29:
1134:
949:
44:
650:
1287:
1156:, which only allows the amount of dry material in the forest to build up, resulting eventually in massive fires. However, in many chaparral regions such as the Santa Monica Mountains, increased fire frequency is the larger concern because fire return intervals in mature chaparral communities should be 30–150 years, unlike much of the region which often has return intervals of 20 years or less.
440:
395:, with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Almost all of the daily maximum temperatures lie between 16 and 27 °C (61 and 81 °F). Mean annual precipitation is generally below 12 inches (300 mm), although can be as high as 26 inches (660 mm) in the
1144:
This attractive coastline is highly vulnerable to urban, recreational, and agricultural development and only 15% of original habitat is intact. Habitats are vulnerable to livestock grazing, which has removed much native vegetation on the
Channel Islands, such as
1599:
Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C.; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor (2017-06-01).
940:
throughout the ecoregion. Habitats of this hot, dry coast must survive and revive following the regular forest fires, and the dominant plant species have adapted to recover from fires.
96:
512:
Cacti and succulents can be found in the southern areas of this coastal ecoregion in Baja
California. Examples of succulents in this ecoregion include: Shaw's agave (
320:
ecoregion. The ecoregion corresponds to the USDA Southern
California ecoregion section 261B, and to the EPA Southern California/Northern Baja Coast ecoregion 8.
1291:
1361:
328:
The
California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion covers about 12,730 square miles (32,970 km) of coastal terraces, plains, and foothills between
1196:
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1268:
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occurs in moist areas usually up to 4,900 feet (1,500 m). These woodlands include oak species, such as coast live oak (
853:
are mostly covered in coastal sage and chamise chaparral with some oak woodland including endemic and/or rare: buckwheats (
1049:
butterflies among the 200 butterfly species found here. Vernal pools in the ecoregion are home to
Riverside fairy shrimp (
1236:
816:
658:
317:
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A 2017 assessment found that 1,925 km, or 6%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include
1160:
1138:
223:
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is a small bird, endemic to this coastal ecoregion, which has been protected as its habitat is now designated an
28:
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Higher up from the shoreline, above an elevation of 1,000 feet (300 m), the slopes are densely covered in
205:
197:
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850:
833:), which only occurs in four stands near the Mexican border of California. The Tecate Cypress only occurs in
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353:
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1717:
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34:
1534:
Castellanos, A. V.; Mendoza, S. R. (1991). "Aspectos
SocioeconĂłmicos". In Ortega, A.; Arriaga, L. (eds.).
1183:. Additional patches of coastal sage scrub exist in Southern California in the Angeles National Forest.
1538:(in Spanish). Vol. 4. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Baja California Sur. pp. 35–52.
906:. There are more than 30 wildflower species that are endemic to the pools in this ecoregion, including
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Some of the endemic plants to the ecoregion's southern coast zone include: San Diego thornmint (
411:
The plant species of the
California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion are diverse, with high
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1087:
957:
788:
700:
696:
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567:
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86:
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The coastal sage and chaparral of
California are home to a variety of small mammals, such as
619:
613:
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1658:"Conservación de islas | Prevenir extinciones y proteger a las especies y hábitat insulares"
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43:
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In and around these different habitats, this diverse ecoregion also contains 'patches' of
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dominate above 6,000 feet (1,800 m). These include species such as the sugar pine (
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623:) is commonplace throughout the climate zone. Other species include mountain mahogany (
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Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregion in Mexico and the United States
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are protected within the Baja
California Pacific Islands Marine Conservation Area.
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La
Reserva de la Biosfera "El VizcaĂno" en la Peninsula de Baja California. MĂ©xico
649:
1100:) of the oak woodland, and the coastal populations of the protected cactus wren (
1080:
914:
770:
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561:
451:
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309:
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189:
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1468:. California natural history guides. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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1602:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"
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up to 5,000 feet (1,500 m) are dominated by western sycamore (
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424:
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994:
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146:
1094:. Other birds found here are the endemic Nutall's woodpecker (
427:, southern oak woodland, pine forests, riparian woodland, and
1035:
Invertebrates of note include the cheese-weed moth lacewing (
540:
439:
68:
689:). Associated species include the California black walnut (
1016:. Resident snake species include large carnivores such as
367:
Major urban centers located within this ecoregion include
1598:
926:(and also 800 mi or 1,300 km away in the
97:
Sierra Juárez and San Pedro Mártir pine–oak forests
1533:
743:. Riparian understory contains California laurel (
815:), which is only native to the coastal bluffs in
1679:
1552:. California Chaparral Institute. Archived from
1514:"California Orcutt grass (Orcuttia californica)"
1362:"California coastal sage and chaparral (NA1201)"
1579:Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area
1197:Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area
922:is only found in the ephemeral wetlands of the
336:. This includes the southwestern slopes of the
1490:"Southern California Oak Woodland and Savanna"
1388:. USGS. 2016. USGS Open-File Report 2016-1021.
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1269:List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)
1242:In Baja California, the chaparral ecology of
965:Wildlife of the Channel Islands of California
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1149:where sheep were grazed for over 100 years.
887:with native or introduced grass species and
1159:There are patches of coastal sage scrub in
1128:
291:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
74:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
1592:
1461:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
457:Prominent coast adjacent species include:
92:California montane chaparral and woodlands
1633:
1428:
1221:Ballona Wetlands State Ecological Reserve
827:. Another example is the Tecate Cypress (
1377:
1375:
1132:
947:
648:
438:
287:Salvia y chaparral costero de California
1415:"California Coastal Sage and Chaparral"
1392:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1109:Important Bird Areas in Mexico include
135:32,970 km (12,730 sq mi)
1680:
1012:, and the San Diego subspecies of the
912:grass. One subspecies of meadow-foam,
1372:
1364:. World Wildlife Fund. Archived from
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1292:California coastal sage and chaparral
1217:Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park
871:species restricted to these islands.
801:Some endemic tree species mark niche
725:) and various willow species such as
446:growing on steep coastal slopes near
279:California coastal sage and chaparral
22:California coastal sage and chaparral
1305:
1063:Typical birds of the region include
1137:Restored patch of coastal scrub at
13:
1708:Natural history of Baja California
1688:California chaparral and woodlands
1341:
1320:"The Atlas of Global Conservation"
1237:Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve
1186:
844:
817:Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve
659:Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve
318:California chaparral and woodlands
14:
1729:
1279:
878:
415:. The main plant communities are
1285:
1161:Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
1139:Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
859:spp.), oaks (such as island oak—
42:
27:
1698:Plant communities of California
1650:
1567:
1465:A natural history of California
1152:Another threat, ironically, is
1103:Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
565:) and San Diego barrel cactus (
1542:
1527:
1516:. US Fish and Wildlife Service
1506:
1482:
875:also occurs on these islands.
33:Coastal sage and chaparral of
1:
1462:Schoenherr, Allan A. (1992).
1298:
1193:Channel Islands National Park
956:roaming the foothills of the
695:) on some north faces of the
503:), and California buckwheat (
1264:List of ecoregions in Mexico
323:
316:). It is part of the larger
35:Santa Clarita Woodlands Park
7:
1575:"Mean Fire Return Interval"
1550:"Wildfire in the Chaparral"
1257:
532:), and other prickly pear (
10:
1734:
1383:"Ecoregions of California"
1123:Sierra de San Pedro Mártir
1075:. Predatory birds include
962:
805:. One example is the rare
710:Toxicodendron diversilobum
583:shrubs, such as: chamise (
473:), along with black sage (
421:California coastal prairie
386:
300:, located in southwestern
1274:Southern California Bight
1181:Orange County, California
602:Arctostaphylos glandulosa
589:), and California lilac (
574:
330:Santa Barbara, California
267:
259:
249:
239:
234:
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181:
160:
139:
131:
126:
118:
110:
79:
67:
55:
50:
41:
26:
21:
1693:Ecoregions of California
1129:Threats and preservation
1058:
1052:Streptocephalus woottoni
1000:Lizards of note include
943:
936:are part of the natural
786:), Bigcone Douglas-fir (
746:Umbellularia californica
683:), and Engelmann's oak (
644:
556:Acanthomintha ilicifolia
434:
406:
1581:. National Park Service
1229:Crystal Cove State Park
1205:Malibu Creek State Park
823:, and off the coast on
749:) and Pacific madrone (
669:California oak woodland
638:Adenostoma sparsifolium
586:Adenostoma fasciculatum
559:), San Diego ambrosia (
1225:Chino Hills State Park
1165:Santa Monica Mountains
1141:
1088:California gnatcatcher
960:
958:Santa Monica Mountains
792:), and incense cedar (
789:Pseudotsuga macrocarpa
701:Santa Susana Mountains
697:Santa Monica Mountains
665:
626:Cercocarpus betuloides
568:Ferocactus viridescens
506:Eriogonum fasciculatum
491:), bush monkeyflower (
454:
397:Santa Monica Mountains
350:Santa Monica Mountains
344:, the entirety of the
286:
87:Baja California desert
1618:10.1093/biosci/bix014
1201:Point Mugu State Park
1136:
1006:western fence lizards
1002:side-blotched lizards
951:
652:
629:), silk-tassel bush (
620:Hesperoyucca whipplei
617:) . Chaparral yucca (
614:Arctostaphylos patula
608:Arctostaphylos glauca
464:Artemisia californica
442:
399:and hills around the
1703:Ecoregions of Mexico
1494:NatureServe Explorer
1294:at Wikimedia Commons
1073:rufous-sided towhees
1030:western rattlesnakes
981:. Predators include
909:Orcuttia californica
795:Calocedrus decurrens
677:), canyon live oak (
530:Bergerocactus emoryi
518:), coastal dudleya (
459:California sagebrush
1718:Sclerophyll forests
1713:Nearctic ecoregions
1092:Important Bird Area
1014:coast horned lizard
768:), ponderosa pine (
692:Juglans californica
686:Quercus engelmannii
680:Quercus chrysolepis
635:), and ribbonwood (
500:Mimulus aurantiacus
494:Mimulus longiflorus
470:Encelia californica
467:) and brittlebush (
369:Greater Los Angeles
308:) and northwestern
298:World Wildlife Fund
245:Critical/Endangered
241:Conservation status
1233:Santa Rosa Plateau
1209:Topanga State Park
1142:
1097:Picoides nuttallii
961:
904:ecological islands
889:serpentine barrens
862:Quercus tomentella
837:soils eroded from
830:Cupressus forbesii
803:ecological islands
717:Riparian woodlands
707:; and poison oak (
666:
653:Coastal scrub and
521:Dudleya caespitosa
488:Salvia clevelandii
482:Salvia leucophylla
455:
417:coastal sage scrub
1475:978-0-520-06921-3
1290:Media related to
1248:Isla Todos Santos
1169:San Joaquin Hills
1077:great horned owls
1047:Quino checkerspot
1018:common kingsnakes
1010:sagebrush lizards
928:Klamath Mountains
825:Santa Rosa Island
780:), Coulter pine (
774:), Jeffrey pine (
765:Pinus lambertiana
752:Arbutus menziesii
722:Platanus racemosa
674:Quercus agrifolia
425:chamise chaparral
401:Los Angeles Basin
373:San Diego-Tijuana
342:Peninsular Ranges
332:and northeastern
296:, defined by the
275:
274:
206:Santa Clara River
198:San Gabriel River
186:Los Angeles River
1725:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1662:www.islas.org.mx
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1390:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1326:. Archived from
1316:
1289:
1252:Coronado Islands
1244:Guadalupe Island
1119:Sierra de Juárez
1081:red-tailed hawks
924:Laguna Mountains
740:Salix lasiolepis
728:Salix gooddingii
632:Garrya fremontii
479:), purple sage (
476:Salvia mellifera
358:Guadalupe Island
46:
31:
19:
18:
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1189:
1187:Protected areas
1131:
1117:, and parts of
1061:
975:desert woodrats
967:
946:
915:Limnanthes alba
881:
851:Channel Islands
847:
845:Channel Islands
812:Pinus torreyana
771:Pinus ponderosa
734:Salix laevigata
647:
577:
562:Ambrosia pumila
452:Baja California
437:
409:
391:The climate is
389:
354:Channel Islands
334:Baja California
326:
310:Baja California
202:Santa Ana River
190:San Diego River
177:
168:Baja California
156:
106:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1721:
1720:
1715:
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1649:
1612:(6): 534–545.
1591:
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1541:
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1505:
1481:
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1427:
1391:
1371:
1368:on 2011-10-03.
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1281:
1280:External links
1278:
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1259:
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1188:
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1130:
1127:
1111:Isla Guadalupe
1060:
1057:
1041:species). The
983:mountain lions
945:
942:
880:
879:Other habitats
877:
846:
843:
783:Pinus coulteri
777:Pinus jeffreyi
705:San Jose Hills
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102:Sonoran Desert
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1330:on 2012-03-05
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1235:Reserve, and
1234:
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1226:
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1213:Griffith Park
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1043:Hermes copper
1040:
1039:
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1027:
1023:
1022:gopher snakes
1019:
1015:
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1003:
998:
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992:
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984:
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979:desert shrews
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1038:Chrysoperla
873:Bishop pine
807:Torrey pine
1682:Categories
1667:2022-05-01
1606:BioScience
1585:2016-07-30
1560:2016-07-30
1520:2024-04-13
1499:2024-04-28
1421:2024-04-12
1334:2020-11-16
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