Uthman - Knowledge

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and his appointees had more control over how he conducted business than he had originally planned. They went so far as to impose authoritarianism over their provinces. Indeed, many anonymous letters were written to the leading companions of Muhammad, complaining about the alleged tyranny of Uthman's appointed governors. Moreover, letters were sent to the leaders of public opinion in different provinces concerning the reported mishandling of power by Uthman's family. This contributed to unrest in the empire and finally Uthman had to investigate the matter in an attempt to ascertain the authenticity of the rumours.

2914: 3469:, having been an elegant, educated and cultured merchant-prince standing out among his poorer compatriots. This was a trait which had been acknowledged by Muhammad. One story relates that Aisha, having noted that Muhammad reclined comfortably and spoke casually with Abu Bakr and Umar, asked him why when he addressed Uthman, he chose to gather his clothing neatly and assume a formal manner. Muhammad replied that "Uthman is modest and shy and if l had been informal with him, he would not have said what he had come here to say". 359: 1522:, as he was a wealthy man with sufficient resources of his own, but, unlike Umar, Uthman accepted gifts and allowed his family members to do likewise from certain quarters. Uthman honestly expressed that he had the right to utilize the public funds according to his best judgment, and no one criticized him for that. The economic reforms introduced by Uthman had far-reaching effects; Muslims, as well as non-Muslims of the Rashidun Empire, enjoyed an economically prosperous life during his reign. 3481:, and gave unlimited charity. His patience and endurance were among the characteristics that made him a successful leader. As a way of taking care of Muhammad's wives, he doubled their allowances. Uthman was not completely plain and simple, however: he built a palace for himself in Medina, known as Al-Zawar, with a notable feature being doors of precious wood. Although Uthman paid for the palace with his own money, Shia Muslims considered it his first step towards ruling like a king. 87: 3594:

compile the Qur'anic materials in perfect copies and return the manuscripts to you." Hafsa sent it to `Uthman. `Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, `Abdullah bin AzZubair, Sa`id bin Al-As and `AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts..." This caliphate order made by Uthman gave the final form of the Quran we have today, and although a few small variants do exist in some areas, most of the variant readings and recitations have been lost or destroyed.

3090:, might march to Medina to relieve Uthman. They therefore decided to take action against Uthman before the pilgrimage was over. During the siege, Uthman was asked by his supporters, who outnumbered the rebels, to let them fight, but Uthman refused, in an effort to avoid bloodshed among Muslims. Unfortunately for Uthman, violence still occurred. The gates of the house of Uthman were shut and guarded by the renowned warrior Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, along with Ali's sons, 2883:, aided by a Berber force. They allegedly succeeded in conquering the coastal areas of Al-Andalus. It is not known where the Muslim force landed, what resistance they met, and what parts of Spain they actually conquered. However, it is clear that the Muslims did conquer some portion of Spain during the caliphate of Uthman, presumably establishing colonies on its coast. On this occasion, Uthman is reported to have addressed a letter to the invading force: 2860:), which became the name of this battle. Records from al-Bidayah wal Nihayah state that Abdullah's troops were completely surrounded by Gregory's army. However, Abdullah ibn Zubayr spotted Gregory in his chariot and asked Abdullah ibn Sa'ad to lead a small detachment to intercept him. The interception was successful, and Gregory was slain by Zubayr's ambush party. Consequently, the morale of Byzantine army started crumbling and soon they were routed. 3376: 3318: 1310: 3277: 3601: 912: 427: 5874: 494: 3222: 3656: 3011:

propaganda in favour of making Ali caliph. Ammar ibn Yasir, who had been affiliated with Ali, abandoned Uthman for the Egyptian opposition. Abdullah ibn Saad, the governor of Egypt, reported about the opposition's activities instead. He wanted to take action against Ali's foster son, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa, Uthman's adopted son, and Ammar ibn Yasir.

3077:, each offering them their allegiance as the next Caliph, but both were similarly turned down. By proposing alternatives to Uthman as Caliph, the rebels swayed public opinion in Medina to the point where Uthman's faction could no longer offer a united front. Uthman had the active support of the Umayyads, and a few other people in Medina. 1446:'s copy and prepare a standardised version of the Quran. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, with the other versions ordered to been burnt by Uthman. 1414:

manner of the two previous caliphs (Umar and Abu Bakr)? Ali's answer to Abd al-Rahman was: I will only follow the Book of God and the Sunnah of the Messenger of God. Abd al-Rahman asked the same question to Uthman and Uthman answered positively and accepted all the conditions and therefore he became the caliph.

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Uthman is credited with bringing unity to the current version of the Quran. Prior to Uthman's reign, the Qur’an did not formally exist as a fixed text, but was written in fragmentary form and as a spoken, recited work. Uthman observed this brought with it some challenges. For example, even men of the

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From an expansionist perspective, Uthman is regarded as skilled in conflict management, as is evident from how he dealt with the heated and troubled early Muslim conquered territories, such as Kufa and Basra, by directing the hot-headed Arab settlers to new military campaigns and expansions. This not

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notes that Uthman was of medium height, strong-boned and broad-shouldered, and walked in a bowlegged manner. He is said to have had large limbs, with fleshy shins and long, hairy forearms. Though commonly described as having been very handsome with a fair complexion, when viewed up close, light scars

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for burial. Apparently, some people gathered there, and resisted Uthman's burial in the Muslim cemetery. Accordingly, Uthman's supporters later buried him in the Jewish graveyard behind Jannat al-Baqi. Some decades later, the Umayyad rulers demolished the wall separating the two cemeteries and merged

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The weakness and nepotism of Uthman brought to a head the resentment which had for some time been stirring obscurely among the Arab warriors. The Muslim tradition attribute the breakdown which occurred during his reign to the personal defects of Uthman. But, the causes lie far deeper and the guilt of

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of the Prophet with sufficient prestige to rank as a candidate. His election was at once their victory and their opportunity. That opportunity was not neglected. Uthman soon fell under the influence of the dominant Meccan families and one after another, the high posts of the Empire went to members of

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had conducted most trading in the town. Uthman realized there was a considerable commercial opportunity to promote trade among Muslims and soon established himself as a trader in Medina. With hard work and honesty, his business flourished, making him one of the richest men in Medina. Both of Uthman's

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and make him a martyr and the third Rightly Guided Caliph." According to Keaney Heather, Uthman, as a caliph, relied solely on his own volition in picking his cabinet, which led to decisions that bred resistance within the Muslim community. Indeed, his style of governance made Uthman one of the most

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The politics of Egypt played the major role in the propaganda war against the caliphate, so Uthman summoned Abdullah ibn Saad, the governor of Egypt, to Medina to consult with him as to the course of action that should be adopted. Abdullah ibn Saad came to Medina, leaving the affairs of Egypt to his

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to Syria. The agents sent to Kufa, Basra and Syria reported that all was well—the people were generally satisfied with the administration, although some individuals had minor personal grievances. Ammar ibn Yasir, the emissary to Egypt, however, did not return to Medina. Rebels there had been issuing

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Noting an increase in anti-government tension around the Caliphate, Uthman's administration decided to determine its origins, extent, and aims. Some time around 654, Uthman called all twelve provincial governors to Medina to discuss the problem. During this Council of Governors, Uthman ordered that

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Umar had been very strict in the use of money from the public treasury—indeed, apart from the meagre allowance that had been sanctioned in his favour, Umar took no money from the treasury. He did not receive any gifts, nor did he allow any of his family members to accept any gifts from any quarter.

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Uthman was a family man who led a simple life even after becoming the caliph, despite the fact that his flourishing family business had made him rich. Prior caliphs had been paid for their services from the bayt al-mal, the public treasury, but the independently wealthy Uthman never took a salary.

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On 17 June 656, rebels found the gate of Uthman's house strongly guarded by his supporters. Some of the rebels, scaled the neighboring houses and jumped into Uthman's. Then one rebel approached Uthman, grabbed and shook his beard. Uthman prayed to God for protection from killing, the rebel stabbed

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The resistance against Uthman arose because he favoured family members when choosing governors, reasoning that, by doing this, he would be able to exact more influence on how the caliphate was run and consequently improve the feudal system he worked to establish. The contrary turned out to be true

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From Egypt, Kufa, and Basra, contingents of about 1,000 people apiece were sent to Medina, each with instructions to assassinate Uthman and overthrow the government. Representatives of the Egyptian contingent waited on Ali, and offered him the Caliphate, but he turned them down. Representatives of

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Yaqoubi further adds that many negotiations took place in these three days and the result was hesitant between Ali and Uthman. Abd al-Rahman asked Ali: If we pledge allegiance to you, would you be willing to follow the Book of God (Quran) and the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah and behave in the

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Uthman participated in all major battles which took place in the early period of Islam except for Badr and that too because the Prophet of Islam commanded him to stay back and tend to his wife who was unwell at the time. Regarding this, there is a hadith which states, "You (Uthman) will have the

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was afraid of their (the people of Sham and Iraq) differences in the recitation of the Qur'an, so he said to `Uthman, "O chief of the Believers! Save this nation before they differ about the Book ... So `Uthman sent a message to Hafsa saying, "Send us the manuscripts of the Qur'an so that we may

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Al Nahaya, Volume 5 page 80; Qamus, page 500 "lughut Nathal" by Firozabadi; Lisan al Arab, Volume 11 Chapter "Lughuth Nathal" page 670; Sharh Nahjul Balagha Ibn al Hadeed Volume 2 page 122; Sheikh al-Mudhira, by Mahmoud Abu Raya, p170 (foot note); Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa, Volume 1 page 52; Tarikh

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According to Yaqoubi history, Umar appointed Abu Talha Ansari to this task and said: If four people gave an opinion and two disagreed, behead those two, and if three agreed and three disagreed, the three people whom Abd al-Rahman is not among them, behead them, and if three days passed and they

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The early stage of the siege of Uthman's house was not severe, but, as the days passed, the rebels intensified the pressure against Uthman. With the departure of the pilgrims from Medina to Mecca, the rebel position was strengthened further, and as a consequence the crisis deepened. The rebels

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In 655, Uthman directed those with any grievance against the administration, as well as the governors and "Amils" throughout the caliphate, to assemble at Mecca for the Hajj, promising that all legitimate grievances would be redressed. Accordingly, large delegations from various cities came to

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It was asked of Uthman why he did not drink wine during the Age of Ignorance, when there was no objection to this practice (before the revelation of Islam). He replied: "I saw that it made the intellect flee in its entirety, and I've never known of something to do this and then return in its

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lands in conquered territories. Uthman withdrew these restrictions, in view of the fact that the trade could not flourish. Uthman also permitted people to draw loans from the public treasury. Under Umar, it had been laid down as a policy that the lands in conquered territories were not to be

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After four years, the news spread among the Muslims in Abyssinia that the Quraysh of Mecca had accepted Islam, and this acceptance persuaded Uthman, Ruqayya and 39 Muslims to return. However, when they reached Mecca, they found that the news about the Quraysh's acceptance of Islam was false.

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As the Arabs of the Ḥejāz had used the drahms of the Sasanian-style, the only silver coinage in the world at that time, it was natural for them to leave many of the Sasanian mints in operation, striking coins like those of the emperors in every detail except for the addition of brief Arabic

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all resolutions of the council be adopted according to local circumstances. Later, in the Majlis al Shurah (council of ministers), it was suggested to Uthman that reliable agents be sent to various provinces to attempt to determine the source of the discontent. Uthman accordingly sent

3213:, one of his wives, extended her hand to block a blade. Her fingers were severed, and she was shoved aside. The following strike killed Uthman. A few of Uthman's slaves retaliated, and one of them succeeded in killing one of the assassins before being murdered by the rebels. 3122:, during Uthman's reign, "grievances against his arbitrary acts were substantial by standards of his time. Historical sources mention a lengthy account of the wrongdoings he was accused of... It was only his violent death that came to absolve him in Sunni ideology from any 1025:), died in office, he appointed a committee of trustees to elect a successor. Uthman, who was then aged 68–71 years, was elected to succeed him and became the oldest person to hold such a high position. During his premiership, the Caliphate expanded further into 2898:

Although raids by Berbers and Muslims were conducted against the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain during the late 7th century, there is no evidence that Spain was invaded nor that parts of it were conquered or settled by Muslims prior to the 711 campaign by Tariq.

3032:, Medina). Muawiyah then suggested that he be allowed to send a strong force from Syria to Medina to guard Uthman against any possible attempt by rebels to harm him. Uthman rejected it too, saying that the Syrian forces in Medina would be an incitement to 3023:

The rebels realized that the people in Mecca supported Uthman and were not inclined to listen to them. This represented a great psychological victory for Uthman. It is said, according to Sunni Muslim accounts, that before returning to Syria, the governor

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was re-conquered during the campaign against the revolt in Kermān, under the command of Majasha ibn Mas'ud. It was the first time that western Balochistan had come directly under the laws of the Caliphate and it paid an agricultural tribute.

1165:) in April 615, along with ten Muslim men and three women. Scores of Muslims joined them later. As Uthman already had some business contacts in Abyssinia, he continued to practice his profession as a trader and he continued to flourish. 3589:

same tribe would at times disagree over how the Quran would be recited. Although some of the companions of Mohammed had attempted to bring together collections of the Quran, it had not yet been standardized. Anas bin Malik reported "

2879:, have quoted the same narration. In the description of this campaign, two of Abdullah ibn Saad's generals, Abdullah ibn Nafiah ibn Husain, and Abdullah ibn Nafi' ibn Abdul Qais, were ordered to invade the coastal areas of Spain by 1201:

Across the Muslim world, Uthman is known by his honorific title "Ghani" that translates to "exceedingly generous" which was bestowed upon him for his remarkable donations towards helping those in need and for the cause of Islam.

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tribal jealousies and rivalries, which had been suppressed under earlier caliphs, erupted once again. The people took advantage of Uthman's leniency, which became a headache for the state, culminating in Uthman's assassination.

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Nevertheless, Uthman and Ruqayya re-settled in Mecca. Uthman had to start his business afresh, but the contacts that he had already established in Abyssinia worked in his favour and his business prospered once again.

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felt dissatisfied at this decision, but Umar suppressed the opposition with a strong hand. Uthman followed the policy devised by Umar and there were more conquests, and the revenues from land increased considerably.

3499:('deputy of God'). The general opinion of the Sunni Muslim community and Sunni historians regarding Uthman's rule were positive, particularly regarding his leniency; in their view, the kinsmen he appointed, such as 1181:. Upon arrival, Uthman stayed with Abu Talha ibn Thabit before moving into the house he purchased a short time later. Uthman was one of the richest merchants of Mecca, with no need of financial help from his 5586: 3673:استشهد في أوسط أيام التشريق (12 ذي الحجة) لصحة نقله عن أبي عثمان النهدي، المعاصر للحادثة. وما سواه من أقوال لم يصح إسناد شيء منها، وكل ما جاء به من أسانيد فهي ضعيفة، وبعض منها صدر ممن لم يعاصر الحادثة. 5663:"Search Results - Search Results - Therefore I (Umar) suggest, you (Abu Bakr) order that the Qur'an be collected (page 1) - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" 3531:, and expansion to other coasts of the Mediterranean Sea are generally overlooked. These achievements gave birth to the first Muslim standing navy, thus enabling the first Muslim maritime conquest of 5712: 5613:"Search Results - Search Results - palmed stalks, thin white stones and also from the men who knew it by heart (page 1) - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" 3053:

and took power. On hearing of the revolt in Egypt, Abdullah hastened back, but Uthman was not in a position to offer him any military assistance, and so Abdullah was unable to suppress the revolt.

3028:, Uthman's cousin, suggested that Uthman should come with him to Syria as the atmosphere there was peaceful. Uthman rejected his offer, saying that he did not want to leave the city of Muhammad ( 3263:, and the dead body was lowered into the grave with little ceremony. After burial, Na'ila and A'isha wanted to speak, but were discouraged from doing so due to possible danger from the rioters. 2894:. Thus, if you conquer it, you will have the honor of taking the first step towards the conquest of Constantinople. You will have your reward in this behalf both in this world and the next. 3515:

Perhaps the most significant act of Uthman was allowing Muawiya and Abdullah ibn Saad, governors respectively of Syria and Northern Africa, to form the first integrated Muslim navy in the

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After the body of Uthman had been in the house for three days, Naila approached some of his supporters to assist in his burial, but only about a dozen people responded, including Marwan,

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only resulted in settling the internal conflicts in those settlements, but also further expanded Rashidun territory to as far west as southern Iberia and as far east as Sindh, Pakistan.

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Uthman had a very close relationship with Abu Bakr, as it was due to him that Uthman had converted to Islam. When Abu Bakr was selected as the caliph, Uthman was the first person after

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Naila followed the funeral with a lamp, but, in order to maintain secrecy, the lamp had to be extinguished. Naila was accompanied by some women, including Uthman's daughter.

1296:(Wars of Apostasy), Uthman remained in Medina, acting as Abu Bakr's adviser. On his deathbed, Abu Bakr dictated his will to Uthman, saying that his successor was to be Umar. 1108:, leaving Uthman with a large inheritance. He brilliantly invested the wealth in trade and became a highly successful merchant, making him one the wealthiest people from the 3462:

and thick curly hair which grew past his ears, though receded at the front. His teeth were bound with gold wire, with the front ones being noted as being particularly fine.

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Unlike his predecessor Umar, Uthman was not a skilled orator, having grown tongue-tied during his first address as caliph. He remained somewhat apart from the other close

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also led a number of successful campaigns, ranging from the suppression of revolts in Fars, Kerman, Sistan, and Khorasan, to the opening of new fronts for conquest in

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Furthermore, during the campaigns of Ghatafan and Dhat al-Riqa the Prophet of Islam left Uthman in charge of Madinah when the Muslim army ventured out of the city.

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brothers, as he had brought the considerable fortune he had amassed with him to Medina. Most Muslims of Medina were farmers with little interest in trade, and

5132: 3507:, proved to be effective in both military and political management. Historians, like Zaki Muhammad, accused Uthman of corruption, particularly in the case of 6137: 1500:

Uthman was a shrewd businessman and a successful trader from his youth, which contributed greatly to the Rashidun Caliphate. Umar had established a public

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The actual reason for the anti-Uthman movement is disputed among the Shia and Sunni Muslims. Under Uthman, the people became more prosperous and on the

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Mukhtasar al-Duwal, by Ibn Al-Ebrei, v1 p55; Al-Mahsol, by al-Razi, v4 p343; Ansab al-Ashraf, Volume 6 pages 192–193.Tarikh e Tibri by Tibri V8 P343.

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During the time of Uthman, these restrictions were relaxed. Although Uthman still drew no personal allowance from the treasury, nor did he receive a

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as Sunni Muslims, they do not believe however that it was first compiled by Uthman. The Shī‘ah believe that the Qur'an was gathered and compiled by

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G. Levi Della Vida; R.G. Khoury (2012). "ʿUt̲h̲mān b. ʿAffān". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.).

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During his rule, Uthman's military-style was more autonomical in nature as he delegated much military authority to his trusted kinsmen—e.g.,

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plane they came to enjoy a larger degree of freedom. No institutions were devised to channel political activity, and, in their absence, the

1763: 1537: 5612: 4807: 4491: 4464: 1232:) for Fatimah's marriage, leaving a hundred for all other expenses. Later, Uthman presented the armour back to Ali as a wedding present. 5393: 4545: 4518: 3928: 3872: 6069: 3590: 1149:, who strongly opposed Muhammad's teachings. He is listed as one of the twenty two Meccans at the dawn of Islam who knew how to write. 5370: 4078: 2809:, the governor before him, and 25,000 other people. Now under Uthman's rule in 649, Muawiyah was allowed to set up a navy, manned by 5925: 6130: 2984:

The military campaigns under Uthman's rule were generally successful, except for a few in the kingdom of Nubia, on the lower Nile.

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Uthman is related to Muhammad through his mother, who was the first cousin of Muhammad and made Uthman his first cousin's son.

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and, on assuming office, Uthman increased it by about 25%. Umar had placed a ban on the sale of lands and the purchase of

6123: 2856:, which is recorded to have numbered between 120,000 and 200,000 soldiers, The opposing forces clashed at Sabuthilag (or 5353: 4585: 4201: 4148: 3143: 2735: 2393: 2117: 1666: 1642: 1134: 5509: 3563:. The significance of Uthman's naval development and its political legacy was agreed upon by Muhammad M.Ag, author of 260: 5930: 5835: 5811: 5779:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of ʿUthmān, A.D. 644–656/A.H. 24–35

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The ultimate ambition in the arts of erudition : a compendium of knowledge from the classical Islamic world

6062: 3339: 2373: 1974: 1858: 1734: 1618: 1331: 3060:, Ali Ibn Burhanuddin al-Halabi, Ibne Abi-al-Hadeed and Ibne Manzur, reported that there were several leading 6253: 5910: 5863:, by Asma Afsaruddin, Gita Liesangthem, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch and The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2655: 2411: 2368: 2277: 2267: 1826: 1599: 1078:. The exact date is disputed, both 573 and 576 are indicated. He was born to an affluent family of the noble 17: 1962: 6248: 2864: 2599: 2481: 2307: 1809: 4744: 1465: 2701: 2174: 1676: 717: 5042: 6263: 4875: 3210: 2292: 2129: 1833: 1693: 1609: 822: 244: 2572: 6268: 6055: 4672:

Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War, By Kaveh Farrokh, Published by Osprey Publishing, 2007

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discredits the alleged role of Abdullah ibn Saba in the rebellion against Uthman and observes that

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Abdullah ibn Saad also achieved success in the Caliphate's first decisive naval battle against the

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were said to have been evident on his face. He had a full reddish-brown beard to which he applied

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the Jewish cemetery into the Muslim one to ensure that his tomb was now inside a Muslim cemetery.

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However, the last years of his reign were marked by discontent that eventually evolved into an

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distributed among the combatants, but were to remain the property of the previous owners. The

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Abu Nu`aym, Hilya al-Awliya' 1:92–100 #3; al-Dhahabi, Siyar A`lam al-Nubala' 1/2: 566–614 #4.

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among those who called upon Uthman to step down for reasons such as nepotism and profligacy.

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The Encyclopaedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

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Uthman was also a humanitarian: he customarily freed slaves every Friday, looked after the

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In 622, Uthman and his wife, Ruqayya, were among the third group of Muslims to migrate to

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Kisah Hidup Utsman ibn Affan citing Tarikh at Thabari and al Bidayah wal Nihayah (71/158)

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History of Islamic Philosophy: With View of Greek Philosophy and Early History of Islam

4191: 4137: 3788:, p. 271. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., & London: P. S. King & Son, Ltd. 3504: 3111: 2962: 2950: 2764: 2713: 2638: 2527: 2512: 2242: 2101: 2044: 1848: 1574: 1363: 520: 386: 358: 184: 105: 4165: 3086:

understood that, after the Hajj, the Muslims, gathered at Mecca from all parts of the

6202: 6145: 6006: 5831: 5807: 5783: 5760: 5740: 5557: 5517: 5488: 5461: 5412: 5349: 5326: 5302: 5218: 5208: 5158: 4953: 4936: 4723: 4696: 4673: 4656: 4581: 4551: 4524: 4497: 4470: 4443: 4416: 4351: 4243: 4197: 4144: 3918: 3662: 3548: 3516: 2837: 2723: 2616: 2606: 2552: 2001: 1986: 1501: 1477: 1427: 1211: 1142: 1004: 817: 795: 655: 254: 133: 5756:

The Heirs of Muhammad: Islam's First Century and the Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split

3050: 5797: 5730: 5292: 5185: 4932: 4904: 3908: 3556: 3523:. Ibn Saad's conquest of the southeast coast of Spain, his stunning victory at the 3520: 3206: 3132: 3119: 2903: 2849: 2633: 2592: 2567: 2557: 2537: 2532: 2522: 2502: 2497: 2487: 2416: 2383: 2358: 2287: 2272: 2257: 2210: 2200: 2179: 2139: 2134: 2071: 2056: 1957: 1853: 1819: 1633: 1158: 1087: 1030: 1000: 790: 325: 5893: 1376:

converts), to choose the next caliph from amongst themselves. This committee was:

6228: 5995: 5952: 5900: 5801: 5777: 5754: 5734: 5296: 4346: 3552: 3508: 3233: 2946: 2542: 2492: 2338: 2220: 2086: 2081: 1991: 1908: 1843: 1814: 1473: 1439: 1182: 1146: 1079: 1057: 1049: 1038: 984: 957: 891: 881: 800: 530: 443: 419: 275: 71: 4369: 1422:

In about AD 650, Uthman began noticing slight differences in recitations of the

3252: 3095: 3003: 2922: 2887: 2577: 2507: 2320: 2170: 2029: 2012: 1888: 1878: 1129:

in 611, Uthman learned of Muhammad's declared mission. After a discussion with

1091: 1037:

in order to create a more cohesive administrative structure and fostered rapid

732: 660: 270: 195: 4909: 4892: 6222: 5222: 4766: 3148: 3091: 3073:

the contingent from Kufa waited on Al-Zubayr, and those from Basra waited on

2810: 2768: 2328: 2144: 1493: 742: 675: 650: 645: 175: 31: 2436: 6021: 3606: 3087: 3057: 2942: 1145:, Abu Bakr and a few others. His conversion to Islam angered his clan, the 1053: 916: 896: 810: 724: 431: 92: 4139:

The Qur'an in Islam : its impact and influence on the life of muslims

3173:

and was indeed the sole representative of the Meccan patricians among the

5974: 5920: 5736:

The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism

5190:

The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism

4339: 4064: 3914:

The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And The Roots Of The Sunni–Shia Schism

3296: 3163: 2977: 2970: 2966: 1967: 1529: 1505: 1481: 1045: 493: 484: 304: 4893:"Confronting the Caliph: ʻUthmân b. ʻAffân in Three ʻAbbasid Chronicles" 2783:, which had not been touched during the tenure of Umar. The conquest of 86: 5368: 3342: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3025: 2938: 2926: 2891: 2876: 2829: 2790: 1485: 1334: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1293: 1273: 728: 406: 152: 5372:

History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain Oriental translation Fund

5134:

The History of al-Tabari, Volume XV: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate

3895:"Uthman ibn Affan | Biography, Achievements, & Assassination" 1755: 6039: 5990: 5124: 3560: 3450: 3033: 2872: 2853: 1450: 1369: 1368:

Umar, on his deathbed formed a committee of six people, all from the

857: 805: 682: 4297:. Vol. 10. London, UK: Fountain Books. pp. xxi, xxiv, xxv. 3317: 2821:

sailors and Muslim troops, which defeated the Byzantine navy at the

1309: 6162: 6089: 6047: 5409:

Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

3455: 3137:

few if any modern historians would accept Sayf's legend of Ibn Saba

3107: 2780: 2401: 2008: 1454: 1443: 1162: 1130: 996: 738: 605: 598: 373: 5687: 2976:

In the next year, AD 652, Futh Al-Buldan of Baladhuri writes that

5944: 5827:

God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam

5202: 4166:"Sahih Bukhari, volume 6, book 61, narrations number 509 and 510" 3544: 3540: 3500: 3459: 3174: 3170: 3152: 2930: 2784: 1489: 1247:

reward and the share of booty of a man who was present at Badr".

1219: 1215: 1109: 634: 565: 300: 295: 5713:"The Preservation of Al-Quran (Hafs vs Warsh/Other recitations)" 5301:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 313. 5203:

Nuwayrī, Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb (2016). Muhanna, Elias (ed.).

3843:– by Rafi Ahmad Fidai, Publisher: Islamic Book Service Pages: 32 3493:

Uthman is said to have been the first caliph to adopt the title

5873: 4852:

Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present

4520:

Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present

3988:. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. 12 November 2013. 3766: 3737: 3572: 3536: 3532: 3478: 3466: 3202: 3182:

Uthman lay in his failure to recognize, control or remedy them.

3074: 3061: 1519: 1435: 1431: 1178: 1026: 852: 827: 761: 703: 696: 689: 510: 376: 180: 162: 101: 5434: 5058:"'Uthman ibn 'Affan : The Man With Two Lights (Part Two)" 3826:

Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume I Parts I & II

3221: 3014: 5019: 4997: 4995: 4926: 3641: 3528: 3474: 3209:, Uthman's wives threw themselves on his body to shield him. 3167: 2958: 2933:

earlier, launched a series of further military expansions by

2868: 2814: 1423: 1373: 1229: 1126: 1095: 1075: 1008: 847: 769: 752: 575: 570: 335: 158: 91:

Calligraphic seal featuring Uthman's name, on display in the

5007: 2797:

in 639 to stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the

6167: 6094: 4784:, by Mohammad Alias Aadil. Publishers: Mushtaq Ahmed Lahore 3694:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 135. 2794: 2776: 1510: 1289: 1264:

In 632, the year Muhammad died, Uthman participated in the

1224: 1015: 765: 638: 610: 585: 580: 5803:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

4992: 4267:. Vol. 10. London, UK: Fountain Books. pp. xxiv. 3692:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

6177: 6104: 5514:

Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (Volume 2)

5249:

History of Muslim Rule – The Prophet and The Early Rulers

5229: 5119: 5117: 5115: 4325:

https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/coins-and-coinage-

2987: 2880: 1380: 1277: 1186: 1138: 991:

in 656. Uthman, a second cousin, son-in-law, and notable

620: 5275: 5273: 3567:

and further strengthened by Hassan Khalileh referencing

4722:. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. 3971:

al-Rawd al-Anf, 3/137; al-Tabaqit by Ibn Sa'd, 2/34, 35

1410:

didn't reach an agreement on anyone, behead them all".

5112: 3953:

Nisa' Ahl al-Bayt by Ahmad Khaleel Jumu'ah, p. 491-504

3396: 1276:

sources, he was among those who pledged allegiance to

5270: 4569: 4567: 3198:

him in the head, and the other rebels followed suit.

1460: 6148: 5207:. Translated by Muhanna. Penguin Books. p. 85. 4111:

look at al-Tanbīh wa-al-ishrāf by al-Masudi page 267

3596: 3494: 3201:

According to a narration regarded as likely to be a

971: 69: 60: 5341: 3144:

Abdullah ibn Saba' § Other sources on Ibn Saba

5806:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 5411:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 5123: 4564: 4436:Lewis, Archibald Ross; Runyan, Timothy J. (1990). 4359:), published by Dar-ul-Ma'arif, Cairo, 1959, p. 47 4136: 3569:Tarikh al Bahriyya wal Islamiyya fii Misr wal Sham 1283: 1190:wives having been elder daughters of Muhammad and 5549: 5484:Kebijakan fiskal dan moneter dalam ekonomi Islami 5260: 5258: 4640:, Merrill & Baker, Vol. 12, New York, p. 483. 4336:A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims 3879:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Archived from 2917:Rashidun Caliphate at its peak under Uthman (654) 1052:and ultimately culminating in his assassination. 6220: 5752: 5729: 5369:Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Muḥammad Maqqarī (1848). 4838:"The Murder of the Caliph Uthman," M. Hinds, in 4406: 1094:, which were both powerful and wealthy clans in 5884:Views of various Islamic historians on Uthman: 4466:History of the Jihad: Islam Versus Civilization 3870: 3808:, pp. 146–148. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3727: 3101: 3020:present their grievances before the gathering. 6279:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud 5456:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 5392:. Archaeology.Stanford.edu. 24 November 2008. 5342:Khadra Jayyusi, Salma; Marín, Manuela (1992). 5255: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5146: 5144: 4189: 1218:, Uthman bought Ali's shield for five hundred 1029:in 650 and reached as far as the provinces of 6131: 6063: 5512:. In Meri, Josef; Bacharach, Jere L. (eds.). 5085:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 4648: 4646: 4439:European Naval and Maritime History, 300–1500 4163: 4130: 4128: 4126: 3836: 3834: 3571:("History of the Seas and Islam in Egypt and 2992: 2466: 2452: 1771: 1545: 983: – 17 June 656) was the third 934: 451: 5553:translation The History of al-Tabari Vol. 15 5323:A history of the Byzantine State and Society 5298:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 5083:Volume 15: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate 4950:A Chronology of Islamic History, 570–1000 CE 4840:International Journal of Middle East Studies 4282:. London, UK: Fountain Books. pp. 5, 7. 4120:Translation of Tarikh Yaqoubi, vol. 2, p. 53 4102:Translation of Tarikh Yaqoubi, vol. 2, p. 50 3944:, by H.U. Rahman 1999 Page 48 and Page 52–53 3877:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 3036:, and he could not be party to such a move. 2793:had been appointed the governor of Syria by 1115: 44: 5449: 5265:A Chronology Of Islamic History 570–1000 CE 5171: 5141: 5109:by Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer 5073: 5071: 4819: 4817: 4435: 4400: 4323:inscriptions like besmellāh in the margins. 4080:Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam 3942:A Chronology Of Islamic History 570–1000 CE 3763:Uthman bin Affan, the Third Caliph of Islam 3519:, rivalling the maritime domination of the 3305:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3266: 3015:Uthman's attempts to appease the dissidents 2945:and later crushing a military coalition of 6138: 6124: 6070: 6056: 5823: 5235: 5150: 4666: 4643: 4123: 3831: 3756: 3399:. Please do not remove this message until 3127:controversial figures in Islamic history. 2459: 2445: 1778: 1764: 1559: 1552: 1538: 1496:on margin, instead of designing a new one. 1157:Uthman and his wife, Ruqayya, migrated to 1104:His father died at a young age while on a 941: 927: 458: 444: 85: 5830:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5772: 5291: 5081:. Translated by Humphreys, R. S. (1990). 5025: 5013: 4908: 4312:. London, UK: Fountain Books. p. 29. 4301: 4286: 4271: 4256: 4219:"Zayd ibn Thabit and the Glorious Qur'an" 4157: 4134: 4056: 4054: 3784:. Translated by Murgotten, F. C. (1924). 3437:Learn how and when to remove this message 3419:Learn how and when to remove this message 3358:Learn how and when to remove this message 1350:Learn how and when to remove this message 1152: 6147:The ten to whom Paradise was promised – 5796: 5507: 5480: 5280:The Great Arab Conquests By Hugh Kennedy 5184: 5068: 5001: 4834: 4832: 4814: 4777: 4775: 4543: 4463:Kroll, Leonard Michael (16 March 2005). 4329: 3907: 3816: 3814: 3728:Al-Mubarakphuri, Safi-ur-Rahman (1996), 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3654: 3488: 3395:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3220: 3039: 3006:to Basra, Ammar ibn Yasir to Egypt, and 2912: 1464: 1253: 1063: 5926:The assassination of `Uthman Ibn `Affan 5824:Crone, Patricia; Hinds, Martin (1986). 5425: 5325:, Stanford University Press 1997, 314. 4810:from the original on 29 September 2007. 4765:, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and 4742: 4489: 4415:(6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. 4307: 4292: 4277: 4262: 3931:from the original on 18 September 2015. 3796: 3794: 3786:The Origins of the Islamic State Part 2 3752: 3750: 3748: 3655:Muhammad, Muhammad Hamid (7 May 2018). 1785: 14: 6221: 5443: 5406: 5095:Textual Sources for the Study of Islam 4922: 4920: 4890: 4758: 4756: 4746:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History 4688: 4573: 4516: 4490:Gregory, Timothy E. (26 August 2011). 4183: 4051: 4027: 3804:. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). 2988:Public opposition to Uthman's policies 2929:and a veteran commander who conquered 2825:in 655, opening up the Mediterranean. 2759:Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman 1172: 1120: 6119: 6051: 5516:. Taylor & Francis. p. 558. 5064:from the original on 9 November 2007. 4829: 4772: 4715: 4462: 4380: 4193:The Blackwell companion to the Qur'an 4076: 3962:al-Bukhari, no. 3698 at-Tirmidhi 3706 3811: 3714: 3575:") by Ahmad Abaddy and Esayyed Salem. 2440: 1759: 1533: 1525: 1299: 1135:one of the earliest converts to Islam 1125:On returning from a business trip to 6077: 5453:A Concise History of the Middle East 5379: 4873: 4580:. Serambi Ilmu Semesta. p. 87. 4238:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4235:The Koran: A Very Short Introduction 4231: 4190:Rippin, Andrew; et al. (2006). 3791: 3745: 3697: 3547:eras, which came in the form of the 3369: 3340:adding citations to reliable sources 3311: 3270: 1332:adding citations to reliable sources 1303: 1292:to offer his allegiance. During the 1086:was of the Umayyad, and his mother, 30:For other people with the name, see 5906:Views of the Arab Media on Uthman: 5252:by Dr. Muhammad Zaki. Google Books. 4917: 4824:Muhammad and the Conquests of Islam 4753: 4012: 3824:. Translated by Haq, S. M. (1967). 3707:. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). 3067: 2890:will be conquered from the side of 2805:, who died in a plague, along with 961: 45: 27:3rd Rashidun caliph from 644 to 656 24: 5845: 5315: 4376:from the original on 22 July 2007. 4280:The Qur'an – When was it compiled? 4216: 3705:Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume 3 3565:Islamic Fiscal and Monetary Policy 3080: 1484:, the picture of the last emperor 1461:Economic and social administration 1056:tradition considers him the third 25: 6300: 5867: 5431:Kreutz citation of Baladhuri, 38. 5056:A, Amatullah (29 November 2005). 5055: 4826:, Francesco Gabrieli, London 1968 4603:History of the Prophets and Kings 4387:History of the Prophets and Kings 4370:"The Gold Coins of Muslim Rulers" 4042: 4000:Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Volume 4 3286:This section has multiple issues. 2801:. He succeeded his elder brother 1205: 1198:("The Possessor of Two Lights"). 5894:Quilliam Press: Uthman ibn Affan 5872: 5857:'Uthmān ibn 'Affān Muslim caliph 5705: 5680: 5655: 5630: 5605: 5579: 5570: 5543: 5530: 5440:Makrypoulias (2000), pp. 347–348 5396:from the original on 8 May 2009. 5267:, by H.U. Rahman 1999 Page 48–49 5157:. Authors On Line. p. 145. 4937:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1315 4164:al-Bukhari, Muhammad (810–870). 4135:Tabatabai, Sayyid M. H. (1987). 4045:Habib al-Siyar, Volume 1, Part 3 3871:Asma Afsaruddin, Oliver (2009). 3599: 3374: 3316: 3275: 3259:The funeral prayers were led by 3186: 3056:Several Sunni scholars, such as 1308: 1222:. Four hundred was set aside as 1098:. Uthman had one sister, Amina. 1011:that is still being used today. 910: 492: 425: 357: 226:Umm al-Banin Mulayka bint Uyayna 5931:Uthman and Abdullah bin Massood 5911:Ever Since the Murder of Uthman 5722: 5501: 5474: 5400: 5362: 5335: 5285: 5241: 5196: 5100: 5097:by Knappert, Jan, Andrew Rippin 5088: 5049: 5031: 4974: 4962: 4943: 4884: 4867: 4857: 4845: 4796: 4787: 4736: 4709: 4682: 4631: 4612: 4594: 4537: 4510: 4483: 4456: 4429: 4362: 4316: 4225: 4210: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4070: 4036: 4021: 4006: 3992: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3935: 3901: 3887: 3864: 3846: 3327:needs additional citations for 3294:or discuss these issues on the 1319:needs additional citations for 1284:Caliph Abu Bakr's era (632–634) 1242:List of expeditions of Muhammad 1194:earned him the honorific title 1020: 1014:Before his predecessor, Caliph 6001:11 November 644 – 20 June 656 5861:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5550:Stephen Humphreys, R. (1990). 5077:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. 4763:The Cambridge History of Islam 4692:Iraq After the Muslim Conquest 4093:Yaqubi history: Vol. 2, p 160. 3780:Ahmed ibn Jabir al-Baladhuri. 3774: 3684: 3678: 3648: 3624: 3166:, was a member of the leading 1449:While the Shī‘ah use the same 13: 1: 6244:7th-century murdered monarchs 5576:Tabri vol: 4 page no: 180–181 5125:Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir 4719:The Cambridge History of Iran 4653:The Muslim Conquest of Persia 4517:Weston, Mark (28 July 2008). 3875:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 3618: 2935:further mauling Yazdegerd III 1426:as Islam expanded beyond the 1268:. Uthman was also present at 977: 235:Umm 'Amr Umm Najm bint Jundab 147: 5739:, Little, Brown Book Group, 5450:Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002). 4782:Sirat-i-Hazrat Usman-i-Ghani 4442:. Indiana University Press. 3102:Causes of anti-Uthman revolt 3045:deputy, and in his absence, 2865:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari 1417: 115:6 November 644 – 17 June 656 7: 6149: 5407:Kreutz, Barbara M. (1991). 5151:Al-Jubouri, I.M.N. (2004). 4716:Boyle, John Andrew (1968). 4689:Morony, Michael G. (2005). 4638:Ridpath's Universal History 4310:The Shi'a and their Beliefs 4061:The Early Islamic Conquests 3769:: Dar-us-Salam Publications 3740:: Dar-us-Salam Publications 3495: 3401:conditions to do so are met 2844:, where he met the army of 2175:Nikephoros Phokas the Elder 972: 70: 61: 10: 6305: 5556:. SUNY Press. p. 22. 5345:The Legacy of Muslim Spain 5079:Tarikh al-Rasul wa'l-Muluk 4969:The Succession to Muhammad 4877:The Succession to Muhammad 4413:The Middle East: A History 4308:Shirazi, Muhammad (2008). 4293:Shirazi, Muhammad (2004). 4278:Shirazi, Muhammad (2001). 4263:Shirazi, Muhammad (2004). 4015:Tafsir al-Kabir, Volume 12 3854:"Talhah bin 'Ubaydullah R" 3711:. London: TaHa Publishers. 3227:demolition by Saudi Arabia 3216: 3190: 3141: 2993:Reasons for the opposition 2756: 1361: 1257: 1239: 1235: 1067: 1033:in 651. Uthman instituted 29: 6284:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī 6158: 6150:al-ʿashara al-mubashshara 6085: 6026: 6018: 6013: 6003: 5988: 5980: 5973: 5938: 5850: 5753:Barnaby Rogerson (2008), 5508:Khalileh, Hassan (2006). 5387:"Brief history of Sicily" 4910:10.1163/19585705-12341251 4705:– via Google Books. 4560:– via Google Books. 4533:– via Google Books. 4523:. John Wiley & Sons. 4506:– via Google Books. 4496:. John Wiley & Sons. 4479:– via Google Books. 4452:– via Google Books. 3822:Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir 3658:سيرة ومناقب عثمان بن عفان 3551:and its minor vassal the 3454:from a childhood bout of 3246: 3047:Muhammad bin Abi Hudhaifa 2957:. Later, the governor of 2871:. Other prominent Muslim 2832:15 (c. 647), Uthman sent 2819:Jacobite Syrian Christian 2807:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah 2478: 2221:George Maniakes in Sicily 1797: 1571: 1270:the event of Ghadir Khumm 1260:The event of Ghadir Khumm 1116:Companionship of Muhammad 999:, played a major role in 718:Sunni schools of theology 331: 321: 311: 294: 253: 216:Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad 203: 190: 168: 143: 139: 129: 119: 111: 99: 84: 52: 41: 6208:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah 4891:Keaney, Heather (2011). 4749:. Bookland. p. 117. 4743:Daryaee, Touraj (1977). 4621:Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah 4574:Murrad, Mustafa (1990). 4550:. Boydell & Brewer. 4409:Fisher, Sydney Nettleton 4196:( ed.). Blackwell. 3982:"A Shi'ite Encyclopedia" 3632:Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah 3613: 3584:Lasting Religious Impact 3267:Appearance and character 3251:The body was carried to 3236:, 'Huwatib bin Alfarah, 1050:siege upon his residence 987:, ruling from 644 until 5899:25 October 2012 at the 5538:The 'Abbāsid Revolution 4987:Oxford University Press 4931:(2nd ed.). Brill. 4854:, pg 63, by Mark Weston 4028:al-Tabrizi, al-Khatib. 3193:Assassination of Uthman 2811:Monophysitic Christians 2787:had begun by the 640s. 1074:Uthman was born in the 995:of the Islamic Prophet 516:Prophets and Messengers 351:The Generous (al-Ghani) 245:Na'ila bint al-Furafisa 5536:Shaban, M. A. (1979). 5348:. BRILL. p. 649. 5236:Crone & Hinds 1986 4952:by Habibur U. Rahman. 4929:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4544:Bradbury, Jim (1992). 4493:A History of Byzantium 4345:4 October 2006 at the 4295:The Qur'an made simple 4265:The Qur'an made simple 4232:Cook, Michael (2000). 3917:. Little, Brown Book. 3828:. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan. 3709:The Companions of Badr 3639:, status of naration: 3577: 3229: 3184: 2918: 2896: 1563:Early Muslim conquests 1497: 1272:, where, according to 1153:Migration to Abyssinia 784:Contemporary movements 599:Rightly-Guided Caliphs 526:Succession to Muhammad 172:17 June 656 (aged 83) 6193:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf 6183:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah 5916:Shia view of Uthman: 5881:at Wikimedia Commons 5774:Humphreys, R. Stephen 5129:Humphreys, R. Stephen 5045:on 28 September 2007. 4655:by A.I. Akram. Ch:17 4407:Ochsenweld, William; 4077:Jafri, S.H.M (1979). 3883:on 19 September 2019. 3782:Kitab Futuh al-Buldan 3513: 3489:Assessment and legacy 3224: 3157: 3142:Further information: 3040:Revolt against Uthman 3000:Muhammad ibn Maslamah 2916: 2885: 2863:Some Muslim sources ( 2846:Gregory the Patrician 2842:reconquer the Maghreb 2757:Further information: 1470:Arab-Sasanian coinage 1468: 1457:during his lifetime. 1404:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah 1389:Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf 1254:Muhammad's last years 1070:Family tree of Uthman 1064:Family and early life 1058:rightly-guided caliph 1001:early Islamic history 402:Samarkand Kufic Quran 211:Ruqayya bint Muhammad 6254:Assassinated caliphs 5950:Cadet branch of the 4982:The Arabs in History 4395:The Ancient Kingdoms 3873:"ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān" 3806:The Life of Muhammad 3800:Muhammad ibn Ishaq. 3730:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum 3336:improve this article 3225:Uthman's tomb after 2803:Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan 2314:Byzantine reconquest 1328:improve this article 1005:standardized version 962:عُثْمَان بْن عَفَّان 566:Declaration of Faith 232:Bint Khalid ibn Asid 229:Fatima bint al-Walid 220:Fakhita bint Ghazwan 6249:7th-century caliphs 6198:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas 6188:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 5984:Umar ibn al-Khattab 5733:(4 November 2010), 5028:, p. 216, 248. 4874:Madelung, Wilfred. 4217:Yusuff, Mohamad K. 3911:(4 November 2010). 3820:Muhammad ibn Saad. 3703:Muhammad ibn Saad. 3525:Battle of the Masts 3388:of this section is 2908:Battle of the Masts 2834:Abdullah ibn Zubayr 2823:Battle of the Masts 2799:Arab-Byzantine Wars 1789:Arab–Byzantine wars 1740:Visigothic Hispania 1472:during Uthman used 1399:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 1394:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas 1266:Farewell Pilgrimage 1173:Migration to Medina 1121:Conversion to Islam 1084:Affan ibn Abi al-As 1035:centralized reforms 316:Affan ibn Abi al-As 124:Umar ibn al-Khattab 5975:Sunni Islam titles 5481:Muhammad (2009) . 5321:Warren Treadgold, 5137:. pp. 252–53. 5016:, p. 190-191. 4804:"Uthman ibn Affan" 4547:The Medieval Siege 4357:The Great Upheaval 4030:Mishkat al-Masabih 3690:Wilferd Madelung, 3505:Abdullah ibn Aamir 3230: 3155:, says of Uthman: 2963:Abdullah ibn Aamir 2951:Hephthalite Empire 2919: 2773:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd 2765:Abd Allah ibn Amir 2216:Straits of Messina 2035:2nd Constantinople 2020:1st Constantinople 1526:Military expansion 1498: 1364:Election of Uthman 1300:Election of Uthman 1082:clan. His father, 973:ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān 823:Neo-traditionalism 223:Asma bint Abi Jahl 185:Rashidun Caliphate 106:Rashidun Caliphate 6264:Deaths by beating 6216: 6215: 6113: 6112: 6046: 6045: 6007:Ali ibn Abi-Talib 6004:Succeeded by 5998: 5921:Uthman's election 5889:Uthman in History 5877:Media related to 5798:Madelung, Wilferd 5789:978-0-7914-0154-5 5766:978-1-59020-022-3 5746:978-0-7481-2470-1 5593:on 1 October 2023 5587:"British Library" 5523:978-0-415-96692-4 5487:. Salemba Empat. 5467:978-0-8133-3885-9 5308:978-0-8047-2630-6 5293:Treadgold, Warren 5186:Rogerson, Barnaby 5004:, p. 139 n.. 4958:978-0-8161-9067-6 4769:, Cambridge, 1970 4695:. Gorgias Press. 4626:Tarikh ibn Kathir 4608:Tarikh al-Tabari) 4422:978-0-07-244233-5 4352:Al-Fitna Al-Kubra 4170:sahih-bukhari.com 4067:, Princeton 1981. 4017:. pp. 49–50. 3909:Rogerson, Barnaby 3802:Sirat Rasul Allah 3734:The Sealed Nectar 3635:vol. 13, pg 388, 3555:, as well as the 3549:Emirate of Sicily 3517:Mediterranean Sea 3447: 3446: 3439: 3429: 3428: 3421: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3309: 3261:Jubayr ibn Mut'im 3238:Jubayr ibn Mut'im 3151:, a 20th-century 3008:Abdullah ibn Umar 2838:Abdullah ibn Saad 2754: 2753: 2730:Other geographies 2434: 2433: 1753: 1752: 1699:Caucasian Albania 1478:star and crescent 1428:Arabian Peninsula 1360: 1359: 1352: 989:his assassination 981: 573 or 576 970: 951: 950: 796:Deobandi movement 468: 467: 341: 340: 238:Ramla bint Shayba 134:Ali ibn Abi Talib 16:(Redirected from 6296: 6269:Rashidun caliphs 6152: 6140: 6133: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6079:Rashidun Caliphs 6072: 6065: 6058: 6049: 6048: 6019:Preceded by 5994: 5981:Preceded by 5969: 5962: 5936: 5935: 5876: 5841: 5817: 5793: 5769: 5749: 5731:Barnaby Rogerson 5717: 5716: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5589:. 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(1990). 5770: 5765: 5750: 5745: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5704: 5679: 5654: 5629: 5604: 5578: 5569: 5562: 5542: 5529: 5522: 5500: 5493: 5473: 5466: 5442: 5433: 5424: 5417: 5399: 5378: 5375:. p. 383. 5361: 5355:978-9004095991 5354: 5334: 5314: 5307: 5284: 5269: 5254: 5240: 5228: 5213: 5195: 5192:. p. 236. 5170: 5163: 5140: 5111: 5099: 5087: 5067: 5048: 5039:"Hazrat Usman" 5030: 5026:Humphreys 1990 5018: 5014:Humphreys 1990 5006: 4991: 4973: 4961: 4942: 4916: 4883: 4866: 4856: 4844: 4828: 4813: 4795: 4786: 4771: 4752: 4735: 4728: 4708: 4701: 4681: 4665: 4642: 4630: 4611: 4593: 4587:978-9790241374 4586: 4563: 4556: 4536: 4529: 4509: 4502: 4482: 4475: 4455: 4448: 4428: 4421: 4399: 4379: 4361: 4328: 4315: 4300: 4285: 4270: 4255: 4248: 4224: 4209: 4203:978140511752-4 4202: 4182: 4156: 4150:978-0710302663 4149: 4143:. Zahra Publ. 4122: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4069: 4050: 4047:. p. 144. 4035: 4032:. p. 557. 4020: 4005: 4002:. p. 281. 3991: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3934: 3923: 3900: 3886: 3863: 3845: 3830: 3810: 3790: 3773: 3744: 3713: 3696: 3683: 3677: 3667: 3647: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3496:khalifat Allah 3490: 3487: 3449:The historian 3445: 3444: 3427: 3426: 3409:September 2017 3382: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3365: 3324: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3253:Jannat al-Baqi 3248: 3245: 3218: 3215: 3191:Main article: 3188: 3185: 3103: 3100: 3096:Husayn ibn Ali 3082: 3079: 3069: 3066: 3041: 3038: 3016: 3013: 3004:Usama ibn Zayd 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2955:Siege of Herat 2949:loyalists and 2923:Ahnaf ibn Qais 2888:Constantinople 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2679: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2623:Central Persia 2620: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2464: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2324: 2323: 2321:John Kourkouas 2311: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2171:Leo Apostyppes 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2118:Southern Italy 2110: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2013:Constantinople 2005: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1874:Maraj-al-Debaj 1871: 1866: 1864:Sanita-al-Uqab 1861: 1859:Marj al-Saffar 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1721:Makurian Nubia 1712: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1646: 1645: 1643:Southern Italy 1636: 1631: 1629:Constantinople 1626: 1621: 1616: 1607: 1602: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1542: 1534: 1527: 1524: 1462: 1459: 1442:to use caliph 1419: 1416: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1383: 1362:Main article: 1358: 1357: 1316: 1314: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1285: 1282: 1258:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1240:Main article: 1237: 1234: 1207: 1206:Life in Medina 1204: 1174: 1171: 1154: 1151: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1106:caravan travel 1065: 1062: 1023: 634–644 949: 948: 946: 945: 938: 931: 923: 920: 919: 906: 905: 902: 901: 900: 899: 888: 887: 886: 885: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861: 860: 855: 850: 844: 839: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 825: 820: 815: 814: 813: 808: 798: 793: 787: 782: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 747: 746: 736: 721: 716: 715: 712: 711: 708: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 664: 663: 658: 653: 648: 642: 632: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 618: 613: 608: 602: 597: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 562: 557: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548: 543: 541:Predestination 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 507: 502: 501: 498: 497: 489: 488: 466: 465: 463: 462: 455: 448: 440: 437: 436: 435: 434: 422: 414: 413: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 354: 353: 339: 338: 333: 329: 328: 323: 319: 318: 313: 309: 308: 298: 292: 291: 289: 288: 283: 278: 273: 267: 265: 261:(among others) 251: 250: 248: 247: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 213: 207: 205: 201: 200: 196:Jannat al-Baqi 194: 192: 188: 187: 170: 166: 165: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 97: 96: 90: 82: 81: 77: 76: 72:Khalifat Allah 67: 55: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6301: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6151: 6141: 6136: 6134: 6129: 6127: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6059: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6042: 6041: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6023: 6017: 6012: 6008: 5999: 5997: 5992: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5960: 5955: 5954: 5947: 5946: 5937: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5875: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5839: 5837:0-521-32185-9 5833: 5829: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5815: 5813:0-521-64696-0 5809: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5715:. March 2021. 5714: 5708: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5573: 5565: 5563:9780791401545 5559: 5555: 5554: 5546: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5496: 5494:9789796911189 5490: 5486: 5485: 5477: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5420: 5418:0-8122-1587-7 5414: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5388: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5332: 5331:0-8047-2630-2 5328: 5324: 5318: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5274: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5214:9780143107484 5210: 5206: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5166: 5164:9780755210114 5160: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5145: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5003: 5002:Madelung 1997 4998: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4921: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4880:. p. 78. 4879: 4878: 4870: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4767:Bernard Lewis 4764: 4759: 4757: 4748: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4729:9780521069366 4725: 4721: 4720: 4712: 4704: 4702:9781593333157 4698: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4679: 4678:1-84603-108-7 4675: 4669: 4662: 4661:0-19-597713-0 4658: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4557:9780851153575 4553: 4549: 4548: 4540: 4532: 4530:9780470182574 4526: 4522: 4521: 4513: 4505: 4503:9781444359978 4499: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4478: 4476:9781463457303 4472: 4468: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4449:9780253205735 4445: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4249:0-19-285344-9 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4228: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4152: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4082: 4081: 4073: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3943: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3924:9780748124701 3920: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3904: 3896: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3674: 3670: 3668:9789776603585 3664: 3660: 3659: 3651: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3608: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3441: 3438: 3423: 3420: 3412: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3362: 3359: 3351: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3325:This section 3323: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3264: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3187:Assassination 3183: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3149:Bernard Lewis 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3118:According to 3116: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3092:Hasan ibn Ali 3089: 3078: 3076: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921:To the east, 2915: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2573:al-Qādisiyyah 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2477: 2472: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2400:Campaigns of 2399: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2382:Campaigns of 2381: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2354:Nikephoros II 2352:Campaigns of 2351: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329:Sayf al-Dawla 2327:Campaigns of 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319:Campaigns of 2318: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2232:Naval warfare 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199:Campaigns of 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2169:Campaigns of 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1746: 1745:Frankish Gaul 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1715:Other regions 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1565: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1354: 1351: 1343: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1317:This section 1315: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1251: 1248: 1243: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1196:Dhū al-Nurayn 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 974: 968: 959: 955: 944: 939: 937: 932: 930: 925: 924: 922: 921: 918: 908: 907: 898: 895: 894: 893: 890: 889: 884: 883: 879: 878: 877: 874: 873: 867: 866: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 842: 837: 836: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 788: 785: 780: 779: 771: 767: 763: 760: 759: 758: 754: 744: 743:Ahl al-Hadith 740: 737: 734: 730: 726: 723: 722: 719: 714: 713: 706: 705: 701: 699: 698: 694: 692: 691: 687: 685: 684: 680: 678: 677: 673: 672: 671: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 640: 636: 630: 629: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 603: 600: 595: 594: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 560: 555: 554: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 536:Judgement Day 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 505: 500: 499: 495: 491: 490: 486: 478: 472: 471: 461: 456: 454: 449: 447: 442: 441: 439: 438: 433: 423: 421: 418: 417: 416: 415: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 397:Assassination 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 372: 371: 365: 364: 360: 356: 355: 348: 345: 344: 337: 334: 330: 327: 324: 320: 317: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299: 297: 293: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 266: 263: 262: 256: 252: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 206: 202: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 177: 176:Dhu al-Hijjah 171: 167: 164: 160: 154: 146: 142: 138: 135: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107: 103: 98: 94: 88: 83: 80: 74: 73: 68: 65: 64: 59: 58: 57: 54: 51: 40: 37: 33: 32:Uthman (name) 19: 18:Caliph Uthman 6289:Arab Muslims 6172: 6099: 6036: 6027: 6022:Yazdgerd III 5989: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5915: 5905: 5883: 5871: 5860: 5826: 5802: 5778: 5759:, Overlook, 5755: 5735: 5723:Bibliography 5707: 5695:. Retrieved 5691: 5682: 5670:. Retrieved 5666: 5657: 5645:. Retrieved 5641: 5632: 5620:. Retrieved 5616: 5607: 5595:. Retrieved 5591:the original 5581: 5572: 5552: 5545: 5537: 5532: 5513: 5503: 5483: 5476: 5452: 5445: 5436: 5427: 5408: 5402: 5381: 5371: 5364: 5344: 5337: 5322: 5317: 5297: 5287: 5279: 5264: 5248: 5243: 5231: 5204: 5198: 5189: 5153: 5133: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5051: 5043:the original 5033: 5021: 5009: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4949: 4945: 4928: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4876: 4869: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4823: 4798: 4789: 4781: 4762: 4745: 4738: 4718: 4711: 4691: 4684: 4668: 4652: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4596: 4576: 4546: 4539: 4519: 4512: 4492: 4485: 4465: 4458: 4438: 4431: 4412: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4349:referencing 4340:Al-Islam.org 4335: 4331: 4318: 4309: 4303: 4294: 4288: 4279: 4273: 4264: 4258: 4234: 4227: 4212: 4192: 4185: 4173:. Retrieved 4169: 4159: 4138: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4079: 4072: 4060: 4044: 4043:Khand, Mir. 4038: 4029: 4023: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3994: 3986:Al-Islam.org 3985: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3913: 3903: 3889: 3881:the original 3876: 3866: 3858:the original 3848: 3841:Hazrat Usman 3840: 3825: 3821: 3805: 3801: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3762: 3759:Basit, Abdul 3733: 3729: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3672: 3657: 3650: 3640: 3630: 3626: 3607:Islam portal 3587: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3564: 3514: 3492: 3483: 3471: 3464: 3448: 3433: 3415: 3406: 3384: 3354: 3345: 3334:Please help 3329:verification 3326: 3302: 3295: 3289: 3288:Please help 3285: 3258: 3250: 3242: 3231: 3200: 3196: 3159: 3158: 3147: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3105: 3088:Muslim world 3084: 3071: 3058:Ibn Qutaybah 3055: 3043: 3029: 3022: 3018: 2996: 2983: 2975: 2943:Turkmenistan 2920: 2901: 2897: 2886: 2862: 2827: 2789: 2762: 2729: 2728: 2700: 2699: 2681: 2680: 2649: 2648: 2622: 2621: 2598: 2597: 2480: 2389:Alexandretta 2313: 2312: 2293:Thessalonica 2231: 2230: 2206:2nd Taormina 2190:1st Taormina 2160:3rd Syracuse 2150:2nd Syracuse 2125:1st Syracuse 2112: 2111: 2092:Mauropotamos 2050: 2049: 2025:Sebastopolis 2007: 2006: 1975:North Africa 1973: 1972: 1934: 1933: 1839:al-Qaryatayn 1825: 1824: 1799: 1714: 1713: 1687: 1686: 1648: 1647: 1619:North Africa 1591: 1590: 1573: 1516: 1506:agricultural 1499: 1488:) by adding 1448: 1421: 1412: 1408: 1367: 1346: 1337: 1326:Please help 1321:verification 1318: 1287: 1263: 1249: 1245: 1223: 1209: 1200: 1195: 1176: 1167: 1156: 1147:Banu Umayyah 1137:, following 1124: 1103: 1100: 1073: 1054:Sunni Muslim 1046:armed revolt 1043: 1013: 953: 952: 880: 811:Ahl-i Hadith 751:In terms of 748: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 665: 615: 559:Five Pillars 346: 259: 93:Hagia Sophia 79: 56: 53: 36: 6259:Banu Umayya 6037:Merged into 5968:20 June 656 5945:Banu Umayya 5540:. p. 17–18. 4175:16 February 4065:Fred Donner 3485:entirety." 3112:pre-Islamic 3051:coup d'état 2978:Balochistan 2971:Afghanistan 2967:Transoxiana 2925:, chief of 2612:Gundishapur 2583:2nd Babylon 2548:1st Babylon 2518:Ayn al-Tamr 2482:Mesopotamia 2185:2nd Milazzo 2180:1st Milazzo 2165:Caltavuturo 2107:Bathys Ryax 1919:Iron Bridge 1884:Marj ar-Rum 1735:Transoxiana 1682:Afghanistan 1482:fire temple 1090:was of the 897:Persecution 733:Ahl al-Ra'y 485:Sunni Islam 382:Family tree 305:Banu Umayya 178:35 AH) 120:Predecessor 6239:656 deaths 6234:579 births 6223:Categories 5692:sunnah.com 5667:sunnah.com 5642:sunnah.com 5617:sunnah.com 5282:, page 326 4393:) Vol. 04 3619:References 3386:neutrality 3291:improve it 2939:Oxus River 2927:Banu Tamim 2892:Al-Andalus 2877:Ibn Kathir 2873:historians 2830:Hijri year 2791:Muawiyah I 2769:Mu'awiya I 2709:Oxus River 2656:Azerbaijan 2412:2nd Aleppo 2283:Cephalonia 2195:Garigliano 2097:Faruriyyah 2067:Kopidnadon 1953:Alexandria 1943:Heliopolis 1929:Germanicia 1914:1st Aleppo 1834:Marj Rahit 1827:The Levant 1486:Khosrau II 1294:Ridda wars 1068:See also: 876:Literature 841:Holy sites 729:Maturidism 586:Pilgrimage 521:Holy books 407:Uthmaniyya 6040:Caliphate 5697:27 August 5672:27 August 5647:27 August 5622:27 August 5223:995783596 4397:: pg:183. 3637:no. 38727 3451:al-Tabari 3397:talk page 3348:July 2013 3297:talk page 3108:political 3049:staged a 3034:civil war 3002:to Kufa, 2854:Heraclius 2600:Khuzestan 2588:Ctesiphon 2471:of Persia 2359:5th Crete 2344:Andrassos 2303:4th Crete 2298:3rd Crete 2253:2nd Crete 2248:1st Crete 2226:2nd Malta 2155:1st Malta 1963:Darishkur 1924:2nd Emesa 1904:Jerusalem 1502:allowance 1490:Bismillah 1476:symbols ( 1418:Caliphate 1370:Muhajirun 1340:July 2013 1159:Abyssinia 993:companion 967:romanized 858:Jerusalem 818:Modernism 806:Wahhabism 766:al-Wijdan 725:Ash'arism 392:Campaigns 286:Abd Allah 183:, Hejaz, 130:Successor 6163:Abu Bakr 6090:Abu Bakr 6033:651–656 5897:Archived 5800:(1997). 5394:Archived 5295:(1997). 5188:(2006). 5131:(1990). 5062:Archived 4985:, p 59, 4808:Archived 4411:(2004). 4374:Archived 4343:Archived 3929:Archived 3761:(2000), 3591:Hudhaifa 3559:and the 3456:smallpox 3390:disputed 3207:Madelung 3164:Mu'awiya 3026:Muawiyah 2947:Sassanid 2858:Sufetula 2781:Pakistan 2775:—unlike 2746:Sakastan 2714:Nishapur 2702:Khorasan 2690:Bishapur 2650:Caucasus 2639:Waj Rudh 2629:Nahavand 2607:Shushtar 2528:Muzayyah 2513:Al-Anbar 2402:Basil II 2263:Damietta 2243:Keramaia 2102:Lalakaon 2045:Akroinon 2009:Anatolia 1997:Carthage 1982:Sufetula 1899:Laodicea 1869:Damascus 1849:Ajnadayn 1688:Caucasus 1677:Khorasan 1474:Sassanid 1455:Muhammad 1444:Abu Bakr 1214:married 1163:Ethiopia 1161:(modern 1131:Abu Bakr 1092:Abdshams 1031:Khorasan 997:Muhammad 801:Salafism 770:al-Kashf 739:Atharism 606:Abu Bakr 477:a series 475:Part of 420:Category 387:Election 374:Rashidun 332:Religion 198:, Medina 46:عُثْمَان 5953:Quraysh 5940:Uthman 4240:117–124 3757:Ahmad; 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