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on a deeper level which resulted in identification of certain body parts and organs. Two Greek scientists, Herophilus of
Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos were the first to use cadavers in the third century B.C. Through the dissection of cadavers, Herophilus made multiple discoveries concerning the anatomy of the human body, including the difference between the four ventricles within the brain, identification of seven pairs of cranial nerves, the difference between sensory and motor nerves, and the discovery of the cornea, retina and choroid coat within the eye. Herophilus also discovered the valves within a human heart while Erasistratus identified their function by testing the irreversibility of the blood flow through the valves. Erasistratus also discovered and distinguished between many details within the veins and arteries of the human body. Herophilus later provides descriptions of the human liver, the pancreas, and the male and female reproductive systems due to the dissection of the human body. Cadavers allowed Herophilus to determine that the womb in which fetusâ grow and develop in is not bicameral. This goes against the original notion of the womb in which was thought to have two chambers; however, Herophilus discovered the womb to only have one chamber. Herophilus also discovered the ovaries, the broad ligaments and the tubes within the female reproductive system. During this time period, cadavers were one of the only ways to develop an understanding of the anatomy of the human body.
313:. Through his study, da Vinci was perhaps the first to accurately draw the natural position of the human fetus in the womb, via cadaver of a late mother and her unborn child. It is speculated that he conducted approximately 30 dissections total. His work with cadavers allowed him to portray the first drawings of the umbilical cord, uterus, cervix and vagina and ultimately dispute beliefs that the uterus had multiple chambers in the case of multiple births. It is reported that between 1504 and 1507, he experimented with the brain of an ox by injecting a tube into the ventricular cavities, injecting hot wax, and scraping off the brain leaving a cast of the ventricles. Da Vinci's efforts proved to be very helpful in the study of the brain's ventricular system. Da Vinci gained an understanding of what was happening mechanically under the skin to better portray the body through art. For example, he removed the facial skin of the cadaver to more closely observe and draw the detailed muscles that move the lips to obtain a holistic understanding of that system. He also conducted a thorough study of the foot and ankle that continues to be consistent with current clinical theories and practice. His work with the shoulder also mirrors modern understanding of its movement and functions, utilizing a mechanical description likening it to ropes and pulleys. He also was one of the first to study
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the 3rd century to around the 18th century, it was associated with dishonor, immorality, and unethical behavior. Many of these notions were because of religious beliefs and esthetic taboos, and were deeply entrenched in the beliefs of the public and the church. As mentioned above, the dissection of cadavers began to once again take hold around the 12th century. At this time dissection was still seen as dishonorable; however, it was not outright banned. Instead, the church put forth certain edicts for banning and allowing certain practices. One that was monumental for scientific advancement was issued by the Holy Roman emperor
Frederick II in 1231. This decree stated that a human body would be dissected once every five years for anatomical studies, and that attendance was required for all who were training to or currently practicing medicine or surgery. This led to the first sanctioned human dissection since 300 B.C., which was performed publicly by Mondino de Liuzzi. This time period created a great deal of enthusiasm in what human dissection could do for science and attracted students from all over Europe to begin studying medicine.
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usually poor or a part of a marginalized society. There was more out-cry if the affluent or prominent members of society were affected, and this led to a riot in New York most commonly referred to as the
Resurrection Riot of 1788. It all started when a doctor waved the arm of a cadaver at a young boy looking through the window, who then went home and told his father. Worrying that his recently deceased wife's grave had been robbed, he went to check on it and realized that it had been. This story spread and people accused local physicians and anatomists. The riot grew to 5,000 people and by the end medical students and doctors were beaten and six people were killed. This led to many legal adjustments such as the Anatomy Acts put forth by the U.S. government. These acts opened up other avenues to obtaining corpses for scientific purposes with Massachusetts being the first to do so. In 1830 and 1833, they allowed unclaimed bodies to be used for dissection. Laws in almost every state were subsequently passed and grave-robbing was essentially eradicated.
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usually by hanging. Many of the offenders whose crimes âwarrantedâ dissection and their families even considered dissection to be more terrifying and demeaning than the crime or death penalty itself. There were many fights and sometimes even riots when relatives and friends of the deceased and soon to be dissected tried to stop the delivery of corpses from the place of hanging to the anatomists. The government at the time (17th century) took advantage of these qualms by using dissection as a threat against committing serious crimes. They even increased the number of crimes that were punished by hanging to over 200 offenses. Nevertheless, as dissection of cadavers became even more popular, anatomists were forced to find other ways to obtain cadavers.
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structures in their natural forms. This is accomplished with a variety of chemical substances that can be separated generally into groups by their purposes. Disinfectants are used to kill any potential microbes. Preservatives are used to halt the action of decomposing organisms, deprive these organisms of nutrition, and alter chemical structures in the body to prevent decomposition. Various modifying agents are used to maintain the moisture, pH, and osmotic properties of the tissues along with anticoagulants to keep blood from clotting within the cardiovascular system. Other chemicals may also be used to keep the tissue from carrying displeasing odors or particularly unnatural colors.
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poverty. There were many people that attempted to display dissection in a positive light, for example 200 prominent New York physicians publicly said they would donate their bodies after their death. This and other efforts only helped in minor ways, and public opinion was much more affected by the exposure of the corrupt funeral industry. It was found that the cost of dying was incredibly high and a large amount of funeral homes were scamming people into paying more than they had to. These exposures did not necessarily remove stigma but created fear that a person and their families would be victimized by scheming funeral directors, therefore making people reconsider body donation.
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Vesalius (1514â1564), known as the father of modern human anatomy, based his knowledge off of Galen's findings and his own dissection of human cadavers. Vesalius performed multiple dissections on cadavers for medical students to recognize and understand how the interior body parts of a human being worked. Cadavers also helped
Vesalius discredit previous notions of work published by the Greek physician Galen dealing with certain functions of the brain and human body. Vesalius concluded that Galen never did use cadavers in order to gain a proper understanding of human anatomy but instead used previous knowledge from his predecessors.
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structures for study. After any desired dissection is completed, the cadaver is submerged in acetone. The acetone draws the moisture and soluble fats from the body and flows in to replace them. The cadaver is then placed in a bath of the plastic or resin of the practitioner's choice and the step known as forced impregnation begins. The bath generates a vacuum that causes acetone to vaporize, drawing the plastic or resin into the cells as it leaves. Once this is done the cadaver is positioned, the plastic inside it is cured, and the specimen is ready for use.
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448:, as this disrupts the organs in ways that would be disadvantageous for the study of anatomy. As with the mixtures of chemicals, embalmers practicing today can use different methods for introducing fluids into the cadaver. Fluid can be injected into the arterial system (typically through the carotid or femoral arteries), the main body cavities, under the skin, or the cadaver can be introduced to fluids at the outer surface of the skin via immersion.
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188:. It is the final and longest stage. Putrefaction is where the larger structures of the body break down, and tissues liquefy. The digestive organs, brain, and lungs are the first to disintegrate. Under normal conditions, the organs are unidentifiable after three weeks. The muscles may be eaten by bacteria or devoured by animals. Eventually, sometimes after several years, all that remains is the
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these organisms. While formaldehyde is a good antiseptic, it has certain disadvantages as well. When used in embalming, it causes blood to clot and tissues to harden, it turns the skin gray, and its fumes are both malodorous and toxic if inhaled. However, its abilities to prevent decay and tan tissue without ruining its structural integrity have led to its continued widespread use to this day.
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157:. However, these enzymes are released into the cells because of cessation of the active processes in the cells, not as an active process. In other words, though autolysis resembles the active process of digestion of nutrients by live cells, the dead cells are not actively digesting themselves as is often claimed in popular literature and as the synonym of autolysis â
644:â These body snatchers killed three boys, ages 10, 11 and 14 years old. The anatomist that they sold the cadavers to was suspicious. To delay their departure, the anatomist stated that he needed to break a 50-pound note and sent for the police who then arrested the men. In his confession Bishop claimed to have body-snatched 500 to 1000 bodies in his career.
382:. Surgeons have dissected and examined cadavers before surgical procedures on living patients to identify any possible deviations within the surgical area of interest. New types of surgical procedures can lead to numerous obstacles involved within the procedure which can be eliminated through prior knowledge from the dissection of a cadaver.
103:(a muscle spasm causing a dead body to twitch or jerk). A cadaver graft (also called âpostmortem graftâ) is the grafting of tissue from a dead body onto a living human to repair a defect or disfigurement. Cadavers can be observed for their stages of decomposition, helping to determine how long a body has been dead.
661:, in the 1930s, after using his own body, and of his students, to test the limits of the human body. His first cadaver use was when he tossed a cadaver down an elevator shaft. He learned that the human skull can withstand up to one and a half tons for one second before experiencing any type of damage.
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Cadavers not only provide medical students and doctors knowledge about the different functions of the human body, but they also provide multiple causes of malfunction within the human body. Galen (250 AD), a Greek physician, was one of the first to associate events that occurred during a human's life
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The study and teaching of anatomy through the ages would not have been possible without sketches and detailed drawings of discoveries when working with human corpses. The artistic depiction of the placement of body parts plays a crucial role in studying anatomy and in assisting those working with the
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Even though both
Herophilus and Erasistratus had permission to use cadavers for dissection, there was still a large amount of taboo surrounding the use of cadavers for anatomical purposes, and these feelings continued for hundreds of years. From the time that anatomical dissection gained its roots in
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Containing a faithful and authentic account of the horrid acts of the noted
Resurrectionists, Bishop, Williams, May, etc., etc., and their trial and condemnation at the Old Bailey for the wilful murder of Carlo Ferrari, with the criminals' confessions after trial. Including also the life, character,
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Plastinates are advantageous in the study of anatomy as they provide durable, non-toxic specimens that are easy to store. However, they still have not truly gained ground against the traditionally embalmed cadaver. Plastinated cadavers are not accessible for some institutions, some educators believe
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Phenol is a disinfectant that functions as an antibacterial and antifungal agent. It prevents the growth of mold in its liquefied form. Its disinfectant qualities rely on its ability to denature proteins and dismantle cell walls, but this unfortunately has the added side effect of drying tissues and
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who also worked with many young artists to illustrate
Vesaliusâ book "De Humani Corporis Fabrica" and this launched the use of labelling anatomical features to better describe them. It is believed that Vesalius used cadavers of executed criminals in his work due to the inability to secure bodies for
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The London
Borough Gang was a group of resurrection men that worked from 1802 to 1825. These men provided a number of schools with cadavers, and members of the schools would use influence to keep these men out of jail. Members of rival gangs would often report members of other gangs, or desecrate a
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Cadavers are used in many different facets throughout the scientific community. One important aspect of cadavers use for science is that they have provided science with a vast amount of information dealing with the anatomy of the human body. Cadavers allowed scientists to investigate the human body
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His approach to the depiction of the human body was much like that of the study of architecture, providing multiple views and three-dimensional perspectives of what he witnessed in person. One of the first examples of this is using the three dimensional perspectives to draw a skull in 1489. Further
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As demand increased for cadavers from universities across the world, people began grave-robbing. These corpses were transported and put on sale for local anatomy professors to take back to their students. The public tended to look the other way when it came to grave-robbing because the affected was
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The history of the use of cadavers is filled with controversy, scientific advancements, and new discoveries. It all started in 3rd century ancient Greece with two physicians by the name of
Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos. They practiced the dissection of cadavers in Alexandria, and
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Although dissection became increasingly accepted throughout the years, it was still very much disapproved by the
American public in the beginning of the 20th century. The disapproval mostly came from religious objections and dissection being associated with unclaimed bodies and therefore a mark of
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Formaldehyde is very widely used in the process of embalming. It is a fixative, and kills bacteria, fungus, and insects. It prevents decay by keeping decomposing microorganisms from surviving on and in the cadaver. It also cures the tissues it is used in so that they cannot serve as nutrients for
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are placed on the bone of the tested area of the cadaver. Damage is then inflicted on the cadaver with different tools including; linear impactors, pendulums, or falling weights. The cadaver may also be placed on an impact sled, simulating a crash. After these tests are completed, the cadaver is
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The use of traditionally embalmed cadavers is and has been the standard for medical education. Many medical and dental institutions still show a preference for these today, even with the advent of more advanced technology like digital models or synthetic cadavers. Cadavers embalmed with fluid do
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For centuries artists have used their knowledge gleaned from the study of anatomy and the use of cadavers to better present a more accurate and lively representation of the human body in their artwork and mostly in paintings. It is thought that Michelangelo and/or Raphael may have also conducted
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In light of the new discoveries and advancements that were being made, religious moderation of dissection relaxed significantly; however, the public perception of it was still negative. Because of this perception, the only legal source of cadavers was the corpses of criminals who were executed,
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Galen (130â201 AD) connected the famous works of Aristotle and other Greek physicians to his understanding of the human body. Galenic anatomy and physiology were considered to be the most prominent methods to teach when dealing with the study of the human body during this time period. Andreas
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Whole-body plastination begins with much the same method as traditional embalming; a mixture of embalming fluids and water are pumped through the cadaver via arterial injection. After this step is complete, the anatomist may choose to dissect parts of the body to expose particular anatomical
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The practice of embalming via chemical fluids has been used for centuries. The main objectives of this form of preservation are to keep the body from decomposing, help the tissues retain their color and softness, prevent both biological and environmental hazards, and preserve the anatomical
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Appendectomies, the removal of the appendix, are performed 28,000 times a year in the United States and are still practiced on human cadavers and not with technology simulations. Gross anatomy, a common course in medical school studying the visual structures of the body, gives students the
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to repair a defect in a living human being. Students in medical school study and dissect cadavers as a part of their education. Others who study cadavers include archaeologists and arts students. In addition, a cadaver may be used in the development and evaluation of surgical instruments.
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it was the dominant means of learning anatomy. After both of these men died, the popularity of anatomical dissection decreased until it was not used at all. It was not revived until the 12th century and it became increasingly popular in the 17th century and has been used ever since.
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The study of the human body was not isolated to only medical doctors and students, as many artists reflected their expertise through masterful drawings and paintings. The detailed study of human and animal anatomy, as well as the dissection of corpses, was utilized by early
181:. This bloating occurs largely in the abdomen, and sometimes in the mouth, tongue, and genitals. This usually happens around the second week of decomposition. Gas accumulation and bloating will continue until the body is decomposed sufficiently for the gas to escape.
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and made great advances regarding the understanding of the anatomy of the eye, optic nerves and the spine, but unfortunately his later discovered notes were disorganized and difficult to decipher due to his practice of reverse script writing (mirror writing).
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van den Haak, Lukas; Alleblas, Chantal; Rhemrev, Johann P.; Scheltes, Jules; Nieboer, Theodoor Elbert; Jansen, Frank Willem. National Institutes for Health - National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information: December 4, 2017
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was created to ensure that relatives of the deceased submitted to the use of their kin in dissection and other scientific processes. Public response to the West Port murders was a factor in the passage of this bill, as well as the acts committed by the
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Since early history, the instances of inclusion and representation of corpses in art have been numerous; for instance, as in Neo-Assyrian sculpted reliefs of floating corpses on a river (c. 640 BCE), and in Aristophanes's comedy The Frogs (405 BCE), to
575:. In the 1700s most body snatchers were doctors, anatomy professors or their students. By 1828, some anatomists were paying others to perform the exhumation. People in this profession were commonly known in the medical community as "resurrection men".
657:, cadavers were used to make motor vehicles safer. Cadavers have helped set guidelines on the safety features of vehicles ranging from laminated windshields to seat belt airbags. The first recorded use of cadaver crash test dummies was performed by
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invented plastination at Heidelberg University in Heidelberg, Germany in 1977. This method of cadaver preservation involves the replacement of fluid and soluble lipids in a body with plastics. The resulting preserved bodies are called plastinates.
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over the next year and sold their bodies to Knox. They were eventually caught when a tenant returned to her bed only to encounter a corpse. Hare testified against Burke in exchange for amnesty and Burke was found guilty, hanged, and publicly
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opportunity to have a hands-on learning environment. The need for cadavers has also grown outside of academic programs for research. Organizations like Science Care and the Anatomy Gifts Registry help send bodies where they are needed most.
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Glycerin is a wetting agent that preserves liquid in the tissues of the cadaver. While it is not itself a true disinfectant, mixing it with formaldehyde greatly increases the effectiveness of formaldehyde's disinfectant properties.
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of a cadaver can help determine origins of deadly diseases or disorders. Autopsies also can provide information on how certain drugs or procedures have been effective within the cadaver and how humans respond to certain injuries.
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While many cadavers were murderers provided by the state, few of these corpses were available for everyone to dissect. The first recorded body snatching was performed by four medical students who were arrested in 1319 for
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The second stage of decomposition is bloating. Bacteria in the gut begin to break down the tissues of the body, releasing gas that accumulates in the intestines, which becomes trapped because of the early collapse of the
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is used in courts of law (and, to a lesser extent, also by media outlets such as newspapers) to refer to a dead body, as well as by recovery teams searching for bodies in natural disasters. The word comes from the
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For a cadaver to be viable and ideal for anatomical study and dissection, the body must be refrigerated or the preservation process must begin within 24 hours of death. This preservation may be accomplished by
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Methanol is an additive with disinfectant properties. It helps regulate the osmotic balance of the embalming fluid, and it is a decent anti-refrigerant. It has been noted to be acutely toxic to humans.
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present a greater health risk to anatomists than these other methods as some of the chemicals used in the embalming process are toxic, and imperfectly embalmed cadavers may carry a risk of infection.
436:. In 1912, Brazilian educator and archivist LuĂs GastĂŁo d'Escragnolle DĂłria went to the emperor's glass-topped coffin. At the occasion, he had noticed the well-preserved state of Pedro II's body.
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The rate of decomposition depends on many factors including temperature and the environment. The warmer and more humid the environment, the faster the body is broken down. The presence of
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this type of work and dissection. He also went to great measures to utilize a spirit of art appreciation in his drawings and also employed other artists to assist in these illustrations.
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examined with an x-ray, looking for any damage, and returned to the Anatomy Department. Cadaver use contributed to Ford's inflatable rear seat belts introduced in the 2011 Explorer.
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use of approximately 200 adult and children cadavers. After public outcry, the university was ordered to prove that the families of the cadavers approved their use in testing.
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Being the True and Spectacular History of Edinburgh's Notorious Burke and Hare and of the Man of Science Who Abetted Them in the Commission of Their Most Heinous Crimes
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Stories appeared of people murdering and selling the cadaver. Two of the well-known cases are that of Burke and Hare, and that of Bishop, May, and Williams.
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that started in 1466. During his apprenticeship, Leonardo mastered drawing detailed versions of anatomical structures such as muscles and tendons by 1472.
161:â seems to imply. As a result of autolysis, liquid is created that seeps between the layers of skin and results in peeling of the skin. During this stage,
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In a 1995 study, it was approximated that improvements made to cars since cadaver testing have prevented 143,000 injuries and 4250 deaths. Miniature
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in an effort to more accurately depict the human figure through his work. He studied the anatomy from an exterior perspective as an apprentice under
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the experience gained during embalmed cadaver dissection is more valuable, and some simply do not have the resources to acquire or use plastinates.
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165:(when present) begin to lay eggs in the openings of the body: eyes, nostrils, mouth, ears, open wounds, and other orifices. Hatched larvae (
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After a New York Times article published in 1993, the public became aware of the use of cadavers in crash testing. The article focused on
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Klaus RM, Royer DF, Stabio ME (March 2018). "Use and perceptions of plastination among medical anatomy educators in the United States".
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Embalming practice has changed a great deal in the last few hundred years. Modern embalming for anatomical purposes no longer includes
412:. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages in regards to preparing bodies for anatomical dissection in the educational setting.
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467:. These fluids are combined in varying ratios depending on the source, but are generally also mixed with large amounts of water.
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King AI, Viano DC, Mizeres N, States JD (April 1995). "Humanitarian benefits of cadaver research on injury prevention".
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153:, more commonly known as self-digestion, during which the body's cells are destroyed through the action of their own
591:, a number of people were murdered, and the bodies were sold to medical schools for research purposes, known as the
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D. Pedro II: a histĂłria nĂŁo contada: O Ășltimo imperador do Novo Mundo revelado por cartas e documentos inĂ©ditos
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Different embalming services use different types and ratios of fluids, but typical embalming chemicals include
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Wilkins DG (2001). "Review of The Writings and Drawings of : Order and Chaos in Early Modern Thought".
632:, where they were paid seven pounds for the body. Realizing the possible profit, they murdered 16 people by
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Jastifer JR, Toledo-Pereyra LH (October 2012). "Leonardo da Vinci's foot: historical evidence of concept".
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in Florence, Italy to take his study further. The two began to conduct dissections on human corpses at the
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From sacrilege to privilege: "the tale of body procurement for anatomical dissection in the United States"
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graveyard in order to cause a public upset, making it so that rival gangs would not be able to operate.
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human body. These images serve as the only glance into the body that most will never witness in person.
790:"Human cadavers to evaluate prototypes of minimally invasive surgical instruments: A feasibility study"
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Observation of the various stages of decomposition can help determine how long a body has been dead.
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Nanda A, Khan IS, Apuzzo ML (March 2016). "Renaissance Neurosurgery: Italy's Iconic Contributions".
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lying in repose in 1891. He was embalmed on the day of his death. During the process, six liters of
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Cadavers have been used in art to depict the human body in paintings and drawings more accurately.
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1550:"The wider importance of cadavers: educational and research diversity from a body bequest program"
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Mitchell PD, Boston C, Chamberlain AT, Chaplin S, Chauhan V, Evans J, et al. (August 2011).
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In the present day, cadavers are used within medicine and surgery to further knowledge on human
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study under Verrocchio, some of Leonardo da Vinci's anatomical work was published in his book
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will also result in exposure of the skeleton as they consume parts of the decomposing body.
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919:"Human cadaveric dissection: a historical account from ancient Greece to the modern era"
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and behaviour of the atrocious Eliza Ross. The murderer of Mrs. Walsh, etc., etc
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using a mixture of embalming fluids, or with a relatively new method called
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3565:
3550:
3545:
3525:
3442:
3367:
3337:
3294:
3124:
3007:
2643:
2609:
2541:
2519:
2514:
2504:
1943:"A Brief Review on the History, Methods and Applications of Plastination"
1444:
625:
341:
2073:
297:. A few years later, in 1516, he partnered with professor and anatomist
3635:
3605:
3570:
3540:
3513:
3415:
3243:
3203:
3055:
3012:
2990:
2957:
2653:
2571:
2529:
2509:
2419:
1174:
721:
710:
518:
65:
57:
1805:
133:
3680:
3675:
3640:
3430:
3322:
3107:
3060:
2997:
2962:
2937:
2813:
2494:
2489:
2286:
Body Snatching: the Robbing of Graves for the Education of Physicians
1908:
971:"The study of anatomy in England from 1700 to the early 20th century"
705:
629:
500:
Advantages and disadvantages of using traditionally embalmed cadavers
405:
222:
3258:
1566:
1549:
1166:
542:
3655:
3625:
3176:
3164:
3097:
2925:
2594:
2561:
2447:
2427:
588:
464:
460:
189:
2119:"The Driving Dead: Human Cadavers Still Used In Car Crash Testing"
1599:"A study on radial artery in cadavers and its clinical importance"
1075:
386:
with the internal ramifications found later after death. A simple
3692:
3332:
3299:
3144:
3092:
2791:
2604:
2484:
700:
387:
166:
72:, identify disease sites, determine causes of death, and provide
69:
2310:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira.
1843:
International Journal of Medical Toxicology & Legal Medicine
968:
3645:
3342:
3112:
2980:
2904:
2546:
1606:
International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences
1515:
Simpkins CA, Simpkins AM (2013). "The Birth of a New Science".
1426:
738:
456:
1429:"Andreas Vesalius: Celebrating 500 years of dissecting nature"
1025:"Evolution of the paranasal sinuses' anatomy through the ages"
173:
subsequently get under the skin and begin to consume the body.
3228:
3208:
3149:
2947:
2404:
2227:"German university must prove families ok'd tests on cadaver"
306:
86:
54:
1427:
Zampieri F, ElMaghawry M, Zanatta A, Thiene G (2015-12-22).
672:
34:
2202:"German University Said to Use Corpses in Auto Crash Tests"
1756:
310:
2293:
Wright-St Clair RE (February 1961). "Murder For Anatomy".
225:
shows an anatomy lesson taking place in Amsterdam in 1632.
2288:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Inc.
470:
162:
2373:
2095:"Samuel Alderson, Crash-Test Dummy Inventor, Dies at 90"
1744:
713:, a foul-smelling chemical released during decomposition
132:
Cadaver in refrigerator in the Forensic Medicine at the
2258:
Speaking for the Dead: Cadavers in Biology and Medicine
1839:"Embalming and Other Methods of Dead Body Preservation"
1836:
1633:"Anatomy and its impact on medicine: Will it continue?"
2141:
1194:
1870:. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Archived from
1682:
After We Die: The Life and Times of the Human Cadaver
1238:
Paluzzi A, Belli A, Bain P, Viva L (December 2007).
1237:
1076:"Leonardo Da Vinci â The Complete Works â Biography"
566:
Railings used to protect graves from body snatchers
488:occasionally results in a degree of discoloration.
398:
1790:"Human body preservation â old and new techniques"
19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
1022:
543:Advantages and disadvantages of using plastinates
124:Timeline of postmortem changes (stages of death).
3757:
2354:Documents: Cadavers Netted Hundreds of Thousands
1894:
1837:Batra AP, Khurana BS, Mahajan A, Kaur N (2010).
1684:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
1547:
1514:
888:
886:
884:
882:
2292:
1318:
1291:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 98â129,
964:
962:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
373:
358:Study of the human embryo by Leonardo da Vinci
2389:
1596:
717:Conservation and restoration of human remains
959:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
859:
2135:
2007:Bulletin of the Medical Library Association
432:of zinc and aluminum was injected into his
2396:
2382:
2277:Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers
1356:
143:
2418:
2305:
2279:. New York: W. W. Norton and Company Inc.
2018:
1958:
1813:
1750:
1656:
1630:
1565:
1452:
1374:
1263:
1048:
1023:Mavrodi A, Paraskevas G (December 2013).
994:
942:
901:
673:Public view of cadaver crash test dummies
582:
2369:Origins of Exhibited Cadavers Questioned
2327:
2208:. The Associated Press. 24 November 1993
1762:
1548:Cornwall J, Stringer MD (October 2009).
1433:Global Cardiology Science & Practice
1363:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
1244:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1122:
892:
609:
561:
474:
419:
415:
325:
211:
127:
119:
33:
1940:
1787:
1399:"Comparative Anatomy: Andreas Vesalius"
1152:
843:"Decomposition â The Forensics Library"
807:Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
344:of the human skull by Leonardo da Vinci
218:The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
3758:
2283:
2041:
1996:
1994:
1720:
1697:
1679:
1475:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1148:
1146:
1070:
1068:
897:. Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
471:Chemicals and their roles in embalming
2746:List of ways people dishonor the dead
2377:
2274:
2255:
2071:
2000:
1936:
1934:
1890:
1888:
1858:
1856:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1693:
1691:
1597:Prakash KG, Saniya K (January 2014).
1519:. New York: Springer. pp. 3â24.
1422:
1420:
1418:
1352:
1350:
1287:Pater W (2011), "Leonardo da Vinci",
1286:
916:
832:Medicine: or poetic/literary: a cait.
2048:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1240:"Brain 'imaging' in the Renaissance"
1018:
1016:
1014:
648:
2092:
1991:
1947:International Journal of Morphology
1181:
1143:
1065:
93:("to fall"). Related terms include
13:
2751:List of ways people honor the dead
2248:
2178:"How Cadavers Made Your Car Safer"
1931:
1885:
1853:
1768:
1688:
1415:
1347:
1231:
1126:The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci
14:
3777:
2782:GompertzâMakeham law of mortality
2364:Medicos Foil Bid to Sell Cadavers
2347:
2308:Pedro II e o SĂ©culo XIX
2075:The history of the London Burkers
1868:Environmental Health & Safety
1011:
551:
3739:
3730:
3729:
2156:10.1097/00005373-199504000-00016
1637:The Australasian Medical Journal
1478:"Lesson From the Anatomy Master"
1197:Journal of Investigative Surgery
987:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01381.x
826:New Oxford Dictionary of English
614:Burke Murdering Margery Campbell
517:
399:Preserving for use in dissection
351:
334:
3740:
2219:
2194:
2170:
2111:
2086:
2065:
2035:
1967:
1960:10.4067/s0717-95022010000400014
1864:"Training for Anatomy Students"
1830:
1714:
1673:
1624:
1590:
1541:
1508:
1469:
1391:
1312:
1280:
1116:
1092:
508:
2359:Selling Bodies, Making Profits
2003:"Grave Robbing in New England"
1723:"The Secret Lives of Cadavers"
1700:"The Secret Lives of Cadavers"
835:
819:
795:
781:
757:
109:
68:and other scientists to study
1:
2802:Maternal mortality in fiction
2332:(in Portuguese). Leya; 2019.
1554:Anatomical Sciences Education
1494:10.1126/science.301.5634.741a
1155:The Sixteenth Century Journal
750:
303:Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova
2716:Expressions related to death
2669:Medical declaration of death
2078:. London: Wellcome Library.
1476:Leslie, Mitch (2003-08-08).
1297:10.1017/cbo9781139062213.007
1209:10.3109/08941939.2012.725011
1100:"Anatomy in the Renaissance"
653:Prior to the development of
7:
2736:Preventable causes of death
2295:New Zealand Medical Journal
1941:Pashaei S (December 2010).
1618:10.5958/j.2319-5886.3.2.056
1525:10.1007/978-1-4614-4842-6_1
1517:Neuroscience for Clinicians
917:Ghosh SK (September 2015).
684:
374:Importance in medical field
268:Da Vinci collaborated with
97:(resembling a cadaver) and
10:
3782:
2093:Fox M (18 February 2005).
1698:McCall M (July 29, 2016).
1631:Eizenberg N (2015-12-30).
1333:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.016
1256:10.1177/014107680710001209
1029:Anatomy & Cell Biology
923:Anatomy & Cell Biology
893:Hulkower, Raphael (2011).
792:. Retrieved April 9, 2023.
555:
305:and later at hospitals in
203:
113:
25:dead body (disambiguation)
18:
3725:
3451:
3381:
3267:
3221:
3103:Consciousness after death
3083:
3026:
2971:
2913:
2862:
2851:
2844:
2759:
2696:
2590:
2411:
2403:
2306:Besouchet, LĂdia (1993).
1289:The Works of Walter Pater
1041:10.5115/acb.2013.46.4.235
935:10.5115/acb.2015.48.3.153
733:Kadaververwertungsanstalt
245:
198:carrion-consuming animals
3504:Personification of death
2726:People by cause of death
2328:Rezzutti, Paulo (2019).
1975:"Plastination Technique"
1788:Brenner E (March 2014).
642:Bishop, May and Williams
628:'s anatomy classroom in
29:cadaver (disambiguation)
3581:Death-positive movement
3426:Post-mortem photography
2706:Causes of death by rate
2634:Death by natural causes
1721:McCall M (2016-07-29).
765:"Definition of Cadaver"
679:Heidelberg University's
299:Marcantonio della Torre
144:Stages of decomposition
60:. Cadavers are used by
21:corpse (disambiguation)
3616:Fascination with death
3254:Reincarnation research
3249:Out-of-body experience
2711:Notable deaths by year
2552:Immunogenic cell death
2468:Temporal lobe necrosis
2260:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
2001:Waite FC (July 1945).
1403:evolution.berkeley.edu
615:
583:Selling murder victims
567:
480:
437:
295:A Treatise on Painting
226:
137:
125:
42:
3421:Post-mortem chemistry
3234:Near-death experience
3130:Desecration of graves
3066:Postmortem caloricity
3031:Beating heart cadaver
2475:Programmed cell death
2443:Liquefactive necrosis
2144:The Journal of Trauma
1649:10.4066/AMJ.2015.2550
1357:von Staden H (1992).
613:
587:From 1827 to 1828 in
565:
478:
434:common carotid artery
423:
416:Embalming with fluids
326:Importance in science
287:Andrea del Verrocchio
215:
131:
123:
37:
3611:Festival of the Dead
3509:Dying-and-rising god
3464:Chinese burial money
3353:Prohibition of dying
3305:Death-qualified jury
3071:Post-mortem interval
2731:Premature obituaries
2438:Coagulative necrosis
1445:10.5339/gcsp.2015.66
847:aboutforensics.co.uk
3671:Philosophy of death
3536:Death from laughter
2836:Perinatal mortality
2577:Mitotic catastrophe
2557:Ischemic cell death
2500:Intrinsic apoptosis
2448:Gangrenous necrosis
2045:The Anatomy Murders
1765:, pp. 498â499.
1727:National Geographic
1704:National Geographic
1123:Da Vinci L (1967).
1080:leonardodavinci.net
597:Anatomy Act of 1832
279:Italian renaissance
184:The third stage is
149:The first stage is
116:Human decomposition
49:, often known as a
40:Parisian Communards
3717:Thanatosensitivity
3621:Hierarchy of death
3561:Death notification
3469:Coins for the dead
3401:Forensic pathology
3285:Capital punishment
3239:Near-death studies
2831:Mortality salience
2463:Fibrinoid necrosis
2433:Avascular necrosis
2206:The New York Times
2099:The New York Times
1794:Journal of Anatomy
1321:World Neurosurgery
975:Journal of Anatomy
746:, abuse of corpses
655:crash test dummies
616:
568:
532:Gunther von Hagens
524:Gunther von Hagens
481:
438:
426:Pedro II of Brazil
227:
138:
126:
43:
27:, and
3753:
3752:
3489:Death anniversary
3484:Death and culture
3328:Dying declaration
3310:Death certificate
3217:
3216:
3079:
3078:
2931:Neuropreservation
2721:Natural disasters
2692:
2691:
2339:978-85-7734-677-6
2317:978-85-209-0494-7
2284:Shultz S (1992).
2267:978-0-7546-2073-0
2256:Jones DG (2000).
2042:Rosner L (2011).
1806:10.1111/joa.12160
1710:on July 30, 2016.
1680:Cantor N (2010).
1534:978-1-4614-4841-9
649:Making cars safer
593:West Port murders
283:Leonardo da Vinci
259:cadaver monuments
155:digestive enzymes
3773:
3743:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3713:
3698:Assisted suicide
3596:Death trajectory
3411:Mortuary science
3406:Funeral director
3397:
3363:Suspicious death
3135:Eternal oblivion
2921:Cryopreservation
2860:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2787:Infant mortality
2777:Excess mortality
2679:Terminal illness
2664:Lazarus syndrome
2649:End-of-life care
2600:Accidental death
2453:Caseous necrosis
2416:
2415:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2343:
2321:
2302:
2289:
2280:
2275:Roach M (2003).
2271:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2072:Kelly T (1832).
2069:
2063:
2062:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2022:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1909:10.1002/ca.23025
1897:Clinical Anatomy
1892:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1785:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:on July 30, 2016
1729:. Archived from
1718:
1712:
1711:
1706:. Archived from
1695:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1569:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1020:
1009:
1008:
998:
966:
957:
956:
946:
914:
899:
898:
890:
857:
856:
854:
853:
839:
833:
823:
817:
816:
814:
813:
799:
793:
785:
779:
778:
776:
775:
761:
696:Andreas Vesalius
691:Anatomy Act 1832
659:Lawrence Patrick
640:London Burkers,
521:
479:Embalmer at work
355:
338:
270:Andreas Vesalius
62:medical students
3781:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3721:
3707:
3651:Museum of Death
3601:Dignified death
3556:Death messenger
3531:Death education
3447:
3391:
3377:
3315:Declared death
3263:
3213:
3170:Online mourning
3075:
3041:Cadaveric spasm
3022:
2967:
2909:
2900:Skeletonization
2840:
2772:Child mortality
2767:Birthday effect
2755:
2688:
2684:Unnatural death
2615:Brainstem death
2586:
2525:Pseudoapoptosis
2407:
2402:
2350:
2340:
2324:
2318:
2268:
2251:
2249:Further reading
2246:
2245:
2236:
2234:
2231:DeseretNews.com
2225:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2091:
2087:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2040:
2036:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1939:
1932:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1835:
1831:
1786:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1719:
1715:
1696:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1629:
1625:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1567:10.1002/ase.103
1546:
1542:
1535:
1513:
1509:
1474:
1470:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1355:
1348:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1285:
1281:
1236:
1232:
1193:
1182:
1167:10.2307/2671780
1151:
1144:
1137:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1021:
1012:
967:
960:
915:
902:
891:
860:
851:
849:
841:
840:
836:
824:
820:
811:
809:
801:
800:
796:
786:
782:
773:
771:
763:
762:
758:
753:
727:Eloise Cemetery
687:
675:
651:
585:
560:
554:
545:
529:
528:
527:
526:
525:
522:
511:
502:
473:
418:
401:
376:
363:
362:
361:
360:
359:
356:
347:
346:
345:
339:
328:
248:
206:
179:small intestine
146:
118:
112:
100:cadaveric spasm
32:
17:
16:Dead human body
12:
11:
5:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3459:Apparent death
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Cause of death
3287:
3282:
3280:Administration
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Death erection
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2986:Natural burial
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2934:
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2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
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2872:
2866:
2864:
2857:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2819:Mortality rate
2816:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2797:Maternal death
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Unusual deaths
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:Organ donation
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2622:Clinical death
2619:
2618:
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2607:
2602:
2597:
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2393:
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2372:
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2349:
2348:External links
2346:
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2110:
2085:
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2055:978-0812203554
2054:
2034:
1990:
1966:
1953:(4): 1075â79.
1930:
1884:
1852:
1829:
1767:
1755:
1753:, p. 603.
1751:Besouchet 1993
1743:
1713:
1687:
1672:
1643:(12): 373â77.
1623:
1589:
1540:
1533:
1507:
1468:
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1390:
1346:
1311:
1306:978-1139062213
1305:
1279:
1250:(12): 540â43.
1230:
1180:
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1136:978-1105310164
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698:
693:
686:
683:
674:
671:
666:accelerometers
650:
647:
646:
645:
638:
621:Burke and Hare
602:London Burkers
584:
581:
558:Body snatching
556:Main article:
553:
552:Body snatching
550:
544:
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159:self-digestion
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114:Main article:
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2:
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3497:
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3494:Death anxiety
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3482:
3480:
3479:Darwin Awards
3477:
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3470:
3467:
3465:
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3456:
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3450:
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3437:
3436:Biostratinomy
3434:
3433:
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3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
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3374:
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3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Necropolitics
3346:
3344:
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3336:
3334:
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3329:
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3321:
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3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
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3183:
3182:Reincarnation
3180:
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3156:
3153:
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3085:Other aspects
3082:
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3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
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3039:
3037:
3036:Body donation
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Dismemberment
3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
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2956:
2954:
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2949:
2948:Mummification
2946:
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2932:
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2905:Fossilization
2903:
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2898:
2896:
2895:Decomposition
2893:
2891:
2888:
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2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:Pallor mortis
2868:
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2861:
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2856:
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2850:
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2834:
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2660:
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2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
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2620:
2616:
2613:
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2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
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2555:
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2228:
2222:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2150:(4): 564â69.
2149:
2145:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2013:(3): 272â94.
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:(2): 282â92.
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1874:on 2018-11-25
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1840:
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1825:
1821:
1816:
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1807:
1803:
1800:(3): 316â44.
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1763:Rezzutti 2019
1759:
1752:
1747:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1683:
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1664:
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1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1612:(2): 254â62.
1611:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1560:(5): 234â47.
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:(5634): 741.
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1369:(3): 223â41.
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
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1326:
1322:
1315:
1308:
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1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:(5): 281â85.
1202:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:(2): 509â11.
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1105:
1104:metmuseum.org
1101:
1095:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:(4): 235â38.
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
963:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
929:(3): 153â69.
928:
924:
920:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
896:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
848:
844:
838:
831:
827:
822:
808:
804:
798:
791:
784:
770:
766:
760:
756:
745:
744:Necroviolence
742:
740:
737:
735:
734:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
712:
709:
707:
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692:
689:
688:
682:
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639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:
618:
617:
612:
608:
605:
603:
598:
594:
590:
580:
576:
574:
573:grave-robbing
564:
559:
549:
540:
536:
533:
520:
506:
497:
493:
489:
485:
477:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
442:
435:
431:
430:hydrochloride
427:
422:
413:
411:
407:
396:
392:
389:
383:
381:
380:gross anatomy
371:
367:
354:
343:
337:
323:
322:dissections.
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
290:
288:
284:
280:
274:
271:
266:
262:
260:
256:
255:
243:
239:
235:
231:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
201:
199:
191:
187:
183:
180:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
141:
135:
130:
122:
117:
107:
104:
102:
101:
96:
92:
88:
83:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
3591:Death threat
3474:Dark tourism
3416:Necrobiology
3358:Right to die
3316:
3275:Abortion law
3199:Resurrection
3187:Palingenesis
3084:
3046:Coffin birth
2953:Plastination
2914:Preservation
2890:Putrefaction
2885:Rigor mortis
2880:Algor mortis
2875:Livor mortis
2853:
2852:
2808:Memento mori
2806:
2659:Lazarus sign
2639:Death rattle
2582:Suicide gene
2567:Karyorrhexis
2458:Fat necrosis
2329:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2257:
2235:. Retrieved
2233:. 1993-11-24
2230:
2221:
2210:. Retrieved
2205:
2196:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:
2172:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2126:. Retrieved
2122:
2113:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2044:
2037:
2010:
2006:
1982:. Retrieved
1979:Körperwelten
1978:
1969:
1950:
1946:
1900:
1896:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1867:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1797:
1793:
1758:
1746:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:the original
1726:
1716:
1708:the original
1703:
1681:
1675:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1609:
1605:
1592:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1516:
1510:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1436:
1432:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:
1393:
1366:
1362:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1288:
1282:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1200:
1196:
1158:
1154:
1129:. Lulu.com.
1125:
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1083:. Retrieved
1079:
1032:
1028:
981:(2): 91â99.
978:
974:
926:
922:
894:
850:. Retrieved
846:
837:
829:
825:
821:
810:. Retrieved
806:
797:
783:
772:. Retrieved
768:
759:
731:
676:
663:
652:
641:
634:asphyxiation
619:
606:
586:
577:
569:
546:
537:
530:
509:Plastination
503:
494:
490:
486:
482:
453:formaldehyde
450:
446:evisceration
443:
439:
410:plastination
402:
393:
384:
377:
368:
364:
320:
315:neuroanatomy
294:
291:
275:
267:
263:
254:memento mori
252:
249:
240:
236:
232:
228:
216:
207:
195:
186:putrefaction
158:
139:
105:
98:
94:
90:
81:
79:
50:
46:
44:
3708: [
3666:Necrophobia
3661:Necrophilia
3631:Immortality
3586:Death squad
3566:Death panel
3551:Death march
3546:Death knell
3526:Death drive
3499:Death deity
3443:Thanatology
3392: [
3338:Legal death
3317:in absentia
3295:Civil death
3140:Examination
3125:Crematorium
3008:Excarnation
2845:After death
2644:Dysthanasia
2610:Brain death
2542:Autoschizis
2520:Phenoptosis
2515:Parthanatos
2505:Necroptosis
2412:In medicine
1849:(3): 15â19.
626:Robert Knox
110:Human decay
38:Corpses of
3636:Last rites
3606:Extinction
3576:Death pose
3571:Death poem
3541:Death hoax
3521:Death camp
3514:Psychopomp
3389:Death tech
3244:Necromancy
3222:Paranormal
3204:Underworld
3056:Dissection
3018:Resomation
3013:Promession
2991:Sky burial
2958:Prosection
2943:Maceration
2654:Euthanasia
2572:Karyolysis
2530:Pyroptosis
2510:Paraptosis
2420:Cell death
2237:2018-11-14
2212:2018-11-14
2187:2018-11-14
2128:2018-11-14
2104:2018-11-14
1984:2018-11-26
1878:2018-11-26
1737:2018-11-26
1408:2018-12-04
1327:: 647â55.
1109:2018-11-19
1085:2018-11-19
852:2017-02-06
812:2018-12-03
774:2018-12-03
751:References
722:Dissection
711:Cadaverine
637:dissected.
95:cadaverous
66:physicians
58:human body
3681:Sacrifice
3676:Predation
3641:Longevity
3431:Taphonomy
3368:Trust law
3323:Death row
3108:Afterlife
3061:Gibbeting
2998:Cremation
2963:Taxidermy
2938:Embalming
2814:Micromort
2760:Mortality
2537:Autolysis
2495:Autophagy
2490:Apoptosis
1502:220091493
1439:(5): 66.
803:"Cadaver"
706:Body farm
630:Edinburgh
406:embalming
223:Rembrandt
171:blowflies
151:autolysis
80:The term
3760:Category
3735:Category
3705:Thanabot
3656:Necronym
3626:Homicide
3177:Obituary
3165:Mourning
3155:Internet
3098:Cemetery
2973:Disposal
2926:Cryonics
2595:Abortion
2562:Pyknosis
2428:Necrosis
2301:: 64â69.
2123:Autoblog
2029:16016694
1925:46860561
1917:29178370
1824:24438435
1667:26759611
1584:21914260
1576:19728368
1463:28127546
1341:26585723
1274:18065703
1225:19186635
1217:23020268
1059:24386595
1005:21496014
953:26417475
828:, 1999.
685:See also
589:Scotland
465:glycerin
461:methanol
424:Emperor
190:skeleton
3766:Corpses
3745:Outline
3693:Suicide
3333:Inquest
3300:Coroner
3192:SaáčsÄra
3160:Midwife
3145:Funeral
3120:Customs
3093:Carrion
2792:Karoshi
2605:Autopsy
2485:Anoikis
2164:7723096
1815:3931544
1658:4701898
1482:Science
1454:4762440
1385:1285450
1376:2589595
1265:2121627
1175:2671780
1050:3875840
996:3162231
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830:cadaver
701:Autopsy
388:autopsy
204:History
167:maggots
134:Charité
82:cadaver
70:anatomy
53:, is a
47:cadaver
3646:Martyr
3382:Fields
3343:Murder
3259:SĂ©ance
3229:Ghosts
3113:Tukdam
2981:Burial
2863:Stages
2547:Eschar
2336:
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2020:194496
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769:RxList
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595:. The
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457:phenol
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51:corpse
23:,
3712:]
3686:human
3452:Other
3396:]
3268:Legal
3209:Vigil
3150:Grief
2698:Lists
2405:Death
2182:WIRED
1921:S2CID
1602:(PDF)
1580:S2CID
1498:S2CID
1221:S2CID
1171:JSTOR
342:Study
307:Milan
169:) of
163:flies
89:word
87:Latin
3373:Will
2854:Body
2824:RAMR
2480:AICD
2334:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2262:ISBN
2160:PMID
2050:ISBN
2025:PMID
1913:PMID
1820:PMID
1663:PMID
1572:PMID
1529:ISBN
1459:PMID
1437:2015
1381:PMID
1337:PMID
1301:ISBN
1270:PMID
1213:PMID
1131:ISBN
1055:PMID
1001:PMID
949:PMID
311:Rome
309:and
281:man
257:and
55:dead
2627:DOA
2152:doi
2015:PMC
1955:doi
1905:doi
1810:PMC
1802:doi
1798:224
1653:PMC
1645:doi
1614:doi
1562:doi
1521:doi
1490:doi
1486:301
1449:PMC
1441:doi
1371:PMC
1329:doi
1293:doi
1260:PMC
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