763:
quality work and exterior walls in freezing climates. Eminently hydraulic lime contains 21-30% clay, slakes very slowly, and sets in approximately a day. It is used in harsh environments such as damp locations and near saltwater. Hydraulic lime is off-white in color. "The degree of hydraulicity of mortars will affect many characteristics. By selecting an appropriate ratio of clay to limestone mortars that carbonate or set hydraulically to varying extents can be designed for particular application requirements such as setting time, strength, colour, durability, frost resistance, workability, speed of set in the presence of water, vapour permeability etc."
633:
784:, water retention and other qualities. The S in type S stands for special which distinguishes it from Type N hydrated lime where the N stands for normal. The special attributes of Type S are its "...ability to develop high, early plasticity and higher water retentivity and by a limitation on its unhydrated oxide content." The term Type S originated in 1946 in ASTM C 207 Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes. Type S lime is almost always dolomitic lime, hydrated under heat and pressure in an autoclave, and used in mortar,
696:
content; vapor permeability; flexibility; and resistance to sulfates. These qualities are affected by many factors during each step of manufacturing and installation, including the original ingredients of the source of lime; added ingredients before and during firing including inclusion of compounds from the fuel exhaust; firing temperature and duration; method of slaking including a hot mix (quicklime added to sand and water to make mortar), dry slaking and wet slaking; ratio of the mixture with
31:
559:
620:, and other magnesium hydroxycarbonate compounds. These magnesium compounds have very limited, contradictory research which questions whether they "...may be significantly reactive with acid rain, which could lead to the formation of magnesium sulfate salts." Magnesium sulfate salts may damage the mortar when they dry and recrystallize due to expansion of the crystals as they form, which is known as
762:
hydraulic lime. Feebly hydraulic lime contains 5-10% clay, slakes in minutes, and sets in about three weeks. It is used for less expensive work and in mild climates. Moderately hydraulic lime contains 11-20% clay, slakes in one to two hours, and sets in approximately one week. It is used for better
695:
Lime has many complex qualities as a building product including workability which includes cohesion, adhesion, air content, water content, crystal shape, board-life, spreadability, and flowability; bond strength; comprehensive strength; setting time; sand-carrying capacity; hydraulicity; free lime
703:
Pure lime is also known as rich, common, air, slaked, slack, pickling, hydrated, and high calcium lime. It consists primarily of calcium hydroxide which is derived by slaking quicklime (calcium oxide), and may contain up to 5% of other ingredients. Pure lime sets very slowly through contact with
413:
527:
712:
so it will slowly wash away, but this characteristic also produces autogenous or self-healing process where the dissolved lime can flow into cracks in the material and be redeposited, automatically repairing the crack.
704:
carbon dioxide in the air and moisture; it is not a hydraulic lime so it will not set under water. Pure lime is pure white and can be used for whitewash, plaster, and mortar. Pure lime is soluble in water containing
601:
The carbon dioxide that takes part in this reaction is principally available in the air or dissolved in rainwater so pure lime mortar will not recarbonate under water or inside a thick masonry wall.
307:
566:
The process by which limestone (calcium carbonate) is converted to quicklime by heating, then to slaked lime by hydration, and naturally reverts to calcium carbonate by carbonation is called the
577:
for building purposes. When the masonry has been laid, the slaked lime in the mortar slowly begins to react with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate (limestone) according to the reaction:
716:
Semi-hydraulic lime, also called partially hydraulic and grey lime, sets initially with water and then continues to set with air. This lime is similar to hydraulic lime but has less soluble
1326:
Notes on building construction: arranged to meet the requirements of the syllabus of the
Science & Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education, South Kensington ....
570:. The conditions and compounds present during each step of the lime cycle have a strong influence of the end product, thus the complex and varied physical nature of lime products.
116:, and other uses. Lime industries and the use of many of the resulting products date from prehistoric times in both the Old World and the New World. Lime is used extensively for
436:
1222:
1199:
Heather
Hartshorn, "Dolomitic Lime Mortars: Carbonation Complications and Susceptibility to Acidic Sulfates" Thesis. May 2012. Columbia University
1178:
Krzysztof Kudłacz, "Phase
Transitions Within the Lime Cycle: Implications in Heritage Conservation" Thesis. April, 2013. University of Granada.
1223:"S. Pavia and S. Caro, "Petrographic Microscope Investigation of Mortar and Ceramic Technologies for the Conservation of the Built Heritage""
780:
In the United States the most commonly used masonry lime is Type S hydrated lime which is intended to be added to
Portland cement to improve
1314:
Margaret L. Thomson, "Why is Type S Hydrated Lime
Special?". International Building Lime Symposium 2005. Orlando, Florida, March 9 -11, 2005
1303:
Heather
Hartshorn, "Dolomitic Lime Mortars: Carbonation Complications and Susceptibility to Acidic Sulfates" Thesis 2012 Columbia University
1098:
Hydrated lime; history, manufacture and uses in plaster, mortar, concrete; a manual for the architect, engineer, contractor and builders.
535:
is slaking quicklime with just enough water to hydrate the quicklime, but to keep it as a powder; it is referred to as hydrated lime. In
766:
Poor lime is also known as lean or meager lime. Poor lime sets and cures very slowly and has weak bonding. Poor lime is grey in color.
608:
which slake more slowly than calcium oxide and when hydrated produce several other compounds. Thus, these limes contain inclusions of
604:
The lime cycle for dolomitic and magnesium lime is not well understood but more complex because the magnesium compounds also slake to
1406:
1264:
408:{\displaystyle {\ce {{\overset {calcium~carbonate}{CaCO3}}->{\overset {calcium~oxide}{CaO}}+{\overset {carbon~dioxide}{CO2}}}}}
1265:"John W Harrison, "Carbonating and Hydraulic Mortars - the difference is not only in the binder. Aggregates are also important.""
1111:
Kumar, Gupta Sudhir; Ramakrishnan, Anushuya; Hung, Yung-Tse (2007), Wang, Lawrence K.; Hung, Yung-Tse; Shammas, Nazih K. (eds.),
1054:
Kumar, Gupta Sudhir; Ramakrishnan, Anushuya; Hung, Yung-Tse (2007), Wang, Lawrence K.; Hung, Yung-Tse; Shammas, Nazih K. (eds.),
1004:
86:
1008:
684:. The qualities of the many types of processed lime affect how they are used. The Romans used two types of lime mortar to make
700:
and water; the sizes and types of aggregate; contaminants in the mixing water; workmanship; and rate of drying during curing.
1132:
1075:
796:. Type S lime is not considered reliable as a pure binder in mortar due to high burning temperatures during production.
100:
These materials are still used in large quantities as building and engineering materials (including limestone products,
1368:
863:
and placed under seawater, the seawater hydrated the lime in an exothermic reaction that solidified the mixture.
773:
lime has a high magnesium content of 35-46% magnesium carbonate (ASTM C 59-91). Dolomitic lime is named for the
1446:
734:. Hydraulic lime contains lime with silica or alumina and sets with exposure to water and can set under water.
17:
769:
Magnesium lime contains more than 5% magnesium oxide (BS 6100) or 5-35% magnesium carbonate (ASTM C 59-91).
573:
An example is when slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is mixed into a thick slurry with sand and water to form
550:
in masonry works. It is also used in whitewashing as a wall-coat to allow the whitewash to adhere the wall.
648:; and may be further identified by its magnesium content such as dolomitic or magnesium lime. Uses include
198:, which today is usually crushed limestone, not a product of a lime kiln. Otherwise it most commonly means
1421:
918:
806:
746:
is made by adding forms of silica or alumina such as clay to the limestone during firing, or by adding a
1363:
J.A.H. Oates, Projet de. Lime and
Limestone – Chemistry and Technology, Production and Uses. Wiley-VCH,
681:
271:
640:
Lime used in building materials is broadly classified as "pure", "hydraulic", and "poor" lime; can be
1426:
1338:
1119:, Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol. 5, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 611–633,
1062:, Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol. 5, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 611–633,
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522:{\displaystyle {\ce {{CaO}+{\overset {water}{H2O}}->{\overset {calcium~hydroxide}{Ca(OH)2}}}}}
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Because lime has an adhesive property with bricks and stones, it is often used as a binding
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The rocks and minerals from which these materials are derived, typically limestone or
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293:. Part of the extracted stone, selected according to its chemical composition and
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426:, that is combined with water, called slaking, so hydrated lime is also known as
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of water is added to hydrate the quicklime to a form referred to as lime putty.
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Lime formed to piping bringing thermal water to
Katlanovo spa, North Macedonia.
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When the term is encountered in an agricultural context, it usually refers to
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is a general term for rocks that contain 80% or more of calcium or magnesium
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833:. Sulfate arrests slaking, causes the cement to set quickly and stronger.
708:, a natural, weak acid which is a solution of carbon dioxide in water and
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688:, which allowed them to revolutionize architecture, sometimes called the
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originates with its earliest use as building mortar and has the sense of
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is a type of gypsum, but selenitic cement may be made using any form of
89:
recognizes lime as a mineral with the chemical formula of CaO. The word
887:
810:
202:, as the more dangerous form is usually described more specifically as
1339:"Roman Seawater Concrete Holds the Secret to Cutting Carbon Emissions"
1007:– CNMNC (Commission on New Minerals Nomenclature and Classification).
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74:. It is also the name for calcium oxide which occurs as a product of
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1294:. 4. ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004. 27. Print.
1249:
A manual on lime and cement, their treatment and use in construction
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lime, a lime made from kankar which is a form of calcium carbonate.
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135:. They may be cut, crushed, or pulverized and chemically altered.
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250:. Further classification is done by composition as high calcium,
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to pure lime. Hydraulic limes are classified by their strength:
1407:
Glossary by Robert W. Piwarzyk, Santa Cruz Public
Libraries, Ca
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above 900 °C (1,650 °F) converts it into the highly
738:(NHL) is made from a limestone which naturally contains some
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128:
1212:. 3rd ed. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co. Ltd. 2006. 74. Print
1100:
Pittsburgh: Jackson-Remlinger
Printing Co., 1915. 21. Print.
809:, is a cement of grey chalk or similar lime, such as in the
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Engineering Material: (Including Construction Materials)
297:, is calcinated at about 900 °C (1,650 °F) in
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274:. Uncommon sources of lime include coral, sea shells,
1110:
1053:
439:
310:
994:"The New IMA List of Minerals – A Work in Progress"
805:Selenitic lime, also known as Scotts' cement after
724:, and will set under water but will never harden.
521:
430:lime, and is produced according to the reaction:
407:
301:to produce quicklime according to the reaction:
1413:
1387:The National Lime Association (US & Canada)
1251:.. London: E. & F.N. Spon;, 1893. 6. Print.
1117:Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Technologies
1060:Advanced Physicochemical Treatment Technologies
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1328:2nd ed. London: Rivingtons, 1879. Print.
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992:Pasero, Marco; et al. (May 2022).
87:International Mineralogical Association
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1292:Leaʼs chemistry of cement and concrete
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1402:The European Lime Association (EULA)
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562:The lime cycle for high-calcium lime
1324:Smith, Percy Guillemard Llewellin.
1281:
24:
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931:: a building and paving material (
777:in the Italian and Austrian Alps.
187:), the process of which is called
25:
1458:
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1168:
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1014:from the original on 10 May 2022
969:"Lime in Handbook of Mineralogy"
220:Calcium oxide § Preparation
27:Calcium oxides and/or hydroxides
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112:), as chemical feedstocks, for
66:material composed primarily of
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13:
1:
1397:The Building Limes Forum (UK)
1034:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
954:
213:
52:For the history of lime, see
1392:The British Lime Association
1125:10.1007/978-1-59745-173-4_14
1068:10.1007/978-1-59745-173-4_14
1001:The New IMA List of Minerals
946:: a food processing method (
285:Limestone is extracted from
143:) of calcium carbonate in a
131:, are composed primarily of
7:
1341:. Berkeley Lab. 4 June 2013
919:Liming (leather processing)
866:
859:. When this was mixed with
807:Henry Young Darracott Scott
10:
1463:
840:
217:
51:
44:
744:Artificial hydraulic lime
720:(usually minimum 6%) and
1189:British Lime Association
553:
85:in volcanic ejecta. The
54:Lime kiln § History
45:Not to be confused with
1096:Lazell, Ellis Warren.
813:, with about 5% added
736:Natural hydraulic lime
674:silicate mineral paint
637:
563:
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224:In the lime industry,
42:
1447:Alchemical substances
1312:ASTM C 207 quoted in
680:which may be of many
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341:
33:
1375:US Geological Survey
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308:
295:optical granulometry
118:wastewater treatment
95:sticking or adhering
34:Limestone quarry in
1290:Hewlett, Peter C..
857:pozzolanic reaction
851:by mixing lime and
690:Concrete revolution
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1422:Building materials
1113:"Lime Calcination"
1056:"Lime Calcination"
775:Dolomite Mountains
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628:Building materials
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1156:. 27 October 2011
1134:978-1-58829-860-7
1077:978-1-58829-860-7
910:(water treatment)
873:Agricultural lime
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119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1343:. Retrieved
1333:
1325:
1320:
1308:
1299:
1291:
1271:. Retrieved
1248:
1226:. Retrieved
1217:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1184:
1158:. Retrieved
1148:
1138:, retrieved
1116:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1081:, retrieved
1059:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1028:
1016:. Retrieved
1000:
987:
975:. Retrieved
963:
855:to create a
853:volcanic ash
846:
804:
798:
779:
768:
765:
759:
755:
751:
743:
735:
731:
726:
715:
702:
694:
654:lime plaster
645:
641:
639:
603:
600:
572:
567:
565:
545:
536:
532:
531:
418:Before use,
417:
284:
260:conglomerate
252:argillaceous
234:, including
225:
223:
207:
193:
188:
176:
172:
160:
156:
152:
136:
126:
99:
94:
90:
59:
58:
47:Lime (fruit)
924:Plasterwork
903:Lime mortar
884:(soil type)
658:lime render
650:lime mortar
610:portlandite
539:, a slight
537:wet slaking
533:Dry slaking
200:slaked lime
173:slaked lime
141:calcination
1442:Plastering
1416:Categories
1140:2022-07-26
1083:2022-07-26
955:References
888:Eco-cement
817:(calcined
811:Lias Group
782:plasticity
756:moderately
732:water lime
722:aluminates
698:aggregates
646:artificial
568:lime cycle
299:lime kilns
254:(clayey),
214:Production
208:burnt lime
153:burnt lime
72:hydroxides
1432:Limestone
914:Limewater
898:Limelight
893:Hide glue
771:Dolomitic
760:eminently
748:pozzolana
710:acid rain
670:whitewash
618:magnesite
606:periclase
513:hydroxide
475:⟶
420:quicklime
335:carbonate
264:magnesian
256:silicious
232:carbonate
227:limestone
204:quicklime
161:quicklime
151:material
145:lime kiln
83:xenoliths
80:limestone
64:inorganic
1273:24 April
1228:24 April
1160:24 April
1039:24 April
1009:Archived
977:24 April
882:Calcisol
867:See also
849:concrete
823:Selenite
424:hydrated
343:→
287:quarries
280:ankerite
268:dolomite
183:, Ca(OH)
169:alkaline
106:concrete
1345:14 June
827:sulfate
794:plaster
642:natural
614:brucite
507:calcium
399:dioxide
362:calcium
329:calcium
276:calcite
149:caustic
137:Burning
36:Brønnøy
1371:(1998)
1367:
1131:
1074:
1018:7 June
948:Mexico
929:Sascab
819:gypsum
800:Kankar
792:, and
790:stucco
786:render
752:feebly
718:silica
676:, and
589:→ CaCO
581:Ca(OH)
575:mortar
548:mortar
541:excess
510:
428:slaked
396:
393:carbon
365:
332:
270:, and
246:, and
244:oolite
236:marble
110:mortar
108:, and
102:cement
62:is an
40:Norway
1268:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
972:(PDF)
682:types
554:Cycle
470:water
368:oxide
291:mines
240:chalk
129:chalk
120:with
1365:ISBN
1347:2013
1275:2017
1230:2017
1162:2017
1129:ISBN
1072:ISBN
1041:2017
1020:2022
979:2017
875:and
758:and
740:clay
585:+ CO
348:heat
316:CaCO
278:and
248:marl
91:lime
70:and
60:Lime
1121:doi
1064:doi
1005:IMA
829:or
821:).
644:or
593:+ H
443:CaO
422:is
358:CaO
289:or
206:or
175:or
159:or
1418::
1283:^
1256:^
1238:^
1170:^
1127:,
1115:,
1070:,
1058:,
1003:.
999:.
788:,
754:,
742:.
692:.
672:,
668:,
664:,
660:,
656:,
652:,
624:.
616:,
612:,
597:O.
489:OH
481:Ca
380:CO
282:.
266:,
262:,
258:,
242:,
238:,
210:.
191:.
171:)
155:,
124:.
104:,
97:.
38:,
1349:.
1277:.
1232:.
1164:.
1123::
1066::
1043:.
1022:.
981:.
950:)
935:)
595:2
591:3
587:2
583:2
497:2
492:)
486:(
466:O
458:2
454:H
447:+
384:2
374:+
320:3
185:2
179:(
163:(
139:(
56:.
49:.
20:)
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