1838:
delegated to the various sub-committees of the cabinet, which report to the full cabinet on their findings and recommendations. As these recommendations have already been agreed upon by those in the cabinet who hold affected ministerial portfolios, the recommendations are usually agreed to by the full cabinet with little further discussion. The cabinet may also provide ideas on/if new laws were established, and what they include. Cabinet deliberations are secret and documents dealt with in cabinet are confidential. Most of the documentation associated with cabinet deliberations will only be publicly released a considerable period after the particular cabinet disbands, depending on provisions of a nation's
1124:
1605:
1997:
715:
2132:
1930:
1800:
1739:
1264:
54:
1105:
1448:, which was used in the sixteenth century to denote a closet or small room. From it originated in the 1600s the English word cabinet or cabinett which was used to denote a small room, particularly in the houses of nobility or royalty. Around this time the use of cabinet associated with small councils arose both in
2015:
They are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the head of government and are therefore strongly subordinate to the president as they can be replaced at any time. Normally, since they are appointed by the president, they are members of the same political party, but the executive is free to select
1837:
for all government policy. All ministers, whether senior and in the cabinet or junior ministers, must publicly support the policy of the government, regardless of any private reservations. Although, in theory, all cabinet decisions are taken collectively by the cabinet, in practice many decisions are
1549:
The candidate prime minister and/or the president selects the individual ministers to be proposed to the parliament, which may accept or reject the proposed cabinet composition. Unlike in a presidential system, the cabinet in a parliamentary system must not only be confirmed, but enjoy the continuing
1588:
is formed. Continued cooperation between the participating political parties is necessary for the cabinet to retain the confidence of the parliament. For this, a government platform is negotiated, in order for the participating parties to toe the line and support their cabinet. However, this is not
1545:
Some countries that adopt a presidential system also place restrictions on who is eligible for nomination to cabinet based on electoral outcomes. For instance in the
Philippines, candidates who have lost in any election in the country may not be appointed to cabinet positions within one (1) year of
1720:
began a formal "Cabinet
Council" from his accession in 1625, as his Privy Council, or "private council", was evidently not private enough, and the first recorded use of "cabinet" by itself for such a body comes from 1644, and is again hostile and associates the term with dubious foreign practices.
1245:
In both presidential and parliamentary systems, cabinet officials administer executive branches, government agencies, or departments. Cabinets are also important originators for legislation. Cabinets and ministers are usually in charge of the preparation of proposed legislation in the ministries
1157:
and they are often appointed by the head of state or prime minister. Cabinets are typically the body responsible for the day-to-day management of the government and response to sudden events, whereas the legislative and judicial branches work in a measured pace, in sessions according to lengthy
1714:(1605) with the first use of "Cabinet council", where it is described as a foreign habit, of which he disapproves: "For which inconveniences, the doctrine of Italy, and practice of France, in some kings' times, hath introduced cabinet counsels; a remedy worse than the disease".
1523:
simultaneously be a member of parliament; appointed/nominated cabinet members are required to give up their seat in parliament. In some countries, the outgoing MP may be substituted with another MP that comes from the same party as the former without going through a special or
1698:
used as a study or retreat. Phrases such as "cabinet counsel", meaning advice given in private to the monarch, occur from the late 16th century, and, given the non-standardised spelling of the day, it is often hard to distinguish whether "council" or "counsel" is meant.
1869:
This position in relation to the executive power means that, in practice, any spreading of responsibility for the overall direction of the government has usually been done as a matter of preference by the prime minister – either because they are unpopular with their
2012:, a cabinet under a presidential system of government is part of the executive branch. In addition to administering their respective segments of the executive branch, cabinet members are responsible for advising the head of government on areas within their purview.
1215:, or ceremonial president will almost always follow this advice, whereas, in a presidential system, a president who is also head of government and political leader may depart from the cabinet's advice if they do not agree with it.
1861:
appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the prime minister. Thus, the cabinet is often strongly subordinate to the prime minister as they can be replaced at any time, or can be moved ("demoted") to a different portfolio in a
2215:, but in practice it was often the other way around: powerful members of the politburo would ensure their support in the central committee through patronage. In China, political power has been further centralised into the
1589:
always successful: constituent parties of the coalition or members of parliament can still vote against the government, and the cabinet can break up from internal disagreement or be dismissed by a motion of no confidence.
1480:
In most presidential systems, cabinet members cannot be sitting legislators at the same time. A legislator who is offered a cabinet position, wishes to accept it, and get confirmed for the position, must resign from their
1468:
In presidential systems such as the United States, members of the cabinet are chosen by the president, and may also have to be confirmed by one or both of the houses of the legislature (in the case of the U.S., it is the
2360:
1889:, who generally hold critic portfolios "shadowing" cabinet ministers, questioning their decisions and proposing policy alternatives. In some countries, the shadow ministers are referred to as spokespersons.
2034:
In the cabinet, members do not serve to influence legislative policy to the degree found in a
Westminster system; however, each member wields significant influence in matters relating to their
2057:
Although the term "Secretary" is usually used to name the most senior official of a government department, some departments have different titles to name such officials. For instance, the
1395:) for their cabinet, rather than the more common meaning of a legislative upper house. However, a great many countries simply call their top executive body the cabinet, including
1196:, the cabinet does not function as a collective legislative influence; rather, their primary role is as an official advisory council to the head of government. In this way, the
2216:
2009:
1230:), very often the cabinet does not "advise" the head of state as they play only a ceremonial role. Instead, it is usually the head of government (usually called "
2047:
1592:
The size of cabinets varies, although most contain around ten to twenty ministers. Researchers have found an inverse correlation between a country's level of
2204:
1207:
of a parliamentary system and the presidential system, the cabinet "advises" the head of state: the difference is that, in a parliamentary system, the
2386:
2068:
Following the federal government's model, state executive branches are also organised into executive departments headed by cabinet secretaries. The
1857:, which may include the powers to declare war, use nuclear weapons, and appoint cabinet members. This results in the situation where the cabinet is
1355:
While almost all countries have an institution that is recognisably a cabinet, the name of this institution varies. In many countries, (such as
1145:
in governing is a group of people with the constitutional or legal task to rule a country or state, or advise a head of state, usually from the
1684:
1058:
2657:
2412:
2035:
1892:
The
Westminster cabinet system is the foundation of cabinets as they are known at the federal and provincial (or state) jurisdictions of
2739:
1476:
Depending on the country, cabinet members must, must not, or may be members of parliament. The following are examples of this variance:
2399:
743:
1803:
Countries with prime ministers (blue), those that formerly had that position (dark red), and those that never had that position (gray)
1651:, or nobility. An inner circle of a few members of the duma formed a cabinet to attend and advise the prince constantly. The ruins of
1561:
also sit in the cabinet, while in many others this is strictly prohibited, as the attorneys general are considered to be part of the
2590:
1367:) the term "government" refers to the body of executive ministers; the broader organs of state having another name. Others, such as
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2624:
2051:
118:
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In practice, in nearly all parliamentary democracies that do not follow the
Westminster system, and in three countries that do (
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90:
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2532:
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2460:
2422:
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Normally, the legislature or a segment thereof must confirm the appointment of a cabinet member; this is but one of the many
1951:
1760:
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A council of advisers of a head of state has been a common feature of government throughout history and around the world. In
1511:
In countries with a strict separation between the executive and legislative branches of government (e.g. Luxembourg, Sweden,
1281:
862:
71:
2207:. This is an organ of the communist party and not a state organ, but due to one-party rule, the state and its cabinet (e.g.
1113:
17:
2484:
1320:
of government duties ("Minister of
Foreign Affairs", "Minister of Health", etc.). In a few governments, as in the case of
97:
2446:
2058:
1127:
1091:
35:
2518:
1016:
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to remove a government or individual ministers. Often, but not necessarily, these votes are taken across party lines.
2600:
2566:
2343:
Creighton, Mandell; Winsor, Justin; Gardiner, Samuel Rawson; Poole, Reginald Lane; Edwards, Sir John
Goronwy (1923).
2235:
2211:) are in practice subordinate to the politburo. Technically, a politburo is overseen and its members selected by the
2179:
1977:
1834:
1786:
1303:
1162:
891:
800:
611:
137:
2161:
1959:
1768:
1165:, while in others it may function either as a purely advisory body or an assisting institution to a decision-making
104:
2754:
2740:
WhoGov dataset on cabinet members in all countries with a greater population than 400,000 for the period 1966–2021.
1317:
907:
217:
1332:" is also used for some cabinet members ("Secretary of Education", or "Secretary of State for X" in the UK or the
1184:), the cabinet collectively decides the government's direction, especially in regard to legislation passed by the
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2100:
832:
2208:
2157:
2112:
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built into a presidential system. The legislature may also remove a cabinet member through a usually difficult
1955:
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1612:
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1285:
736:
606:
384:
232:
86:
75:
1820:
1516:
1512:
1434:
1372:
621:
2265:
2228:
1991:
1400:
1368:
1197:
1053:
795:
370:
202:
173:
1316:
In most governments, members of the cabinet are given the title of "minister", and each holds a different
1850:
1376:
867:
674:
2096:
1824:
1250:. Thus, often the majority of new legislation actually originates from the cabinet and its ministries.
207:
178:
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2394:
1704:
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be appointed from among sitting members of the parliament (MP). In the UK, it can be from either the
1030:
1011:
729:
334:
1631:, or council of elders, normally sat with the two kings to deliberate on law or to judge cases. The
2142:
2069:
1940:
1749:
1691:
1025:
449:
339:
42:
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The function of a cabinet varies: in some countries, it is a collegiate decision-making body with
2146:
1944:
1913:
1753:
1551:
1426:
1274:
1123:
1084:
975:
379:
64:
1667:, the central government was composed of the top office holders of the imperial council. In the
111:
2092:
2073:
1854:
1839:
1816:
1710:
1146:
1131:
987:
768:
616:
558:
504:
2039:
1886:
1849:. However, the prime minister is ultimately the person from whom the head of state will take
1830:
1574:
1491:
1430:
1364:
1356:
1150:
914:
436:
269:
31:
1348:, etc.), a secretary (of State) is a cabinet member with an inferior rank to a minister. In
2250:
2240:
2088:
2024:
1812:
1717:
1596:
and cabinet size: on average, the more developed a country is, the smaller is its cabinet.
1585:
1470:
1408:
1404:
1380:
1360:
1177:
999:
887:
546:
417:
407:
392:
319:
237:
8:
2116:
1721:
The process has repeated itself in recent times, as leaders have felt the need to have a
1566:
1534:
1422:
1415:
1223:
1189:
1037:
658:
568:
422:
324:
274:
212:
27:
Group of high-ranking officials, usually representing the executive branch of government
2595:(Abridged ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 81.
2017:
1846:
1581:
1204:
1170:
1077:
1004:
994:
919:
847:
820:
696:
289:
2305:
1663:
suggest that political authority was held by a supreme council of elite lords. In the
2723:
2669:
2664:. In Millward, James A.; Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Forêt, Philippe (eds.).
2630:
2596:
2562:
2528:
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2418:
2212:
1863:
1808:
1675:, or royal council, were members of the aristocracy who constrained the power of the
1660:
1584:, the formation of a government may require the support of multiple parties. Thus, a
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760:
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365:
227:
222:
183:
156:
1916:
countries whose parliamentary model is closely based on that of the United
Kingdom.
1690:
In the United
Kingdom and its colonies, cabinets began as smaller sub-groups of the
2245:
2080:
1558:
1392:
1384:
641:
397:
251:
2524:
2452:
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2192:
2084:
1722:
1604:
1067:
719:
701:
526:
511:
2306:"Cabinet | Political Definition, Government, Function, & Facts | Britannica"
30:"Cabinet of Ministers" redirects here. For the Ukrainian executive council, see
1996:
1878:
1695:
1664:
1640:
1608:
1503:
1418:
1231:
1181:
857:
842:
837:
790:
597:
516:
470:
412:
2592:
General
History of Africa: IV Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century
2561:(6th ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 580.
1874:, or because they believe that the cabinet should collectively decide things.
1643:, the prince was obliged to accept the advice and receive the approval of the
2748:
2270:
2108:
1632:
1620:
1453:
1193:
1166:
775:
521:
499:
474:
304:
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calls these departments "agencies" or informally "superagencies", while the
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rather than through the cabinet as was the case in earlier administrations.
2666:
New Qing Imperial History: The making of Inner Asian empire at Qing Chengde
2330:
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 5th Edition, at
2280:
1909:
1882:
1680:
1652:
1569:, separate from the attorney general. Furthermore, in Sweden, Finland, and
284:
2626:
Slavery and Slaving in African History: New Approaches to African History
2390:
2285:
2275:
2061:
uses the term "Attorney General" instead of "Justice Secretary", but the
2028:
1871:
1333:
1325:
588:
553:
456:
444:
309:
714:
2361:"THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE IX"
1668:
1352:, a secretary of state is a career official that serves the minister.
1337:
1288: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1247:
1185:
1135:
961:
949:
827:
810:
678:
668:
663:
402:
264:
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Currey, James (1997). Ki-Zerbo, Joseph; Niane, Djibril Tamsir (eds.).
2200:
2001:
1893:
1562:
563:
461:
344:
299:
279:
2489:(6th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 302.
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1929:
1738:
1263:
1104:
53:
1905:
1672:
1628:
982:
970:
939:
686:
646:
329:
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163:
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1676:
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1577:, a civil servant that acts as the legal counsel to the cabinet.
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1349:
1235:
1212:
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obtains opinions and advice relating to forthcoming decisions.
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1636:
1624:
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In the countries utilising the Westminster system, such as the
1388:
1341:
1321:
1239:
1227:
1117:
651:
593:
491:
1901:
1648:
1623:, priests assisted the pharaohs in administrative duties. In
1345:
1219:
944:
2387:"The Undeciders: More decision-makers bring less efficiency"
2342:
1533:
be members of parliament, but are not required to be, as in
2217:
Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
2016:
anyone, including opposition party members, subject to the
1644:
1452:
and other locations such as France and Italy. For example,
1829:
Under the Westminster system, members of the cabinet are
1234:") who holds all means of power in their hands (e.g. in
1550:
confidence of the parliament: a parliament can pass a
1473:
that confirms members with a simple majority vote).
1437:" is the personal office of a European Commissioner.
2724:
UK | UK Politics | Clarke targets 'sofa-style' Blair
2205:
Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1853:(by constitutional convention) on the exercise of
2726:. BBC News (2007-03-27). Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
1429:", with its top public officials referred to as "
1176:In some countries, particularly those that use a
2746:
1919:
2694:
2692:
2662:"2. The Qing empire during the Qianlong reign"
2554:
2482:
1085:
737:
2384:
2689:
2629:. Cambridge University Press. p. 116.
2555:Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P. (2006).
2160:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1958:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1845:In theory the prime minister or premier is
1767:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1683:, the highest decision-making body was the
1387:. Some German-speaking areas use the term "
2516:
2414:World Monarchies and Dynasties: Volume 1–3
1092:
1078:
744:
730:
2483:Roberts, J. M.; Westad, Odd Arne (2013).
2410:
2180:Learn how and when to remove this message
2065:is nonetheless a cabinet-level position.
2010:separation of powers in the United States
1978:Learn how and when to remove this message
1787:Learn how and when to remove this message
1728:
1529:The intermediate case is where ministers
1304:Learn how and when to remove this message
1242:, etc.) and to whom the cabinet reports.
1203:Legally, under both types of system, the
1108:The cabinet table in the Cabinet Room at
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
2517:Wren, Melvin C.; Stults, Taylor (2008).
1995:
1798:
1603:
1122:
1103:
34:. For the Soviet executive council, see
2622:
2444:
1463:
1112:, official residence and office of the
14:
2747:
2656:
2588:
1599:
1425:refers to its executive cabinet as a "
1328:, the UK, and the U.S., the title of "
2256:Individual ministerial responsibility
2046:has acted most often through his own
1694:. The term comes from the name for a
863:President of the Council of Ministers
2158:adding citations to reliable sources
2125:
1956:adding citations to reliable sources
1923:
1881:consists of the leading members, or
1765:adding citations to reliable sources
1732:
1647:, or council, which was composed of
1336:). In many countries (e.g. Germany,
1286:adding citations to reliable sources
1257:
76:adding citations to reliable sources
47:
2385:Castelvecchi, Davide (9 May 2008).
2227:For a more comprehensive list, see
2121:
1615:on the day of her accession in 1837
1565:of government. Instead, there is a
36:Cabinet of Ministers (Soviet Union)
24:
1557:In some countries (e.g. the U.S.)
1444:, which originated from the Latin
25:
2766:
2733:
2668:. New York, NY: RoutledgeCurzon.
2236:Cabinet collective responsibility
1696:relatively small and private room
1639:was ruled by a royal council. In
1421:uses a different convention: the
892:Cabinet collective responsibility
801:President of the council of state
612:Biology and political orientation
2523:(5th ed.). Eugene, Oregon:
2130:
1928:
1737:
1440:The term comes from the Italian
1262:
713:
52:
2717:
2706:
2650:
2616:
2582:
2548:
2101:Cabinet of the Governor of Ohio
1273:needs additional citations for
63:needs additional citations for
32:Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
2510:
2476:
2438:
2404:
2378:
2365:Official Gazette (Philippines)
2353:
2336:
2324:
2298:
2209:Government of the Soviet Union
2044:President of the United States
2038:. Since the administration of
1379:, refer to their cabinet as a
1253:
607:Theories of political behavior
233:Political history of the world
13:
1:
2520:The Course of Russian History
2411:Middleton, John, ed. (2015).
2346:The English Historical Review
2291:
1821:Cabinet of the United Kingdom
1708:credits Francis Bacon in his
1149:. Their members are known as
1059:Heads of state and government
622:Critique of political economy
2266:National Cabinet (Australia)
2229:List of national governments
1992:Cabinet of the United States
1920:Cabinet of the United States
203:Outline of political science
7:
2222:
2113:Virginia Governor's Cabinet
2105:Oklahoma Governor's Cabinet
2076:styles them as "cabinets".
1435:European Commission cabinet
1246:before it is passed to the
868:President of the government
10:
2771:
2445:Kennell, Nigel M. (2010).
2417:. Routledge. p. 214.
2349:. Oxford University Press.
2226:
2097:North Dakota State Cabinet
2078:
1989:
1825:Union Council of Ministers
1806:
208:Index of politics articles
40:
29:
2713:Bacon, Essay "On Counsel"
2700:Oxford English Dictionary
2052:National Security Council
1705:Oxford English Dictionary
1573:, the cabinet includes a
1163:collective responsibility
87:"Cabinet" government
2486:The History of the World
2070:government of California
1835:collectively responsible
43:Cabinet (disambiguation)
2755:Government institutions
2448:Spartans: A New History
1866:for "underperforming".
1552:motion of no confidence
1128:Episcopal Summer Palace
617:Political organisations
380:International relations
218:Politics by subdivision
2623:Stilwel, Sean (2014).
2093:North Carolina Cabinet
2074:government of Kentucky
2008:Under the doctrine of
2005:
1840:freedom of information
1831:Ministers of the Crown
1817:Cabinet of New Zealand
1804:
1729:Parliamentary cabinets
1725:or "sofa government".
1679:, or king. During the
1616:
1188:. In countries with a
1138:
1132:government of Slovakia
1120:
1114:British Prime Minister
2059:Department of Justice
2040:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1999:
1802:
1692:English Privy Council
1607:
1575:Chancellor of Justice
1126:
1107:
697:Political campaigning
437:Public administration
270:Collective leadership
2251:Demissionary cabinet
2241:Council of Ministers
2154:improve this section
2089:Kansas State Cabinet
2036:executive department
1952:improve this section
1813:Cabinet of Australia
1761:improve this section
1685:Deliberative Council
1611:convening her first
1586:coalition government
1494:, cabinet ministers
1464:Selection of members
1381:council of ministers
1282:improve this article
1178:parliamentary system
1054:National governments
888:Government formation
769:Executive government
547:Separation of powers
418:Political psychology
393:Comparative politics
371:political scientists
358:Academic disciplines
238:Political philosophy
72:improve this article
41:For other uses, see
18:Cabinet of ministers
2117:Puerto Rico Cabinet
2025:checks and balances
1600:Origins of cabinets
1582:multi-party systems
1567:Minister of Justice
1519:), cabinet members
1423:European Commission
1205:Westminster variant
1190:presidential system
761:the Politics series
720:Politics portal
569:Election commission
540:Government branches
423:Political sociology
275:Confessional system
213:Politics by country
2310:www.britannica.com
2018:advice and consent
2006:
1847:first among equals
1805:
1635:under the emperor
1617:
1458:Cabanet Counselles
1171:head of government
1139:
1130:, the seat of the
1121:
1012:Semi-parliamentary
848:Minister-president
821:Head of government
403:Political analysis
335:Semi-parliamentary
2675:978-0-415-51118-6
2636:978-1-107-00134-3
2534:978-1-60608-371-0
2496:978-0-19-993676-2
2462:978-1-4051-2999-2
2424:978-0-7656-8050-1
2213:central committee
2190:
2189:
2182:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1864:cabinet reshuffle
1809:Cabinet of Canada
1797:
1796:
1789:
1661:Maya civilisation
1559:attorneys general
1411:, among others.
1401:the United States
1383:, or the similar
1314:
1313:
1306:
1110:10 Downing Street
1102:
1101:
1026:Semi-presidential
754:
753:
702:Political parties
642:Electoral systems
366:Political science
340:Semi-presidential
252:Political systems
228:Political history
223:Political economy
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
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2620:
2614:
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2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2558:The Ancient Maya
2552:
2546:
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2541:
2525:Wipf & Stock
2514:
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2507:
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2480:
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2473:
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2442:
2436:
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2433:
2431:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2393:. Archived from
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2246:Council of State
2193:Communist states
2185:
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2171:
2165:
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2126:
2122:Communist system
2081:Arkansas Cabinet
2063:Attorney General
2048:executive office
2004:'s cabinet, 2021
1983:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1932:
1924:
1887:opposition party
1792:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1772:
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1500:House of Commons
1393:Senate of Berlin
1385:council of state
1309:
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1289:
1266:
1258:
1147:executive branch
1094:
1087:
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1034:
1022:
1008:
991:
979:
756:
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732:
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508:
453:
408:Political theory
398:Election science
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152:
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2453:Wiley-Blackwell
2443:
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2427:
2425:
2409:
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2397:on 13 May 2008.
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2119:
2085:Florida Cabinet
2020:of the Senate.
1994:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1949:
1933:
1922:
1855:executive power
1827:
1793:
1782:
1776:
1773:
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1742:
1731:
1723:Kitchen Cabinet
1602:
1563:judicial branch
1546:that election.
1466:
1391:" (such as the
1310:
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1293:
1290:
1279:
1267:
1256:
1098:
1068:Politics portal
1028:
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833:Chief executive
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637:
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584:
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527:Public interest
512:Domestic policy
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157:Politics series
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69:
57:
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39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2734:External links
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1990:Main article:
1986:
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1609:Queen Victoria
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1508:
1507:
1504:House of Lords
1488:United Kingdom
1483:
1482:
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1456:used the term
1433:", whereas a "
1419:European Union
1312:
1311:
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1255:
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1232:prime minister
1192:, such as the
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840:
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2602:0-520-06699-5
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2312:. 6 July 2024
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2271:Privy council
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2202:
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2195:can be ruled
2194:
2184:
2181:
2173:
2170:November 2020
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2139:This section
2137:
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2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:Texas Cabinet
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2098:
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2060:
2055:
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2049:
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2041:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1982:
1979:
1971:
1968:November 2020
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1937:This section
1935:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
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1888:
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1883:frontbenchers
1880:
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1873:
1867:
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1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:legislation.
1841:
1836:
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1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1791:
1788:
1780:
1777:November 2020
1770:
1766:
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1751:
1746:This section
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1633:Maurya Empire
1630:
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1621:Ancient Egypt
1614:
1613:Privy Council
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1459:
1455:
1454:Francis Bacon
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:commissioners
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:supranational
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
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1382:
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1323:
1319:
1308:
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1297:
1294:November 2020
1287:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:This section
1269:
1265:
1260:
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1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:United States
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:head of state
1164:
1159:
1156:
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1148:
1144:
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1133:
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1111:
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1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1001:
1000:Parliamentary
998:
996:
993:
989:
988:Parliamentary
984:
981:
977:
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808:
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797:
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792:
789:
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783:
781:
780:
777:
776:Head of state
774:
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536:
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522:Civil society
520:
518:
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513:
510:
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500:Public policy
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372:
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363:
362:
354:
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336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
320:Parliamentary
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
305:Hybrid regime
303:
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286:
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117:
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110:
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103:
99:
96:
92:
89: –
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2719:
2708:
2698:
2679:. Retrieved
2665:
2652:
2640:. Retrieved
2625:
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2591:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2557:
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2519:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2485:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2447:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2413:
2406:
2395:the original
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2364:
2355:
2345:
2338:
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2309:
2300:
2281:Rump cabinet
2196:
2191:
2176:
2167:
2152:Please help
2140:
2067:
2056:
2033:
2022:
2014:
2007:
1974:
1965:
1950:Please help
1938:
1914:Commonwealth
1912:, and other
1910:South Africa
1891:
1876:
1872:backbenchers
1868:
1858:
1844:
1828:
1783:
1774:
1759:Please help
1747:
1716:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1689:
1681:Qing dynasty
1653:Chichen Itza
1618:
1591:
1579:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1530:
1524:by-election.
1520:
1495:
1475:
1467:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1413:
1354:
1315:
1300:
1291:
1280:Please help
1275:verification
1272:
1244:
1217:
1202:
1175:
1160:
1158:procedures.
1142:
1140:
1038:Presidential
1017:
933:
906:
882:
881:
819:
450:street-level
325:Presidential
285:Dictatorship
155:Part of the
149:
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
2681:25 November
2642:25 November
2608:25 November
2574:25 November
2540:25 November
2502:25 November
2468:25 November
2430:25 November
2391:ScienceNews
2332:Wordnik.com
2286:War cabinet
2276:Royal court
2029:impeachment
1641:Kievan Rus'
1594:development
1513:Switzerland
1334:Netherlands
1326:Philippines
1254:Terminology
1180:(e.g., the
1155:secretaries
1018:simul simul
1005:Westminster
995:Directorial
589:Sovereignty
554:Legislature
457:Technocracy
445:Bureaucracy
310:Meritocracy
290:Directorial
2370:25 October
2292:References
2079:See also:
2000:President
1807:See also:
1669:Oyo Empire
1338:Luxembourg
1248:parliament
1186:parliament
1136:Bratislava
950:Presidency
828:Chancellor
811:Government
679:Governance
669:Government
664:Federalism
265:City-state
98:newspapers
2703:: Cabinet
2201:politburo
2141:does not
2031:process.
2002:Joe Biden
1939:does not
1894:Australia
1748:does not
1718:Charles I
1492:Australia
1460:in 1607.
1442:gabinetto
1409:Singapore
1405:Venezuela
1330:secretary
1318:portfolio
1198:president
1151:ministers
920:Secretary
896:Secretary
796:President
659:Unitarism
647:Elections
635:Subseries
564:Judiciary
559:Executive
462:Adhocracy
345:Theocracy
300:Feudalism
280:Democracy
128:June 2024
2749:Category
2660:(2011).
2261:Ministry
2223:See also
2197:de facto
1906:Pakistan
1885:, of an
1859:de facto
1833:who are
1673:Oyo Mesi
1629:Gerousia
1521:must not
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