749:, Philippe Joutard, a professor of history, registered the very lively oral tradition about the Camisards which has prevailed to this day in the CĂ©vennes region. He also observed the "attractive power" of this striking period of history where many unrelated episodes have been integrated through the oral tradition. As this oral transmission is mainly done through the families, it often highlights more of their own ancestors who were faithful to their convictions than the heroic leaders of the revolt. In so doing it develops beyond the original religious question to a general attitude of resistance and non-conformity which determines a whole philosophical, political and human culture and way of life. Philippe Joutard also noted that even the minority of
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238:, the Abbé of Chaila. Langlade had recently arrested and tortured a group of seven Protestants accused of attempting to flee France. The band of Camisards were led by Abraham Mazel, who peacefully asked for the release of the prisoners, but when this was refused, they commenced the killing. The abbé was quickly lionized in print by the Catholic State as a martyr of his faith.
202:, resisted. Vivent encouraged his followers to arm themselves in case they were set upon by Royalist soldiers. Several leading prophets were tortured and executed, François Vivent in 1692 and Claude Brousson in 1698. Many more were exiled, leaving the abandoned congregations to the leadership of less educated and more mystically oriented preachers, such as the
732:
After the main active
Camisard groups had been subdued in various ways, the French authorities were keen not to re-ignite the revolt and took a more moderate approach to anti-Protestant repression. Many former Camisards came back to a more peaceful approach and from 1715 onwards helped re-establish a
353:
Of the
Camisards, 42% were CĂ©vennes peasants, and 58% were rural craftsmen, of whom 75% worked as wool-combers, wool-carders and weavers. All spoke Occitan. There were no noblemen involved, none had been trained in the art of war. There was no concept of a single army, there was no single leader but
194:
were sent to the CĂ©vennes. Soldiers carrying crosses on their muskets forced the peasants to sign papers to say they were converting, and forced them to attend mass. The peasants continued to attend illicit meetings. Huguenots with a trade fled to neighboring countries. The King responded by closing
1324:
Memoirs of the wars of the
Cevennes, under Col. Cavallier, : in defence of the Protestants persecuted in that country. : And of the peace concluded between him and the Mareschal D. of Villars. : Of his conference with the King of France, after the conclusion of the peace. : With
933:
Memoirs of the wars of the
Cevennes, under Col. Cavallier, : in defence of the Protestants persecuted in that country. : And of the peace concluded between him and the Mareschal D. of Villars. : Of his conference with the King of France, after the conclusion of the peace. : With
241:
The
Camisards worked independently of each other and during the day most merged back into their village communities. They were predominantly agricultural workers or artisans and had no aristocratic leaders. They knew the paths and the sheep tracks intimately. They called themselves the Children of
190:, the royal administrator of Languedoc, and entire villages were massacred and burnt to the ground in a series of stunning atrocities. The pastors and worshippers were captured and later exiled, sent to the galleys, tortured or killed. Seventy-five missionary priests under the command of
213:
and the clandestine prophets claimed to have seen it in the prophetic dreams. Mazel, in a dream, saw black oxen in his garden and heard a voice telling him to chase them away. From 1700 the clandestine prophets and their armed followers were hidden in houses and caves in the mountains.
185:
The Edict of
Fontainebleau removed all rights and protections from the Huguenots. There followed about twenty years of persecutions. Reformed worship and private Bible readings were outlawed. Within weeks of the new edict over 2000 Protestant churches were burned, under the direction of
333:, the royal commander, offered vague concessions to the Protestants and the promise to Cavalier of a command in the royal army. Cavalier's acceptance of the offer broke the revolt, although others, including Laporte, refused to submit unless the
157:
and the religious wars that had ravaged France ended. Protestants had been given limited civic rights and the liberty to worship according to their convictions. This "fundamental and irrevocable law" was maintained by Henry's son,
753:
living in this
Protestant part of the country tend to reconstruct their history in the same way as their former religious opponents. The footprint of the Camisards in CĂ©vennes is thus particularly deep and lasting.
1347:
292:, under the influence of village elites, chose a loyalist attitude and fought the Camisards. They were nevertheless equally victims, losing their homes during the "Burning of the CĂ©vennes".
700:. They were generally treated with scorn and some official repression as the "French Prophets". Their example and their writings had some influence later, both on the spiritual outlook of
182:
in the homes of
Protestants to help them decide to convert back to the official church or alternatively to emigrate. The CĂ©vennes was a centre of resistance, and the policy did not work.
295:
White
Camisards, also known as "Cadets of the Cross" ("Cadets de la Croix", from a small white cross which they wore on their coats), were Catholics from neighboring communities such as
934:
letters relating thereto, from
Mareschal Villars, and Chamillard secretary of state: : As also, a map describing the places mentioned in the book. by Cavalier, Jean, 1681-1740
307:
who, on seeing their old enemies on the run, organized into companies to loot and to hunt the rebels down. They committed atrocities, such as killing 52 people at the village of
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French Prophets (act. 1706–c.1750) were a controversial millenarian movement that appeared in England in 1706 and anticipated the evangelical awakening of the 1730s.
1500:
1325:
letters relating thereto, from Mareschal Villars, and Chamillard secretary of state: : As also, a map describing the places mentioned in the book
285:. Then in the autumn of 1703, with the king's consent, the systematic "Burning of the CĂ©vennes" destroyed 466 hamlets and exiled their populations.
1130:
La dynastie Rouvière de Fraissinet-de-Lozère. Les élites villageoises dans les Cévennes protestantes d'après un fonds d'archives inédit (1403-1908)
930:
The revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes, with some account of the Huguenots in the seventeenth century by Bray, Mrs. (Anna Eliza), 1790-1883
337:
was restored. Scattered fighting went on until 1710, but the true end of the uprising was the arrival in the CĂ©vennes of the Protestant minister
512:
418:
The visions of the prophets inspired the operations of the war, and encouraged the peasants to feel invincible. The peasants marched singing
57:, making Protestantism illegal. The Camisards operated throughout the mainly Protestant CĂ©vennes and Vaunage regions including parts of the
1450:
1403:
832:
Die europäische Debatte über den Religionskrieg (1679-1714). Konfessionelle Memoria und internationale Politik im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV.
723:, leaders of the so-called French prophets, standing on the scaffold at Charing Cross after being sentenced to the pillory for sedition.
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The Protestant peasants of the Vaunage and the Cévennes, led by a number of teachers known as "prophets", notably François Vivent and
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by camisards. Basville, a government administrator with a reputation founded on torture, deported the entire populations of
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Title and illustration of an anonymous handbill printed in London in 1707. The picture shows Élie Marion, Jean Daudé, and
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Although most of the sources are in French and remain untranslated, there are a number of sources available in English:
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Religiously, ordained pastors were rounded up, and a series of prophets ministered secretly. Notable among them were:
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and the reestablishment of a small Protestant community that was largely left in peace, especially after the death of
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69:, with the worst of the fighting continuing until 1704, then skirmishes until 1710 and a final peace by 1715. The
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170:. Louis was determined to impose a single religion on France: that of Rome. As early as 1681 he instituted the
834:(Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, 250) Göttingen, Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht,
882:
History of the Desert Fathers: from the revolution of the Edict of Nantes to the French Revolution, 1685-1789
620:
601:
Autumn: The Burning of the CĂ©vennes policy-villagers were deported from 466 villages which were then torched.
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The revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes, with some account of the Huguenots in the seventeenth century
1115:
The Revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes, with some account of the Huguenots in the seventeenth century
794:
Massacres of the South (1551-1815): Celebrated Crimes, Full text (ebook) 192pp, Retrieved 21 September 2016
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1104:
Pierre-Jean Ruff, 2008. Le Temple du Rouve: lieu de mémoire des Camisards. Editions Lacour-Ollé, Nîmes.
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24 July: assassination of François Langlade, Abbé du Chayla, two priests and Catholic family at Dévèze.
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Violence increased as atrocities were committed on both sides: massacres in Catholic villages such as
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Philippe Joutard, Les Camisards, Gallimard 1976, rédité en coll. Folio Histoire en 1994, pp.217-219
1068:. 48160 St-Martin-de-Boubaux: Association d'Ă©tude et de recherche sur les camisards. Archived from
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95:(chemise) that peasants wear in lieu of any sort of uniform. Alternatively, it might come from the
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May: negotiations start, Cavalier accepts unconditional surrender and a command in the royal army
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Histoire des troubles des Cévennes ou de la guerre des camisards sous le règne de Louis le Grand
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Autumn: emergence of the Catholic Cadets of the Cross (White Camisards) who looted and pillaged.
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Huguenots and Camisards as Aliens in France, 1598-1789: The Struggle for Religious Toleration
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still illegal but now much better organised Protestantism. They were under the leadership of
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1039:, reprint of the original text printed in 1760. Editions Lacour-Ollé, Nîmes (in French).
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49:. In the early 1700s, they raised a resistance against the persecutions which followed
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Jean Cavalier later went over to the British, who made him governor of the island of
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and of the numerous travelling pastors who were permitted to re-enter the country.
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Protestant satirical drawing of a "dragoon missionary" converting a "heretic", 1686
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Regordane Info - The independent portal for The Regordane Way or St Gilles Trail
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109:, in the sense of "night attack", is derived from a feature of their tactics.
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Pierre Laporte (Rolland) (1680–1704) in the Basses-Cévennes, Mialet and
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Philippe Joutard, La légende des Camisards, NRF Gallimard, 1977, p. 355
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26 February: The Camisards under Castenet massacred the inhabitants of
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group of ex-Camisards under the guidance of Elie Marion emigrated to
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God – they were inspired by religion, not by patronage or politics.
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every region had its permanent organisers and occasional soldiers.
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February: Count de Broglie relieved of his duties and replaced by
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methods and withstood superior forces in several pitched battles.
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Open hostilities began on 24 July 1702, with the assassination at
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Jean Cavalier (1681–1704) in the plains of Bas-Languedoc between
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24 December: Jean Cavalier took the 700 strong garrison town of
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affair, when people seized back captured prophets from priests.
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20 April: de Villars assumes command and suggests negotiation
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16 April: de Montrevel defeated Cavalier at the Battle of
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may derive from a type of linen smock or shirt known as a
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Other opponents of the Protestants included six hundred
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The Huguenots and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
258:, the Camisards met the ravages of the royal army with
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Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
654:19 April: Cavalier's stores discovered in caves at
1140:, Sète, Les Nouvelles Presses du Languedoc, 2011,
989:
806:
475:. Gédéon Laporte killed and his head displayed at
1432:
856:
845:
967:(in French with some sections also in English).
810:The Camisard Uprising of the French Protestants
728:Role in the survival of Protestantism in France
166:, revoked the Edict of Nantes, issuing his own
132: Contested between Huguenots and Catholics
1142:http://sites.google.com/site/dynastierouviere/
696:in 1706, and were said to have links with the
425:
178:, labelled "missionaries in boots". They were
942:†The story begins with the allied armies at
637:). Jean Cavalier defeated a Catholic regiment
1501:History of Occitania (administrative region)
666:13 August: Pierre Laporte (Rolland) dies at
1277:. New York: C. Scribner's sons. p. 450
234:of a local embodiment of royal oppression,
1257:
1255:
1153:
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311:, including pregnant women and children.
209:. The Catholic church was likened to the
1401:
1352:The Edinburgh Review or Critical Journal
1320:
1023:
863:(in French). Paris: Editions Gallimard.
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619:
375:Henri Castanet (1674–1705) in charge of
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116:
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1184:
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1006:
977:
849:Les dragonnades: Histoire des Camisards
607:20 December: Battle of the Madeleines (
590:20 September: massacre of Catholics at
583:12 September: massacre of Catholics at
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1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
651:(while waiting for de Villars arrival)
364:Salomon Couderc with Abraham Mazel in
16:For the war they participated in, see
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1197:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.109707
893:Travels with a Donkey in the CĂ©vennes
162:. In October 1685, Henry's grandson,
138: Controlled by Catholic nobility
126: Controlled by Huguenot nobility
1408:Leben: A Journal of Reformation Life
1328:. London: Printed for J. Stephens ..
1295:
672:October: Other leaders leave France.
573:29 April: Jean Cavalier defeated at
121:16th-century religious geopolitics.
1160:"The progress of the war 1702-1704"
1157:
1098:
1059:
1044:
906:. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press.
174:which were conversions enforced by
73:was not finally signed until 1787.
13:
1451:18th-century Reformed Christianity
1389:. Fondation pasteur Eugène Bersier
1166:. Fondation pasteur Eugène Bersier
779:
624:Monument at Devès de Martignargues
14:
1522:
1461:History of Christianity in France
1035:Antoine Court de GĂ©belin (2009),
958:
950:, before the scene shifts to the
422:— which unnerved the opposition.
288:Other Protestants, like those of
55:Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
497:28 December: The Camisards took
245:
225:
1387:Virtual Museum of Protestantism
1340:
1314:
1289:
1264:
1243:
1164:Virtual Museum of Protestantism
965:A full history of the Camisards
813:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
511:12 January: Jean Cavalier took
457:. Traditional start of the War.
1178:
1122:
1107:
1029:
331:Claude Louis Hector de Villars
188:Nicholas Lamoignon de Basville
1:
1348:"Cavallier and the Camisards"
900:Brian Eugene Strayer (2001).
852:(in French). Paris: E. Dentu.
348:
37:) of the rugged and isolated
1358:: 123–160. July–October 1856
1271:Baird, Henry Martyn (1895).
144: Lutheran-majority area
76:
67:The revolt broke out in 1702
41:region and the neighbouring
7:
1191:. Oxford University Press.
937:Cavallier and the Camisards
807:Henry Martyn Baird (1890).
757:
745:In his book with the title
676:
426:Chronology of the Camisards
103:, meaning paths (chemins).
23:18th century Huguenot bands
10:
1527:
921:Samuel Rutherford Crockett
554:April: the deportation of
528:Field-Marshal de Montrevel
357:The leaders of note were:
112:
15:
1296:Bray, Anna Eliza (1870).
1062:"La Guerre des Camisards"
857:Philippe Joutard (2015).
846:Eugène Bonnemère (1882).
721:Nicolas Fatio de Duillier
580:18 May: Battle of Bruyès.
1185:Laborie, Lionel (2019).
1090:: CS1 maint: location (
747:La légende des Camisards
642:Field-marshal de Villars
629:15 March: the battle of
468:) with no clear outcome.
460:11 September: Battle at
453:12 August: Execution of
256:Pierre Laporte (Rolland)
164:Louis XIV (The Sun king)
1402:Schlegel, Doug (2008).
1321:Cavalier, Jean (1726).
1113:Ana Eliza Bray (1870),
973:(in English and French)
927:. Historical fiction.â€
769:Pierre Durand, Huguenot
741:"The Camisards' legend"
615:
530:. More troops deployed.
505:
444:
430:
211:Beast of the Apocalypse
192:Abbot François Langlade
1117:. John Murray, London.
888:Robert Louis Stevenson
724:
631:Devès de Martignargues
625:
547:1 April: The royalist
535:Fraissinet-de-Fourques
494:. He led 70 Camisards.
483:, Saint-Hippolyte and
471:22 October: Battle at
267:Fraissinet-de-Fourques
222:
168:Edict of Fontainebleau
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105:
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1471:Religion and politics
1456:Wars involving France
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702:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
668:Castelnau-les-Valence
623:
544:– the Camisards lost.
220:
120:
978:Notes and references
896:. Travel literature.
817:H. M. Baird (1895),
290:Fraissinet-de-Lozère
18:War of the Camisards
1414:(4). Archived from
1302:. London: J. Murray
946:following the 1704
830:Christian MĂĽhling:
542:Battle of Pompignan
232:le Pont-de-Montvert
1496:Apocalyptic groups
948:Battle of Blenheim
925:Flower-o'-the-Corn
725:
626:
477:Barre-des-CĂ©vennes
223:
147:
71:Edict of Tolerance
1381:Bersier, Eugène.
1206:978-0-19-861412-8
1158:Bersier, Eugène.
1060:Rolland, Pierre.
955:
913:978-0-7734-7370-6
870:978-2-07-258367-4
708:, founder of the
466:Le Collet-de-Dèze
260:irregular warfare
250:Led by the young
236:François Langlade
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1422:21 September
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1416:the original
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1360:. Retrieved
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1138:L'inventaire
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1486:Haute-Loire
1212:6 September
774:Paul Rabaut
690:millenarian
592:Saturargues
485:Montpellier
411:Elie Marion
370:Mont Lozère
324:mercenaries
297:St. Florent
204:wool-comber
172:dragonnades
35:Protestants
1435:Categories
1375:References
712:movement.
698:Alumbrados
635:Vézénobres
585:Potelières
568:Roussillon
436:June: the
349:The people
320:Roussillon
275:Potelières
160:Louis XIII
1511:Louis XIV
1506:Camisards
1466:Huguenots
1393:29 August
1235:ignored (
1225:cite book
1170:30 August
1076:30 August
751:Catholics
564:Perpignan
551:massacre.
540:6 March:
366:Le Bougès
345:in 1715.
343:Louis XIV
329:In 1704,
322:hired as
81:The name
77:Etymology
51:Louis XIV
31:Huguenots
27:Camisards
1136:, t. 2:
1132:, t. 1:
1086:cite web
923:(1903),
890:(1879),
880:(1842).
758:See also
677:Heritage
384:Lassalle
316:miquelet
301:Senechas
271:Valsauve
180:billeted
176:dragoons
151:Henry IV
106:Camisada
84:camisard
59:Camargue
39:CĂ©vennes
33:(French
1476:Ardèche
842:, 2018.
706:Ann Lee
704:and on
577:(Alès).
560:Saumane
473:Témélac
309:Brenoux
305:Rousson
283:Saumane
113:History
97:Occitan
87:in the
61:around
43:Vaunage
1491:Lozère
1203:
910:
867:
838:
824:
800:
710:Shaker
694:London
683:Jersey
609:Tornac
556:Mialet
481:Anduze
420:Psalms
279:Mialet
142:
136:
130:
124:
93:camisa
983:Notes
944:Namur
656:Euzet
649:Nages
517:Nîmes
499:Sauve
395:Sauve
101:camus
29:were
1481:Gard
1424:2016
1395:2016
1364:2018
1334:2018
1308:2018
1283:2018
1237:help
1214:2019
1201:ISBN
1172:2016
1092:link
1078:2016
908:ISBN
865:ISBN
836:ISBN
822:ISBN
798:ISBN
616:1704
558:and
506:1703
492:Alès
445:1702
431:1701
393:and
391:Uzès
368:and
303:and
281:and
273:and
254:and
1356:104
1193:doi
566:in
562:to
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