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268:. In an arid region, rainwater sinks into the ground very quickly. Later, as the surface dries out, the water below the surface rises, carrying up dissolved minerals from lower layers. These precipitate as water evaporates and carbon dioxide is lost. This water movement forms a caliche that is close to the surface. Caliche can also form on outcrops of
485:) and have a low magnesium content. In addition, the material must meet certain physical requirements so it does not break down when burned. Although caliche does not generally meet all of the requirements for sugar refining, it is used in areas where another source of calcium carbonate, such as limestone, is not present. While caliche requires
240:
Caliche forms where annual precipitation is less than 65 centimeters (26 in) per year and the mean annual temperature exceeds 5 °C (41 °F). Higher rainfall leaches excess calcium completely from the soil, while in very arid climates, rainfall is inadequate to leach calcium at all and
157:
Caliche is generally light-colored but can range from white to light pink to reddish-brown, depending on the minerals present. Caliche is a mark of older landscapes. It generally occurs on or very near the surface. Where caliche layers originate at some depth from the soil surface, intact landscapes
275:
The depth of the caliche layer is sensitive to mean annual rainfall. When rainfall is around 35 centimeters (14 in) per year, the caliche layer will be as shallow as 25 centimeters (9.8 in). When rainfall is around 75 centimeters (30 in) per year, the caliche layer will be at a depth
261:. Here there is less biological activity, the carbon dioxide level is much lower, and the bicarbonate reverts to insoluble carbonate. A mixture of calcium carbonate and clay particles accumulates, first forming grains, then small clumps, then a discernible layer, and finally, a thicker, solid bed.
589:
Caliche beds can cause problems for agriculture. First, an impermeable caliche layer prevents water from draining properly, which can keep roots from getting enough oxygen. Salts can also build up in the soil due to the lack of drainage. Both of these situations are detrimental to plant growth.
1225:
Velmayil, Perumal; Venu, Udayanapillai
Alagaiah (June 2019). "Micromorphology and major element geochemistry of calcretes in the Thoppukulam mine section, Sathankulam region, Southern Tamil Nadu, India: implications on depositional environment".
590:
Second, the impermeable nature of caliche beds prevents plant roots from penetrating the bed, which limits the supply of nutrients, water, and space so they cannot develop normally. Third, caliche beds can also cause the surrounding soil to be
859:
Valera FernĂĄndez, Daisy; Solleiro
Rebolledo, Elizabeth; Sedov, Sergey; Pustovoitov, Konstantin (April 2022). "Provenance, and environment context of pedogenic carbonates formation from MIS 3 to MIS 1 in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico".
158:
and buried landscapes are more likely than eroded surfaces to have caliche well below the soil surface. Layers vary from a few inches to feet thick, and multiple layers can exist in a single location. The caliche layer in a
469:. Caliche is widely used as a base material when it is locally available and cheap. However, it does not hold up to moisture (rain), and is never used if a hard-rock base material, such as limestone, is available.
1098:
Straulino Mainou, Luisa; Sedov, Sergey; Soler
Arechalde, Ana; Pi Puig, Teresa; Villa, Gerardo; Balanzario Granados, Sandra; DomĂ©nech-CarbĂł, MarĂa-Teresa; Osete-Cortina, Laura; Leonard, Daniel (4 November 2016).
459:
279:
The source of the calcium in caliche may be the underlying bedrock, but caliche can form even over bedrock that is not rich in calcium. This is attributed to calcium brought in as
465:
In many areas, caliche is also used for road construction, either as a surfacing material, or more commonly, as base material. It is one of the most common road materials used in
311:
While the formation of other caliches is relatively well understood, the origin of
Chilean caliche is not clearly known. One possibility is that the deposits were formed when a
560:
The deposits contain an average of 7.5% sodium nitrate, as well as sodium sulfate (18.87%), sodium chloride (4.8%), and smaller amounts of potassium, calcium, magnesium,
379:
In
Jurassic geological settings, the caliche is often indicator of warm climate with well marked wet-dry seasonality that could indicate seasonal monsoons.
276:
of around 125 centimeters (49 in). The caliche layer disappears complete in temperate climates if annual rainfall exceeds 100 centimeters (39 in).
572:
minerals. The caliche beds are from 2 cm to several meters thick in alluvial deposits, where the soluble minerals form a cement in unconsolidated
1069:"Lessons from the Great House: Condition and treatment history as prologue to site conservation and management at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument"
272:
rocks or in rock fissures where water is trapped and evaporates. In general, caliche deposition is a slow process, requiring several thousand years.
1356:; Gajardo Cubillos, AnĂbal; Hartley, Adrian J.; Moreno, Teresa (2006). "7. Industrial minerals and rocks". In Moreno, Teresa; Gibbons, Wes (eds.).
1175:
919:
974:"The LourinhĂŁ Formation: the Upper Jurassic to lower most Cretaceous of the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal â landscapes where dinosaurs walked"
1299:
404:; the caliche meets the chemical composition requirements and has been used as a principal raw material in Portland cement production.
1101:"Maya Lime MortarsâRelationship between Archaeomagnetic Dating, Manufacturing Technique, and Architectural FunctionâThe DzibanchĂ© Case"
1190:
253:
of the soil. Carbon dioxide levels here can exceed 15 times normal atmospheric values. This allows calcium carbonate to dissolve as
606:
above the caliche bed can make the condition worse. Its hardness can also make digging for projects such as canals more difficult.
1437:
1714:
594:. The basic soil, along with calcium carbonate from the caliche, can prevent plants from getting enough nutrients, especially
337:
in arid environments. Calcrete is found throughout the geologic record, forming a record of past climate. Examples include
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78:
at depth, where it precipitates and binds other materialsâsuch as gravel, sand, clay, and silt. It occurs worldwide, in
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A Most
Damnable Invention: Dynamite, Nitrates, and the Making of the Modern World, Stephen R. Bown, Macmillan, 2005,
714:
1022:
599:
553:
was an important source of export revenue for Chile until World War I, when Europe began to produce both nitrates
1150:
Fisk, Pliny (2021). "Bioregional design: The design science of the future". In Neuman, M.; Zonneveld, W. (eds.).
1708:
1719:
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291:
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Schlesinger, William H. (January 1985). "The formation of caliche in soils of the Mojave Desert, California".
907:
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Caliches can store significant amounts of carbon, making them of significance to the overall global
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are formed. Plant roots play an important role in caliche formation, by releasing large amounts of
1729:
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to meet the requirements, its use can still be significantly cheaper than shipping in limestone.
338:
257:. Where rainfall is adequate but not excessive, the calcium bicarbonate is carried down into the
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2055:
2006:
451:
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Highly indurated (hardened) caliche is known as calcrete, and it gives rise to characteristic
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inland sea evaporated. Another theory is that it was deposited due to weathering of the
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1980:
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684:
576:. Nitrate-bearing caliche is also found impregnating bedrock to form bedrock deposits.
434:, US, was built with walls of caliche. Caliche was also used in mortars used in of the
330:, where surface calcretes occur at the location of a now-desiccated prehistoric lake.
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41:
1335:
Bulletin of the
American Association of Petroleum Geologists 17.5 (1933): 488â522.
1191:"Geotechnical properties and behavior of calcretes in South and South West Africa"
858:
140:
1965:
1950:
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881:
520:
466:
401:
304:
221:
99:
659:
Gile, L. H.; Peterson, F. F.; Grossman, R. B. (February 1965). "The K Horizon".
264:
However, caliche also forms in other ways. It can form when water rises through
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764:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 273â275.
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Geotechnical
Properties, Behavior, and Performance of Calcareous Soils
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Breazeale, J.F.; Smith, H.V. (15 April 1930). "Caliche in
Arizona".
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Caliche â sedimentary rock, Ridgecrest, Kern County, California
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1197:. West Conshohocken: American Society for Testing & Materials.
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1309:. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona
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A nearly pure source of calcium carbonate is necessary to refine
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1990:
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Caliche is used in construction worldwide. Its reserves in the
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182:
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salts. Caliche can also refer to various claylike deposits in
144:
is borrowed from
Spanish and is originally from the Latin word
62:
56:
1905:
1347:
Caliche of Central and Southern Llano Estacado, Texas: Notes.
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508:
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Calcrete rubble was widely used for building construction in
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59:
1266:"The rise and fall of the salitre (sodium nitrate) industry"
1935:
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210:
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87:
47:
760:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
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One of the world's largest deposits of calcrete is in the
189:. In addition, it has been used to describe some forms of
1920:
1333:
Reynosa Problem of Southern Texas, and Origin of Caliche.
458:
were also built using caliche as part of studies by the
1023:"Caliche of central and southern Llano Estacado, Texas"
1349:
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 34.3 (1964): 669â672.
481:. It must contain at least 95% calcium carbonate (CaCO
1340:
Caliche: Origin, Classification, Morphology and Uses.
70:) (unrelated to the street-slang "Caliche" spoken in
44:
1259:
1257:
808:
784:
759:
709:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
658:
53:
1073:
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites
50:
972:Mateus, O.; Dinis, J.; Cunha, P. P. (2017-09-28).
819:
817:
511:, vast deposits of a mixture, also referred to as
1360:. Geological Society of London. pp. 21â114.
1264:Wisniak, Jaime; Garces, Ingrid (September 2001).
1254:
852:
568:. About two-thirds of the deposits are insoluble
286:
122:of North America, and in eastern Saudi Arabia at
2017:
1307:Cooperative Extension, The University of Arizona
971:
814:
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639:
16:Calcium carbonate based concretion of sediment
1414:
1297:
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920:"Carbon storage in the caliche of arid soils"
700:
698:
584:
460:Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems
177:also refers to mineral deposits that include
1224:
602:makes the youngest leaves turn yellow. Soil
1047:10.1306/74D71131-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
1020:
917:
823:
1421:
1407:
1188:
1174:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
978:CiĂȘncias da Terra / Earth Sciences Journal
707:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
695:
579:
94:regions, including in central and western
1298:Kelly, Jack; Walworth, Jim (March 2002).
1152:The Routledge handbook of regional design
1134:
1124:
997:
523:and other salts, and sand, associated to
906:, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
705:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2013). "Caliche".
642:Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
406:
387:
298:
290:
18:
1428:
2018:
1715:Canadian system of soil classification
1066:
1021:Reeves, C.C. Jr.; Suggs, J.D. (1964).
918:Schlesinger, William H. (April 1982).
704:
1402:
1342:Lubbock, Texas: Estacado Books, 1976.
1273:Indian Journal of Chemical Technology
1149:
74:) is a soil accumulation of soluble
1300:"Managing caliche in the home yard"
428:Casa Grande Ruins National Monument
13:
1699:Unified Soil Classification System
1345:Reeves, C.C., Jr. and J.D. Suggs.
1325:
809:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
785:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
492:
456:United States Department of Energy
450:, and a demonstration building in
400:can be used in the manufacture of
14:
2067:
1704:AASHTO Soil Classification System
1375:
472:
162:is sometimes called a K horizon.
2002:
2001:
1381:
944:10.1097/00010694-198204000-00008
681:10.1097/00010694-196502000-00002
382:
220:A similar material, composed of
40:
1291:
1218:
1189:Netterberg, F. (January 1982).
1182:
1143:
1091:
1060:
1027:Journal of Sedimentary Research
1014:
965:
911:
896:
826:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1720:Australian Soil Classification
1711:(French classification system)
1228:Arabian Journal of Geosciences
1067:Matero, Frank (January 1999).
736:
723:
652:
633:
287:Examples of natural occurrence
134:(in India). It belongs to the
1:
990:10.21695/cterra/esj.v19i1.355
648:. University of Arizona: 419.
626:
533:, in turn, is a composite of
1394:Conquering Home Yard Caliche
882:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.03.019
846:10.1016/0016-7037(85)90191-7
241:only thin surface layers of
235:
7:
1740:List of vineyard soil types
762:Origin of sedimentary rocks
609:
126:. Caliche is also known as
10:
2072:
2036:Inorganic carbon compounds
1725:Polish Soil Classification
1331:Price, William Armstrong.
1126:10.3390/geosciences6040049
1085:10.1179/135050399793138482
797:Breazeale & Smith 1930
585:Problems caused by caliche
496:
1999:
1749:Non-systematic soil types
1748:
1685:
1612:
1436:
1240:10.1007/s12517-019-4544-4
1193:. In Demars, K.R. (ed.).
86:soil ordersâgenerally in
1735:List of U.S. state soils
902:C. Michael Hogan (2008)
862:Quaternary International
799:, pp. 420, 428â429.
307:during the 19th century.
1730:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1709:Référentiel pédologique
1693:FAO soil classification
580:Caliche and agriculture
452:Carrizo Springs, Texas
423:
308:
296:
145:
139:
32:
1354:Chong Diaz, Guillermo
557:in large quantities.
529:("Chile saltpeter").
410:
388:Building applications
302:
294:
22:
1861:Calcareous grassland
1438:World Reference Base
1390:at Wikimedia Commons
1430:Soil classification
1117:2016Geosc...6...49S
1039:1964JSedR..34..669R
936:1982SoilS.133..247S
874:2022QuInt.618...52V
838:1985GeCoA..49...57S
787:, pp. 274â275.
673:1965SoilS..99...74G
426:The Great House at
2031:Carbonate minerals
1614:USDA soil taxonomy
1440:for Soil Resources
1338:Reeves, C.C., Jr.
515:, are composed of
424:
309:
297:
33:
2013:
2012:
1386:Media related to
543:potassium nitrate
446:. A dormitory in
440:YucatĂĄn Peninsula
438:buildings in the
324:Makgadikgadi Pans
226:calcium carbonate
116:Chihuahuan Desert
76:calcium carbonate
29:San Miguel Island
2063:
2005:
2004:
1901:Hydrophobic soil
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1358:Geology of Chile
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733:. 2007, p. 211.
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600:iron deficiency
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493:Chilean caliche
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467:Southern Africa
402:Portland cement
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353:caprock of the
305:South Australia
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238:
222:calcium sulfate
106:of the western
100:Kalahari Desert
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1079:(4): 203â224.
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811:, p. 274.
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564:, iodine, and
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535:sodium nitrate
505:Atacama Desert
499:Paradas method
494:
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482:
474:
473:Sugar refining
471:
415:surrounding a
394:Llano Estacado
389:
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355:Llano Estacado
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247:carbon dioxide
237:
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112:Sonoran Desert
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2056:Soil in Chile
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2008:
2007:Types of soil
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1986:Tropical peat
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1871:Dry quicksand
1869:
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1686:Other systems
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1367:9781862392199
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1161:9781000366549
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748:0-312-32913-X
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739:
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718:
716:9780199653065
712:
708:
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527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
500:
490:
488:
487:beneficiation
480:
470:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Ingram, Texas
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:
421:Central Texas
418:
414:
409:
405:
403:
399:
395:
383:Economic uses
380:
377:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:calcretes in
340:
339:Mississippian
336:
331:
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320:
318:
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306:
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293:
284:
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149:
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143:
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137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:Mojave Desert
117:
113:
109:
108:United States
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
37:
30:
26:
25:fossil forest
21:
1916:Martian soil
1805:
1357:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1311:. Retrieved
1306:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1276:
1272:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1194:
1184:
1154:. Abingdon.
1151:
1145:
1108:
1104:
1093:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1030:
1026:
1016:
984:(1): 75â97.
981:
977:
967:
955:. Retrieved
927:
924:Soil Science
923:
913:
904:Makgadikgadi
903:
898:
865:
861:
854:
832:(1): 57â66.
829:
825:
804:
792:
780:
761:
755:
738:
730:
725:
706:
667:(2): 74â82.
664:
661:Soil Science
660:
654:
645:
641:
635:
588:
559:
555:industrially
550:
530:
524:
512:
507:in northern
502:
476:
464:
425:
391:
378:
374:carbon cycle
371:
332:
321:
310:
281:aeolian dust
278:
274:
263:
239:
228:, is called
224:rather than
219:
174:
165:In northern
164:
160:soil profile
156:
131:
127:
35:
34:
31:, California
1981:Terra rossa
1976:Terra preta
1956:Spodic soil
1876:Duplex soil
1856:Brown earth
1836:Alkali soil
1826:Rhizosphere
1821:Laimosphere
1695:(1974â1998)
1652:Inceptisols
1559:Plinthosols
1524:Kastanozems
1234:(12): 385.
1136:10251/99948
1105:Geosciences
999:10316/79879
566:perchlorate
363:Mormon Mesa
351:Pleistocene
343:South Wales
313:prehistoric
255:bicarbonate
138:. The term
104:High Plains
72:El Salvador
2026:Carbonates
2020:Categories
1961:Stagnogley
1911:Lunar soil
1866:Dark earth
1851:Brickearth
1816:Pedosphere
1786:Soil crust
1594:Technosols
1579:Solonchaks
1499:Ferralsols
1464:Anthrosols
771:0136427103
627:References
621:Travertine
604:saturation
497:See also:
454:, for the
417:stock tank
361:, US, and
215:soda niter
207:chalcedony
150:, meaning
136:duricrusts
2041:Limestone
1946:Quicksand
1891:Fill dirt
1831:Bulk soil
1677:Vertisols
1667:Spodosols
1657:Mollisols
1647:Histosols
1632:Aridisols
1604:Vertisols
1599:Umbrisols
1589:Stagnosol
1554:Planosols
1549:Phaeozems
1529:Leptosols
1514:Gypsisols
1504:Fluvisols
1484:Chernozem
1479:Cambisols
1474:Calcisols
1469:Arenosols
1279:: 427â438
1248:195225634
1170:cite book
1111:(4): 49.
1008:2183-4431
890:233857091
868:: 52â69.
750:, p. 157.
689:129247211
335:landforms
259:B horizon
251:A horizon
249:into the
236:Formation
199:kaolinite
191:quartzite
110:, in the
102:, in the
98:, in the
96:Australia
2046:Pedology
1931:Paleosol
1846:Blue goo
1801:Gypcrust
1672:Ultisols
1642:Gelisols
1637:Entisols
1627:Andisols
1622:Alfisols
1584:Solonetz
1574:Retisols
1569:Regosols
1544:Nitisols
1539:Luvisols
1534:Lixisols
1519:Histosol
1509:Gleysols
1494:Durisols
1489:Cryosols
1459:Andosols
1449:Acrisols
1313:26 March
1283:26 March
1210:26 March
1052:25 March
957:25 March
952:97632160
610:See also
574:regolith
411:Caliche
347:Pliocene
328:Botswana
230:gypcrust
203:laterite
187:Colombia
128:calcrete
92:semiarid
84:mollisol
80:aridisol
23:Caliche
1881:Eluvium
1841:Bay mud
1806:Caliche
1796:Hardpan
1791:Claypan
1781:Subsoil
1776:Topsoil
1662:Oxisols
1564:Podzols
1454:Alisols
1442:(1998â)
1388:Caliche
1113:Bibcode
1035:Bibcode
932:Bibcode
870:Bibcode
834:Bibcode
669:Bibcode
616:Coquina
551:Salitre
531:Salitre
526:salitre
513:caliche
503:In the
432:Arizona
243:calcite
195:bauxite
179:nitrate
175:caliche
141:caliche
124:Al-Hasa
36:Caliche
1991:Yedoma
1926:Muskeg
1364:
1246:
1201:
1158:
1006:
950:
888:
768:
746:
729:Chong
713:
687:
570:gangue
562:borate
541:) and
517:gypsum
444:Mexico
369:, US.
367:Nevada
270:porous
213:, and
183:Mexico
132:kankar
2051:Salts
1971:Takir
1906:Loess
1303:(PDF)
1269:(PDF)
1244:S2CID
948:S2CID
886:S2CID
731:et al
685:S2CID
598:. An
592:basic
537:(NaNO
509:Chile
479:sugar
436:Mayan
398:Texas
359:Texas
317:Andes
167:Chile
1936:Peat
1771:Loam
1766:Clay
1761:Silt
1756:Sand
1362:ISBN
1315:2022
1285:2022
1212:2022
1199:ISBN
1176:link
1156:ISBN
1054:2022
1004:ISSN
959:2022
766:ISBN
744:ISBN
711:ISBN
596:iron
545:(KNO
413:berm
345:and
211:opal
185:and
171:Peru
169:and
152:lime
147:calx
118:and
88:arid
82:and
1921:Mud
1236:doi
1131:hdl
1121:doi
1081:doi
1043:doi
994:hdl
986:doi
940:doi
928:133
878:doi
866:618
842:doi
677:doi
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442:in
419:in
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349:to
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