420:. However, students are sometimes kept from class because of safety and security situations or teacher vacancies. Validated gang associates are sometimes kept from classroom or vocational training for institutional safety and security reasons relative to gang tensions or conflict. Academic teachers and vocational instructors are credentialed through the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing. The education area of the institution is referred to as the "Education Corridor" or "Trade Line", reflecting the vocational training focus of the institution. The Trade Line is monitored by security professionals known as "Youth Correctional Officers" (YCO). Students are escorted to the Trade Line from their living areas by "Youth Correctional Counselors" (YCC). The educational system in the DJJ is part of the California Department of Education, and each site is required to maintain accreditation through the
669:
changes in population, jurisdiction or length of stay or changes in state-local juvenile justice responsibilities and "specific objectives, tasks and timelines." However, DJJ presented no objectives, tasks or timelines for reform. Nor did it offer new plans to adjust the institutionalized population. Rather, DJJ said that "at this time" the department does not propose to change any state laws with respect to "jurisdictional eligibility criteria, including age, gender, offense criteria, medical or mental health needs or length of confinement".
25:
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635:. The Ventura School for Girls moved from its Ventura location to Camarillo in 1962 and became co-educational in 1970. The Ventura Youth Correctional Facility returned to being a females-only facility in 2004. The facility closed in 2023 and was shuttered. The S. Carraway Public Service and Fire Protection Center was closed in 2011 and fire crews were consolidated in the Pine Grove facility.
523:. The parties agreed to jointly select national experts to determine the nature and extent of the CYA's problems. By 2004, Governor Schwarzenegger had settled that lawsuit and pledged to make significant changes, but his administration has missed several court-imposed deadlines to implement reforms, including policies regarding
514:
The judge did allow three defined groups of wards to sue in three specific categories of contention on constitutional grounds. Wards forcibly medicated with a psychotropic drug without a hearing were enabled to challenge CYA's forced drugging policy. Wards committed for sexual offenses were allowed
518:
In a separate lawsuit, the Prison Law Office complained that "Rehabilitation cannot succeed when the classroom is a cage and wards live in constant fear of physical and sexual violence from CYA staff and other wards." In
January 2002, a federal conditions lawsuit was filed against CYA by a coalition
493:
policies for wards placed in administrative segregation and criticized the DJJ for failing to end the practice. The inspector general's report outlines
Maldonado's history and offers a portrait of Chaderjian as a violent lockup where gang leaders seem to have more clout than the Youth Correctional
703:
A July 2008 report by
California's Little Hoover Commission recommended that the state "eliminate its juvenile justice operations by 2011" by "turning supervision of all youth offenders over to counties and providing the resources for counties and county consortiums to supervise the most serious
684:
Critics point to reports that over 90% of those released from DJJ (then CYA) ended up in adult prison, and that within three years five percent are dead and only four percent are in school or working. DJJ does have a ward data system, the
Offender Based Information Tracking System (OBITS), which
668:
On
September 1, 2005, DJJ submitted a report on youth corrections reform to the California Legislature. The report required DJJ to file quarterly reports on steps taken, using $ 1.2 million in fiscal year 2005-06 planning funds, toward implementing an overall reform plan, including any proposed
664:
and other treatment programs. The system, according to the experts, was not simply failing to rehabilitate, it was demonstrably inflicting damage on incarcerated youths, who were often discharged with increased criminal sophistication, entrenched gang involvement and exacerbated mental illness.
655:
Juvenile
Justice Division reports, spurred by litigation against the CYA, were released in January 2004. Their reports confirmed serious abuses and major deficiencies in virtually every aspect of the CYA's operation, and criticized the agency for failing in its rehabilitative and public safety
612:
The Prison Law Office website notes recent mission changes include reducing the number of the offenders and decreasing lockdowns. "It appears that the steps that CDCR and DJJ have taken since June 2007 have improved DJJ’s management effectiveness and the capacity of CDCR/DJJ business systems;
585:
In August 2005, 18-year-old Joseph Daniel
Maldonado hanged himself at Chaderjian, sparking yet another round of outcries about conditions and calls for closure. In the eight weeks before he died, Maldonado had rarely been let out of his cell and was denied family visits, mental health care, and
688:
DJJ officers and guards are not armed — no firearms are allowed within juvenile institutions. Officers carry a firearm on their person outside of the institution or transporting a youthful offender to Court or a medical facility. Youthful
Offenders are no longer kept in cages following Farrell
699:
Among larger states, California consistently has had the highest youth incarceration rate, with more than double the national average youth incarceration rate, which critics decry for contributing to chronic overcrowding, unsafe conditions, poor health services, and numerous related problems,
334:"To provide opportunities for growth and change by identifying and responding to the unique needs of our youth. We do this through effective treatment, education and interventions in order to encourage positive lifestyles, reduce recidivism, strengthen families and protect our communities."
581:
is one of the CYA's two maximum security lockups and holds those aged 18–24, and was described as the home for the worst-of-the-worst juvenile offenders. Chaderjian, also known as "Chad", earned national headlines in 2004 "when guards were captured on film kicking and punching wards."
601:
at the facility was contrary to the rehabilitative mission of the state's youth corrections system, according to state officials. Deputy
Inspector Morgan said the eight-week lockdown was known about by at least two top-level juvenile corrections officials in Sacramento.
1086:
436:'s prisons department said lengthy lockdowns at DJJ facilities were no longer used as punishment, but were sometimes necessary to maintain order. One of the justifications for such treatment is gang affiliation and the threat of corresponding
707:
Some
California Youth Authority juvenile prisons were known as "Gladiator Schools" by the wards who were incarcerated there. An oral history of stories from inside the California Youth Authority is documented by David Reeve (2019-2021).
541:
DJJ previously housed over 6,000 youths; now with court-ordered reforms, numbers are down by two-thirds. Plaintiff's attorneys who document these changes also note many changes in the conditions of confinement, health services, etc.
1093:
616:
The same report notes that in 2007 Chad hired a Chief Psychologist, Dr. Eric Kunkel, who in turn brought on many more psychologists, licensed psychiatric technicians and psychiatrists to attend to youth needs.
574:
1147:
510:
federal judge rejected a class action suit on behalf of all CYA inmates, declaring they had failed to back up claims forming the basis of their bid for sweeping revisions of CYA policies and procedures.
553:, and are institutionalized for over two years on average, at a cost to the state of over $ 71,000 per inmate each year, an increase of over 130%, from $ 30,783 in 1990. In recent years, California's
586:
educational services. A report by California's Office of the Inspector General states "the effects of this eight-week isolation and service deprivation may have contributed to the Ward’s suicide."
1921:
2003:
460:
reported that, at any given time, dozens of young men are held in isolation cells for fighting or other offenses at the state's two maximum security facilities, and that wards sometimes threw
515:
to challenge sex offender treatment programs in which they were placed. Wards placed in isolation for their own safety without a hearing were also allowed to proceed with litigation.
506:
reported rampant violence, staff-on-ward beatings, canine attacks, multiple suicides, extended 23-hour lockdowns, and children attending classes while confined in cages. That year, a
545:
Its predecessor, CYA, had a $ 387 million annual budget as of 2004. Each year, well over 2,000 young offenders are admitted to DJJ, while a similar number are released. Most
656:
mission. The experts found the CYA to be incompetent in every area reviewed: the safety of the facilities, the quality of education and health care, and the efficacy of the
1914:
1047:
1859:
2368:
1844:- 'California Youth Authority Warehouses: Failing Kids, Families & Public Safety' (white paper recommending closure of CYA and creation of rehabilitation centers),
2198:
2133:
2353:
2262:
2203:
2158:
1907:
370:
1374:
264:
210:
2108:
1860:"Locked Up at Age 10, No One Had Time for Me: A young man who was sent to the troubled California Youth Authority corrections system at age 10 tells his story"
1876:
681:
arising after a video tape surfaced, in 2004, of a youth being punched in the head repeatedly by a guard at the Stockton facility and two youths dying there.
314:
offices and other public and private agencies involved with the problems of youth. The DJJ underwent reorganization as required by a court agreement and the
2123:
520:
2118:
1880:
591:
644:
2098:
1366:
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1845:
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1221:
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2227:
1998:
1960:
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2173:
963:
2163:
587:
1173:
2188:
2103:
1854:- 'Violence-Prone Youth Authority Still Fails Its Children, Its Taxpayers', Sue Burrell and Jonathan Laba. Daily Journal. (April 26, 2006)
2314:
2235:
626:
421:
1258:
2183:
2128:
2068:
1978:
1695:
1006:
743:
632:
1800:- 'Suicide report blasts youth prison: Teen inmate was denied visits, mental health care, education, inspectors find', Andy Furillo,
2153:
696:
problems were made worse, not better, by a system that is failing to rehabilitate kids, according to reports by independent experts.
613:
however, issues of effectiveness and capacity continue to interfere with DJJ’s progress towards compliance with the remedial plans."
1641:
605:
During lockdowns, wards are allowed showers three times a week, but are allowed no time to attend school, exercise or interact with
2083:
2063:
2023:
1930:
910:
1200:
2193:
2048:
2028:
1867:
1877:"Gladiator School: Stories from Inside YTS (An oral history from those who were incarcerated in the California Youth Authority)"
709:
2168:
2113:
2013:
2008:
1312:
2348:
2213:
2073:
1983:
1946:
1487:
773:(1940-2019), serial killer and one of the two "Tool Box Killers"; sentenced for car theft, a hit and run, and evading arrest
2053:
1968:
1655:
1122:
915:
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2143:
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2078:
2018:
1993:
1973:
1851:
724:
1068:"Prison blamed in teen death. Staff withheld mental help and used a prohibited lockdown before his suicide, report says"
1532:
1461:
432:
On non-school days, maximum security inmates were locked in their cells for 23 hours a day. A spokesman for Governor
2178:
2138:
2093:
2043:
2038:
1471:
1444:
1419:
396:
647:. All foster grandparents receive training from Special Education Resource Specialists and multi-language training.
378:
2257:
2033:
1884:
836:(1947-1996), triple murderer; was sentenced as a juvenile for auto theft, attempted forgery, and several burglaries
770:
456:
uncovered deep systemic flaws, concluding that violence was predominant, gangs ruled, and fear was pervasive. The
298:
programs. The DJJ provided services to juvenile offenders, ranging in age from twelve to 25, in facilities and on
2058:
1818:
1294:
1067:
1087:"Special Review into the Death of a Ward on August 31, 2005 at the N. A. Chaderjian Youth Correctional Facility"
475:
Experts who have studied the prisons have declared them the most violent in the nation, and there have been six
450:
The threat of violence was a constant distraction at DJJ facilities. In 2004, a six-month investigation by the
2363:
374:
1709:
2283:
1029:
519:
including the Prison Law Office. The suit was refiled In January 2003, as Farrell v. Harper (later renamed
1768:- 'California Youth Authority' (in-depth six investigative report series), Brandon Bailey and Karen de Sá,
315:
1797:
1363:
1240:
538:
judge to direct the CYA to obtain licenses for all eleven of its health care facilities within two years.
1747:
905:
631:
In 1913, girls were transferred to the newly established Ventura School for Girls from the formerly coed
1225:
100:
1277:
677:
There have been many calls to shut down DJJ/CYA altogether. A spate of such calls came in the wake of
502:
Beginning in 2000, CYA was featured regularly in news headlines across the state. Local and national
1938:
1727:
1557:
1549:
594:, was quoted as saying "This is the first report that directly links their practices with a death."
535:
1617:
960:
359:
1899:
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after widespread criticisms of conditions at its youth prisons. The agency's headquarters were in
363:
2148:
934:
507:
319:
197:
1295:"Youth Authority: 'factory for prisons.' Probes for state report violence, kids kept in cages"
980:
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1262:
833:
452:
433:
1014:
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1863:
870:
765:
747:
731:) - CDCR announced on Thursday October 21, 2010 that Preston is closing, and is now closed.
578:
798:(born 1965), wrongfully convicted of murder; served time in several prisons, including CYA
8:
776:
557:
system has received intense and increasing criticism from experts nationwide for running
1148:"Details emerge about closure of state's youth prisons, including one outside Camarillo"
643:
Because few parents participate, foster grandparents at DJJ facilities fill the role of
38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1836:
1197:
938:
876:
738:
712:(An oral history from those who were incarcerated in the California Youth Authority)".
524:
792:(1952-2014), immigrant wrongfully convicted of murder; served 13 months at CYA in 1967
1790:
1689:
1528:
1488:"People v. Drumgo, 269 Cal. App. 2d 479 - Cal: Court of Appeal 1969 - Google Scholar"
1467:
1440:
1415:
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897:
734:
483:
303:
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to DJJ's eleven correctional facilities, four conservation camps and two residential
1627:
1316:
839:
802:
728:
443:
Many of the Youthful Offenders at some DJJ facilities arrived on or are placed on
1781:
1370:
1204:
1174:"Shuttered youth prison outside Camarillo stays empty while state weighs options"
967:
783:
661:
307:
1129:
1048:"Court Rules California Youth Authority Facilities Must Have Licensed Hospitals"
818:(1941-2012), featherweight boxer; was incarcerated as a gang leader in his youth
1802:
685:
compiles some demographic data, drug test results and length of incarceration.
554:
528:
295:
284:
1501:
558:
152:
2342:
1520:
1222:"Juvenile Justice Division submits tepid reform status report to Legislature"
864:
852:
693:
657:
606:
550:
490:
144:
1752:
1338:
824:(born 1969), productions owner and actor; was sentenced for several felonies
1524:
821:
795:
789:
546:
486:
444:
236:
1825:
1128:. Superior Court of California, City and County of Alameda. Archived from
970:." California Division of Juvenile Justice. Retrieved on January 22, 2010.
283:
offenders, until its closure in 2023. These youths were committed by the
2245:
2223:
1956:
1622:
858:
779:(born 1944), serial killer; served 9 months at age 19 for forgery charges
410:
1819:"Aftercare as Afterthought: Re-entry and the California Youth Authority"
1585:"A Local Murder: Terra Linda Was the Setting for a Real-Life 1975 Crime"
568:
830:(born 1970), rapper better known as "Destra"; was sentenced for assault
815:
503:
276:
1817:
Byrnes, Michele; Macallair, Daniel; Shorter, Andrea D. (August 2002).
809:
715:
All Division of Juvenile Justice facilities closed on July 1, 2023.
413:
311:
268:
842:(born 1962), serial killer; sentenced for robbery and later burglary
348:
1929:
1387:
1313:"Report #192: Juvenile Justice Reform: Realigning Responsibilities"
598:
437:
272:
447:
medications, a matter that has triggered protests and litigation.
1780:- 'Harder Time: California Youth Authority Shifts from Rehab to
1777:
678:
476:
417:
801:
Marlene Olive (born 1959), one of two perpetrators of the 1975 "
1084:
827:
562:
299:
489:
issued a report calling for the elimination of 23-hour-a-day
469:
465:
461:
291:
288:
280:
160:
Map of California Division of Juvenile Justice's jurisdiction
1282:. California Legislative Analyst's Office. January 31, 2007.
1377:. Thursday October 21, 2010. Retrieved on October 30, 2010.
873:(1917-1992), banker and WW2 veteran; was assistant director
1224:. Commonweal, The Juvenile Justice Program. Archived from
1824:. Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. Archived from
1463:
Molecules of Murder: Criminal Molecules and Classic Cases
1656:"No Privacy These Days for 'Pit Boss' Star Shorty Rossi"
1030:"Lawyers Go Behind Bars as Guardians of Prisoner Rights"
1375:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
1208:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
302:, and worked closely with law enforcement, the courts,
265:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
211:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
1816:
569:
Stockton: N.A. Chaderjian Youth Correctional Facility
479:
in California's juvenile jails between 2000 and 2005.
1315:. Little Hoover Commission. July 2008. Archived from
219:
Human Relations/Health and Welfare Agency (1969-1979)
887:
2369:State corrections departments of the United States
1241:"Six Fired Youth Prison Counselors Are Reinstated"
672:
1439:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Charles Press.
1364:CDCR to Close Preston Youth Correctional Facility
1085:Office of the Inspector General (December 2005).
2340:
534:In 2001, another lawsuit against CYA prompted a
531:was appointed to oversee reform implementation.
2354:Juvenile detention centers in the United States
1931:Incarceration of juveniles in the United States
808:Juan Pena, accomplice of gangster and murderer
216:Youth and Adult Correctional Agency (1980–2004)
1279:California's Criminal Justice System: A Primer
1261:. Division of Juvenile Justice. Archived from
638:
222:Youth and Adult Corrections Agency (1961-1968)
1915:
1626:. Season 3 (LMN). Episode 12. July 14, 2014.
1198:"History of the Division of Juvenile Justice"
1409:
1874:
1710:"Williams' life wracked on a sea of storms"
627:Incarceration of women in the United States
575:N.A. Chaderjian Youth Correctional Facility
422:Western Association of Schools and Colleges
416:for every ward who does not already have a
377:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1922:
1908:
1610:
1517:Bad Blood: A Family Murder in Marin County
1405:
1403:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1050:. California Healthline. November 5, 2001.
744:Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility
710:"Gladiator School: Stories from Inside YTS
409:The DJJ was legally required to provide a
1410:Markman, Ronald; Bosco, Dominick (1989).
1219:
782:Fleeta Drumgo (1945-1979), member of the
397:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Law enforcement agency in California, USA
1286:
1116:
1114:
911:Youth incarceration in the United States
786:; was referred for first degree burglary
764:Abraham Acosta, one of two murderers of
1414:. London, England: Piatkus Publishing.
1400:
1054:
867:, author and child advocate; was a ward
472:through the slots in their cell doors.
257:California Division of Juvenile Justice
106:Youth Corrections Authority (1941-1943)
63:California Division of Juvenile Justice
2341:
1774:(November 23, 2004 - January 21, 2005)
1694:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1547:
1541:
1514:
1508:
1459:
1292:
1238:
1145:
1120:
1065:
168:163,696 square miles (423,970 km)
1903:
1642:"The Killer of His Daughter's Mother"
1564:from the original on October 23, 2014
1434:
1428:
1171:
1111:
1092:. State of California. Archived from
1027:
1004:
325:
2309:
1857:
1582:
1576:
1502:"Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus"
1339:"Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ)"
916:Teenage suicide in the United States
718:
375:adding citations to reliable sources
342:
18:
1239:Warren, Jenifer (August 31, 2005).
1005:Walsh, Denny (September 12, 2000).
725:Preston Youth Correctional Facility
13:
1605:The case drew worldwide attention.
1220:Steinhart, David (November 2005).
1146:Diskin, Megan (October 12, 2020).
1123:"Seventh report of Special Master"
1066:Martin, Mark (December 30, 2005).
935:"California: Population estimates"
14:
2380:
1741:
1293:Martin, Mark (February 3, 2004).
1028:Dolan, Maura (October 11, 2005).
855:(1940-1993), politician; director
812:; died of leukemia at CYA in 2001
753:
2320:
2308:
2297:
2296:
1560:: New West Communications Corp.
1121:Brorby, Donna (April 17, 2008).
890:
879:(born 1937), children's advocate
347:
151:
23:
1759:
1734:. February 7, 1985. p. 16.
1720:
1702:
1662:
1648:
1634:
1548:Marcus, Greil (November 1982).
1494:
1480:
1453:
1380:
1356:
1331:
1305:
1269:
1251:
1232:
1213:
1191:
1165:
1139:
1007:"Youth Authority Suit Rebuffed"
673:Criticism and calls for closure
620:
259:(DJJ), previously known as the
1466:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
1172:Mason, Dave (April 23, 2024).
1078:
1040:
1021:
998:
973:
953:
927:
861:(1898-1978), probation officer
482:In January 2005, Chief Deputy
184:As per operations jurisdiction
1:
1947:United States federal prisons
1716:. April 28, 1996. p. 12.
921:
497:
427:
330:The DJJ's stated mission is:
275:, and treatment services for
263:(CYA), was a division of the
2349:State agencies of California
1810:
1550:"Books: Suburban Death Trip"
1343:Division of Juvenile Justice
985:Division of Juvenile Justice
338:
316:California State Legislature
7:
1583:Wood, Jim (November 2008).
1515:Levine, Richard M. (1982).
1276:"Juvenile Justice System".
906:Incarceration in California
883:
639:Foster grandparent programs
527:, according to Specter. A
78:; 83 years ago
10:
2385:
1753:California Youth Authority
1732:The San Francisco Examiner
1728:"Wimberly crime summary 2"
1210:Retrieved 16 December 2014
758:
633:Whittier State Reformatory
624:
261:California Youth Authority
101:California Youth Authority
2292:
2276:
2244:
2222:
1955:
1939:Federal Bureau of Prisons
1937:
1558:Beverly Hills, California
1437:The Serial Killer Letters
1259:"Research and Statistics"
805:"; was released at age 21
700:including gang violence.
650:
234:
229:
203:
193:
188:
180:
172:
164:
159:
150:
139:
134:
122:; 1 year ago
116:
90:
72:
67:
62:
32:This article needs to be
1435:Furio, Jennifer (1998).
846:
135:Jurisdictional structure
1858:J.T. (March 17, 2004).
1299:San Francisco Chronicle
1072:San Francisco Chronicle
140:Operations jurisdiction
1265:on September 21, 2008.
320:Sacramento, California
198:Sacramento, California
176:39,536,653 (2017 est.)
57:Law enforcement agency
2364:Prisons in California
1837:"EllaBakerCenter.org"
1771:San Jose Mercury News
1593:Sausalito, California
1460:Emsley, John (2008).
1017:on September 6, 2004.
834:Keith Daniel Williams
453:San Jose Mercury News
434:Arnold Schwarzenegger
189:Operational structure
2327:United States portal
2236:District of Columbia
1887:on December 19, 2019
1875:David Reeve (2019).
1864:Pacific News Service
1831:on October 26, 2010.
1618:"Please Kill For Me"
1412:Alone with The Devil
871:William S. Mailliard
748:Whittier, California
371:improve this section
2277:Military facilities
2268:U.S. Virgin Islands
1870:on January 4, 2007.
1805:(December 30, 2005)
1676:on October 23, 2012
1658:. October 11, 2010.
1228:on October 5, 2006.
1178:Ventura County Star
1152:Ventura County Star
941:. December 21, 2017
828:Andre DeSean Wicker
777:Steven David Catlin
1788:and James Rainey,
1369:2010-10-27 at the
1203:2014-12-17 at the
966:2010-01-07 at the
939:U.S. Census Bureau
877:William G. Steiner
739:Los Angeles County
704:youth offenders".
590:, director of the
549:are committed for
525:suicide prevention
521:Farrell v. Hickman
326:Mission and Vision
304:district attorneys
181:Legal jurisdiction
2336:
2335:
1794:(January 9, 2000)
1791:Los Angeles Times
1393:Los Angeles Times
1319:on April 30, 2009
1245:Los Angeles Times
1099:on April 11, 2009
1034:Los Angeles Times
898:California portal
771:Lawrence Bittaker
735:Camp Joseph Scott
719:Former Facilities
645:surrogate parents
592:Prison Law Office
484:Inspector General
407:
406:
399:
253:
252:
245:/juvenile-justice
53:
52:
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2228:Federal district
1924:
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1883:. Archived from
1871:
1866:. Archived from
1843:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1823:
1748:Official webpage
1736:
1735:
1724:
1718:
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1683:
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1672:. Archived from
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1803:Sacramento Bee
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1786:Mark Gladstone
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1714:The Fresno Bee
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1589:Marin Magazine
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1036:. p. A1.
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961:About the DJJ
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2359:Juvenile law
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2169:South Dakota
2159:Rhode Island
2154:Pennsylvania
2134:North Dakota
1988:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:the original
1868:the original
1826:the original
1801:
1789:
1769:
1760:News reports
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1678:. Retrieved
1674:the original
1664:
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1636:
1621:
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1604:
1597:. Retrieved
1588:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1553:
1543:
1525:Random House
1516:
1510:
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1455:
1436:
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1346:. Retrieved
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1321:. Retrieved
1317:the original
1307:
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1288:
1278:
1271:
1263:the original
1253:
1244:
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1226:the original
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1181:. Retrieved
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1130:the original
1101:. Retrieved
1094:the original
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1015:the original
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1000:
988:. Retrieved
984:
975:
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945:December 21,
943:. Retrieved
929:
822:Shorty Rossi
796:Bruce Lisker
790:Chol Soo Lee
714:
706:
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621:Female Wards
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517:
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487:Brett Morgan
481:
474:
458:Mercury News
457:
451:
449:
445:psychotropic
442:
431:
408:
393:
384:
369:Please help
357:
329:
260:
256:
254:
194:Headquarters
143:California,
54:
41:
33:
2263:Puerto Rico
2246:Corrections
2224:Corrections
2084:Mississippi
1999:Connecticut
1957:Corrections
1778:NoSpank.net
1623:Killer Kids
1599:February 4,
1568:February 4,
1157:October 15,
859:Karl Holton
692:Teens with
588:Don Specter
462:human waste
411:high school
103:(1943–2004)
2343:Categories
2199:Washington
2119:New Mexico
2114:New Jersey
1989:California
1798:SacBee.com
1554:California
1388:"Archives"
922:References
816:Raul Rojas
766:Stuart Tay
625:See also:
508:Sacramento
498:Litigation
494:Officers.
428:Conditions
277:California
173:Population
44:April 2024
2209:Wisconsin
2174:Tennessee
2079:Minnesota
2054:Louisiana
1891:March 30,
1811:Criticism
1782:Brutality
1755:(Archive)
1680:March 12,
1348:April 20,
1183:April 23,
981:"Mission"
810:Joe Saenz
689:reforms.
559:draconian
414:education
358:does not
339:Education
312:probation
269:education
117:Dissolved
2303:Category
2194:Virginia
2144:Oklahoma
2124:New York
2099:Nebraska
2089:Missouri
2074:Michigan
2064:Maryland
2049:Kentucky
2029:Illinois
2004:Delaware
1994:Colorado
1984:Arkansas
1852:FDAP.org
1690:cite web
1562:Archived
1367:Archived
1323:July 16,
1201:Archived
1103:July 16,
990:March 9,
964:Archived
884:See also
679:scandals
599:lockdown
579:Stockton
477:suicides
438:violence
387:May 2010
289:criminal
285:juvenile
273:training
2315:Commons
2214:Wyoming
2189:Vermont
2094:Montana
2034:Indiana
2014:Georgia
2009:Florida
1979:Arizona
1969:Alabama
1881:Vantage
759:Inmates
563:prisons
418:diploma
379:removed
364:sources
230:Website
125: (
81: (
34:updated
2149:Oregon
2104:Nevada
2044:Kansas
2019:Hawaii
1974:Alaska
1961:States
1848:(2005)
1531:
1470:
1443:
1418:
651:Reform
561:youth
300:parole
292:courts
73:Formed
2179:Texas
2059:Maine
2024:Idaho
1840:(PDF)
1829:(PDF)
1822:(PDF)
1133:(PDF)
1126:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
1090:(PDF)
847:Staff
547:wards
504:media
470:semen
466:blood
281:youth
239:.cdcr
2258:Guam
2184:Utah
2139:Ohio
2039:Iowa
1893:2020
1696:link
1682:2022
1601:2016
1570:2016
1529:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1350:2024
1325:2008
1185:2024
1159:2020
1105:2008
992:2019
947:2017
729:Ione
573:The
362:any
360:cite
287:and
255:The
243:.gov
165:Size
127:2023
120:2023
83:1941
76:1941
2248:by
2226:by
1959:by
1784:',
1628:LMN
1373:."
577:in
468:or
373:by
241:.ca
237:www
145:USA
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1688:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
