2481:
1181:
2726:
2343:
2093:
1873:
2286:
1709:
1753:
2010:
1196:
1809:
2071:. Some species can lay a second clutch if the first fails. Around 20% of eggs laid are infertile. The cockatoos' incubation and brooding responsibilities may either be undertaken by the female alone in the case of the black cockatoos or shared amongst the sexes as happens in the other species. In the case of the black cockatoos, the female is provisioned by the male several times a day. The young of all species are born covered in yellowish down, bar the palm cockatoo, whose young are born naked. Cockatoo incubation times are dependent on species size, with the smaller cockatiels having a period of around 20 days and the larger Carnaby's black cockatoo incubating its eggs for up to 29 days.
2461:
255:
56:
1169:
2584:
1970:
2163:'s diet is made up of insects. The large bill is used in order to extract grubs and larvae from rotting wood. The amount of time cockatoos have to spend foraging varies with the season. During times of plenty they may need to feed for only a few hours in the day, in the morning and evening, then spend the rest of the day roosting or preening in trees, but during the winter most of the day may be spent foraging. The birds have increased nutritional requirements during the breeding season, so they spend more time foraging for food during this time. Cockatoos have large
2645:
2144:), a natural feature of the Australian landscape in dryer regions. These woody fruiting bodies are inaccessible to many species and harvested in the main by parrots, cockatoos and rodents in more tropical regions. The larger cones can be opened by the large bills of cockatoos but are too strong for smaller animals. Many nuts and fruits lie on the end of small branches which are unable to support the weight of the foraging cockatoo, which instead bends the branch towards itself and holds it with its foot.
2543:, a figure that does not include the number of birds caught for the domestic trade or that were exported illegally. The capture of many species has subsequently been banned but the trade continues illegally. Birds are put in crates or bamboo tubing and conveyed on boats out of Indonesia and the Philippines. Not only are the rare species smuggled out of Indonesia but also common and rare cockatoos alike are smuggled out of Australia; birds are sedated, covered in nylon stockings and packed into
76:
1864:
calls varies by species; the
Carnaby's black cockatoo has as many as 15 types of call, whereas others, such as the pink cockatoo, have fewer. Some, like the gang-gang cockatoo, are comparatively quiet but do have softer growling calls when feeding. In addition to vocalisations, palm cockatoos communicate over large distances by drumming on a dead branch with a stick. Cockatoo species also make a characteristic hissing sound when threatened.
2330:. Non-lethal damage mitigation methods used include scaring, habitat manipulation and the provision of decoy food dumps or sacrifice crops to distract them from the main crop. They can be a nuisance in urban areas due to destruction of property. They maintain their bills in the wild by chewing on wood, but in suburbia, they may chew outdoor furniture, door and window frames; soft decorative timbers such as
2221:(PBFD). The viral infection causes feather loss and beak malformation and reduces the bird's overall immunity. Particularly prevalent in sulphur-crested cockatoos, little corellas and galahs, it has been recorded in 14 species of cockatoo to date. Although unlikely to significantly impact on large, healthy populations of birds in the wild, PBFD may pose a high risk to smaller stressed populations.
2535:. All cockatoos are dependent on trees for nesting and are vulnerable to their loss; in addition many species have specialised habitat requirements or live on small islands and have naturally small ranges, making them vulnerable to the loss of these habitats. Cockatoos are popular as pets and the capture and trade has threatened some species; between 1983 and 1990, 66,654 recorded
2620:
hand-rearing too early in the belief that this will produce a more suitable pet, leading the bird to seek out physical contact from humans as a parent substitute. Furthermore, their intense curiosity means they must be given a steady supply of objects to tinker with, chew, dismantle and destroy. Parrots in captivity may suffer from boredom, which can lead to
2084:
of adult weight about two-thirds of the time through this period, plateauing before they leave the hollow; they fledge at this weight with wing and tail feathers still to grow a little before reaching adult dimensions. Growth rate of the young, as well as numbers fledged, are adversely impacted by reduced food supply and poor weather conditions.
1952:
and are nomadic. Flocks of birds move across large areas of the inland, locating and feeding on seed and other food sources. Drought may force flocks from more arid areas to move further into farming areas. Other cockatoo species, such as the glossy black cockatoo, inhabit woodlands, rainforests, shrublands and even alpine forests. The
436:, but their needs are difficult to meet. The cockatiel is the easiest cockatoo species to maintain and is by far the most frequently kept in captivity. White cockatoos are more commonly found in captivity than black cockatoos. Illegal trade in wild-caught birds contributes to the decline of some cockatoo species in the wild.
1777:
broadly coloured in pink tones. Several species have a brightly coloured bare area around the eye and face known as a periophthalmic ring; the large red patch of bare skin of the palm cockatoo is the most extensive and covers some of the face, while it is more restricted in some other species of white cockatoo, notably the
2823:'s character with Fred the Triton cockatoo. The popularity of the latter show saw a corresponding rise in popularity of cockatoos as pets in the late 1970s. Cockatoos have been used frequently in advertising; a cockatoo appeared in a 'cheeky' (and later toned-down) 2008 advertising campaign for Cockatoo Ridge Wineries.
1769:
tongue holds the seed in place and the upper jaw acts as an anvil. The eye region of the skull is reinforced to support muscles which move the jaws sideways. The bills of male cockatoos are generally slightly larger than those of their female counterparts, but this size difference is quite marked in the palm cockatoo.
2677:
in Sydney was a celebrated sulphur-crested cockatoo who was reported to have reached an age of 100 years or more. He had lost his feathers and was naked for much of his life. A palm cockatoo was reported to have reached 80 or 90 years of age in an
Australian zoo, and a little corella that was removed
2656:
Larger cockatoos can live 30 to 70 years depending on the species, or occasionally longer, and cockatiels can live for about 20 years. As pets they require a long-term commitment from their owners. Their longevity is considered a positive trait as it reduces instances of the loss of a pet. The oldest
2213:
on
Kangaroo Island. Furthermore, galahs and little corellas competing for nesting space with the glossy black cockatoo on Kangaroo Island have been recorded killing nestlings of the latter species there. Severe storms may also flood hollows drowning the young and termite or borer activity may lead to
2108:
Cockatoos are versatile feeders and consume a range of mainly vegetable food items. Seeds form a large part of the diet of all species; these are opened with their large and powerful bills. The galahs, corellas and some of the black cockatoos feed primarily on the ground; others feed mostly in trees.
2029:
that can last many years. Many birds pair up in flocks before they reach sexual maturity and delay breeding for a year at least. Females breed for the first time anywhere from three to seven years of age and males are often older. Sexual maturity is delayed so birds can develop the skills for raising
1951:
Cockatoos occupy a wide range of habitats from forests in subalpine regions to mangroves. However, no species is found in all types of habitat. The most widespread species, such as the galah and cockatiel, are open-country specialists that feed on grass seeds. They are often highly mobile fast flyers
2362:
published a report on problems caused by long-billed corellas, sulphur-crested cockatoos and galahs, three species which, along with the little corella, have large and growing populations, having benefited from anthropogenic changes to the landscape. Subsequent to the findings and publication of the
2078:
period also varies by species size, with larger species having longer nestling periods. It is also affected by season and environmental factors and by competition with siblings in species with clutch sizes greater than one. Much of what is known about the nestling period of some species is dependent
1768:
Cockatoos have a large bill, which is kept sharp by rasping the two jaws together when resting. The bill is complemented by a large muscular tongue which helps manipulate seeds inside the bill so that they can be de-husked before eating. During the de-husking, the lower jaw applies the pressure, the
2607:
is a renowned talker. As social animals, wild cockatoos have been known to learn human speech from ex-captive birds that have integrated into a flock. Their care is best provided by those experienced in keeping parrots. Cockatoos are social animals and their social needs are difficult to cater for,
2367:
Order under certain conditions and are allowed to be killed where serious damage is being caused by them to trees, vineyards, orchards, recreational reserves and commercial crops. Damage covered by the report included not only that to cereal crops, fruit and nut orchards and some kinds of vegetable
2083:
after 5 weeks and the large palm cockatoos after 11 weeks. During this period, the young become covered in juvenile plumage while remaining in the hollow. Wings and tail feathers are slow to grow initially but more rapid as the primary feathers appear. Nestlings quickly reach about 80β90%
2061:
The nesting hollows are lined with sticks, wood chips and branches with leaves. The eggs of cockatoos are oval and initially white, as their location makes camouflage unnecessary. However, they do become discoloured over the course of incubation. They range in size from 55 mm Γ 37 mm
2000:
Some species require roosting sites that are located near drinking sites; other species travel great distances between the roosting and feeding sites. Cockatoos have several characteristic methods of bathing; they may hang upside down or fly about in the rain or flutter in wet leaves in the canopy.
1776:
of the cockatoos is less brightly coloured than that of the other parrots, with species generally being either black, grey or white. Many species have smaller areas of colour on their plumage, often yellow, pink and red, usually on the crest or tail. The galah and Major
Mitchell's cockatoo are more
1736:
Like other parrots, cockatoos have short legs, strong claws, a waddling gait and often use their strong bill as a third limb when climbing through branches. They generally have long broad wings used in rapid flight, with speeds up to 70 km/h (43 mph) being recorded for galahs. The members
2276:
were able to track the spread of lid-flipping skills as cockatoos learned from each other to open garbage bins. Bin-opening spread more quickly to neighbouring suburbs than suburbs further away. In addition, birds in different areas developed their own variants for accomplishing the complex task.
2334:
are readily demolished. Birds may also target external wiring and fixtures such as solar water heaters, television antennae and satellite dishes. A business in central
Melbourne suffered as sulphur-crested cockatoos repeatedly stripped the silicone sealant from the plate glass windows. Galahs and
2057:
where their ranges overlap. In many places these holes are scarce and the source of competition, both with other members of the same species and with other species and types of animal. In general, cockatoos choose hollows only a little larger than themselves, hence different-sized species nest in
2547:
which is then placed in unaccompanied luggage on international flights. Mortality is significant (30%) and eggs, more easily hidden on the bodies of smugglers on flights, are increasingly smuggled instead. Trafficking is thought to be run by organised gangs, who also trade
Australian species for
1863:
of cockatoos are loud and harsh. They serve a number of functions, including allowing individuals to recognize one another, alerting others of predators, indicating individual moods, maintaining the cohesion of a flock and as warnings when defending nests. The use of calls and number of specific
2619:
Cockatoos are often very affectionate with their owner and at times other people but can demand a great deal of attention. It has been suggested that cockatoos' need for physical attention from humans may stem from suboptimal rearing techniques β young birds being removed from parental care for
2301:
changes to the landscape, with the great increase in reliable seed food sources, and available water contributing to their survival, as well as their adaption to a diet including foreign foodstuffs. This benefit appears to be restricted to
Australian species, as cockatoos favouring open country
2615:
in 2003/04, 39% had cockatiels, as opposed to only 3% that had (other) cockatoo species. The white cockatoos are more often encountered in aviculture than the black cockatoos. Black cockatoos are rarely seen in
European zoos due to export restrictions on Australian wildlife but birds seized by
5613:
477:
or vernacular speech, a person who is assigned to keep watch while others undertake clandestine or illegal activities, particularly gambling, may be referred to as a "cockatoo". Proprietors of small agricultural undertakings are often jocularly or slightly disparagingly referred to as "cocky
5639:
1720:
The cockatoos are generally medium to large parrots of stocky build, which range from 30β60 cm (12β24 in) in length and 300β1,200 g (0.66β2.65 lb) in weight; however, one species, the cockatiel, is considerably smaller and slimmer than the other species, being 32 cm
378:, the smallest cockatoo species, is medium-sized. The phylogenetic position of the cockatiel remains unresolved, except that it is one of the earliest offshoots of the cockatoo lineage. The remaining species are in two main clades. The five large black-coloured cockatoos of the genus
1960:
may be related to the lack of mangrove forests there. Forest-dwelling cockatoos are generally sedentary, as the food supply is more stable and predictable. Several species have adapted well to human modified habitats and are found in agricultural areas and even busy cities.
1989:. These vary in size depending on availability of food; in times of plenty, flocks are small and number a hundred birds or less, while in droughts or other times of adversity, they may swell up to contain thousands or even tens of thousands of birds; one record from the
5312:
2628:. Feather plucking is likely to stem from psychological rather than physical causes. Other major drawbacks include their painful bites, and their piercing screeches. The salmon-crested and white cockatoo species are particular offenders. All cockatoos have a fine
1931:
Three species occur in both New Guinea and
Australia. Some species have widespread distributions, with the galah, for example, occurring over most of Australia, whereas other species have tiny distributions, confined to a small part of the continent, such as the
5609:
5635:
1725:, which is present in all cockatoos, is spectacular in many species; it is raised when the bird lands from flying or when it is aroused. Cockatoos share many features with other parrots, including the characteristic curved beak shape and a
1984:
and require daylight to find their food. They are not early risers, instead waiting until the sun has warmed their roosting sites before feeding. All species are generally highly social and roost, forage and travel in colourful and noisy
2109:
The ground-feeding species tend to forage in flocks, which form tight, squabbling groups where seeds are concentrated and dispersed lines where food is more sparsely distributed; they also prefer open areas where visibility is good. The
5024:
2636:
in certain people. In general, the smaller cockatoo species such as Goffin's and quieter Galah's cockatoos are much easier to keep as pets. The cockatiel is one of the most popular and easiest parrots to keep as a pet, and many
5320:
2693:
Trained cockatoos are sometimes seen in bird shows in zoos. They are generally less motivated by food than other birds; some may respond more to petting or praise than food. Cockatoos can often be taught to wear a
2066:
size varies within the family, with the palm cockatoo and some other larger cockatoos laying only a single egg and the smaller species laying anywhere between two and eight eggs. Food supply also plays a role in
2678:
from a nest in central
Australia in 1904 was reported still alive in the late 1970s. In February 2010, a white cockatoo named Arthur was claimed to be 90 years old; he had lived with a family for generations in
2159:. It holds the cones in its foot and shreds them with its powerful bill before removing the seeds with its tongue. Some species take large numbers of insects, particularly when breeding; in fact the bulk of the
1828:
throughout the day. They remove dirt and oil and realign feather barbs by nibbling their feathers. They also preen other birds' feathers that are otherwise hard to get at. Cockatoos produce preen-oil from a
5521:
2306:; in the main, they appear to have a more specialised diet and have not been able to incorporate exotic food into their diet. A notable exception is the yellow-tailed black cockatoo in eastern Australia.
2053:, nesting in holes in trees, which they are unable to excavate themselves. These hollows are formed from decay or destruction of wood by branches breaking off, fungi or insects such as termites or even
5054:
Cordon, GP; Hitos Prados A; Romero D; SΓ‘nchez Moreno M; Pontes A; Osuna A; Rosales MJ (2009). "Intestinal and haematic parasitism in the birds of the Almunecar (Granada, Spain) ornithological garden".
6429:
3968:
Boles, Walter E (1993). "A new cockatoo (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae) from the Tertiary of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, and an evaluation of rostral characters in the systematics of parrots".
2001:
Cockatoos have a preferred "footedness" analogous to human handedness. Most species are left-footed with 87β100% of individuals using their left feet to eat, but a few species favor their right foot.
3601:
Schweizer M, Seehausen O, GΓΌntert M, Hertwig ST (2010). "The evolutionary diversification of parrots supports a taxon pulse model with multiple trans-oceanic dispersal events and local radiations".
2591:, also known as Moluccan cockatoos, are the largest white-coloured cockatoo species at about 52 cm (20 in) long and weighing 775β935 grams. Cockatoos can be noisy and demanding pets.
2436:
where the birds chew off the leading shoots of growing pine trees, resulting in bent trunks and reduced timber value. They are also known to damage nut and fruit crops, and have learnt to exploit
2368:
crops but also to houses and communications equipment. The little corella is a declared pest of agriculture in Western Australia, where it is an aviculturally introduced species. The birds damage
462:. Seventeenth-century variants include cacato, cockatoon and crockadore, and cokato, cocatore and cocatoo were used in the eighteenth century. The derivation has also been used for the family and
3398:
de Kloet, RS; de Kloet SR (2005). "The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: Sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes".
6519:
6260:
2399:, as well as chew wiring and household fittings. In South Australia, where flocks can number several thousand birds and the species is listed as unprotected, they are accused of defoliating
1805:
colour differs in a few species, being pink or red in the female galah and the pink cockatoo and red-brown in some other female white cockatoo species. The males all have dark brown irises.
425:, particularly from a shortage of suitable nesting hollows after large mature trees are cleared; conversely, some species have adapted well to human changes and are considered agricultural
1018:) at the base of the cockatoos remains uncertain. The cockatiel is alternatively placed basal to all other cockatoo species, as the sister taxon to the black cockatoo species of the genus
5429:
374:
than that of other parrots, being mainly white, grey or black and often with coloured features in the crest, cheeks or tail. On average they are larger than other parrots; however, the
6195:
5032:
2970:
3487:
Astuti, Dwi; Azuma, Noriko; Suzuki, Hitoshi; Higashi, Seigo (2006). "Phylogenetic Relationships Within Parrots (Psittacidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome-bGene Sequences".
2058:
holes of corresponding (and different) sizes. If given the opportunity, cockatoos prefer nesting over 7 or 8 metres (23 or 26 ft) above the ground and close to water and food.
6164:
6132:
1160:. The bearing of these fossils on cockatoo evolution and phylogeny is fairly limited, although the Riversleigh fossil does allow tentative dating of the divergence of subfamilies.
6946:
6488:
5972:
5876:
2034:, returning to the same nesting sites in consecutive years. Courtship is generally simple, particularly for established pairs, with the black cockatoos alone engaging in
6310:
2705:
Cockatoos often have pronounced responses to musical sounds and numerous videos exist showing the birds dancing to popular music. Research conducted in 2008 with an
2335:
red-tailed black cockatoos have stripped electrical cabling in rural areas and tarpaulin is targeted elsewhere. Outside Australia, the Tanimbar corella is a pest on
2147:
While some cockatoos are generalists taking a wide range of foods, others are specialists. The glossy black cockatoo specialises in the cones of trees of the genus
2030:
and parenting young, which is prolonged compared with other birds; the young of some species remain with their parents for up to a year. Cockatoos may also display
5528:
920:
of the cockatoos based on a 2023 molecular phylogenetic study by Brian Smith and collaborators. The number of species in each genus is from the list maintained by
2062:(2.2 in Γ 1.5 in) in the palm and red-tailed black cockatoos, to 26 mm Γ 19 mm (1.02 in Γ 0.75 in) in the cockatiel.
6602:
6433:
3310:
3033:
2555:), which restricts import and export of wild-caught parrots to special licensed purposes. Five cockatoo species (including all subspecies)βthe Tanimbar corella (
2297:
Human activities have had positive effects on some species of cockatoo and negative effects on others. Many species of open country have benefited greatly from
2575:)βare protected on the CITES Appendix I list. With the exception of the cockatiel, all remaining cockatoo species are protected on the CITES Appendix II list.
955:
the first listed and type genus. This group has alternately been considered as either a full or subfamily by different authorities. The American ornithologist
3576:
3278:
Nicole E. White; Matthew J. Phillips; M. Thomas P. Gilbert; Alonzo Alfaro-NΓΊΓ±ez; Eske Willerslev; Peter R. Mawson; Peter B.S. Spencer; Michael Bunce (2011).
5487:
1210:
There are about 44 different birds in the cockatoo family Cacatuidae including recognized subspecies. The current subdivision of this family is as follows:
1089:, referred to as white cockatoos. Confusingly, the term "white cockatoo" has also been applied to the whole genus. The five cockatoo species of the genus
6191:
2927:
4731:
Heinsohn, R; Murphy S; Legge S (2003). "Overlap and competition for nest holes among eclectus parrots, palm cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos".
1176:
has a strong bill and red cheeks. At 55β60 cm (22β24 in) long and weighing 910β1,200 g (2.01β2.65 lb), it is the largest cockatoo.
6511:
6268:
5789:
3863:
Adams M, Baverstock PR, Saunders DA, Schodde R, Smith GT (1984). "Biochemical systematics of the Australian cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuinae)".
2785:
5389:
4967:
2551:
All species of cockatoo except the cockatiel are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (
5125:
7562:
5357:
2755:(1660β1724), who resided in Amsterdam from 1683 and then England, and appeared with numerous other birds in the bird pieces of the Dutch painter
1785:. The plumage of males and females is similar in most species. The plumage of the female cockatiel is duller than the male, but the most marked
975:
classified it as a family in 1973. Subsequent molecular studies indicate that the earliest offshoot from the original parrot ancestors were the
1900:, and some Pacific regions. Eleven of the 21 species exist in the wild only in Australia, while seven species occur only in the islands of the
1729:
foot, with the two middle toes forward and the two outer toes backward. They differ in the presence of an erectile crest and their lack of the
5450:
5437:
Conserving Carnaby's black-cockatoo β future directions: proceedings from a conservation symposium, Perth, Western Australia, 2 July 2003
5090:
3149:
Smith, B.T.; Merwin, J.; Provost, K.L.; Thom, G.; Brumfield, R.T.; Ferreira, M.; Mauck, W.M.I.; Moyle, R.G.; Wright, T.F.; Joseph, L. (2023).
7588:
6512:"Painting on a perch: parrots are an enduring theme in European art, as Averil King learned at an unusual exhibition at the Barber Institute"
6403:
6187:
983:, split off from the remaining parrots, which then radiated across the Southern Hemisphere and diversified into the many species of parrots,
6754:
5587:
3681:
3444:
Tokita M, Kiyoshi T, Armstrong KN (2007). "Evolution of craniofacial novelty in parrots through developmental modularity and heterochrony".
2187:
has been observed killing a sulphur-crested cockatoo. Eggs and nestlings are vulnerable to many hazards. Various species of monitor lizard (
5561:
2448:, the nominate subspecies of the western corella, is also a declared pest of agriculture in Western Australia, as well as being nationally
1133:
1116:
record of cockatoos is even more limited than that of parrots in general, with only one truly ancient cockatoo fossil known: a species of
6154:
6124:
2611:
The cockatiel is by far the cockatoo species most frequently kept in captivity. Among U.S. bird keepers that participated in a survey by
2113:
and long-billed corellas have elongated bills to excavate tubers and roots and the pink cockatoo walks in a circle around the doublegee (
4501:
1944:
of Indonesia. Some cockatoos have been introduced accidentally to areas outside their natural range such as New Zealand, Singapore, and
2769:, its fate unclear in the painting. Cockatoos were among the many Australian plants and animals which featured in decorative motifs in
1054:
is sometimes placed basal to all other species. The remaining species are mainly white or slightly pinkish and all belong to the genus
5673:
Maron, M (2005). "Agricultural change and paddock tree loss: Implications for an endangered subspecies of Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo".
3831:
7667:
7536:
390:, comprising 12 species of white-plumaged cockatoos and three monotypic genera that branched off earlier; namely the pink and grey
3941:
Courtney, J (1996). "The juvenile food-begging calls, food-swallowing vocalisation and begging postures in Australian Cockatoos".
1030:
while the other contains the remaining species. According to most authorities, the second clade includes the black palm cockatoo (
6480:
5964:
2761:
3646:"Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations"
6356:
5904:
4162:
929:
4608:
3231:
3151:"Phylogenomic analysis of the parrots of the world distinguishes artifactual from biological sources of gene tree discordance"
3119:
2949:
2905:
1847:
one at a time, their moult taking two years to complete. This process is much shorter in other species, such as the galah and
6930:
6908:
6889:
6866:
6832:
6810:
6791:
6704:
6675:
6464:
6387:
5849:
4055:
3099:
3043:
3016:
2991:
6580:
6323:
3546:"Relationships among the Australo-Papuan parrots, lorikeets, and cockatoos (Aves, Psittaciformes) β protein evidence"
6992:
6541:
d'Harnoncourt, A (June 1978). "The Cubist Cockatoo: A Preliminary Exploration of Joseph Cornell's Homages to Juan Gris".
5762:
4147:"Systematic notes on Asian birds. 48. Nomenclatural chaos untangled, resulting in the naming of the formally undescribed
2725:
2440:
crops. The Baudin's black cockatoo, also endemic to the south-west of Western Australia, can be a pest in apple and pear
2355:
2218:
3703:
Leo Joseph; Alicia Toon; Erin E. Schirtzinger; Timothy F. Wright (2011). "Molecular systematics of two enigmatic genera
3348:"A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous"
1837:
is produced by specialised feathers in the lumbar region and distributed by the preening cockatoo all over the plumage.
1721:(13 in) long (including its long pointed tail feathers) and 80β100 g (2.8β3.5 oz) in weight. The movable
3085:
2773:
of the early 20th century. A visit to a Camden Town pet shop in 1958 inspired English painter William Roberts to paint
2743:. The next European depiction of a cockatoo, previously thought to be the earliest, is present in the 1496 painting by
6606:
2595:
Kept for their appearance, intelligence, and engaging personalities, cockatoos can nonetheless be problematic pets or
5994:
Garner, MM; Clubb SL; Mitchell MA; Brown L (2008). "Feather-picking psittacines: histopathology and species trends".
5475:
5444:
4411:
3279:
2612:
2433:
5150:
Klump, Barbara C.; Martin, John M.; Wild, Sonja; HΓΆrsch, Jana K.; Major, Richard E.; Aplin, Lucy M. (23 July 2021).
7270:
2740:
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3545:
3084:
Rowley, Ian (1997). "Family Cacatuidae (Cockatoos)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).
2302:
outside Australia have not become more abundant. Predominantly forest-dwelling species have suffered greatly from
1661:
1542:
2788:
adopted the gang-gang cockatoo as its official faunal emblem on 27 February 1997. The short-lived budget airline
2298:
1948:, while two Australian corella species have been introduced to parts of the continent where they are not native.
2665:
in Chicago, which lived to be 83 years old (1933β2016). A salmon-crested cockatoo named King Tut who resided at
2342:
5700:
Kinnaird, M; O'Brien TG; Lambert FR; Purmias D (2003). "Density and distribution of the endemic Seram cockatoo
4538:
Lindenmayer, DB; Pope MP; Cunningham RB; Donnelly CF; Nix HA (1996). "Roosting of the Sulphur-Crested Cockatoo
413:, fruit, flowers and insects. They often feed in large flocks, particularly when ground-feeding. Cockatoos are
2796:(and aeroplanes). The palm cockatoo, which has a unique beak and face colouration, is used as a symbol by the
7575:
3820:
A phylogeny of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes) inferred from DNA sequences of the seventh intron of nuclear
3784:
2423:
1990:
474:
7149:
5781:
5224:
B, Mary; Sinclair R (2002). "Australian research on bird pests: impact, management and future directions".
2160:
1302:
1105:, with the females having prominently barred plumage. The two are also distinguished by differences in the
7497:
7484:
7154:
5400:
4986:
3277:
2714:
2674:
2480:
2419:
1510:
1319:
1266:
1184:
7502:
7159:
6858:
5025:"Threat Abatement Plan for Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Affecting Endangered Psittacine Species"
3190:
2735:
2155:
1933:
1331:
1180:
921:
75:
17:
5364:
2652:. This parrot is about 32 cm (13 in) long and is by far the smallest and lightest cockatoo.
2285:
7662:
7603:
7124:
7071:
6720:
6632:
6220:
Brouwer, K; Jones M; King C; Schifter H (2000). "Longevity records for Psittaciformes in captivity".
5095:
Proceedings of International Virtual Conferences in Veterinary Medicine: Diseases of Psittacine Birds
2756:
2638:
1833:
on their lower back and apply it by wiping their plumage with their heads or already oiled feathers.
1794:
1257:
1026:. The remaining species are within two main clades, one consisting of the black species of the genus
31:
6954:
5933:
King, C. E.; Heinhuis, H.; Brouwer, K. (January 2000). "Management and husbandry of black cockatoos
5341:
4642:
Saunders, DA (1974). "The function of displays in the breeding of the White-tailed Black Cockatoo".
4356:
1752:
1708:
1010:
The relationships among various cockatoo genera are largely resolved, although the placement of the
7260:
5102:
2400:
2290:
1742:
1713:
1501:
1195:
63:
6407:
1022:
or as the sister taxon to a clade consisting of the white and pink cockatoo genera as well as the
7297:
7255:
7250:
6985:
6747:"Cockatoos 'pick' puzzle box locks: Cockatoos show technical intelligence on a five-lock problem"
6746:
5583:
3645:
2770:
2699:
2588:
2536:
2517:
2513:
2210:
1688:
1558:
1549:
1485:
1477:
1468:
1414:
1378:
1311:
1283:
280:
5553:
4073:"Prehistoric birds from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea: Extinctions on a large Melanesian island"
3091:
7629:
7424:
5557:
4351:
2766:
2748:
2505:
2351:
2206:
1888:
Cockatoos have a much more restricted range than the true parrots, occurring naturally only in
4677:
Cameron, M (2006). "Nesting habitat of the glossy black-cockatoo in central New South Wales".
2075:
1969:
7624:
7567:
7129:
6854:
5363:. Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation. 24 July 2007. Archived from
4490:
2544:
2521:
2469:
2346:
Sulphur-crested cockatoos damaging the Sturt Mall shopping centre facade, made of polystyrene
1798:
1440:
1274:
312:
7616:
6692:
6655:
3997:
Waterhouse, DM (2006). "Parrots in a nutshell: The fossil record of Psittaciformes (Aves)".
7510:
7471:
7462:
5235:
5163:
5151:
5126:"Cockies are learning how to bust into bins and their skills are spreading across suburbia"
4651:
4551:
4084:
4006:
3657:
2836:
2820:
2359:
1234:
1157:
992:
6667:
3818:
3702:
2673:
in 2000. However, anecdotal reports describe birds of much greater ages. Cocky Bennett of
8:
7652:
7402:
7356:
7334:
7319:
6663:
5344:
Problems in Victoria caused by Long-billed Corellas, Sulphur-crested Cockatoos and Galahs
2710:
2465:
2460:
2408:
2303:
2198:
2097:
2022:
1953:
1880:
is restricted to the islands of Tanimbar in Indonesia; a few feral escapees are found in
1848:
1652:
1576:
979:
of the family Strigopidae, and following this the cockatoos, now a well-defined group or
928:
and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the
452:
422:
414:
6783:
Guide to companion parrot behavior: with full-color photos and instructive line drawings
5239:
5167:
4908:
Crowley, GM; Garnett S (2001). "Food value and tree selection by Glossy Black-Cockatoos
4655:
4555:
4088:
4010:
3711:
illuminate the ecological radiation of Australo-Papuan parrots (Aves: Psittaciformes)".
3661:
3035:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 4: Parrots to Dollarbird
1872:
1808:
1789:
occurs in the gang-gang cockatoo and the two species of black cockatoos in the subgenus
7287:
7239:
7188:
6978:
6847:
6558:
6233:
6019:
5950:
5251:
5187:
5031:. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from
4600:
4022:
3983:
3776:
3673:
3626:
3568:
3522:
3469:
3372:
3347:
2840:
2797:
2509:
2489:
2485:
2449:
2426:
2273:
2184:
2092:
1782:
1757:
1518:
1461:
1405:
1399:
1203:
1188:
1106:
1043:
976:
948:
395:
320:
269:
152:
70:
5717:
5399:. South Australian Department for Environment and Heritage. March 2007. Archived from
3755:"Molecular systematics and biogeography of the cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)"
3227:
A List of the Genera of Birds, with an indication of the typical species of each genus
2418:
Several rare species and subspecies, too, have been recorded as causing problems. The
7611:
7397:
7351:
7329:
7265:
6964:
6926:
6904:
6885:
6877:
6862:
6828:
6820:
6806:
6787:
6781:
6700:
6671:
6460:
6383:
6011:
5845:
5686:
5527:. Department of Environment and Conservation, Western Australia. 2008. Archived from
5440:
5191:
5179:
5071:
4925:
4112:
4107:
4072:
4051:
3950:
3728:
3669:
3618:
3514:
3461:
3457:
3415:
3377:
3302:
3172:
3095:
3039:
3012:
2987:
2832:
2706:
2658:
2445:
2202:
2068:
1997:. Species that inhabit open country form larger flocks than those of forested areas.
1974:
1860:
1786:
1637:
1102:
6348:
5901:
5255:
4604:
4146:
4026:
3677:
3526:
3473:
3225:
2933:
2889:
2167:, which allow them to store and digest food for some time after retiring to a tree.
7657:
7476:
7407:
7346:
7275:
7005:
6695:
Parrot Culture: Our 2500-Year-Long Fascination with the World's Most Talkative Bird
6550:
6229:
6023:
6003:
5946:
5713:
5682:
5243:
5171:
5152:"Innovation and geographic spread of a complex foraging culture in an urban parrot"
5101:. Athens, GA: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia. Archived from
5063:
4921:
4740:
4686:
4659:
4590:
4559:
4361:
4102:
4092:
4014:
3979:
3872:
3830:(PhD). Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Japan.
3768:
3720:
3665:
3630:
3610:
3560:
3504:
3496:
3453:
3407:
3367:
3359:
3294:
3194:
3162:
3127:
2844:
2803:
Two 1970s police dramas featured protagonists with pet cockatoos. In the 1973 film
2789:
2625:
2596:
2407:
on grain bunkers, wiring and flashing on buildings, taking grain from newly seeded
2384:
2331:
2253:
2194:
2176:
2126:(the storage of a large supply of seed in cones or gumnuts by plant genera such as
2043:
1941:
1937:
1905:
1877:
1733:
feather composition which causes the bright blues and greens seen in true parrots.
1722:
1645:
1625:
1152:
species which apparently did not survive early human settlement have been found on
925:
359:
305:
7489:
6693:
5313:"Victorian cockatoos. Victorian Department of Primary Industries Information Note"
4578:
2717:βperceiving human-created music and synchronizing his body movements to the beat.
2252:. The relationship with malignancy is unknown, as is the cause, although a parrot
2193:) are able to climb trees and enter hollows. Other predators recorded include the
7324:
7280:
7115:
6970:
6958:
6656:
5908:
5766:
5067:
4690:
3541:
2744:
2412:
2364:
2315:
2269:
2110:
2039:
2009:
1909:
1830:
1825:
1592:
1250:
1168:
1137:
956:
664:
426:
380:
348:
324:
214:
7580:
6576:
5091:"Cloacal papillomas in psittacine birds: A retrospective histopathologic review"
3724:
3614:
3411:
3298:
2452:
and listed under state legislation as being "rare or likely to become extinct".
7341:
7308:
7292:
7087:
6842:
6290:
Swift, W. Bradford (1997). "The healing touch β animal-assisted therapy".
5486:. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Canberra. 2009.
5430:"Conserving Carnaby's Black-Cockatoo: historical background on changing status"
4338:
Murphy S, Legge S, Heinsohn R (2003). "The breeding biology of palm cockatoos (
4043:
3970:
2778:
2695:
2662:
2604:
2532:
2248:
in Spain. Like amazon parrots and macaws, cockatoos frequently develop cloacal
2225:
2164:
2115:
2014:
1994:
1844:
1813:
1802:
1778:
1609:
1533:
1526:
1082:
972:
964:
495:
456:
445:
5759:
4365:
4018:
3643:
3198:
2583:
2104:. The bird on the right is using its long beak to dig for food in short grass.
7646:
7376:
7104:
5342:
Environment and Natural Resources Committee (Parliament of Victoria) (1995).
5226:
4498:
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Urban Wildlife Conservation
3954:
3759:
3167:
3150:
2752:
2666:
2608:
and they can suffer if kept in a cage on their own for long periods of time.
2392:
2268:
Cockatoos have been shown to learn new skills through social interaction. In
2149:
2063:
1986:
1925:
1746:
1679:
1585:
1366:
1358:
1199:
1173:
1153:
1023:
766:
586:
399:
200:
5175:
5053:
3363:
2228:
and a sulphur-crested cockatoo were found to be infected with the protozoon
7447:
7140:
6918:
6015:
5183:
5075:
4116:
4097:
3732:
3622:
3518:
3465:
3419:
3381:
3306:
3176:
3115:
2938:
Vieillot, 1817 and Cacatuinae Gray, 1840 (Aves, Psittaciformes): conserved"
2894:
Vieillot, 1817 and Cacatuinae Gray, 1840 (Aves, Psittaciformes): conserved"
2867:
Parentheses around authority name indicate originally in a different genus.
2698:, enabling their owners to take them outdoors. Cockatoos have been used in
2629:
2600:
2528:
2319:
2230:
2180:
2035:
1834:
1730:
1494:
1295:
1004:
682:
221:
4537:
4403:
4151:
species from the Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)"
3280:"The evolutionary history of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae)"
1851:, which each take around six months to replace all their flight feathers.
1817:
1726:
1093:
are commonly known as black cockatoos, and are divided into two subgeneraβ
7549:
7456:
5699:
2493:
2473:
2327:
2257:
2122:
Many species forage for food in the canopy of trees, taking advantage of
1924:
or many Pacific islands, although fossil remains have been recorded from
1901:
1897:
1340:
1000:
968:
944:
741:
570:
515:
418:
332:
328:
316:
193:
55:
6007:
1760:
in NSW, Australia (male with red head feathers). Cockatoos make lasting
254:
7541:
6562:
3780:
3572:
3500:
2670:
2621:
2396:
2240:
2128:
2054:
2031:
1981:
1672:
1617:
1601:
1351:
940:
816:
433:
344:
235:
161:
7554:
4563:
3876:
3509:
2851:), and found that they were able to solve complex mechanical puzzles.
2777:, in the collection of the Tate Gallery. American artist and sculptor
2733:
The earliest European depiction of a cockatoo is in the falconry book
7523:
7066:
6320:
Proceedings of the 10th Intl. Conf. On Music Perception and Cognition
4663:
3539:
2810:
2687:
2679:
2669:
was nearly 69 when he died in 1990 and a palm cockatoo reached 56 in
2649:
2540:
2404:
2381:
2373:
2249:
2050:
2026:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1761:
1391:
1225:
1145:
1141:
1011:
917:
716:
384:
form one branch. The second and larger branch is formed by the genus
375:
371:
352:
336:
207:
87:
7418:
6554:
6309:
Patel AD, Iversen JR, Bregman MR, Schulz I, Schulz C (August 2008).
5247:
4744:
4595:
3772:
3564:
2244:
on analysis of faecal samples at AlmuΓ±ecar ornithological garden in
7528:
7441:
6159:
5439:. Perth, Western Australia: Birds Australia WA Inc. pp. 9β18.
3087:
Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 4, Sandgrouse to Cuckoos
2713:
had indicated that this particular individual is indeed capable of
2429:
2377:
2123:
1921:
1840:
1569:
1075:
996:
791:
340:
228:
175:
107:
38:
6155:"'Cookie,' cockatoo believed to be the world's oldest, dead at 83"
3011:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 319.
1843:
is very slow and complex. Black cockatoos appear to replace their
1136:, Australia. Although fragmentary, the remains are similar to the
444:
The word cockatoo dates from the 17th century and is derived from
7228:
7035:
3754:
2815:
2805:
2633:
2441:
2403:
and other native or ornamental trees used for roosting, damaging
2369:
2336:
2245:
2235:
2189:
2134:
1917:
1773:
1452:
1125:
1067:
834:
386:
367:
297:
242:
169:
7515:
5993:
3600:
2644:
1816:'s left foot clasping aviary bars showing claws, scaly skin and
6961:β explaining many of the responsibilities of cockatoo ownership
6312:
Investigating the human-specificity of synchronization to music
5782:"Moluccan Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) β Parrot Encyclopedia"
2793:
2437:
2323:
2080:
1913:
1113:
984:
301:
127:
97:
6219:
3862:
2813:'s character had a pet white cockatoo and the television show
7206:
7025:
6603:"Impulse Airlines Boeing 717β200 Cockatoo Takes Off For Home"
3346:
Wright TF, Schirtzinger EE, Matsumoto T, et al. (2008).
2552:
2140:
2101:
1957:
1945:
1936:
of Western Australia or to a small island group, such as the
1820:βthe middle two toes forward and the outer two toes backward.
1431:
1425:
1035:
988:
980:
463:
406:
391:
7251:
Yellow-crested cockatoo (or lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo)
6406:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rijksmuseum. 2008. Archived from
4182:
4180:
4128:
4126:
3644:
Manuel Schweizer; Ole Seehausen; Stefan T. Hertwig (2011).
3345:
2781:
was known for placing cutout paper cockatoos in his works.
2683:
2501:
2388:
2363:
report, these three species were declared unprotected by a
1749:, have shorter, rounder wings and a more leisurely flight.
1357:
Tribe Microglossini: One genus with one species, the black
1129:
410:
363:
117:
6628:
4410:. Parks & Wildlife Service Tasmania. 31 October 2011.
971:
in 1990 maintained it as a subfamily, while parrot expert
7377:
Pink cockatoo (or Major Mitchell's/Leadbeater's cockatoo)
6951:
6308:
5804:
5099:
International Virtual Conferences in Veterinary Medicine
4496:. In Shaw Williams; Lisa Harris; Larry Vandruff (eds.).
4177:
4123:
3486:
2516:. Of these, two speciesβthe red-vented cockatoo and the
2314:
Several species of cockatoo can be serious agricultural
421:. Some cockatoo species have been adversely affected by
5554:"Philippine Cockatoo β BirdLife Species Factsheet"
4730:
2046:
begins, possibly due to the strength of the pair-bond.
5584:"Blue-eyed Cockatoo β BirdLife Species Factsheet"
4070:
3443:
3148:
3031:
2548:
overseas species such as macaws coming the other way.
5149:
4050:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 348.
4048:
Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds
3126:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
2792:
featured a sulphur-crested cockatoo on its corporate
6629:"World Parrot Trust β Saving Parrots Worldwide"
5088:
3189:
6459:. Willoughby, NSW: Weldon Publishing. p. 103.
6349:"Cockatoo identified in 13th Century European book"
5932:
5842:
The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds
4337:
3397:
3038:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 127.
3009:
Birdscapes: Birds in Our Imagination and Experience
2981:
2928:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
2293:
visiting a balcony in eastern Sydney for bird seeds
7000:
6846:
6188:"Farewell Cookie: Oldest Pink Cockatoo Dies at 83"
5029:Department of the Environment and Heritage website
2759:(1636β1695). A cockatoo is the unlucky subject in
2751:. Later examples were painted by Hungarian artist
2444:where it destroys the fruit to extract the seeds.
2217:Like other parrots, cockatoos can be afflicted by
6899:Cayley, Neville William; Lendon, Alan H. (1973).
6805:. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
6699:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 224.
6540:
6457:The Federation House β Australia's Own Style
5965:"Why Do Cockatoos NEED To Be Cuddled? β A Theory"
5522:"Muir's corella: conserving a threatened species"
4968:"Further field observations of the Palm Cockatoo
2508:, seven species of cockatoo are considered to be
2119:) to twist out and remove the underground parts.
1956:inhabits mangroves and its absence from northern
7644:
6454:
5823:
5821:
5819:
4907:
2982:J. Simpson; E. Weiner, eds. (1989). "cockatoo".
2971:Overview of Cockatiel Size, cockatielworld.co.uk
2657:cockatoo in captivity was a pink cockatoo named
939:The cockatoos were first defined as a subfamily
6884:(2nd ed.). Melbourne: Lansdowne Editions.
6819:
6786:. Woodbury, N.Y.: Barron's Educational Series.
6579:. Chief Minister's Department, ACT Government.
6215:
6213:
5423:
5421:
4583:International Journal of Comparative Psychology
4144:
4077:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3928:
3892:
3252:
2387:in parks and gardens, dig for edible roots and
2079:on aviary studies β aviary cockatiels can
1824:Cockatoos maintain their plumage with frequent
1394:: Four genera of white, pink and grey species.
7298:Salmon-crested cockatoo (or Moluccan cockatoo)
6382:. London: Natural History Museum. p. 24.
6322:. Adelaide: Causal Productions. Archived from
5844:. London, England: Hermes House. p. 205.
5123:
3533:
2786:government of the Australian Capital Territory
6986:
6875:
6849:Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide
5882:
5816:
5124:Conroy, Gemma; Swanston, Tim (22 July 2021).
4953:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4038:
4036:
3904:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3637:
2234:and another sulphur-crested cockatoo had the
1244:Subfamily Calyptorhynchinae: Black cockatoos
6898:
6825:Systematics and taxonomy of Australian birds
6246:
6210:
6099:
6087:
5864:
5418:
4949:
4947:
3916:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3230:. London: R. & J.E. Taylor. p. 53.
2049:Like most parrots, the cockatoos are cavity
2042:, but all forms of courtship drop off after
838:β white cockatoos and corellas (13 species)
358:Cockatoos are recognisable by the prominent
6261:"90-year-old cockatoo eyes Guinness record"
5223:
4443:
4441:
2280:
1867:
1682:or Major Mitchell's/Leadbeater's cockatoo,
6993:
6979:
6827:. Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub.
6647:
6485:Tate Collection: William Roberts 1895β1980
5729:
5727:
5089:Stedman NL, Latimer KS, Rakich PM (1998).
4500:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona.
4223:
4033:
3996:
3898:
3799:
3480:
3393:
3391:
2729:Dutch still life with cockatoo, circa 1640
2455:
2038:. Established pairs do engage in preening
315:Cacatuoidea. Along with the Psittacoidea (
253:
54:
6653:
6430:"An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump"
6035:
6033:
5282:
5280:
5267:
5265:
5022:
4944:
4891:
4889:
4768:
4766:
4714:
4712:
4594:
4355:
4106:
4096:
3849:
3752:
3739:
3594:
3508:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3371:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3166:
3114:
2986:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2183:have been reported taking galahs and the
1299: β black-and-yellow/white cockatoos
6684:
6605:. Boeing. 9 January 2001. Archived from
5839:
5833:
5427:
5317:Department of Primary Industries website
4641:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4438:
4316:
4314:
4301:
4299:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4257:
4255:
4138:
4042:
3940:
3888:
3886:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3217:
3108:
2724:
2643:
2582:
2479:
2459:
2341:
2284:
2170:
2091:
2008:
1968:
1871:
1807:
1751:
1741:and larger white cockatoos, such as the
1707:
1194:
1179:
1167:
327:Psittaciformes. The family has a mainly
7347:Tanimbar corella (or Goffin's cockatoo)
6901:Australian parrots: in field and aviary
6841:
6800:
6690:
6377:
6259:Codilla, Marian Z. (21 February 2010).
6258:
6185:
5810:
5745:
5739:
5733:
5724:
5675:Ecological Management & Restoration
5660:
5654:
5508:
5319:. The State of Victoria. Archived from
5298:
5286:
5271:
5211:
5010:
4972:in the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland"
4965:
4938:
4932:
4895:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4832:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4757:
4718:
4703:
4676:
4629:
4623:
4525:
4471:
4459:
4447:
4432:
4390:
4378:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4320:
4305:
4290:
4278:
4261:
4246:
4217:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4186:
4132:
3934:
3388:
2762:An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump
2527:The principal threats to cockatoos are
2197:on Rasa Island in the Philippines; the
14:
7645:
7226:
6432:. The National Gallery. Archived from
6302:
6167:from the original on 26 September 2016
6030:
5277:
5262:
5205:
5117:
5004:
4886:
4862:
4838:
4826:
4802:
4790:
4778:
4763:
4751:
4709:
4697:
4576:
4519:
4507:from the original on 27 September 2011
4465:
4071:Steadman, D; White P; Allen J (1999).
3816:
3696:
3426:
3328:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3006:
7423:
7422:
7293:White cockatoo (or umbrella cockatoo)
6974:
6779:
6289:
6111:
6075:
6063:
6051:
6039:
5920:
5672:
5610:"Data Zone: Search Species: Cockatoo"
5310:
5143:
4488:
4477:
4311:
4296:
4267:
4252:
3967:
3922:
3883:
3713:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3603:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3582:from the original on 31 December 2013
3400:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3287:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3258:
3205:. International Ornithologists' Union
3090:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp.
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3000:
2512:or worse and one is considered to be
2432:, has been considered a pest in pine
1163:
262:Current range of cockatoos β red
7604:cd734a12-969b-425a-beef-dd5b190ba24c
7024:
6635:from the original on 19 October 2009
6583:from the original on 28 October 2018
6522:from the original on 1 February 2014
6509:
6491:from the original on 11 January 2012
5975:from the original on 1 December 2020
5642:from the original on 12 January 2012
5636:"Data Zone: Search Species: Corella"
5616:from the original on 12 January 2012
5514:
5484:Species Profile and Threats Database
5335:
5047:
4577:Rogers, Lesley J. (1 January 1989).
4491:"Urban wildlife issues in Australia"
4326:
4192:
3223:
3142:
3120:"ABC NewsRadio: wordwatch, Cockatoo"
3032:Higgins, Peter Jeffrey, ed. (1999).
2931:
2887:
2632:on their feathers, which may induce
1471:or lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo,
264:Finds of recent fossils β blue
6925:. Saanichton, B.C.: Hancock House.
6917:
6543:Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin
6198:from the original on 1 October 2016
5888:
5827:
5704:in relation to land use patterns".
5016:
4342:): a case of a slow life history".
4165:from the original on 18 August 2009
3837:from the original on 1 October 2020
3684:from the original on 17 August 2020
3183:
2952:from the original on 25 August 2017
2942:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
2908:from the original on 25 August 2017
2898:Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
2881:
2219:psittacine beak and feather disease
2087:
1916:, despite their presence on nearby
1912:. No cockatoo species are found in
930:International Ornithologists' Union
24:
6757:from the original on 27 March 2018
6234:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2000.tb00735.x
5951:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2000.tb00710.x
5877:"Birds of a feather talk together"
5358:"Fauna Note No.20: Little Corella"
4414:from the original on 26 March 2017
3984:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02804.x
3052:
2975:
2599:. Generally, they are not good at
2263:
1973:Watercolour and gouache sketch by
27:Any bird in the family Cacatuidae
25:
7679:
7207:Galah (or rose-breasted cockatoo)
6940:
6903:. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
6455:Fraser, Hugh; Joyce, Ray (1989).
6359:from the original on 26 June 2018
5902:Bird Ownership Statistics in USA.
5779:
4611:from the original on 7 March 2018
3316:from the original on 31 July 2020
3234:from the original on 1 April 2012
2843:conducted tests on ten untrained
7668:Taxa named by George Robert Gray
7271:Greater sulphur-crested cockatoo
6739:
6713:
6621:
6595:
6569:
6534:
6503:
6473:
6448:
6422:
6396:
6371:
6341:
6283:
6252:
6240:
6179:
6147:
6135:from the original on 27 May 2020
6117:
6105:
6093:
6081:
6069:
6057:
6045:
5987:
5957:
5926:
5914:
5894:
5870:
5858:
5792:from the original on 2 July 2015
5773:
5751:
5693:
5687:10.1111/j.1442-8903.2005.00238.x
5666:
5638:. BirdLife International. 2011.
5628:
5612:. BirdLife International. 2011.
5602:
5590:from the original on 4 June 2011
5576:
5564:from the original on 13 May 2011
5546:
5490:from the original on 17 May 2018
4926:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01093.x
4145:Roselaar CS, Michels JP (2004).
3787:from the original on 27 May 2020
3670:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x
3458:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00199.x
3203:IOC World Bird List Version 13.1
2741:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
2214:the internal collapse of nests.
1716:displaying its crest in the U.S.
1254: β black-and-red cockatoos
961:Check-list of Birds of the World
573:β African and New World parrots
74:
6967:on the Internet Bird Collection
6721:"Erin not amused by a cockatoo"
5502:
5468:
5382:
5350:
5346:. Victorian Government Printer.
5304:
5292:
5217:
5082:
4959:
4901:
4724:
4670:
4635:
4570:
4531:
4453:
4426:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4284:
4240:
4211:
4064:
3990:
3961:
3910:
3352:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3246:
2861:
2826:
2153:, preferring a single species,
1074:is further subdivided into the
686:β black cockatoos (3 species)
432:Cockatoos are popular birds in
405:Cockatoos prefer to eat seeds,
331:distribution, ranging from the
6923:The loving care of pet parrots
6773:
6691:Boehrer, Bruce Thomas (2004).
6631:. World Parrot Trust website.
6404:"Melchior d'Hondecoeter: Fowl"
3025:
2964:
2920:
2702:, generally in nursing homes.
2622:stereotypic behaviour patterns
2616:governments have been loaned.
668:β black cockatoos (2 species)
319:) and the Strigopoidea (large
13:
1:
6727:. News Limited. 10 April 2008
6380:Birds: The Art of Ornithology
5718:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00150-7
5023:Borthwick, David (May 2005).
4733:Australian Journal of Zoology
3865:Australian Journal of Zoology
3544:; Shaw DD; Maynes SF (1991).
2874:
2641:are available in aviculture.
2578:
2017:chicks bred for sale as pets.
1940:, which is restricted to the
1703:
1465: β true white cockatoos
451:, which in turn is from the
398:and the large black-plumaged
7150:Yellow-tailed black cockatoo
6186:A. Vila (1 September 2016).
5911:Retrieved 10 September 2011.
5068:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.027
4691:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.08.019
3224:Gray, George Robert (1840).
2567:), yellow-crested cockatoo (
2339:where it raids maize crops.
2161:yellow-tailed black cockatoo
1964:
1303:Yellow-tailed black cockatoo
439:
7:
7034:
6947:Australian Faunal Directory
5879:Retrieved 15 September 2011
5478:Calyptorhynchus latirostris
4404:"Sulphur-crested Cockatoo,
3929:Christidis & Boles 2008
3893:Christidis & Boles 2008
3725:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.017
3615:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.021
3446:Evolution & Development
3412:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.013
3299:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.011
3253:Christidis & Boles 2008
2380:and other crops. They also
2004:
1612:(also bare-eyed cockatoo),
481:
10:
7684:
6859:Princeton University Press
6780:Athan, Mattie Sue (1999).
6654:Rosenfeld, Arthur (1989).
6378:Elphick, Jonathan (2004).
6222:International Zoo Yearbook
5939:International Zoo Yearbook
5586:. BirdLife International.
4985:(2): 48β52. Archived from
4155:Zoologische Verhandelingen
3753:Brown DM, Toft CA (1999).
2831:A team of scientists from
2736:De arte venandi cum avibus
2720:
2205:and rodents including the
1633:Roselaar and Michels, 2004
947:by the English naturalist
36:
29:
7431:
7393:
7365:
7306:
7237:
7219:
7197:
7179:
7172:
7138:
7125:Red-tailed black cockatoo
7113:
7095:
7086:
7072:Cockatiel colour genetics
7057:
7050:
7033:
7017:
6876:Forshaw, Joseph Michael;
6265:Philippine Daily Inquirer
5770:Accessed 8 September 2011
5760:Appendices I, II and III.
4954:Forshaw & Cooper 1978
4366:10.1017/S0952836903004175
4235:Forshaw & Cooper 1978
4019:10.1080/08912960600641224
3905:Forshaw & Cooper 1978
2984:Oxford English Dictionary
2256:has been isolated from a
1258:Red-tailed black cockatoo
1120:, most probably subgenus
943:within the parrot family
831:
813:
806:
788:
781:
763:
756:
738:
731:
713:
706:
679:
661:
654:
647:
637:
584:
568:
561:
545:
538:
513:
506:
499:
311:, the only family in the
275:
268:
261:
252:
188:
183:
167:
160:
71:Scientific classification
69:
62:
53:
48:
32:Cockatoo (disambiguation)
7261:Sulphur-crested cockatoo
7155:Carnaby's black cockatoo
6823:; Boles, Walter (2008).
6247:Cayley & Lendon 1973
6100:Cayley & Lendon 1973
6088:Cayley & Lendon 1973
5865:Cayley & Lendon 1973
5840:Alderton, David (2003).
3917:Cayley & Lendon 1973
2930:in Opinion 1949 (2000).
2854:
2686:, before being taken to
2589:Salmon-crested cockatoos
2559:), red-vented cockatoo (
2537:salmon-crested cockatoos
2420:Carnaby's black cockatoo
2309:
2291:sulphur-crested cockatoo
2281:Relationship with humans
1993:noted a flock of 32,000
1868:Distribution and habitat
1854:
1743:sulphur-crested cockatoo
1714:sulphur-crested cockatoo
1655:or Philippine cockatoo,
1502:Sulphur-crested cockatoo
1410:Callocephalon fimbriatum
1320:Carnaby's black cockatoo
1185:Carnaby's black cockatoo
1034:), the grey and reddish
64:Sulphur-crested Cockatoo
37:Not to be confused with
7256:Citron-crested cockatoo
7160:Baudin's black cockatoo
6577:"ACT Flags and Emblems"
5907:19 October 2011 at the
5765:5 December 2017 at the
5757:CITES (27 April 2011).
5706:Biological Conservation
5176:10.1126/science.abe7808
5056:Veterinary Parasitology
4910:Calyptorhynchus lathami
4679:Biological Conservation
4579:"Laterality in Animals"
3943:Australian Bird Watcher
3650:Journal of Biogeography
3197:, eds. (January 2023).
3007:Mynott, Jeremy (2009).
2771:Federation architecture
2700:animal-assisted therapy
2518:yellow-crested cockatoo
2472:species endemic to the
2456:Status and conservation
2326:or capture followed by
1934:Baudin's black cockatoo
1640:or Ducorps's cockatoo,
1550:Salmon-crested cockatoo
1490:Cacatua citrinocristata
1486:Citron-crested cockatoo
1469:Yellow-crested cockatoo
1332:Baudin's black cockatoo
1279:Calyptorhynchus lathami
1262:Calyptorhynchus banksii
1101:. The former group are
6801:Cameron, Matt (2007).
5558:BirdLife International
4098:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2563
3168:10.1093/sysbio/syac055
2767:Joseph Wright of Derby
2757:Melchior d'Hondecoeter
2749:Madonna della Vittoria
2730:
2653:
2601:mimicking human speech
2592:
2563:), Moluccan cockatoo (
2561:Cacatua haematuropygia
2520:βare considered to be
2506:BirdLife International
2497:
2477:
2347:
2294:
2207:giant white-tailed rat
2105:
2018:
1977:
1885:
1821:
1799:glossy black cockatoos
1765:
1717:
1657:Cacatua haematuropygia
1628:or Goffin's cockatoo,
1552:or Moluccan cockatoo,
1536:or umbrella cockatoo,
1215:Subfamily Nymphicinae
1207:
1192:
1177:
518:β New Zealand parrots
7625:Paleobiology Database
7130:Glossy black cockatoo
6510:King, Averil (2007).
5900:Wool-N-Wings (2006).
5780:Trust, World Parrot.
5394:): Resource document"
4970:Probosciger aterrimus
4340:Probosciger aterrimus
3364:10.1093/molbev/msn160
2728:
2647:
2586:
2573:Probosciger aterrimus
2571:) and palm cockatoo (
2522:critically endangered
2483:
2470:critically endangered
2463:
2345:
2318:. They are sometimes
2288:
2171:Predators and threats
2095:
2012:
1972:
1875:
1811:
1755:
1711:
1436:Eolophus roseicapilla
1374:Probosciger aterrimus
1275:Glossy black cockatoo
1230:Nymphicus hollandicus
1198:
1187:with a zoo keeper at
1183:
1171:
1016:Nymphicus hollandicus
770:β gang-gang cockatoo
466:names Cacatuidae and
6882:Parrots of the world
6664:Simon & Schuster
6481:"The Cockatoos 1958"
5996:Veterinary Pathology
5428:Saunders, D (2005).
5323:on 17 September 2007
4992:on 21 September 2016
3199:"Parrots, cockatoos"
2841:Max Planck Institute
2837:University of Vienna
2587:A wing-clipped pet.
2260:with the condition.
2098:long-billed corellas
1581:Cacatua tenuirostris
1103:sexually dichromatic
1081:, commonly known as
589:β Old World parrots
323:), they make up the
30:For other uses, see
7357:Red-vented cockatoo
7320:Long-billed corella
6957:31 May 2016 at the
6410:on 24 December 2009
6271:on 24 February 2010
6008:10.1354/vp.45-3-401
5971:. 15 October 2012.
5937:spp in captivity".
5702:Cacatua moluccensis
5370:on 1 September 2008
5240:2002EmuAO.102...29B
5168:2021Sci...373..456K
4656:1974EmuAO..74...43S
4556:1996EmuAO..96..209L
4489:Temby, Ian (1999).
4089:1999PNAS...96.2563S
4011:2006HBio...18..227W
3662:2011JBiog..38.2176S
2565:Cacatua moluccensis
2539:were exported from
2466:red-vented cockatoo
2365:Governor in Council
2304:habitat destruction
1954:red-vented cockatoo
1849:long-billed corella
1758:gang-gang cockatoos
1684:Cacatua leadbeateri
1653:Red-vented cockatoo
1577:Long-billed corella
1554:Cacatua moluccensis
1523:Cacatua ophthalmica
1003:of the superfamily
977:New Zealand parrots
321:New Zealand parrots
7288:Blue-eyed cockatoo
7189:Gang-gang cockatoo
6878:Cooper, William T.
6843:Forshaw, Joseph M.
6609:on 24 January 2001
6163:. 30 August 2016.
5456:on 29 October 2009
4941:, pp. 122β23.
4823:, pp. 139β40.
4632:, pp. 143β44.
4344:Journal of Zoology
3999:Historical Biology
3817:Astuti, D (2004).
3501:10.2108/zsj.23.191
3489:Zoological Science
3193:; Donsker, David;
3155:Systematic Biology
2926:Suppressed by the
2849:Cacatua goffiniana
2798:World Parrot Trust
2765:by English artist
2731:
2654:
2593:
2557:Cacatua goffiniana
2498:
2490:vulnerable species
2486:blue-eyed cockatoo
2478:
2427:Western Australian
2348:
2295:
2274:citizen scientists
2272:, researchers and
2209:in Cape York; and
2199:amethystine python
2185:wedge-tailed eagle
2106:
2019:
1978:
1886:
1822:
1783:blue-eyed cockatoo
1766:
1718:
1630:Cacatua goffiniana
1597:Cacatua pastinator
1519:Blue-eyed cockatoo
1406:Gang-gang cockatoo
1208:
1204:Taronga Zoo Sydney
1193:
1189:Taronga Zoo Sydney
1178:
1164:Genera and species
1140:and the galah. In
1107:food-begging calls
1044:gang-gang cockatoo
949:George Robert Gray
396:gang-gang cockatoo
394:, the mainly grey
370:is generally less
7640:
7639:
7612:Open Tree of Life
7425:Taxon identifiers
7416:
7415:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7352:Solomons cockatoo
7266:Eleonora cockatoo
7215:
7214:
7168:
7167:
7082:
7081:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7041:
6932:978-0-88839-439-2
6910:978-0-207-12424-2
6891:978-0-7018-0690-3
6868:978-0-691-09251-5
6853:. Illustrated by
6834:978-0-643-06511-6
6812:978-0-643-09232-7
6793:978-0-7641-0688-0
6706:978-0-8122-3793-1
6677:978-0-671-47654-0
6466:978-1-86302-033-6
6389:978-1-902686-66-0
6329:on 6 January 2009
6192:Nature World News
5851:978-1-84309-164-6
5813:, p. plate 4
5392:Cacatua sanguinea
5390:"Little Corella (
5311:Temby, I (2003).
5162:(6553): 456β460.
4883:, pp. 116β7.
4859:, pp. 118β9.
4564:10.1071/MU9960209
4450:, pp. 103β4.
4189:, p. plate 6
4135:, p. plate 1
4057:978-0-226-77142-7
3877:10.1071/ZO9840363
3656:(11): 2176β2194.
3195:Rasmussen, Pamela
3101:978-84-87334-22-1
3045:978-0-19-553071-1
3018:978-0-691-13539-7
2993:978-0-19-861186-8
2845:Tanimbar corellas
2833:Oxford University
2707:Eleonora cockatoo
2597:companion parrots
2569:Cacatua sulphurea
2500:According to the
2203:black butcherbird
2036:courtship feeding
1975:Henry Stacy Marks
1787:sexual dimorphism
1692:
1676:β pink cockatoos
1665:
1649:
1642:Cacatua ducorpsii
1638:Solomons cockatoo
1634:
1621:
1614:Cacatua sanguinea
1605:
1589:
1573: β corellas
1562:
1546:
1530:
1514:
1498:
1481:
1473:Cacatua sulphurea
1444:
1418:
1382:
1344:
1328:
1324:Zanda latirostris
1315:
1287:
1270:
1238:
1212:
1132:ago) deposits of
1124:, found in Early
993:lories, lorikeets
936:
935:
910:
909:
901:
900:
892:
891:
883:
882:
874:
873:
865:
864:
856:
855:
847:
846:
695:
694:
625:
624:
616:
615:
607:
606:
598:
597:
527:
526:
304:belonging to the
296:is any of the 21
290:
289:
284:
156:
16:(Redirected from
7675:
7663:Birds of Oceania
7633:
7632:
7620:
7619:
7607:
7606:
7597:
7596:
7584:
7583:
7581:NHMSYS0021253864
7571:
7570:
7558:
7557:
7545:
7544:
7532:
7531:
7519:
7518:
7506:
7505:
7493:
7492:
7480:
7479:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7420:
7419:
7335:Butler's corella
7276:Mathews cockatoo
7235:
7234:
7224:
7223:
7177:
7176:
7093:
7092:
7055:
7054:
7031:
7030:
7022:
7021:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6972:
6971:
6936:
6914:
6895:
6872:
6852:
6838:
6816:
6797:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6751:sciencedaily.com
6743:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6698:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6661:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6487:. Tate Gallery.
6477:
6471:
6470:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6355:. 26 June 2018.
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6328:
6317:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6267:. Archived from
6256:
6250:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6217:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6129:www.facebook.com
6125:"Brookfield Zoo"
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6028:
6027:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5912:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5837:
5831:
5825:
5814:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5777:
5771:
5755:
5749:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5722:
5721:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5534:on 30 March 2016
5533:
5526:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5455:
5449:. Archived from
5434:
5425:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5406:on 25 March 2009
5405:
5398:
5386:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5369:
5362:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5275:
5269:
5260:
5259:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4976:
4966:Wood GA (1987).
4963:
4957:
4951:
4942:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4664:10.1071/MU974043
4639:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4598:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4540:Cacatua galerita
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4506:
4495:
4486:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4406:Cacatua galerita
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4335:
4324:
4318:
4309:
4303:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4265:
4259:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4190:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4040:
4031:
4030:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3860:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3829:
3824:-fibrinogen gene
3814:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3750:
3737:
3736:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3550:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3512:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3441:
3424:
3423:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3343:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3284:
3275:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3081:
3050:
3049:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2979:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2885:
2868:
2865:
2790:Impulse Airlines
2675:Tom Ugly's Point
2639:colour mutations
2626:feather-plucking
2332:western redcedar
2211:brushtail possum
2195:spotted wood owl
2177:peregrine falcon
2088:Diet and feeding
1942:Tanimbar Islands
1938:Tanimbar corella
1906:Papua New Guinea
1878:Tanimbar corella
1686:
1659:
1644:
1632:
1626:Tanimbar corella
1616:
1599:
1583:
1556:
1540:
1525:
1508:
1506:Cacatua galerita
1492:
1475:
1438:
1412:
1376:
1338:
1326:
1316:(2β3 subspecies)
1309:
1281:
1264:
1232:
1211:
957:James Lee Peters
926:Pamela Rasmussen
820:β pink cockatoo
809:
808:
784:
783:
759:
758:
745:β palm cockatoo
734:
733:
709:
708:
657:
656:
650:
649:
640:
639:
633:
632:
564:
563:
541:
540:
509:
508:
502:
501:
492:
491:
487:
486:
475:Australian slang
470:, respectively.
335:and the eastern
279:
257:
151:
79:
78:
58:
46:
45:
21:
7683:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7628:
7623:
7615:
7610:
7602:
7600:
7592:
7587:
7579:
7574:
7566:
7561:
7553:
7548:
7540:
7535:
7527:
7522:
7514:
7509:
7501:
7496:
7488:
7483:
7475:
7470:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7427:
7417:
7412:
7381:
7369:
7361:
7325:Western corella
7312:
7302:
7281:Triton cockatoo
7243:
7211:
7193:
7164:
7134:
7116:Calyptorhynchus
7109:
7078:
7038:
7013:
6999:
6965:Cockatoo videos
6959:Wayback Machine
6943:
6933:
6911:
6892:
6869:
6835:
6821:Christidis, Les
6813:
6794:
6776:
6771:
6770:
6760:
6758:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6730:
6728:
6719:
6718:
6714:
6707:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6652:
6648:
6638:
6636:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6612:
6610:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6586:
6584:
6575:
6574:
6570:
6555:10.2307/3795312
6539:
6535:
6525:
6523:
6516:Apollo Magazine
6508:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6453:
6449:
6439:
6437:
6428:
6427:
6423:
6413:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6390:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6288:
6284:
6274:
6272:
6257:
6253:
6245:
6241:
6218:
6211:
6201:
6199:
6184:
6180:
6170:
6168:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6138:
6136:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6110:
6106:
6098:
6094:
6086:
6082:
6074:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6031:
5992:
5988:
5978:
5976:
5963:
5962:
5958:
5935:Calyptorhynchus
5931:
5927:
5919:
5915:
5909:Wayback Machine
5899:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5852:
5838:
5834:
5826:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5795:
5793:
5786:www.parrots.org
5778:
5774:
5767:Wayback Machine
5756:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5732:
5725:
5698:
5694:
5671:
5667:
5659:
5655:
5645:
5643:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5432:
5426:
5419:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5340:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5309:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5263:
5248:10.1071/MU01028
5222:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5106:
5105:on 20 July 2011
5087:
5083:
5062:(3β4): 361β66.
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4974:
4964:
4960:
4952:
4945:
4937:
4933:
4914:Austral Ecology
4906:
4902:
4894:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4745:10.1071/ZO02003
4729:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4675:
4671:
4640:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4614:
4612:
4596:10.46867/C48W2Q
4575:
4571:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4493:
4487:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4357:10.1.1.475.7031
4336:
4327:
4319:
4312:
4304:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4277:
4268:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4193:
4185:
4178:
4168:
4166:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4124:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4041:
4034:
3995:
3991:
3966:
3962:
3939:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3884:
3861:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3815:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3773:10.2307/4089461
3751:
3740:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3642:
3638:
3599:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3565:10.2307/1368946
3548:
3538:
3534:
3485:
3481:
3442:
3427:
3396:
3389:
3358:(10): 2141β56.
3344:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3282:
3276:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3188:
3184:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3082:
3053:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2934:"Opinion 1949.
2925:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2890:"Opinion 1949.
2886:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2829:
2745:Andrea Mantegna
2723:
2603:, although the
2581:
2514:near-threatened
2458:
2411:and creating a
2312:
2283:
2270:New South Wales
2266:
2264:Social learning
2254:papilloma virus
2173:
2156:A. verticillata
2090:
2025:breeders, with
2007:
1995:little corellas
1967:
1910:Solomon Islands
1870:
1857:
1845:flight feathers
1791:Calyptorhynchus
1739:Calyptorhynchus
1706:
1593:Western corella
1372:Palm cockatoo,
1327:(Carnaby, 1948)
1251:Calyptorhynchus
1166:
1138:western corella
1128:(16β23 million
1095:Calyptorhynchus
1091:Calyptorhynchus
1028:Calyptorhynchus
1020:Calyptorhynchus
937:
911:
902:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
696:
665:Calyptorhynchus
626:
617:
608:
599:
528:
484:
442:
381:Calyptorhynchus
349:Solomon Islands
278:Plyctolophinae
263:
248:
215:Calyptorhynchus
179:
173:
150:
73:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7681:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7638:
7637:
7635:
7634:
7621:
7608:
7598:
7585:
7572:
7559:
7546:
7533:
7520:
7507:
7494:
7481:
7468:
7453:
7437:
7435:
7429:
7428:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7373:
7371:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7342:Little corella
7339:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7330:Muir's corella
7322:
7316:
7314:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7258:
7253:
7247:
7245:
7232:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7209:
7203:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7185:
7183:
7174:
7170:
7169:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7146:
7144:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7119:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7090:
7084:
7083:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7063:
7061:
7052:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7028:
7019:
7015:
7014:
6998:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6962:
6949:
6942:
6941:External links
6939:
6938:
6937:
6931:
6915:
6909:
6896:
6890:
6873:
6867:
6839:
6833:
6817:
6811:
6798:
6792:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6738:
6712:
6705:
6683:
6676:
6646:
6620:
6594:
6568:
6533:
6502:
6472:
6465:
6447:
6436:on 24 May 2011
6421:
6395:
6388:
6370:
6340:
6301:
6282:
6251:
6249:, p. xxvi
6239:
6209:
6178:
6146:
6116:
6104:
6092:
6080:
6068:
6056:
6044:
6029:
5986:
5956:
5925:
5913:
5893:
5881:
5869:
5857:
5850:
5832:
5815:
5803:
5772:
5750:
5748:, p. 166.
5738:
5736:, p. 164.
5723:
5692:
5665:
5653:
5627:
5601:
5575:
5545:
5513:
5501:
5467:
5445:
5417:
5381:
5349:
5334:
5303:
5301:, p. 160.
5291:
5289:, p. 156.
5276:
5274:, p. 155.
5261:
5216:
5214:, p. 153.
5204:
5142:
5116:
5081:
5046:
5035:on 6 July 2011
5015:
5013:, p. 149.
5003:
4958:
4943:
4931:
4900:
4898:, p. 114.
4885:
4873:
4871:, p. 113.
4861:
4849:
4847:, p. 143.
4837:
4835:, p. 141.
4825:
4813:
4811:, p. 147.
4801:
4789:
4777:
4775:, p. 137.
4762:
4760:, p. 131.
4750:
4723:
4708:
4696:
4669:
4634:
4622:
4569:
4530:
4528:, p. 126.
4518:
4476:
4474:, p. 104.
4464:
4452:
4437:
4425:
4395:
4383:
4371:
4325:
4310:
4295:
4283:
4266:
4251:
4239:
4222:
4210:
4191:
4176:
4137:
4122:
4083:(5): 2563β68.
4063:
4056:
4032:
3989:
3960:
3933:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3882:
3848:
3798:
3738:
3719:(3): 675β684.
3695:
3636:
3609:(3): 984β994.
3593:
3540:Christidis L;
3532:
3479:
3452:(6): 590β601.
3425:
3387:
3327:
3293:(3): 615β622.
3257:
3245:
3216:
3182:
3161:(1): 228β241.
3141:
3130:on 16 May 2008
3107:
3100:
3051:
3044:
3024:
3017:
2999:
2992:
2974:
2963:
2919:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2828:
2825:
2779:Joseph Cornell
2722:
2719:
2715:beat induction
2696:parrot harness
2663:Brookfield Zoo
2661:, residing at
2605:little corella
2580:
2577:
2533:wildlife trade
2457:
2454:
2446:Muir's corella
2413:noise nuisance
2393:sports grounds
2337:Yamdena Island
2311:
2308:
2282:
2279:
2265:
2262:
2226:white cockatoo
2172:
2169:
2116:Emex australis
2089:
2086:
2021:Cockatoos are
2015:white cockatoo
2006:
2003:
1980:Cockatoos are
1966:
1963:
1869:
1866:
1856:
1853:
1814:white cockatoo
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:(2 subspecies)
1668:
1667:
1666:
1650:
1635:
1623:
1622:(4 subspecies)
1610:Little corella
1607:
1606:(2 subspecies)
1590:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1547:
1534:White cockatoo
1531:
1516:
1515:(4 subspecies)
1499:
1483:
1482:(5 subspecies)
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:(3 subspecies)
1421:
1420:
1419:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:(4 subspecies)
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1336:Zanda baudinii
1329:
1317:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:(3 subspecies)
1272:
1271:(5 subspecies)
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1165:
1162:
1109:of juveniles.
1068:hypomelanistic
973:Joseph Forshaw
951:in 1840, with
934:
933:
913:
912:
908:
907:
904:
903:
899:
898:
895:
894:
890:
889:
886:
885:
881:
880:
877:
876:
872:
871:
868:
867:
863:
862:
859:
858:
854:
853:
850:
849:
845:
844:
841:
840:
830:
827:
826:
823:
822:
812:
807:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
787:
782:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
762:
757:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
737:
732:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
712:
707:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
693:
692:
689:
688:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
638:
636:
631:
628:
627:
623:
622:
619:
618:
614:
613:
610:
609:
605:
604:
601:
600:
596:
595:
592:
591:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
567:
562:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
544:
539:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
525:
524:
521:
520:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
496:Psittaciformes
490:
485:
483:
480:
441:
438:
288:
287:
286:
285:
273:
272:
266:
265:
259:
258:
250:
249:
247:
246:
239:
232:
225:
218:
211:
204:
197:
189:
186:
185:
181:
180:
174:
165:
164:
158:
157:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
128:Psittaciformes
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
67:
66:
60:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7680:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7631:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7599:
7595:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7473:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7454:
7449:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7421:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7315:
7311:
7310:
7305:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7181:Callocephalon
7178:
7175:
7171:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7106:
7105:Palm cockatoo
7103:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7037:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6996:
6991:
6989:
6984:
6982:
6977:
6976:
6973:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6934:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6919:Low, Rosemary
6916:
6912:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6851:
6850:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6808:
6804:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6742:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6708:
6702:
6697:
6696:
6687:
6679:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6660:
6659:
6650:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6549:(321): 3β17.
6548:
6544:
6537:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6476:
6468:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6409:
6405:
6399:
6391:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6286:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6216:
6214:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6120:
6113:
6108:
6102:, p. 112
6101:
6096:
6090:, p. 107
6089:
6084:
6078:, p. 92.
6077:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6054:, p. 87.
6053:
6048:
6042:, p. 86.
6041:
6036:
6034:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6002:(3): 401β08.
6001:
5997:
5990:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5945:(1): 87β116.
5944:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5917:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5897:
5890:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5853:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5812:
5807:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5742:
5735:
5730:
5728:
5719:
5715:
5712:(2): 227β35.
5711:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5684:
5681:(3): 206β11.
5680:
5676:
5669:
5663:, p. 178
5662:
5657:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5530:
5523:
5517:
5510:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5471:
5452:
5448:
5446:0-9751429-0-9
5442:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5422:
5402:
5395:
5393:
5385:
5366:
5359:
5353:
5345:
5338:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5131:
5127:
5120:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5007:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4971:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4940:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4920:(1): 116β26.
4919:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4882:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4810:
4805:
4799:, p. 139
4798:
4793:
4787:, p. 138
4786:
4781:
4774:
4769:
4767:
4759:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4721:, p. 130
4720:
4715:
4713:
4706:, p. 129
4705:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4685:(4): 402β10.
4684:
4680:
4673:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4626:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4550:(3): 209β12.
4549:
4545:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4522:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4468:
4462:, p. 77.
4461:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4435:, p. 71.
4434:
4429:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4381:, p. 86.
4380:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4350:(4): 327β39.
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4323:, p. 68.
4322:
4317:
4315:
4308:, p. 59.
4307:
4302:
4300:
4293:, p. 58.
4292:
4287:
4281:, p. 61.
4280:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4264:, p. 67.
4263:
4258:
4256:
4249:, p. 69.
4248:
4243:
4237:, p. 110
4236:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4220:, p. 57.
4219:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4141:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:(2): 223β34.
4004:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3931:, p. 150
3930:
3925:
3918:
3913:
3907:, p. 124
3906:
3901:
3895:, p. 151
3894:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3874:
3871:(3): 363β77.
3870:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3833:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:(1): 141β57.
3766:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3559:(2): 302β17.
3558:
3554:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:(3): 706β21.
3405:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3255:, p. 148
3254:
3249:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:Richards, Kel
3111:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2932:ICZN (2000).
2929:
2923:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2888:ICZN (2000).
2884:
2880:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:The Cockatoos
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2753:Jakob Bogdani
2750:
2746:
2742:
2739:, written by
2738:
2737:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:San Diego Zoo
2664:
2660:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:amenity trees
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2322:by shooting,
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2299:anthropogenic
2292:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2150:Allocasuarina
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2032:site fidelity
2028:
2024:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1926:New Caledonia
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:, Indonesia,
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1862:
1861:vocalisations
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1793:, namely the
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:pink cockatoo
1744:
1740:
1737:of the genus
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1710:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1680:Pink cockatoo
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1456:(13 species)
1455:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:Callocephalon
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:palm cockatoo
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1307:Zanda funerea
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1200:Pink cockatoo
1197:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1174:palm cockatoo
1170:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:New Caledonia
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:. The genera
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:Callocephalon
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:palm cockatoo
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:
906:
905:
897:
896:
888:
887:
879:
878:
870:
869:
861:
860:
852:
851:
843:
842:
839:
837:
836:
829:
828:
825:
824:
821:
819:
818:
811:
810:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
794:
793:
786:
785:
779:
778:
775:
774:
771:
769:
768:
767:Callocephalon
761:
760:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
744:
743:
736:
735:
729:
728:
725:
724:
721:
719:
718:
711:
710:
704:
703:
700:
699:
691:
690:
687:
685:
684:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
667:
666:
659:
658:
652:
651:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
630:
629:
621:
620:
612:
611:
603:
602:
594:
593:
590:
588:
587:Psittaculidae
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
572:
566:
565:
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
549:
543:
542:
536:
535:
532:
531:
523:
522:
519:
517:
511:
510:
504:
503:
497:
494:
493:
489:
488:
479:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
447:
437:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
400:palm cockatoo
397:
393:
389:
388:
383:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
282:
277:
276:
274:
271:
267:
260:
256:
251:
245:
244:
240:
238:
237:
233:
231:
230:
226:
224:
223:
219:
217:
216:
212:
210:
209:
205:
203:
202:
201:Callocephalon
198:
196:
195:
191:
190:
187:
182:
177:
172:
171:
166:
163:
159:
154:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
134:Superfamily:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
77:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7432:
7366:
7307:
7238:
7227:
7198:
7180:
7173:Pink or grey
7139:
7114:
7096:
7058:
7009:
7001:
6922:
6900:
6881:
6855:Frank Knight
6848:
6824:
6802:
6782:
6759:. Retrieved
6750:
6741:
6729:. Retrieved
6724:
6715:
6694:
6686:
6662:. New York:
6657:
6649:
6637:. Retrieved
6623:
6611:. Retrieved
6607:the original
6597:
6585:. Retrieved
6571:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6524:. Retrieved
6515:
6505:
6493:. Retrieved
6484:
6475:
6456:
6450:
6438:. Retrieved
6434:the original
6424:
6412:. Retrieved
6408:the original
6398:
6379:
6373:
6361:. Retrieved
6352:
6343:
6331:. Retrieved
6324:the original
6319:
6311:
6304:
6298:(4): 130β32.
6295:
6291:
6285:
6273:. Retrieved
6269:the original
6264:
6254:
6242:
6225:
6221:
6202:28 September
6200:. Retrieved
6181:
6171:28 September
6169:. Retrieved
6158:
6149:
6137:. Retrieved
6128:
6119:
6114:, p. 93
6107:
6095:
6083:
6071:
6066:, p. 91
6059:
6047:
5999:
5995:
5989:
5977:. Retrieved
5968:
5959:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5923:, p. 84
5916:
5896:
5891:, p. 23
5884:
5872:
5867:, p. 97
5860:
5841:
5835:
5830:, p. 16
5811:Forshaw 2006
5806:
5794:. Retrieved
5785:
5775:
5758:
5753:
5746:Cameron 2007
5741:
5734:Cameron 2007
5709:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5661:Cameron 2007
5656:
5644:. Retrieved
5630:
5618:. Retrieved
5604:
5592:. Retrieved
5578:
5566:. Retrieved
5548:
5536:. Retrieved
5529:the original
5516:
5511:, p. 22
5509:Cameron 2007
5504:
5492:. Retrieved
5483:
5477:
5470:
5458:. Retrieved
5451:the original
5436:
5408:. Retrieved
5401:the original
5391:
5384:
5372:. Retrieved
5365:the original
5352:
5343:
5337:
5325:. Retrieved
5321:the original
5316:
5306:
5299:Cameron 2007
5294:
5287:Cameron 2007
5272:Cameron 2007
5234:(1): 29β45.
5231:
5225:
5219:
5212:Cameron 2007
5207:
5195:. Retrieved
5159:
5155:
5145:
5133:. Retrieved
5129:
5119:
5107:. Retrieved
5103:the original
5098:
5094:
5084:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5037:. Retrieved
5033:the original
5028:
5018:
5011:Cameron 2007
5006:
4994:. Retrieved
4987:the original
4982:
4978:
4969:
4961:
4956:, p. 29
4939:Cameron 2007
4934:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4896:Cameron 2007
4881:Cameron 2007
4876:
4869:Cameron 2007
4864:
4857:Cameron 2007
4852:
4845:Cameron 2007
4840:
4833:Cameron 2007
4828:
4821:Cameron 2007
4816:
4809:Cameron 2007
4804:
4797:Cameron 2007
4792:
4785:Cameron 2007
4780:
4773:Cameron 2007
4758:Cameron 2007
4753:
4739:(1): 81β94.
4736:
4732:
4726:
4719:Cameron 2007
4704:Cameron 2007
4699:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4650:(1): 43β46.
4647:
4643:
4637:
4630:Cameron 2007
4625:
4613:. Retrieved
4586:
4582:
4572:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4526:Cameron 2007
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4497:
4472:Cameron 2007
4467:
4460:Cameron 2007
4455:
4448:Cameron 2007
4433:Cameron 2007
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4405:
4398:
4393:, p. 3.
4391:Cameron 2007
4386:
4379:Cameron 2007
4374:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4321:Cameron 2007
4306:Cameron 2007
4291:Cameron 2007
4286:
4279:Cameron 2007
4262:Cameron 2007
4247:Cameron 2007
4242:
4218:Cameron 2007
4213:
4208:, p. 1.
4206:Cameron 2007
4187:Forshaw 2006
4167:. Retrieved
4158:
4154:
4148:
4140:
4133:Forshaw 2006
4080:
4076:
4066:
4047:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3924:
3919:, p. 84
3912:
3900:
3868:
3864:
3839:. Retrieved
3823:
3819:
3789:. Retrieved
3764:
3758:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3653:
3649:
3639:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3584:. Retrieved
3556:
3552:
3535:
3495:(2): 191β8.
3492:
3488:
3482:
3449:
3445:
3403:
3399:
3355:
3351:
3318:. Retrieved
3290:
3286:
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3226:
3219:
3207:. Retrieved
3202:
3185:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3128:the original
3123:
3110:
3086:
3034:
3027:
3008:
3002:
2983:
2977:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2945:
2941:
2935:
2922:
2910:. Retrieved
2901:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2863:
2848:
2830:
2827:Intelligence
2821:Robert Blake
2814:
2804:
2802:
2783:
2774:
2760:
2734:
2732:
2704:
2692:
2655:
2618:
2610:
2594:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2529:habitat loss
2526:
2499:
2417:
2350:In 1995 the
2349:
2313:
2296:
2267:
2239:
2231:Haemoproteus
2229:
2223:
2216:
2188:
2181:little eagle
2174:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2073:
2060:
2048:
2020:
2013:Hand-reared
1999:
1979:
1950:
1930:
1887:
1858:
1839:
1823:
1790:
1771:
1767:
1738:
1735:
1731:Dyck texture
1719:
1683:
1671:
1656:
1641:
1629:
1613:
1596:
1580:
1568:
1553:
1538:Cacatua alba
1537:
1522:
1505:
1489:
1472:
1460:
1451:
1435:
1424:
1409:
1398:
1373:
1365:
1349:
1335:
1323:
1306:
1294:
1278:
1261:
1249:
1243:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1149:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1070:. The genus
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:), although
1047:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1005:Psittacoidea
1001:true parrots
960:
959:in his 1937
952:
938:
916:Genus level
833:
832:
815:
814:
790:
789:
765:
764:
740:
739:
720:β cockatiel
715:
714:
681:
680:
663:
662:
643:
585:
569:
550:β cockatoos
547:
546:
514:
472:
467:
459:
448:
443:
431:
423:habitat loss
419:tree hollows
417:and nest in
404:
385:
379:
357:
329:Australasian
317:true parrots
308:
293:
291:
241:
234:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
192:
168:
147:
137:
43:
7550:iNaturalist
7457:Wikispecies
7097:Probosciger
6774:Cited texts
6725:AdelaideNow
6658:Exotic Pets
6613:10 December
6587:10 December
6526:12 December
6495:12 December
6440:12 December
6414:12 December
6333:14 November
6275:27 February
6228:: 299β316.
5979:18 December
5646:8 September
5620:8 September
5494:10 December
5460:11 December
5410:10 December
5374:10 December
5327:10 December
5197:24 February
5135:24 February
4996:17 December
4511:11 December
4044:Steadman, D
3978:(1): 8β18.
3705:Psittacella
3191:Gill, Frank
3124:ABC website
2956:21 February
2912:21 February
2494:New Britain
2492:endemic to
2474:Philippines
2434:plantations
2397:race tracks
2258:grey parrot
2069:clutch size
2055:woodpeckers
1902:Philippines
1898:Philippines
1835:Powder-down
1818:zygodactyly
1367:Probosciger
1191:, Australia
1158:New Ireland
1134:Riversleigh
1052:Probosciger
1042:), and the
1032:Probosciger
945:Psittacidae
742:Probosciger
571:Psittacidae
516:Strigopidae
362:and curved
339:islands of
333:Philippines
313:superfamily
194:Probosciger
138:Cacatuoidea
7653:Cacatuidae
7647:Categories
7490:Cacatuidae
7477:Cacatuinae
7463:Cacatuidae
7433:Cacatuidae
7370:(subgenus)
7367:Lophochroa
7313:(subgenus)
7244:(subgenus)
7018:Appearance
7010:Cacatuidae
6952:MyToos.com
6731:20 October
6666:. p.
6639:20 October
6112:Athan 1999
6076:Athan 1999
6064:Athan 1999
6052:Athan 1999
6040:Athan 1999
5969:BirdTricks
5921:Athan 1999
5594:8 November
5568:20 October
5538:6 February
5039:7 December
4418:24 October
4169:5 December
4161:: 183β96.
3949:: 236β49.
3510:2115/54809
3238:2 November
3134:20 October
2875:References
2671:London Zoo
2624:, such as
2579:Aviculture
2545:PVC tubing
2510:vulnerable
2450:vulnerable
2424:threatened
2405:tarpaulins
2352:Government
2320:controlled
2250:papillomas
2241:Plasmodium
2129:Eucalyptus
2044:incubation
2040:each other
2027:pair bonds
2023:monogamous
1795:red-tailed
1762:pair bonds
1756:A pair of
1727:zygodactyl
1712:A captive
1704:Morphology
1673:Lophochroa
1352:Cacatuinae
1350:Subfamily
1202:flying at
999:and other
941:Cacatuinae
922:Frank Gill
817:Lophochroa
644:Cacatuidae
548:Cacatuidae
478:farmers".
453:Indonesian
434:aviculture
415:monogamous
345:New Guinea
337:Indonesian
309:Cacatuidae
236:Lophochroa
162:Type genus
153:G. R. Gray
148:Cacatuidae
18:Cacatuidae
7067:Cockatiel
7059:Nymphicus
7002:Cockatoos
6803:Cockatoos
5192:236179560
4352:CiteSeerX
3955:0045-0316
3709:Pezoporus
3542:Schodde R
2948:: 66β67.
2904:: 66β67.
2811:Al Pacino
2688:Cebu City
2680:Dalaguete
2650:cockatiel
2634:allergies
2541:Indonesia
2382:defoliate
2378:chickpeas
2374:sunflower
2372:, maize,
2324:poisoning
2238:parasite
1991:Kimberley
1965:Behaviour
1894:Indonesia
1890:Australia
1882:Singapore
1723:headcrest
1670:Subgenus
1567:Subgenus
1459:Subgenus
1392:Cacatuini
1226:Cockatiel
1221:Nymphicus
1148:bones of
1146:subfossil
1142:Melanesia
1076:subgenera
1012:cockatiel
997:lovebirds
985:parakeets
918:cladogram
717:Nymphicus
440:Etymology
376:cockatiel
372:colourful
353:Australia
208:Nymphicus
94:Kingdom:
88:Eukaryota
49:Cockatoo
7442:Wikidata
7403:Snowball
7309:Licmetis
7199:Eolophus
6955:Archived
6921:(1999).
6880:(1978).
6845:(2006).
6761:27 March
6755:Archived
6633:Archived
6581:Archived
6520:Archived
6489:Archived
6357:Archived
6353:BBC News
6196:Archived
6165:Archived
6160:Fox News
6139:27 March
6133:Archived
6016:18487502
5973:Archived
5905:Archived
5889:Low 1999
5828:Low 1999
5796:27 March
5790:Archived
5763:Archived
5640:Archived
5614:Archived
5588:Archived
5562:Archived
5488:Archived
5256:83464835
5184:34437121
5130:ABC News
5076:19682800
4615:27 March
4609:Archived
4605:53355461
4502:Archived
4412:Archived
4163:Archived
4117:10051683
4046:(2006).
4027:83664072
3832:Archived
3785:Archived
3733:21453777
3682:Archived
3678:85625053
3623:19699808
3577:Archived
3527:35879495
3519:16603811
3474:46659963
3466:17976055
3420:16099384
3382:18653733
3320:20 April
3311:Archived
3307:21419232
3232:Archived
3177:35916751
2950:Archived
2906:Archived
2839:and the
2711:Snowball
2531:and the
2442:orchards
2409:paddocks
2401:red gums
2360:Victoria
2124:serotiny
2076:nestling
2005:Breeding
1922:Sulawesi
1908:and the
1841:Moulting
1826:preening
1779:corellas
1745:and the
1646:Pucheran
1570:Licmetis
1441:Vieillot
1426:Eolophus
1284:Temminck
1122:Licmetis
1083:corellas
1079:Licmetis
1060:Eolophus
1040:Eolophus
795:β galah
792:Eolophus
482:Taxonomy
366:. Their
341:Wallacea
294:cockatoo
270:Synonyms
229:Eolophus
176:Vieillot
144:Family:
108:Chordata
104:Phylum:
98:Animalia
84:Domain:
39:Cockapoo
7658:Parrots
7542:3242992
7516:4428851
7240:Cacatua
7229:Cacatua
7036:Species
6563:3795312
6363:26 June
6292:Animals
6024:1023194
5236:Bibcode
5164:Bibcode
5156:Science
5109:1 March
4979:Corella
4652:Bibcode
4552:Bibcode
4149:Cacatua
4085:Bibcode
4007:Bibcode
3841:7 April
3791:3 March
3781:4089461
3688:13 July
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