464:
634:
498:
515:
583:
600:
616:
549:
532:
481:
566:
140:
1105:
112:
251:. While the spicules in most species are triradiate (with three points in a single plane), some species may possess two- or four-pointed spicules. Unlike other sponges, calcareans lack microscleres, tiny spicules which reinforce the flesh. In addition, their spicules develop from the outside-in, mineralizing within a hollow organic sheath.
296:
Calcareous sponges vary from radially symmetrical vase-shaped body types to colonies made up of a meshwork of thin tubes, or irregular massive forms. The skeleton has either a mesh or honeycomb structure of interlocking spicules. Some extinct species were hypercalcified, meaning that the
356:
Calcarea is divided into two subclasses (Calcinea and
Calcaronea) and a number of orders. The two subclasses are mainly distinguished by spicule orientation, soft tissue and developmental traits. For example, calcineans develop from a
353:(comb jellies). Many authors have strongly doubted the hypothesis of sponge paraphyly, arguing that genetic studies have incomplete sampling and are incompatible with the unique anatomical traits shared by living sponges.
282:) can be found within the class Calcarea. Typically, calcareous sponges are small, measuring less than 10 cm (3.9 in) in height, and drab in colour. However, a few brightly coloured species are also known.
633:
259:
All sponges in this class are strictly marine, and, while they are distributed worldwide, most are found in shallow tropical waters. Like nearly all other sponges, they are sedentary
599:
463:
875:
Nadhira, Ardianty; Sutton, Mark D.; Botting, Joseph P.; Muir, Lucy A.; Gueriau, Pierre; King, Andrew; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Siveter, David J.; Siveter, Derek J. (2019).
555:
365:
with a solid center and radial symmetry). Calcaroneans, on the other hand, develop from an amphiblastula (a larva with a hollow center and semi-bilateral symmetry).
782:
Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volumes 4 & 5: Hypercalcified
Porifera, Paleozoic Stromatoporoidea & Archaeocyatha, liii + 1223 p., 665 figs., 2015, available
615:
641:
497:
753:
Part E, Revised. Porifera, Volume 3: Classes
Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida & Calcarea, xxxi + 872 p., 506 fig., 1 table, 2004, available
589:
514:
2557:
446:
318:
582:
2583:
2675:
548:
531:
2531:
877:"Three-dimensionally preserved soft tissues and calcareous hexactins in a Silurian sponge: implications for early sponge evolution"
337:
Some molecular analyses suggest the class
Calcarea is not exclusively related to other sponges, and should thus be designated as a
2570:
349:(non-sponge animals) than to other sponges. A few studies have also supported a sister group relationship between calcareans and
480:
791:
305:
Of the approximately 15,000 living species of
Porifera, only around 400 are calcareans. Some older studies applied the name
2575:
965:
Wörheide, G.; Dohrmann, M.; Erpenbeck, D.; Larroux, C.; Maldonado, M.; Voigt, O.; Borchiellini, C.; Lavrov, D.V. (2012),
1136:
1048:
728:
565:
1005:
762:
2642:
1173:
2588:
1168:
664:
330:" sponges, which first appeared in the early Cambrian. Calcareans reached their greatest diversity during the
1252:
1242:
1225:
1104:
2479:
2466:
2484:
863:
809:"Reconstructing early sponge relationships by using the Burgess Shale fossil Eiffelia globosa , Walcott"
2598:
932:
Borchiellini, C.; Manuel, M.; Alivon, E.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Vacelet, J.; Le Parco, Y. (2001-01-08).
139:
2647:
1257:
695:
538:
996:, Volume 2: Introduction to the Porifera, xxvii + 349 p., 135 fig., 10 tables, 2003, available
2406:
1129:
1041:
2624:
267:
2634:
2619:
1220:
876:
186:
125:
2611:
2562:
2505:
2453:
997:
783:
754:
504:
8:
521:
966:
933:
2444:
1685:
1237:
1215:
1203:
1178:
909:
689:
487:
470:
134:
16:
Class of marine sponges of the phylum
Porifera which have spicules of calcium carbonate
1021:
841:
2670:
2606:
2492:
2027:
1377:
1247:
1210:
1198:
1188:
1122:
1034:
1001:
950:
914:
896:
864:
Symbiont transmission in marine sponges: reproduction, development, and metamorphosis
846:
828:
787:
758:
724:
286:
237:
98:
808:
2497:
1162:
1094:
945:
904:
888:
836:
820:
233:
1381:
2458:
2388:
2294:
2145:
2048:
1905:
1438:
439:
433:
345:. Borchiellini et al. (2001) argued that calcareans were more closely related to
222:
2471:
2053:
2031:
1849:
1761:
1739:
1702:
1193:
572:
420:
2664:
2429:
2198:
2102:
1601:
1070:
900:
832:
408:
358:
327:
260:
120:
62:
824:
309:
to the class, though "Calcarea" is much more common in modern nomenclature.
2304:
2299:
2187:
2043:
1929:
1815:
1718:
1697:
1567:
1518:
1474:
1455:
918:
850:
326:" (Cambrian Stage 3) of Australia. Calcareans are probably descended from "
1026:
2544:
2438:
2265:
2236:
2222:
2212:
1797:
1613:
1526:
1308:
623:
388:
382:
37:
892:
111:
2362:
2347:
2342:
2323:
2318:
2246:
2193:
2163:
2155:
2097:
1971:
1963:
1946:
1726:
1638:
1591:
1531:
1493:
1467:
1313:
1298:
1086:
694:. Translated by J. S. Kingsley. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p.
396:
350:
331:
323:
290:
205:
82:
47:
1114:
2549:
2518:
2328:
2275:
2270:
2241:
2230:
2179:
2174:
2126:
2038:
1825:
1820:
1782:
1631:
1623:
1552:
1504:
1425:
1412:
1393:
1388:
1347:
931:
427:
412:
346:
342:
279:
248:
241:
151:
87:
31:
2400:
2536:
2523:
2423:
2352:
2336:
2259:
2251:
2206:
2169:
2150:
2139:
2121:
2115:
1976:
1917:
1893:
1790:
1671:
1560:
1444:
1335:
1326:
1232:
993:
376:
313:
275:
271:
229:
201:
102:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
2312:
2288:
2280:
2217:
2131:
1951:
1938:
1871:
1862:
1807:
1732:
606:
402:
244:
92:
67:
964:
2357:
2091:
1291:
1278:
1149:
1146:
1058:
338:
171:
161:
934:"Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa: Sponge paraphyly"
297:
spicule-based skeleton is cemented together by solid calcite.
2510:
362:
971:
Advances in Sponge
Science: Phylogeny, Systematics, Ecology
967:"Deep Phylogeny and Evolution of Sponges (Phylum Porifera)"
627:
fossil (order †Stellispongiida) from the
Jurassic of Israel
874:
721:
Invertebrate
Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach
704:
are exclusively marine and mostly live in shallow water.
2081:
645:
fossil (order
Lithonida) from the Cretaceous of Germany
719:
Ruppert, Edward; Fox, Richard; Barnes, Robert (2003).
341:. This would also render Porifera (the sponge phylum)
807:
Botting, Joseph P.; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2005).
312:Calcarean sponges likely first appeared during the
806:
232:, the cellular sponges. They are characterized by
2662:
718:
813:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
687:
605:Unidentified calcarean fossil (with encrusting
1130:
1042:
1517:
1056:
1491:
1137:
1123:
1049:
1035:
681:
110:
1684:
949:
908:
840:
316:. The oldest putative calcarean genus is
1551:
1475:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
1423:
714:
712:
1276:
1144:
2663:
1469:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
1439:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
2405:
2404:
1410:
1118:
1030:
990:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
780:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
751:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
709:
289:, calcareous sponges are exclusively
2599:29b0b884-7f89-464a-b95d-3be74976556f
1740:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
802:
800:
775:
773:
771:
746:
744:
742:
740:
2676:Taxa named by James Scott Bowerbank
228:) are members of the animal phylum
13:
1774:
1580:
1337:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
723:(7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
14:
2687:
1015:
797:
768:
737:
300:
2381:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
1103:
951:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x
632:
614:
598:
581:
564:
547:
530:
513:
496:
479:
462:
138:
35:
983:
958:
938:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1568:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
925:
868:
857:
657:
1:
1411:
650:
609:) from the Jurassic of Israel
2180:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
7:
2237:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
1977:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
1792:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
1703:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
1592:Loricifera (corset animals)
10:
2692:
2127:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
1873:Annelida (segmented worms)
1698:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
1614:Onychophora (velvet worms)
881:Royal Society Open Science
455:
254:
2413:
2377:
2175:Asterozoans inc. starfish
2077:
2070:
2021:
1972:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
1962:
1953:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
1937:
1928:
1913:
1904:
1889:
1882:
1858:
1847:
1806:
1798:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
1781:
1770:
1759:
1711:
1693:
1680:
1669:
1622:
1609:
1600:
1587:
1576:
1544:
1527:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
1513:
1502:
1487:
1463:
1454:
1434:
1419:
1406:
1371:
1346:
1322:
1307:
1299:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
1287:
1272:
1156:
1101:
1066:
973:, Elsevier, pp. 1–78
199:
194:
135:Scientific classification
133:
118:
109:
23:
1733:Rotifera (wheel animals)
1532:Priapulida (penis worms)
688:Richard Hertwig (1912).
1947:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
1919:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
1640:Tardigrada (waterbears)
1633:Arthropoda (arthropods)
825:10.1073/pnas.0405867102
556:Leucandra losangelensis
539:Leucosolenia botryoides
2122:Anthozoans inc. corals
1821:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
642:Porosphaera globularis
240:, in the form of high-
2620:Paleobiology Database
2252:Hexapods inc. insects
1562:Nematoda (roundworms)
593:(order Leucosolenida)
576:(order Leucosolenida)
559:(order Leucosolenida)
542:(order Leucosolenida)
126:Kunstformen der Natur
119:"Calcispongiae" from
1445:Chordata (chordates)
1081:(calcareous sponges)
505:Leucetta chagosensis
1895:Mollusca (molluscs)
1380:of the animal root
893:10.1098/rsos.190911
691:A Manual of Zoology
525:(order Clathrinida)
522:Leucetta primigenia
508:(order Clathrinida)
491:(order Clathrinida)
474:(order Clathrinida)
2108:Calcareous sponges
1293:Porifera (sponges)
488:Clathrina lacunosa
471:Clathrina clathrus
24:Calcareous sponges
2658:
2657:
2607:Open Tree of Life
2407:Taxon identifiers
2398:
2397:
2373:
2372:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1540:
1539:
1483:
1482:
1402:
1401:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1112:
1111:
992:Part E, Revised.
792:978-0-9903621-2-8
590:Leucilla nuttingi
332:Cretaceous period
268:sponge body plans
238:calcium carbonate
212:
211:
190:
99:Cambrian Series 2
2683:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2553:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2402:
2401:
2079:
2078:
2035:
1935:
1934:
1911:
1910:
1887:
1886:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1607:
1606:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1549:
1548:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1461:
1460:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1385:
1320:
1319:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1185:
1165:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1095:Homoscleromorpha
1090:
1082:
1074:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1009:
987:
981:
980:
979:
978:
962:
956:
955:
953:
929:
923:
922:
912:
872:
866:
861:
855:
854:
844:
819:(5): 1554–1559.
804:
795:
777:
766:
748:
735:
734:
716:
707:
706:
685:
679:
678:
676:
675:
661:
636:
618:
602:
585:
568:
551:
534:
517:
500:
483:
466:
287:Homoscleromorpha
185:
143:
142:
114:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2369:
2295:Phylactolaemata
2083:
2073:
2072:
2058:
2049:Xenambulacraria
2025:
1981:
1958:
1924:
1906:Kryptotrochozoa
1900:
1878:
1848:
1835:
1826:Monoblastozoa (
1802:
1760:
1747:
1719:Micrognathozoa
1707:
1670:
1645:
1618:
1596:
1572:
1536:
1503:
1492:
1479:
1450:
1424:
1415:
1398:
1375:
1359:
1342:
1311:
1303:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1183:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1113:
1108:
1099:
1088:
1080:
1073:(glass sponges)
1072:
1071:Hexactinellida
1062:
1055:
1018:
1013:
1012:
988:
984:
976:
974:
963:
959:
930:
926:
873:
869:
862:
858:
805:
798:
778:
769:
749:
738:
731:
717:
710:
686:
682:
673:
671:
663:
662:
658:
653:
646:
637:
628:
619:
610:
603:
594:
586:
577:
569:
560:
552:
543:
535:
526:
518:
509:
501:
492:
484:
475:
467:
458:
440:Stellispongiida
434:Sphaerocoeliida
314:Cambrian Period
303:
257:
204:
184:
137:
105:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2689:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2639:
2629:
2616:
2603:
2593:
2580:
2567:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2463:
2450:
2435:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2260:Platyhelminths
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2054:Centroneuralia
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1850:Lophotrochozoa
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1765:
1762:Platytrochozoa
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1724:
1721:(Limnognathia)
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1508:
1497:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1350:(Triploblasts)
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1331:and relatives)
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1022:UCMP: Calcarea
1017:
1016:External links
1014:
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944:(1): 171–179.
924:
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2188:Hemichordates
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2103:Glass sponges
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2044:Deuterostomia
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2030:of Bilateria
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1087:Demospongiae
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1006:0-8137-3130-5
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887:(7): 190911.
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39:
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22:
19:
2414:
2387:Potentially
2382:
2335:
2311:
2305:Gymnolaemata
2300:Stenolaemata
2289:Ectoproctans
2287:
2258:
2229:
2205:
2199:Pterobranchs
2186:
2162:
2138:
2114:
2107:
2090:
2084:within phyla
2082:Major groups
1952:
1939:Bryozoa s.l.
1930:Lophophorata
1918:
1894:
1872:
1864:
1827:
1816:Orthonectida
1791:
1738:
1731:
1720:
1639:
1632:
1561:
1519:Scalidophora
1468:
1456:Ambulacraria
1443:
1356:(see below↓)
1336:
1328:
1292:
1243:Opisthokonta
1078:
989:
985:
975:, retrieved
970:
960:
941:
937:
927:
884:
880:
870:
859:
816:
812:
779:
750:
720:
702:calc sponges
701:
699:
690:
683:
672:. Retrieved
668:
659:
640:
622:
588:
571:
554:
537:
520:
503:
486:
469:
447:Gravestockia
445:
419:
369:
367:
355:
343:paraphyletic
336:
328:heteractinid
322:, from the "
319:Gravestockia
317:
311:
306:
304:
295:
284:
265:
258:
225:
218:
215:
213:
200:
181:
124:
18:
2545:iNaturalist
2439:Wikispecies
2363:Tusk shells
2348:Cephalopods
2319:Polychaetes
2266:Turbellaria
2247:Crustaceans
2223:Secernentea
2213:Chromadorea
2194:Acorn worms
2164:Echinoderms
2156:Vertebrates
2098:Demosponges
2032:is disputed
1494:Protostomia
1382:is disputed
1309:ParaHoxozoa
624:Peronidella
389:Murrayonida
383:Clathrinida
195:Subclasses
30:520–0
2665:Categories
2343:Gastropods
2324:Clitellata
2231:Arthropods
2170:Sea lilies
2116:Cnidarians
2034:; see also
1964:Brachiozoa
1727:Syndermata
1686:Gnathifera
1384:; see also
1329:Trichoplax
1327:Placozoa (
1314:Planulozoa
977:2023-04-28
674:2021-08-22
665:"Calcarea"
651:References
397:Calcaronea
351:Ctenophora
324:Atdabanian
291:viviparous
266:All three
216:calcareous
206:Calcaronea
2329:Sipuncula
2276:Monogenea
2271:Trematoda
2242:Myriapods
2207:Nematodes
2151:Tunicates
2146:Lancelets
2140:Chordates
2132:Myxozoans
2039:Nephrozoa
2028:phylogeny
1828:Salinella
1783:Rouphozoa
1624:Tactopoda
1553:Nematoida
1505:Ecdysozoa
1426:Bilateria
1413:Bilateria
1394:Benthozoa
1389:Eumetazoa
1378:phylogeny
1348:Bilateria
1238:Amoebozoa
1216:Alveolata
1204:Cryptista
1179:Eukaryota
1079:Calcarea
901:2054-5703
833:0027-8424
428:Lithonida
413:Sycettida
395:Subclass
375:Subclass
347:Eumetazoa
285:Like the
280:leuconoid
249:aragonite
242:magnesium
187:Bowerbank
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
2671:Calcarea
2472:Calcarea
2459:Calcarea
2445:Calcarea
2424:Wikidata
2415:Calcarea
2353:Bivalves
2337:Molluscs
2313:Annelids
1672:Spiralia
1279:Animalia
1233:Amorphea
1211:Rhizaria
1199:Hacrobia
1189:Excavata
1174:Bacteria
1059:Porifera
994:Porifera
919:31417767
851:15665105
377:Calcinea
370:Calcarea
276:syconoid
272:asconoid
236:made of
234:spicules
230:Porifera
226:Calcarea
202:Calcinea
182:Calcarea
172:Porifera
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
2635:5332169
2430:Q209924
2358:Chitons
2281:Cestoda
2218:Enoplea
2092:Sponges
1865:Symbion
1808:Mesozoa
1248:Animals
1169:Archaea
1145:Extant
1061:classes
1057:Extant
910:6689616
607:crinoid
456:Gallery
444:Genus â€
438:Order â€
432:Order â€
403:Baerida
255:Biology
245:calcite
219:sponges
178:Class:
129:, 1904
103:present
2632:uBio:
2612:161887
2596:NZOR:
2524:1CALCC
2383:bolded
1226:Plants
1163:Domain
1147:animal
1004:
917:
907:
899:
849:
842:547825
839:
831:
790:
761:
727:
426:Order
407:Order
401:Order
387:Order
381:Order
368:Class
339:phylum
278:, and
189:, 1864
2643:WoRMS
2589:27929
2576:46862
2558:IRMNG
2550:60583
2498:8ZXFV
2485:85212
1545:N+L+P
1253:Fungi
1150:phyla
363:larva
223:class
2625:3603
2584:NCBI
2571:ITIS
2563:1369
2532:GBIF
2519:EPPO
2511:6760
2480:BOLD
2026:The
1376:The
1002:ISBN
998:here
915:PMID
897:ISSN
847:PMID
829:ISSN
788:ISBN
784:here
759:ISBN
755:here
725:ISBN
700:The
214:The
38:Preęž’
2648:559
2537:308
2506:EoL
2493:CoL
2467:AFD
2454:ADW
1883:M+K
1775:R+M
1712:M+S
1581:L+P
1000:.
946:doi
905:PMC
889:doi
837:PMC
821:doi
817:102
757:.
696:204
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247:or
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