 4777: 4741: 4729: 4618: 4407: 3380: 3356: 3342: 3033: 2506: 1854: 1717: 1601: 1438: 1337: 1232: 1188: 1150: 1033: 970: 692: 631: 458: 445: 414:According to the 19th century historian 160:15 December 1025 (aged 66–67) 6829: 6766: 6318: 6299: 6277: 6204: 6043:Lopez, Robert Sabatino (20 July 1998). 5868: 5844: 5561: 5509: 5121: 4957:Ioannis Scylitzae, Synopsis historiarum 4932: 4717: 4606: 4582: 4495: 4435: 4060: 4001: 3881: 3791: 3755: 3731: 3719: 3584: 3572: 3557: 3545: 3446: 3434: 3235: 3074: 2984: 2948: 2934: 2826: 2754: 1487:had endeavored to check—by executing a 960: 774:Campaigns against the Fatimid Caliphate 14: 8374: 6358: 6233: 6182: 6163: 6125: 5919: 5869:Kiossev, Alexander (15 October 2000). 5740: 5721: 5701: 5680: 5646: 5622: 5530: 5472: 5126:. North-Holland Pub. Co. p. 127. 5076: 5023: 4990:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 4885: 4753: 4681: 4669: 4645: 4567: 4555: 4483: 4459: 4447: 4364: 4337: 4325: 4241: 4229: 4178: 4142: 4066: 4028: 3977: 3953: 3917: 3803: 3779: 3767: 3743: 3692: 3521: 3470: 3407: 3199: 2972: 2910: 2884: 2849: 2847: 2814: 2802: 2790: 2766: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 1771:was taking effect, seeing the rise of 1419:that handed over Tao, Phasiane, Kola, 1062:defeated a Bulgarian army raid at the 6994: 6808: 6787: 6589:The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer 6462:from the original on 6 December 2019. 6450:"The Byzantine State and the Dynatoi" 6253: 6142: 6042: 5976: 5940: 5763:"Emperor Basileios II Boulgaroktonos" 5726:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5378: 5281:The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire 5253:Cartwright, Mark (1 February 2018c). 5231:Cartwright, Mark (19 January 2018b). 5209:Cartwright, Mark (16 January 2018a). 5051: 4953: 4705: 4693: 4531: 4507: 4379: 4127: 4091: 4054: 4016: 3965: 3509: 3316: 3271: 2960: 2922: 2412:, who called himself "Roman-slayer" ( 2202: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2150: 2148: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2047: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2008: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1454:, produced during Basil's late reign. 867:Second expedition to Syria, and peace 271:from 976 to 1025. He and his brother 249:; 958 – 15 December 1025), nicknamed 5923:Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire 5891: 5768:Prosopography of the Byzantine World 5741:Hussey, Joan Mervyn (20 July 1998). 5667: 5488: 5448: 5187:Cartwright, Mark (9 November 2017). 5165: 4889:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus 4313: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4253: 4203:Stephenson & Hoppenbrouwers 2014 3893: 3498:Cross, Morgilevski & Conant 1936 3336: 3166: 2778: 2676: 1889:(1964) by historical fiction writer 1531: 1207:The rulers of neighbouring Croatia, 6637: 6475:Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 5997: 5760: 5004: 4157:, "Allelengyon" (A. Cutler), p. 69. 3668: 3656: 3632: 3596: 3533: 2844: 2838: 2682: 2661: 1775:scholarship being assimilated into 1498:tax as a specific law obliging the 1360:, attacked the Georgians and their 1089:, and the towns Lesser Preslav and 1042:is ambushed by the Bulgarians near 471:Basil II was born in 958. He was a 395:Physical appearance and personality 381:Christianization of the Kievan Rus' 24: 6234:Morson, Gary Saul (20 July 1998). 6094:The New Cambridge Medieval History 5827:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 5702:Holmes, Catherine (1 April 2003). 5255:"1204: The Sack of Constantinople" 5144:Approaches to the Byzantine Family 4856:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. 1973:until the final years of Basil II. 1730:in front of Basil II, painting by 1434: 1228: 1085:took the former Bulgarian capital 795:. This lasted until the long-time 756:convert his people to Christianity 595:, which culminated in the sack of 587:and a highly successful raid into 49:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans 27:Byzantine emperor from 976 to 1025 25: 8478: 6855: 6836:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025 6470:Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken 6089:"The Byzantine Empire, 1118–1204" 6045:"Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus" 5947:The Economic History of Byzantium 5676:(1). Peeters Publishers: 226–240. 5359:Danforth, Loring (20 July 1998). 2522:(15 March) and the coronation of 2461:, the eldest son and co-ruler of 2364:of Bulgarian prisoners after the 1928:In the Years of the Bulgar-Slayer 1908:'s 1976 historical fiction novel 1867:, depicting Basil II (front) and 1807:" by the ancient Greek tragedian 1690:In 1260, during the unsuccessful 1093:. In 1001, Basil, operating from 6860: 6455:. Leiden University Repository. 6022:; Winkelmann, Friedhelm (1998). 6018: 4795: 4046: 3089: 3051: 3023: 2868: 2699: 2642:—all remained childless as well. 2616: 2597:Bibliothèque nationale de France 2581: 2566:, a price 30-fold the cost of a 2542: 2533: 2219: 1541:, later became emperor himself. 1516:—was able to amass 14.4 million 1407:, who was being harassed by the 1027:was captured in 991, Basil lost 731:, the Empire's main base in the 162:Constantinople, Byzantine Empire 56: 8392:11th-century Byzantine emperors 8387:10th-century Byzantine emperors 6404:Schulman, Jana K., ed. (2002). 6344:. University of Chicago Press. 6167:The Empresses of Constantinople 6146:The Oxford History of Byzantium 5983:. St Vladimirs Seminary Press. 5820: 5124:The life and death of Byzantium 4824: 4815: 4154: 3842: 3322: 3211: 3039: 3011: 2902: 2896: 2853: 2512: 2492: 2435: 1397:Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos 1148:, to the east of Thessalonica. 935: 879:. In 998, the Byzantines under 846:In 994, Manjutakin resumed his 387:but is a despised figure among 289: 6970:in 969–976 as senior emperors, 6572:. Cambridge University Press. 6408:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 5545:Goodacre, Hugh George (1957). 5107:. Cambridge University Press. 2987:, pp. 128, 271 (note 13). 2354: 2265: 2240: 975:Military campaigns during the 967:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria 430:origin". The modern historian 353:series of successful campaigns 13: 1: 8462:1020s in the Byzantine Empire 8457:1010s in the Byzantine Empire 8452:1000s in the Byzantine Empire 6338:Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2004). 6319:Norwich, John Julius (1997). 6300:Norwich, John Julius (1991). 6136:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e116010 6103:10.1017/chol9780521414111.024 5484:(2nd ed.). W. Blackwood. 5410:] (in Greek). Pelekanos. 5009:. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 4922: 4876: 4853:The History of Leo the Deacon 4840: 2649: 2622:Basil's father; grandfather, 2595:') chronicle archived in the 1713: 1626:, in exchange for estates in 1583: 1242: 1016:Battle of the Gates of Trajan 501: 442:Early life and rule (960-976) 8447:990s in the Byzantine Empire 8442:980s in the Byzantine Empire 8437:970s in the Byzantine Empire 8432:960s in the Byzantine Empire 6767:Manafis, Panagiotis (2020). 6683:. Harvard University Press. 6680:Miracle Tales from Byzantium 6359:Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). 5562:Gregory, Timothy E. (2005). 5286:Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian 3042:, "Anna" (A. Poppe), p. 103. 2634:'s three daughters—Eudokia, 2254:were under communion as the 1977: 1923:Ton Kairo tou Voulgaroktonou 1865:Greek Struggle for Macedonia 1785:University of Constantinople 1598:Later life, death and burial 1391:and allied himself with the 1178:the later submission of the 955:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 942:Abu Muhammad Lu'lu' al-Kabir 859:unsuccessfully and occupied 802:died in 991. Fatimid caliph 7: 6638:Sue, Caryl (18 June 2014). 6617:Sutcliff, Rosemary (1976). 6569:Byzantium's Balkan Frontier 6365:. Oxford University Press. 6211:. Brill. pp. 159–189. 6149:. Oxford University Press. 5892:Kühn, Hans-Joachim (1991). 5806:. Oxford University Press. 5802:Kaldellis, Anthony (2017). 5650:The Lost World of Byzantium 5166:Bury, John Bagnell (1911). 5104:The Varangians of Byzantium 5060:University Press of America 5030:. Oxford University Press. 4933:Wortley, John, ed. (2010). 4520:Blöndal & Benedikz 2007 3293:Brubaker & Tougher 2016 3028:Konstantinos VIII. (#23735) 2428: 2384: 2347: 2320: 1667:Church of the Holy Apostles 1564:or Upper Media in 1019/22, 609:patriarch of Constantinople 467:(left) and Basil II (right) 399:The courtier and historian 263: 245: 10: 8483: 8467:Sons of Byzantine emperors 8286:Constantine XI Palaiologos 8237:Andronikos III Palaiologos 8124:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 6189:Essays on the Latin Orient 6069:Byzantium in the Year 1000 5761:Jeffreys, C., ed. (2016). 5722:Holmes, Catherine (2005). 5408:Martyrs' and Heroes' Blood 5260:World History Encyclopedia 5238:World History Encyclopedia 5216:World History Encyclopedia 5194:World History Encyclopedia 4422:, p. 165. Δεκεμβρίου 4394:, p. 158. Δεκεμβρίου 3681:Talbot & Sullivan 2005 3305:Talbot & Sullivan 2005 2917:Talbot & Sullivan 2005 1952:Martyrs' and Heroes' Blood 1861:Greek Macedonian Committee 1427:, and left his infant son 1287: 1074:narrowly escaped capture. 987:, his greatest adversary. 964: 727:, who in 988 had captured 364:great land-owning families 246:Basileios Porphyrogennetos 70:National Historical Museum 29: 8362: 8294: 8259:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 8227:Andronikos II Palaiologos 8052:Constantine IX Monomachos 7740: 7637: 7520: 7347: 7185: 7033: 6979: 6946: 6938: 6933: 6906: 6750:Stanford University Press 6587:Stephenson, Paul (2010). 6566:Stephenson, Paul (2000). 6467:Schreiner, Peter (1975). 6217:10.1163/9789004307728_008 5920:Lawler, Jennifer (2011). 5911:Kyriazis, Kostas (1964). 5653:. Yale University Press. 5647:Harris, Jonathan (2015). 5024:Beaton, Roderick (1999). 4954:Thurn, Hans, ed. (1973). 2626:; and great-grandfather, 2487:Constantine IX Monomachos 2417: 2373: 2336: 2309: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2106: 2100: 2091: 2084: 2070: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2006: 1969:and the formation of the 1877:Understanding the Balkans 1708: 1673:, the Evangelist) at the 1594:during the 11th century. 1284:Campaigns against Georgia 951:persecution of Christians 258: 242:Βασίλειος Πορφυρογέννητος 241: 223:Chalcedonian Christianity 218: 208: 198: 186: 176: 166: 156: 130: 126: 116: 106: 93: 83: 76: 55: 46: 41: 32:Basil II (disambiguation) 8222:Michael VIII Palaiologos 6748:. Stanford, California: 6087:Magdalino, Paul (2004), 5708:De Imperatoribus Romanis 5570:. Blackwell Publishing. 4382:, p. 868 (note 84). 4167:Thomas & Thomas 1987 4080:Cooper & Decker 2012 3671:, pp. 203, 205–208. 2929:Durant & Durant 1950 2477:, a son and co-ruler of 2233: 1781:ancient Greek philosophy 1196:of Basil II through the 922:following the murder of 887:but the Fatimid general 674:with the help of 12,000 8427:Medieval child monarchs 8077:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 7711:Tiberius II Constantine 6703:Encyclopedia Britannica 6496:Ševčenko, Ihor (1968). 6240:Encyclopedia Britannica 6164:McCabe, Joseph (1913). 6049:Encyclopedia Britannica 5747:Encyclopedia Britannica 5681:Herrin, Judith (2013). 5510:Garland, Lynda (2002). 5403:Martyron kai Iroon Aima 5400:Dragoumis, Ion (1907). 5379:Diehl, Charles (1927). 5365:Encyclopedia Britannica 5179:Encyclopædia Britannica 5122:Bréhier, Louis (1977). 5052:Blaum, Paul A. (1994). 2550:Edict on Maximum Prices 2398:Second Bulgarian Empire 2274:were never used in the 2248:Eastern Orthodox Church 2227:Byzantine Empire portal 1947:Martyron kai Iroon Aima 1695:siege of Constantinople 1679:epitaph on Basil's tomb 1290:Byzantine–Georgian wars 1130:intercepted near Skopje 977:Byzantine-Bulgarian War 898:, placed a garrison at 892:defeated them in battle 641:of Basil II (left) and 623:Sole emperor (976-1025) 573:to Constantine VII and 8232:Michael IX Palaiologos 6809:Vogt, Albert (1923b). 6788:Vogt, Albert (1923a). 5977:Leong, Albert (1997). 5566:A History of Byzantium 5549:. Spink. p. 203. 5503:10.3406/numi.2005.2594 5436:. Simon and Schuster. 5307:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4960:. Berlin: De Gruyter. 2704:Basileios II. (#20838) 1936:Struggle for Macedonia 1871: 1769:Macedonian Renaissance 1745: 1735: 1688: 1607: 1520:(or 200,000 pounds/90 1455: 1353: 1329:Bulgaria was conquered 1249: 1204: 1163: 1097:, regained control of 1047: 980: 708: 646: 468: 456: 337:First Bulgarian Empire 8326:Thessalonian emperors 8320:Trapezuntine emperors 8281:John VIII Palaiologos 8276:Manuel II Palaiologos 8247:John VI Kantakouzenos 8163:Andronikos I Komnenos 8000:Constantine Lekapenos 7028:and empresses regnant 6869:at Wikimedia Commons 6302:Byzantium: the Apogee 6143:Mango, Cyril (2002). 6020:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes 5773:King's College London 5632:. London: UCL Press. 5595:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 5361:"Macedonian Question" 4927:Synopsis of Histories 2475:Constantine Lekapenos 2252:Roman Catholic Church 1858: 1740: 1721: 1683: 1620:Kingdom of Vaspurakan 1605: 1442: 1341: 1266:Mstislav of Chernigov 1236: 1192: 1154: 1070:. Samuel and his son 1037: 974: 931:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 924:David III Kuropalates 873:anti-Fatimid uprising 852:Battle of the Orontes 785:exchange of prisoners 764:Grand Duchy of Moscow 701:, miniature from the 696: 684:David III Kuropalates 635: 462: 449: 18:Campaigns of Basil II 8264:John VII Palaiologos 8212:Theodore II Laskaris 8072:Constantine X Doukas 8012:Nikephoros II Phokas 6976:as junior co-emperor 6321:History of Byzantium 6279:Norwich, John Julius 6236:"Russian literature" 5450:Fine, John V. A. Jr. 2873:Romanos II. (#26834) 2298:namesake predecessor 2095:Nikephoros II Phokas 1932:Gustave Schlumberger 1722:Personifications of 1443:Basil II (left) and 1431:as Basil's hostage. 1315:with the capital at 1264:in conjunction with 1198:Forum of Constantine 1064:Battle of Spercheios 1038:The Armenian prince 1004:Boris II of Bulgaria 997:Svyatoslav I of Kiev 961:Conquest of Bulgaria 889:Jaysh ibn al-Samsama 481:and his grandfather 333:complete subjugation 279:before their father 30:For other uses, see 8195:Theodore I Laskaris 8180:Alexios III Angelos 8158:Alexios II Komnenos 8082:Romanos IV Diogenes 8037:Romanos III Argyros 7983:Romanos I Lekapenos 6888:Riccardi, Lorenzo, 6885:, pp. 103–146. 6873:Riccardi, Lorenzo, 6644:National Geographic 6341:The Perfect Servant 6323:. Alfred A. Knopf. 6304:. London: Penguin. 6283:A History of Venice 5913:Basil Bulgaroktonus 5879:on 19 December 2007 5383:Byzantine portraits 5007:A Byzantine Journey 4609:, pp. 159–189. 4597:, pp. 611–643. 4328:, pp. 100–103. 3896:, pp. 277–278. 3845:, pp. 297–298. 3782:, pp. 442–443. 3635:, pp. 203–205. 3599:, pp. 201–203. 3560:, pp. 379–380. 3548:, pp. 324–325. 3449:, pp. 242–243. 3238:, pp. 348–349. 3226:, pp. 498–499. 3138:, pp. 495–498. 2937:, pp. 126, 128 2781:, pp. 233–234. 2505:, p. 274) and 2348:ho porphyrogennetos 2324:) and, most often, 2256:Chalcedonian Church 1887:Basil Bulgaroktonos 1869:Alexander the Great 1833:Battle of Manzikert 1801:Alexander the Great 1697:, then held by the 1301:Battle of Pankaleia 1031:to the Bulgarians. 432:John Julius Norwich 385:Greek national hero 369:Anna Porphyrogenita 319:aristocracy: first 317:Byzantine Anatolian 8397:Macedonian dynasty 8314:Britannic emperors 8308:Palmyrene emperors 8242:John V Palaiologos 8185:Alexios IV Angelos 8134:Constantine Doukas 8129:Alexios I Komnenos 8117:Constantine Doukas 8100:Michael VII Doukas 8062:Michael VI Bringas 7628:Romulus Augustulus 7251:Trebonianus Gallus 7244:Herennius Etruscus 7026:Byzantine emperors 6913:Macedonian Dynasty 6900:), pp. 39–45. 6724:. Dumbarton Oaks. 6699:"Constantine VIII" 5964:on 3 November 2019 5950:. Dumbarton Oaks. 5942:Laiou, Angeliki E. 5822:Kazhdan, Alexander 5789:on 21 January 2023 5491:Revue Numismatique 5288:Armenian Library. 5005:Ash, John (1995). 4352:, p. 528–529. 3746:, p. 440–441. 3307:, p. 22, 220. 3094:Theophano (#28125) 2679:, pp. 93–102. 2406:Nicholas Mesarites 2392:, p. 62) and 2366:Battle of Kleidion 2284:Byzantine emperors 1872: 1825:Macedonian dynasty 1767:At this time, the 1736: 1608: 1456: 1354: 1333:Kingdom of Georgia 1250: 1205: 1168:Battle of Kleidion 1164: 1157:Battle of Kleidion 1079:Nikephoros Xiphias 1060:Nikephoros Ouranos 1048: 985:Samuel of Bulgaria 981: 709: 647: 517:; the chroniclers 469: 457: 373:Vladimir I of Kiev 357:Kingdom of Georgia 267:), was the senior 8369: 8368: 8207:John III Vatatzes 8153:Manuel I Komnenos 7892:Michael I Rangabe 7736: 7735: 7578:Petronius Maximus 7177:Severus Alexander 7145:Septimius Severus 6989: 6988: 6980:Succeeded by 6949:Byzantine emperor 6898:978-5-288-05174-6 6865:Media related to 6846:978-0-520-20496-6 6740:Treadgold, Warren 6488:978-3-7001-0206-9 6128:Brill's New Pauly 5861:978-0-367-36690-2 5782:978-1-908951-20-5 5577:978-0-631-23512-5 5169:"Basil II." 5069:978-0-8191-9657-6 4979:Secondary sources 4946:978-0-521-76705-7 4904:on 14 August 2014 4863:978-0-88402-324-1 4648:, pp. 29–30. 4340:, pp. 90–91. 4256:, pp. 61ff.. 4043:, pp. 91−95. 2919:, pp. 99–100 2805:, pp. 43–44. 2793:, pp. 45–46. 2769:, pp. 48–49. 2742:, pp. 89–96. 2718:, pp. 66–80. 2447:Byzantine Empires 2426: 2402:Niketas Choniates 2385:ho Boulgaroktonos 2382: 2345: 2337:ὁ πορφυρογέννητος 2318: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2210: 1959:Theocharis Spyros 1906:Rosemary Sutcliff 1779:and the study of 1532:Military policies 1463:Pietro II Orseolo 1413:Battle of Svindax 1040:Gregory Taronites 1025:Roman of Bulgaria 881:Damian Dalassenos 791:in the mosque at 781:Fatimid Caliphate 733:Crimean Peninsula 581:Nikephoros Phokas 341:Fatimid Caliphate 285:Nikephoros Phokas 269:Byzantine emperor 264:ho Boulgaroktónos 251:the Bulgar Slayer 228: 227: 78:Byzantine emperor 16:(Redirected from 8474: 8422:Porphyrogennetoi 8217:John IV Laskaris 8190:Alexios V Doukas 8175:Isaac II Angelos 8141:John II Komnenos 8067:Isaac I Komnenos 8027:Constantine VIII 8017:John I Tzimiskes 7744:Byzantine Empire 7518: 7517: 7015: 7008: 7001: 6992: 6991: 6983:Constantine VIII 6974:Constantine VIII 6939:Preceded by 6929: 6928:15 December 1025 6922: 6904: 6903: 6864: 6850: 6826: 6805: 6784: 6763: 6735: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6694: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6634: 6623:. Random House. 6613: 6602: 6583: 6562: 6541: 6492: 6463: 6461: 6454: 6444: 6440:978-1-13905572-7 6419: 6400: 6381:Runciman, Steven 6376: 6355: 6334: 6315: 6296: 6274: 6255:Nicol, Donald M. 6250: 6248: 6246: 6230: 6201: 6179: 6160: 6139: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6083: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6039: 6015: 5994: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5960:. Archived from 5937: 5916: 5907: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5865: 5841: 5817: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5785:. Archived from 5757: 5755: 5753: 5737: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5698: 5677: 5664: 5643: 5619: 5586:Grierson, Philip 5581: 5569: 5558: 5541: 5527: 5506: 5485: 5469: 5445: 5421: 5396: 5386: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5355: 5318: 5297: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5183: 5171: 5162: 5137: 5118: 5097: 5073: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5020: 5001: 4971: 4950: 4924: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4900:. Archived from 4878: 4867: 4842: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4803:"Basil Basileus" 4799: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4368: 4362: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4050: 4044: 4041:Spatharákīs 1976 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3858:Cartwright 2018c 3855: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3396:Cartwright 2018a 3393: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3170: 3164: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3097: 3087: 3078: 3072: 3059: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2963:, p. C-207. 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2925:, pp. 67–68 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2887:, p. 93–94. 2882: 2876: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2697: 2680: 2674: 2665: 2659: 2643: 2632:Constantine VIII 2620: 2614: 2585: 2579: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2516: 2510: 2496: 2490: 2483:Constantine VIII 2439: 2433: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2390:Stephenson (2000 2387: 2377: 2375: 2374:ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος 2358: 2352: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2300:by the surnames 2276:Byzantine Empire 2269: 2263: 2262:of 16 July 1054. 2260:East-West Schism 2244: 2229: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2197:Constantine VIII 2067:John I Tzimiskes 1991: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1967:John I Tzimiskes 1920:'s second novel 1899: 1692:Nicean Byzantine 1655:Muslim conquests 1585: 1445:Constantine VIII 1349:Madrid Skylitzes 1297:David III of Tao 1262:Byzantine armies 1254:Khazar Khaganate 1247: 1244: 1202:Madrid Skylitzes 1172:usual punishment 1161:Madrid Skylitzes 939: 937: 841:Michael Bourtzes 828:Hamdanid Emirate 800:Yaqub ibn Killis 703:Madrid Skylitzes 643:Constantine VIII 585:Emirate of Crete 530:Byzantine Senate 507:Constantine VIII 503: 474:porphyrogennetos 453:Madrid Skylitzes 345:Khazar Khaganate 329:Byzantine Empire 302:remained as the 293: 291: 273:Constantine VIII 266: 260: 259:ὁ Βουλγαροκτόνος 248: 243: 141:Byzantine Empire 121:Constantine VIII 111:John I Tzimiskes 89:15 December 1025 87:10 January 976 – 60: 39: 38: 21: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8471: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8358: 8302:Gallic emperors 8290: 7978:Constantine VII 7759:Constantine III 7746: 7743: 7732: 7641: 7633: 7572:Valentinian III 7560:Constantius III 7554:Priscus Attalus 7538:Constantine III 7524: 7516: 7406:Valerius Valens 7351: 7343: 7189: 7181: 7140:Didius Julianus 7120:Marcus Aurelius 7037: 7029: 7019: 6985: 6971: 6965: 6954: 6952: 6944: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6909: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6781: 6760: 6732: 6708: 6706: 6697: 6691: 6667: 6665: 6648: 6646: 6631: 6599: 6580: 6559: 6514:10.2307/2493917 6489: 6459: 6452: 6441: 6425:Reuter, Timothy 6416: 6397: 6373: 6352: 6331: 6312: 6293: 6271: 6244: 6242: 6227: 6184:Miller, William 6170:. R.G. Badger. 6157: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6080: 6064:Magdalino, Paul 6053: 6051: 6036: 5991: 5967: 5965: 5958: 5934: 5904: 5882: 5880: 5862: 5838: 5814: 5792: 5790: 5783: 5751: 5749: 5734: 5712: 5710: 5695: 5661: 5640: 5608:10.2307/1291157 5578: 5524: 5497:(161): 93–102. 5466: 5418: 5369: 5367: 5336:10.2307/2848541 5315: 5276:Charanis, Peter 5265: 5263: 5243: 5241: 5221: 5219: 5199: 5197: 5159: 5134: 5115: 5094: 5070: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5017: 4998: 4976: 4968: 4947: 4907: 4905: 4873:Michael Psellos 4864: 4830:Primary sources 4827: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4766:Stephenson 2000 4764: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4472:Stephenson 2010 4470: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4390: 4386: 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2517: 2513: 2499:Basil Lekapenos 2497: 2493: 2471:Porphyrogenitus 2467:Constantine VII 2440: 2436: 2404:and the writer 2394:Magdalino (2003 2359: 2355: 2270: 2266: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2010:Helena Lekapene 2003:Constantine VII 1980: 1971:Varangian Guard 1893: 1891:Kostas Kyriazis 1853: 1793:Cyrus the Great 1773:classical Greek 1734:, 18th century. 1732:Joakim Marković 1716: 1711: 1616:Hovhannes-Smbat 1600: 1534: 1437: 1435:Fiscal policies 1358:Varangian Guard 1313:theme of Iberia 1292: 1286: 1245: 1231: 1229:Khazar campaign 1146:Battle of Kreta 1138:Ashot Taronites 969: 963: 934: 869: 820: 810:as governor of 776: 760:Varangian Guard 630: 625: 565:son of Emperor 555:Basil Lekapenos 483:Constantine VII 444: 401:Michael Psellos 397: 377:Varangian Guard 300:Basil Lekapenos 288: 233:Porphyrogenitus 172: 161: 143: 135: 88: 72: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8480: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8298: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8261: 8256: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8138: 8126: 8121: 8097: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8057:Theodora (III) 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7953: 7948: 7936: 7924: 7919: 7907: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7872:Constantine VI 7869: 7864: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7836:Theodosius III 7833: 7828: 7823: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7781:Constantine IV 7778: 7773: 7761: 7756: 7750: 7748: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7639:Eastern Empire 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7624: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7562: 7557: 7550: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7522:Western Empire 7515: 7514: 7507: 7495:Magnus Maximus 7491: 7489:Valentinian II 7486: 7481: 7476: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7423: 7421:Constantius II 7418: 7416:Constantine II 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7355: 7353: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7284: 7279: 7271: 7266: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7193: 7191: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7115:Antoninus Pius 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7038:27 BC – AD 235 7031: 7030: 7018: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6995: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6978: 6945: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6934:Regnal titles 6931: 6930: 6910: 6907: 6902: 6901: 6886: 6857: 6856:External links 6854: 6852: 6851: 6845: 6827: 6806: 6785: 6780:978-1000068757 6779: 6764: 6758: 6736: 6731:978-0884021643 6730: 6715: 6705:. 20 July 1998 6695: 6690:978-0674059030 6689: 6674: 6655: 6640:"Great Schism" 6635: 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Allen Lane. 6275: 6269: 6251: 6231: 6226:978-9004307728 6225: 6202: 6180: 6161: 6156:978-0198140986 6155: 6140: 6123: 6112:978-1139054034 6111: 6084: 6079:978-9004120976 6078: 6060: 6040: 6035:978-3110151794 6034: 6016: 6000:Graeco-Arabica 5995: 5990:978-0881410808 5989: 5974: 5957:978-0884022886 5956: 5944:, ed. (2007). 5938: 5933:978-0786466160 5932: 5917: 5908: 5903:3-9005-38-23-9 5902: 5889: 5866: 5860: 5842: 5836: 5824:, ed. (1991). 5818: 5813:978-0190253226 5812: 5799: 5781: 5758: 5738: 5733:978-0199279685 5732: 5719: 5699: 5694:978-0691153216 5693: 5678: 5665: 5660:978-0300178579 5659: 5644: 5638: 5620: 5582: 5576: 5559: 5542: 5532:Gibbon, Edward 5528: 5523:978-1134756384 5522: 5507: 5486: 5474:Finlay, George 5470: 5464: 5446: 5422: 5417:978-9604003235 5416: 5397: 5387:. A.A. Knopf. 5376: 5356: 5330:(4): 477–499. 5319: 5314:978-0230361065 5313: 5298: 5272: 5250: 5228: 5206: 5184: 5174:Chisholm, Hugh 5163: 5158:978-1317180012 5157: 5138: 5133:978-0720490084 5132: 5119: 5114:978-0521035521 5113: 5098: 5093:978-9004173859 5092: 5078:Bonfil, Robert 5074: 5068: 5049: 5037:978-0198159742 5036: 5021: 5016:978-1845113070 5015: 5002: 4997:978-1501501562 4996: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4967:978-3110022858 4966: 4951: 4945: 4919:John Skylitzes 4916: 4915: 4914: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4862: 4837:Leo the Deacon 4833: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4808: 4794: 4790:Dragoumis 1907 4782: 4770: 4768:, p. 120. 4758: 4756:, p. 103. 4746: 4734: 4722: 4710: 4708:, p. 189. 4698: 4696:, p. 310. 4686: 4684:, p. 203. 4674: 4672:, p. 206. 4662: 4660:, p. 570. 4658:Treadgold 1997 4650: 4635: 4631:Magdalino 2003 4623: 4611: 4599: 4595:Magdalino 2004 4587: 4572: 4570:, p. 280. 4560: 4558:, p. 118. 4548: 4546:, p. 256. 4544:Magdalino 2003 4536: 4534:, p. 277. 4524: 4522:, p. 171. 4512: 4510:, p. 199. 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4450:, p. 126. 4440: 4438:, p. 348. 4428: 4420:Schreiner 1975 4412: 4400: 4392:Schreiner 1975 4384: 4369: 4354: 4350:Treadgold 1997 4342: 4330: 4318: 4316:, p. 233. 4306: 4304:, p. 227. 4294: 4292:, p. 223. 4282: 4280:, p. 192. 4270: 4268:, p. 187. 4258: 4246: 4244:, p. 260. 4234: 4232:, p. 219. 4219: 4207: 4195: 4191:Magdalino 2003 4183: 4171: 4169:, p. 165. 4159: 4147: 4132: 4120: 4116:Magdalino 2003 4108: 4106:, p. 280. 4096: 4094:, p. 303. 4084: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4058: 4045: 4033: 4031:, p. 483. 4021: 4019:, p. 309. 4006: 4004:, p. 347. 3994: 3990:Magdalino 2003 3982: 3970: 3968:, p. 180. 3958: 3956:, p. 192. 3946: 3934: 3932:, p. 104. 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3884:, p. 339. 3874: 3862: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3808: 3806:, p. 443. 3796: 3794:, p. 328. 3784: 3772: 3770:, p. 442. 3760: 3758:, p. 326. 3748: 3736: 3734:, p. 158. 3724: 3722:, p. 312. 3712: 3697: 3695:, p. 402. 3685: 3673: 3661: 3659:, p. 205. 3649: 3637: 3625: 3623:, p. 252. 3621:Stevenson 1926 3613: 3609:Magdalino 2003 3601: 3589: 3587:, p. 325. 3577: 3575:, p. 322. 3562: 3550: 3538: 3536:, p. 202. 3526: 3514: 3502: 3500:, p. 479. 3490: 3475: 3463: 3451: 3439: 3437:, p. 231. 3427: 3423:Magdalino 2003 3412: 3410:, p. 465. 3400: 3385: 3383:, p. 596. 3373: 3369:Magdalino 2003 3361: 3359:, p. 130. 3349: 3347: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3295:, p. 313. 3276: 3264: 3260:Kaldellis 2017 3252: 3248:Kaldellis 2017 3240: 3228: 3224:Treadgold 1997 3216: 3204: 3171: 3169:, p. 476. 3152: 3140: 3136:Treadgold 1997 3125: 3098: 3079: 3077:, p. 128. 3060: 3044: 3032: 3016: 3001: 2999:, p. 494. 2997:Treadgold 1997 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2951:, p. 127. 2941: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2858: 2843: 2831: 2829:, p. 216. 2819: 2817:, p. 427. 2807: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2757:, p. 348. 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2681: 2666: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2615: 2580: 2552:issued during 2541: 2532: 2511: 2507:Schulman (2002 2491: 2455:Macedonian era 2451:regnal numbers 2434: 2353: 2272:Regnal numbers 2264: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1955: 1939: 1918:Penelope Delta 1915: 1852: 1849: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1632:Southern Italy 1624:Seneqerim-John 1599: 1596: 1592:Byzantine navy 1539:Isaac Komnenos 1533: 1530: 1508:abolished the 1460:Doge of Venice 1436: 1433: 1378:Lake Palakazio 1317:Theodosiopolis 1288:Main article: 1285: 1282: 1239:Pontic steppes 1230: 1227: 965:Main article: 962: 959: 868: 865: 819: 816: 804:Al-Aziz Billah 793:Constantinople 775: 772: 652:Bardas Skleros 629: 626: 624: 621: 613:John Tzimiskes 576:megas baioulos 571:parakoimomenos 551:parakoimomenos 547:Joseph Bringas 543:parakoimomenos 523:John Skylitzes 519:Leo the Deacon 443: 440: 420:Greek learning 396: 393: 321:Bardas Skleros 296:John Tzimiskes 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 184: 183: 180: 174: 173: 170: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 137:Constantinople 132: 128: 127: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 97: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 74: 73: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8479: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8361: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8340: 8338: 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7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7847: 7846:Constantine V 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7831:Anastasius II 7829: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7654:Theodosius II 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7462:Valentinian I 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7385: 7384:Constantine I 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7374:Constantius I 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7009: 7004: 7002: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6984: 6977: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6962:Nikephoros II 6959: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6920: 6915: 6914: 6905: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6863: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6831:Whittow, Mark 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6773:. Routledge. 6772: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6759:0-8047-2630-2 6755: 6751: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6716: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6675: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6622: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6502:Slavic Review 6499: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6396:0-521-35722-5 6392: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6364: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6270:0-521-34157-4 6266: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6028:(in German). 6027: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5975: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5926:. McFarland. 5925: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5846:Kennedy, Hugh 5843: 5839: 5837:0-19-504652-8 5833: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5639:1-85728-495-X 5635: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516:. Routledge. 5515: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5493:(in French). 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5465:0-472-08149-7 5461: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5273: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5050: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4920: 4917: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4882: 4881:Chronographia 4874: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4817: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4778:Danforth 1998 4774: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4742:Sutcliff 1976 4738: 4731: 4730:Kyriazis 1964 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4633:, p. 66. 4632: 4627: 4620: 4619:Ševčenko 1968 4615: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4498:, p. 28. 4497: 4492: 4486:, p. 12. 4485: 4480: 4474:, p. 95. 4473: 4468: 4462:, p. 23. 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4410:, p. 58. 4409: 4408:Grierson 1962 4404: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4303: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4217:, p. 66. 4216: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4193:, p. 85. 4192: 4187: 4181:, p. 19. 4180: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4130:, p. 92. 4129: 4124: 4118:, p. 79. 4117: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4082:, p. 96. 4081: 4076: 4068: 4065: 4063:, p. 158 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4003: 3998: 3992:, p. 65. 3991: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3944:, p. 77. 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3920:, p. 60. 3919: 3914: 3908:, p. 76. 3907: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3883: 3878: 3872:, p. 74. 3871: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3844: 3839: 3833:, p. 26. 3832: 3827: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3733: 3728: 3721: 3716: 3710:, p. 14. 3709: 3704: 3702: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3647:, p. 32. 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3611:, p. 86. 3610: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3488:, p. 60. 3487: 3482: 3480: 3473:, p. 43. 3472: 3467: 3460: 3455: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3431: 3425:, p. 46. 3424: 3419: 3417: 3409: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3382: 3381:Shephard 2000 3377: 3371:, p. 36. 3370: 3365: 3358: 3357:Ringrose 2004 3353: 3345:, p. 130 3344: 3343:Ringrose 2004 3341: 3339:, p. 476 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3319:, p. 84. 3318: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3274:, p. 79. 3273: 3268: 3262:, p. 65. 3261: 3256: 3250:, p. 43. 3249: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3150:, p. 34. 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3057: 3056:Anna (#20436) 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3006: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2975:, p. 47. 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2945: 2936: 2933: 2931:, p. 429 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2913:, p. 140 2912: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2898: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2741: 2736: 2730:, p. 62. 2729: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2536: 2525: 2524:Nikephoros II 2521: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2430: 2429:Rhomaioktonos 2424: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2322: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2288:Edward Gibbon 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2228: 2217: 2208: 2205: 2198: 2177: 2174: 2166: 2164: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2144: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2124: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2004: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1943: 1942:Ion Dragoumis 1940: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1841:Seljuk Empire 1838: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1777:Christian art 1774: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663:Constantine I 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645:and from the 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1572:in 1018, and 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1461: 1453: 1450: 1447:(right) in a 1446: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1125:by surprise. 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Philippopolis 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:Great Preslav 1084: 1083:Theodorokanos 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 978: 973: 968: 958: 956: 952: 947: 946:Aziz al-Dawla 943: 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 864: 862: 858: 853: 849: 844: 842: 839: 835: 834: 829: 825: 824:Sa'd al-Dawla 815: 813: 809: 805: 801: 798: 794: 790: 789:Friday prayer 786: 782: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 713: 707: 704: 700: 695: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668:Skleros (979) 663: 661: 657: 656:Bardas Phokas 653: 644: 640: 639: 634: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 577: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 545: 544: 539: 535: 531: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 499: 495: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 475: 466: 465:Nikephoros II 461: 455: 454: 448: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 416:George Finlay 412: 410: 409:side whiskers 406: 405:Chronographia 402: 392: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 325:Bardas Phokas 322: 318: 313: 311: 310:Roman emperor 307: 306: 301: 297: 294:963–969) and 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 265: 256: 252: 247: 239: 235: 234: 224: 221: 217: 214: 211: 207: 204: 201: 197: 194: 191: 189: 185: 181: 179: 175: 169: 165: 159: 155: 151: 147: 142: 138: 133: 129: 125: 122: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 102: 101:as co-emperor 99:22 April 960 98: 96: 92: 86: 82: 79: 75: 71: 67: 66: 59: 54: 51: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8269:Andronikos V 8267: 8250: 8198: 8166: 8144: 8132: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8091: 8085: 8021: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7959: 7942: 7930: 7913: 7901: 7895: 7882:Nikephoros I 7857: 7856: 7850: 7817: 7814:Justinian II 7809:Tiberius III 7799:Justinian II 7790: 7784: 7767: 7719: 7691:Anastasius I 7682: 7626: 7622:Julius Nepos 7614: 7607: 7595: 7583: 7576: 7564: 7552: 7543: 7542: 7536: 7509: 7500: 7499: 7493: 7484:Theodosius I 7471: 7444: 7437: 7430: 7401:Maximinus II 7388: 7290: 7273: 7260: 7254: 7242: 7230: 7163: 7125:Lucius Verus 6960:in 960–963, 6955: 6947: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6867:Basileios II 6859: 6835: 6814: 6793: 6769: 6744: 6720: 6707:. Retrieved 6702: 6679: 6666:. Retrieved 6663:Civilization 6662: 6647:. Retrieved 6643: 6619: 6608: 6588: 6568: 6547: 6505: 6501: 6469: 6429: 6405: 6385: 6361: 6340: 6320: 6301: 6282: 6259: 6243:. Retrieved 6239: 6207: 6188: 6166: 6145: 6127: 6116:, retrieved 6092: 6068: 6052:. Retrieved 6048: 6024: 6003: 5999: 5979: 5966:. Retrieved 5962:the original 5946: 5922: 5912: 5893: 5881:. Retrieved 5877:the original 5871: 5850: 5825: 5803: 5791:. Retrieved 5787:the original 5766: 5750:. Retrieved 5746: 5723: 5711:. Retrieved 5707: 5683: 5673: 5669: 5649: 5628: 5624:Haldon, John 5599: 5593: 5565: 5546: 5536: 5512: 5494: 5490: 5481: 5454: 5433: 5407: 5402: 5382: 5368:. Retrieved 5364: 5327: 5323: 5303: 5280: 5264:. Retrieved 5258: 5242:. Retrieved 5236: 5233:"Michael II" 5220:. Retrieved 5214: 5198:. Retrieved 5192: 5177: 5143: 5123: 5103: 5082: 5054: 5041:. Retrieved 5026: 5006: 4987: 4956: 4935: 4926: 4906:. Retrieved 4902:the original 4888: 4880: 4852: 4844: 4825:Bibliography 4811: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4718:Kiossev 2000 4713: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4626: 4614: 4607:Moennin 2016 4602: 4590: 4583:Manafis 2020 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4496:Wortley 2010 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4443: 4436:Wortley 2010 4431: 4415: 4403: 4387: 4345: 4333: 4321: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4210: 4205:, p. 9. 4198: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4150: 4123: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4061:Norwich 1981 4057:, p. 94 4048: 4036: 4024: 4002:Wortley 2010 3997: 3985: 3980:, p. 2. 3973: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3889: 3882:Wortley 2010 3877: 3865: 3838: 3826: 3821:, p. 3. 3799: 3792:Wortley 2010 3787: 3775: 3763: 3756:Wortley 2010 3751: 3739: 3732:Norwich 1981 3727: 3720:Wortley 2010 3715: 3688: 3683:, p. 3. 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3585:Kennedy 2004 3580: 3573:Wortley 2010 3558:Whittow 1996 3553: 3546:Kennedy 2004 3541: 3529: 3517: 3512:, p. 5. 3505: 3493: 3466: 3461:, p. 6. 3454: 3447:Norwich 1991 3442: 3435:Norwich 1991 3430: 3403: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3333:, p. 34 3324: 3312: 3300: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3236:Whittow 1996 3231: 3219: 3207: 3143: 3075:Garland 2002 3047: 3035: 3019: 2992: 2985:Garland 2002 2980: 2968: 2956: 2949:Bréhier 1977 2944: 2935:Garland 2002 2904: 2892: 2880: 2834: 2827:Norwich 1997 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2755:Whittow 1996 2735: 2723: 2711: 2657: 2618: 2608: 2601:1839 edition 2583: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2544: 2535: 2514: 2494: 2437: 2418:Ρωμαιοκτόνος 2356: 2325: 2301: 2291: 2267: 2242: 1963:Chrysa Sakel 1951: 1945: 1927: 1921: 1909: 1901: 1886: 1880: 1876: 1859:Seal of the 1829: 1822: 1805:The Persians 1789: 1766: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1699:Latin Empire 1689: 1684: 1670: 1636: 1622:by its king 1609: 1577: 1568:in 1000/20, 1553: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1535: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1499: 1493: 1489:legal decree 1482: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1457: 1452:Exultet roll 1409:Seljuk Turks 1386: 1355: 1352:, fol. 195v. 1347: 1293: 1270:George Tzoul 1258:power vacuum 1251: 1216: 1209:Krešimir III 1206: 1201: 1176: 1165: 1160: 1127: 1095:Thessalonica 1076: 1052:Adriatic Sea 1049: 1044:Thessalonica 1001: 982: 928: 870: 845: 831: 821: 777: 752:Christianity 749: 718: 714: 710: 705: 672:Phokas (989) 664: 648: 636: 601: 574: 570: 559:illegitimate 550: 541: 537: 527: 492:second wife 472: 470: 451: 413: 404: 398: 361: 355:against the 314: 303: 250: 230: 229: 144:(modern-day 100: 63: 47: 36: 8417:1025 deaths 8412:950s births 8328:(1224–1242) 8322:(1204–1461) 8111:Konstantios 7988:Christopher 7961:Constantine 7951:Michael III 7932:Constantine 7915:Constantine 7897:Theophylact 7826:Philippicus 7776:Constans II 7701:Justinian I 7597:Severus III 7545:Constans II 7299:Claudius II 7275:Silbannacus 7222:Gordian III 7197:Maximinus I 7165:Diadumenian 6709:28 November 6668:11 November 6006:: 190–208. 5915:(in Greek). 5211:"Romanos I" 4754:Beaton 1999 4682:Holmes 2005 4670:Holmes 2005 4646:Sewter 1953 4568:Holmes 2005 4556:Lawler 2011 4484:Sewter 1953 4460:Holmes 2005 4448:Rogers 2010 4365:Hussey 1998 4338:Haldon 1999 4326:Haldon 1999 4242:Holmes 2005 4230:Herrin 2013 4179:Sewter 1953 4143:Makris 2006 4067:Holmes 2003 4029:Holmes 2005 3978:Holmes 2005 3954:Harris 2015 3918:Holmes 2005 3804:Finlay 1856 3780:Finlay 1856 3768:Finlay 1856 3744:Finlay 1856 3693:Holmes 2005 3522:Morson 1998 3471:Sewter 1953 3408:Holmes 2005 3200:Holmes 2003 2973:Miller 1921 2911:McCabe 1913 2885:Holmes 2005 2815:Finlay 1856 2803:Sewter 1953 2791:Sewter 1953 2767:Sewter 1953 2459:Constantine 2328:Purple-born 2302:the Younger 2280:patronymics 1894: [ 1863:during the 1761:South Slavs 1749:Middle Ages 1588:Justinian I 1510:allelengyon 1506:Romanos III 1495:allelengyon 1395:commanders 1372:. A bloody 1246: 1015 1200:, from the 1159:, from the 1135:Dyrrhachium 729:Chersonesos 107:Predecessor 8376:Categories 8105:Andronikos 8093:Nikephoros 8042:Michael IV 8007:Romanos II 7927:Theophilos 7922:Michael II 7903:Staurakios 7887:Staurakios 7859:Nikephoros 7852:Artabasdos 7764:Heraclonas 7721:Theodosius 7679:Basiliscus 7439:Nepotianus 7432:Magnentius 7426:Constans I 7379:Severus II 7359:Diocletian 7304:Quintillus 7269:Aemilianus 7262:Volusianus 7207:Gordian II 7172:Elagabalus 7035:Principate 6964:in 963–969 6958:Romanos II 6942:Romanos II 6620:Blood Feud 6477:. Vienna: 6054:5 November 5968:7 November 5793:2 November 5743:"Basil II" 5704:"Basil II" 5430:Durant, A. 5426:Durant, W. 5284:. Lisbon: 5189:"Basil II" 4706:Mango 2002 4694:Mango 2002 4532:Mango 2002 4508:Mango 2002 4380:Thurn 1973 4128:Vogt 1923b 4092:Laiou 2007 4055:Vogt 1923b 4017:Mango 2002 3966:Mango 2002 3510:Leong 1997 3317:Vogt 1923b 3272:Vogt 1923a 2961:Diehl 1927 2923:Vogt 1923a 2650:References 2558:Cappadocia 2554:Diocletian 2520:Romanos II 2258:until the 2081:Romanos II 1911:Blood Feud 1837:Romanos IV 1797:Artaxerxes 1714:Assessment 1566:Paristrion 1562:Asprakania 1546:strategiai 1405:Vaspurakan 1389:Kakhetians 1321:Bagrat III 1123:Adrianople 1115:Paristrion 904:Abu Qubais 896:Heliopolis 808:Manjutakin 768:Third Rome 745:barbarians 721:Vladimir I 638:Histamenon 605:Polyeuctus 479:Romanos II 436:philistine 389:Bulgarians 323:and later 281:Romanos II 203:Romanos II 193:Macedonian 95:Coronation 65:Menologion 8347:Classical 8332:Empresses 8316:(286–296) 8310:(267–273) 8304:(260–274) 8047:Michael V 7973:Alexander 7786:Heraclius 7754:Heraclius 7706:Justin II 7616:Glycerius 7603:Anthemius 7473:Procopius 7411:Martinian 7390:Maxentius 7319:Florianus 7292:Saloninus 7287:Gallienus 7256:Hostilian 7232:Philip II 7202:Gordian I 7150:Caracalla 7085:Vespasian 7080:Vitellius 6908:Basil II 6883:0392-5285 6823:490614728 6802:490614728 6551:. Brill. 6538:251234248 6522:0037-6779 6383:(1988) . 6198:457893641 6118:29 August 6072:. Brill. 6012:183390203 5670:Byzantion 5452:(1991) . 5442:245829181 5352:162563311 5149:Routledge 5086:. Brill. 4898:422765673 4314:Kühn 1991 4302:Kühn 1991 4290:Kühn 1991 4278:Kühn 1991 4266:Kühn 1991 4254:Kühn 1991 3894:Fine 1991 3337:Bury 1911 3167:Bury 1911 2779:Head 1980 2677:Foss 2005 2589:Skylitzes 2575:nomismata 2560:"at 3000 2528:16 August 2479:Romanos I 2423:romanized 2379:romanized 2342:romanized 2315:romanized 2088:Theophano 1978:Genealogy 1902:Theophano 1809:Aeschylus 1753:Hungarian 1703:Selymbria 1628:Sebasteia 1560:in 1000, 1518:nomismata 1514:nomismata 1485:Romanos I 1477:nomismata 1473:nomismata 1468:nomismata 1425:Javakheti 1401:Senekerim 1393:Byzantine 1382:Trebizond 1272:based at 1218:patrikios 1142:Macedonia 1056:Black Sea 848:offensive 699:Pankaleia 680:Tornikios 676:Georgians 567:Romanos I 494:Theophano 426:than its 231:Basil II 213:Theophano 182:Βασίλειος 117:Successor 8382:Basil II 8342:Usurpers 8337:Augustae 8295:See also 8200:Nicholas 8022:Basil II 7819:Tiberius 7804:Leontius 7792:Tiberius 7769:Tiberius 7747:610–1453 7742:Eastern/ 7696:Justin I 7649:Arcadius 7609:Olybrius 7591:Majorian 7532:Honorius 7511:Eugenius 7446:Vetranio 7396:Licinius 7369:Galerius 7364:Maximian 7349:Dominate 7339:Numerian 7309:Aurelian 7282:Valerian 7227:Philip I 7217:Balbinus 7212:Pupienus 7160:Macrinus 7135:Pertinax 7130:Commodus 7095:Domitian 7060:Claudius 7055:Caligula 7050:Tiberius 7045:Augustus 6953:960–1025 6833:(1996). 6742:(1997). 6457:Archived 6281:(1981). 6257:(1988). 6186:(1921). 6066:(2003). 5848:(2023). 5626:(1999). 5588:(1962). 5534:(1788). 5476:(1856). 5432:(1950). 5324:Speculum 5294:17186882 5278:(1963). 5080:(2009). 5043:23 April 4908:13 March 3669:Lev 1995 3657:Lev 1995 3633:Lev 1995 3597:Lev 1995 3534:Lev 1995 2839:PBW 2016 2662:Sue 2014 2640:Theodora 2593:Cedrenus 2362:blinding 2360:Basil's 2250:and the 2191:Basil II 2074:Theodora 1757:Pecheneg 1675:Hebdomon 1643:Caucasus 1570:Bulgaria 1554:katepano 1362:Armenian 1344:George I 1325:George I 1305:Phasiane 1278:Kedrenos 1184:Danubian 1103:Verrhoia 1091:Pliskova 1068:Thessaly 993:invasion 989:Bulgaria 812:Damascus 660:Anatolia 617:Theodora 538:de facto 487:Laconian 463:Coin of 331:and the 305:de facto 219:Religion 146:Istanbul 42:Basil II 8352:Eastern 8252:Matthew 8146:Alexios 7994:Stephen 7956:Basil I 7841:Leo III 7716:Maurice 7659:Marcian 7642:395–610 7566:Joannes 7525:395–480 7479:Gratian 7352:284–610 7334:Carinus 7314:Tacitus 7190:235–285 7110:Hadrian 6530:2493917 6427:(ed.). 6245:21 July 5883:4 March 5752:21 July 5616:1291157 5555:2705898 5393:1377097 5344:2848541 5266:21 July 5244:21 July 5222:21 July 5176:(ed.). 4925:1080), 4879:1078), 4845:History 4843:1000), 2603:of the 2591:' (and 2563:denarii 2463:Basil I 2425:: 2410:Kaloyan 2381:: 2344:: 2321:ho neos 2317:: 2290:in his 1845:Normans 1817:Spartan 1728:Croatia 1665:in the 1659:rotunda 1649:to the 1612:Armenia 1579:tagmata 1574:Sirmium 1501:dynatoi 1213:Gojslav 1194:Triumph 1072:Gabriel 1054:to the 938: 920:Georgia 908:Masyath 900:Larissa 857:Tripoli 838:Antioch 645:(right) 589:Cilicia 515:hemlock 335:of the 292: 277:crowned 188:Dynasty 8114:& 8090:& 7997:& 7968:Leo VI 7944:Thekla 7900:& 7867:Leo IV 7789:& 7728:Phocas 7684:Marcus 7669:Leo II 7585:Avitus 7502:Victor 7467:Valens 7457:Jovian 7452:Julian 7324:Probus 7259:& 7239:Decius 7187:Crisis 7105:Trajan 6968:John I 6924: 6896: 6881: 6843: 6821: 6800: 6777: 6756: 6728: 6687: 6649:9 July 6627: 6595: 6576: 6555: 6536: 6528: 6520: 6485: 6437: 6412: 6393: 6369: 6348: 6327: 6308: 6289: 6267: 6223: 6196: 6176:188408 6174: 6153: 6109: 6076: 6032: 6010: 5987: 5954: 5930: 5900: 5858: 5834: 5810: 5779: 5730: 5713:9 July 5691: 5657: 5636: 5614: 5574: 5553: 5520: 5462: 5440: 5414: 5391: 5370:9 July 5350: 5342: 5311: 5292: 5200:9 July 5155: 5130: 5111: 5090: 5066: 5034: 5013: 4994: 4964: 4943: 4896: 4860: 2628:Leo VI 2569:modios 2485:; and 2310:ὁ νέος 1843:. 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